Category: Globalization

Introduction

In recent decades writers and media personnel are in the habit of creating names for a particular generation that in their mind changed history. The generation born after the Second World War was aptly called the baby boomers and in the latter part of the 20^th century those who were born in that generation were called Gen X or Gen Y. It is hard to keep track until it is your generation that needed some labeling. By analysing the distinctive changes that occurred in my formative years as well as during the time when my generation entered puberty, it can be argued that this generation should be called Generation G.

Generation G is an apt title because it covers two major technological and social development that occurred during my generation. The letter G stands for Globalization and the and the same time it also stands for Gaming for it is the propensity of those born in this particular generation not only to play advanced computer games but to use it to learn and train. Globalization is the shrinking of the world as communication and travel made it easier for people all over the world to connect and interact with each other. While computer based games is changing the way people interact, communicate, play and learn.

Generation Globalization

Today, globalization signifies escalating global connectivity, incorporation and interdependence in the economic, cultural, technological, social, ecological, and political orbs. Globalization has an assortment of characteristics, which influence the world in numerous dissimilar ways. There are various forms of Globalization. It can be called as Industrial Globalization or Trans-nationalization where there the manufacture of goods involved more than one country and more than one company. This can also mean having wide access to an assortment of merchandise for consumers and companies. While globalization can be understood in these terms it must also be pointed out that there is an inadvertent effect of globalization and it is the creation of one global culture which led many to argue that in the end the planet will be transformed into one global village.

The derivation of this conclusion was made possible with the help of socio-political instrumentation and economic influences that directly affect the rise and fall of culture. All these aspects proved that the world indeed is moving towards a one-world culture and what is more interesting is that citizens from various nations are oblivious to these gradual developments. Global monoculture is taking over and there are times when citizenship does not really matter within the context of a global village. (Liebes, 156). For instance, it used to be very important to live in highly industrialised countries in order to succeed. But this time it is possible to live in underdeveloped countries and still be able to secure work from counties such as the UK or the US thanks to outsourcing and the Internet.

Yet another interesting feature of the present generation is the ease of access to information. Information became more easily available due to development of internet and similar communication systems that made it easy for many to acquire knowledge without having to travel or live in affluent cities. Geographical barriers were broken. It is now possible for someone living in Pakistan to access online libraries where the repositories are located in Europe. What was once impossible to obtain because of economic and social barriers is now readily accessible and this is a frightening as well as exciting feature of this generation that was absent in other generations.

Another example of the impact of globalization can be seen in the article that can be found in leading publication. It was published in New York Times on May 5, 1990. It was titled, Open Skies Parties Drop Deadline for a Deal. In this landmark deal, the open skies treaty is the amalgamation of 34 nations over a single issue and goodwill. This can be described as another step towards monoculture. In this instance different cultures were able to cooperate and work together for the common good. (REUTERS, p. 1) This is the psyche of the present generation to be one with the world.

In present day society, the destruction of traditional cultures in order to start them into the global monoculture is more subtle than it was in the past. Most corporate and government leaders do not intend to destruct traditional cultures; for the most part, they are often unaware that they are doing so. This lack of realization seems to be nurtured by the cult of specialization, which is ever-present in western society. This allows the tendency to destroy the cultural diversity of the world in an effort to spread and expand the global economy. (Huntington, p. 56) Finally, it would not be irrelevant to conclude that with the advent of information technology and internet it is almost impossible today to stay away from the concept of global monoculture.

Be it Indonesia or western Africa, sooner or later the every aspect of human life and thought process would be included within the threshold of the brave new global village obviously nurtured and edited in accordance to the western tradition and the concept of monoculture becomes relevant in these cases. (Schularick, 339) But aside from globalization and the creation of the global village, another significant trend that is affecting the members of Generation G is the advent of highly-advanced games that will transform the way people will live in the 21^st century.

Generation Gamers

Globalization is just one byproduct of radical technological changes experienced by mankind in the past few decades. One effect of technological breakthrough is the creation of highly-advanced games that are not only good for entertainment but are also used to educate and to train people. The first phase is the creation of games that will entertain kids. Then these games began to evolve into something that will be enjoyed by adults as well. Japanese and European game makers made sure to capture the lucrative market of adults craving for high-tech games. This insight is based from the ideas of Richard Van Eck, associate professor in an American university who made the following assertions:

• Generation G has experienced more change in 20 years than previous three generations combined;
• Use of media and means of interaction has literally rewired the way we think;
• Digital game-based learning is the means for engaging learners, teaching content, training for 21^st century skills (Van Eck, par 1-5).

It is interesting indeed to find out that games are now being used to teach and learn. This is also the result of new technologies that arose in the 21^st century. Factories are now being automated, airplanes are being flown via computers, ships are being guided using sophisticated microchips and therefore it is no longer possible to learn new skills without having to use simulation technology and this is where gaming comes into the picture.

It is much practical to build into the learning curriculum serious games for the members of Generation G grew up with computers and game consoles. Therefore when simulation training is introduced they need not adjust because they are used to this type of technology. Moreover, the appeal of using games to teach new skills can also be the result of economics. It is much cheaper to crash an airplane in training rather than to crash a real airplane in actual training using a real aircraft. In factories where everything is automated is very much practical to train new hires using exercises that are similar to computer-based games. In this way new employees can practice in a virtual environment and will feel as if they are in the real world. They can make mistakes without hurting no one or destroying company property.

Conclusion

This generation should be called Generation G because this letter stands for globalization and gaming. There is no need to elaborate what is the meaning of globalization because its impact is felt all over the world. This can be as simple as being interconnected with other cultures and other nationalities but it can also be as serious as losing jobs to those who live in developing countries because it is now possible to ship jobs to them. Aside from that globalization is also creating a universal culture as people from different nations are now communicating using the language of technology.

Gaming on the other hand is simply beginning to capture the imagination of the world. Online gaming for instance allows people with diverse cultural backgrounds to play. And it does not matter if they cannot speak one common language because the rules of the game made it possible for them to interact. Gaming is also being used not only to entertain but also to educate and train. A visual representation of this generation that combines globalization and gaming can be found in Eliane Alhadeffs site where he discussed the current trends in todays serious gaming industry.

Works Cited

1. Liebes, T and Elihu K. The export of meaning: cross-cultural readings of Dallas. Cambridge: Polity Press. (1993).
2. Huntington, S. The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order. New York: Simon & Schuster. (1997).
3. REUTERS; Open Skies Parties Drop Deadline for a Deal; NYT.com; 1990; Web.
4. Van Eck, Richard. Generation G and the 21^st Century.
5. Zhang, Peng, Juntao Ma, Xiaorong Sun; Intelligent delivery of interactive advertisement content; Bell Labs Technical Journal; Volume 13, Issue 3, Date: 2008, Pages: 143-158
6. Schularick, Moritz; A tale of two globalizations: capital flows from rich to poor in two eras of global finance; International Journal of Finance & Economics; Volume 11, Issue 4, Date: 2006, Pages: 339-354
7. Image: Alhadeff, Eliane. Future-Making Serious Games: The Best of Serious Games that Challenges us to Play at Building a Better Future. Web.

Society

Society is a unity of people who share common values, traditions, and mindsets within one territory and find standard technologies according to their striving. Economy, culture, and society have many ties that define their stage of development. Throughout human history, the economic state of one territorial unit changed the ways people interacted with each other. The type of interactions formed the culture and its rules, norms, and moral values. Society structure depends upon the roles and statuses that have taken root in society. Achieved status and master status have a direct impact on the economic state as people change their areas of interest and occupation. Ascribed status, for instance, the status of women or men, children, or older people, almost always remains stable. Hence, the blocks which build society are flexible enough to ensure the relative stability of human development.

Family

A social institution is a type of behavior and believes organized to serve a particular purpose. The family is a fundamental institution that shapes the consciousness of children, teenagers, and young people, and it is responsible for passing values from generation to generation. Youth can either accept traditional roles, and statuses or they can neglect them. The process of selecting values determines the culture of new generations. New generations, in turn, influence the development of world society and, therefore, form the trends in economy and culture. One may argue that social institutions are conventional, but young people are the ones who react instantly to the changes in social interaction and implement them within one family. Thus, a family institution is one of the smallest groups in society, but it has the fastest impact on societys value system.

Social Relationship

Social relationships hinge on the functions, roles, and statuses obtained within one society. It is necessary to comprehend the difference between a status and a role. Status is ones position in society, for instance, lawyers, politicians, and big business owners may have a high position. A role is societys expectations of ones impact, the rights, and obligations one person may have. For example, politicians are supposed to be the representatives of a particular society; they need to understand their motivation and technologies. Moreover, not all people perform the role due to their status. There may be some role conflict if a person has one status but performs the tasks not inherent in it or role strain if a single status prevents a person from performing various functions. Ones role and status define the quality of social interaction and forming of social relationships.

Interaction with the Society

Social institutions are the following: the family, the economic institution, the political institution, education, and religion. The family influences the formation of a particular personality and their decisions in accepting the existing values and beliefs. The economic institution is responsible for recruiting and managing people so they will participate in the production process and perform the functions necessary for coordinated work. The political institution exerts its influence on the distribution of power in society. Thus, a type of government has always defined the quality of social interaction, equality or inequality of people, their perceiving of statuses, and shaping of value systems. Education has always reflected society norms and taught the necessary skills for social interaction. Religion, in turn, has assisted people in comprehending morals and ethics.

Globalization

Globalization is a process of uniting people based on their ideas, resources, striving, and technologies. The transition of many societies from agricultural to industrial policy marked significant changes in social interaction. For example, the opening of production gave rise to the concept of the working collective, and the need for international trade led to the development of diplomacy. The advent of the Internet and social networks has become a crucial factor in uniting people for common goals notion of the global village has appeared as many people share their values rapidly due to instant social interaction. Babones and Aberg (2019) state that 3By a world society we understand not merely a degree of interaction &, but a sense of common interest and common values on the basis of which common rules and institutions may be built.3 (p.295) It explains why even small groups of people united for a common goal create principles that define globalization.

The Consequences of Globalization upon Society

Globalization changes society as new forms of communication appear; instant messengers allow agreeing on the latest ideas rapidly. Social stratification is much more possible now when people who share common values and beliefs connect through the Internet and find the necessary tools to cooperate efficiently. Babones and Aberg (2019) analyze the six networks of power in world society: military, political, economic, credit, knowledge, and ideological. They concern the dominance of one group over another, as well as the unequal distribution of power. Although these social units play perhaps the most vital role in the social structure, the authors do not deny the role of smaller groups.

The Consequences of Globalization upon Family

The family as a social institution modifies, too, as the dominance of industrial policy changes not only the economic state of a country but the roles of social classes as well. Intergenerational mobility marked the ability of people to change their social statuses despite the social positions of previous generations. Given the development of modern technology and the emergence of remote work, families can spend more time together or quickly change their place of residence. However, focusing on the result of work can hinder the formation of a healthy atmosphere inside the family. To summarize, globalization changes the economy as it becomes impersonal, and the economy, in its turn, modifies the daily life of a particular family.

References

Babones, S., &Aberg, H.C. J. (2019). Globalization and the rise of integrated world society: Deterritorialization, structural power, and the endogenization of international society. International Theory. 11(3), 293-317. Web.

The modern-day economy is impacted by the globalization trends that impose extensive interrelations between countries in terms of resources, finances, and workforce. Within the context of gender equality, women are disproportionately exposed to the negative impacts of economic globalization. The concept of globalization incorporates complex processes and depends on a variety of interrelated factors. As the case study presenting the lives of two people, one from South Africa and one from Peru, shows, women are burdened with household responsibilities associated with the struggles of economic, social, and political nature (Everett & Charlton, 2013). Indeed, globalization implies the openness of resources of different countries and the integration of them into international corporations. In other words, global economic systems incorporate multiple countries or regions. As a consequence, recessions or crises impact the whole system, exposing all the constituents to financial burdens (Burn, 2011). Women described in the case study manage the economic challenges imposed by globalization.

The concept of gender also directly applies to the discussed issue. Maria and Jennifer have primary responsibility for the life and economic safety of themselves and their families. However, they encounter particular difficulties in aligning their responsibilities with the social and political structural expectations of their respective countries. Women in Peru, for example, do not commonly own land and earn money, which is why Maria was exposed to a complex system of interventions required to document her rights to work on her farm (Everett & Charlton, 2013). Similarly, in South Africa, women like Jennifer experience underpayment and suffer from financial instability. As Burn (2011) states, it is a common reality of globalizations impact on women, when they are employed in low-paid jobs and cannot obtain equal payment with men. Moreover, the jobs women obtain are predominantly insecure and do not provide relevant economic and social stability.

Another important aspect of globalization is that it contributes to womens discrimination in the political sphere. In both regions, Peru and South Africa, females have fewer rights as per influencing legislature, than men. As the statistics from Peru and South Africa demonstrate, women have a much lower percentage of participation in education, economy, and politics than men (Everett & Charlton, 2013). The two women from the case study share the same inequality in the political sphere. Their requests are unheard of, and their needs are not sufficiently met. This fact implies that women have less influence in modern globalized economies. Consequently, it is difficult to maintain households and provide for families when the head of the family is a woman. The evidence shows that female-headed households are poorer than those with two parents or one male parent (Everett & Charlton, 2013, p. 4). Thus, women are exposed to indirect gender discrimination under the circumstances of globalization.

On a global scale, women are exposed to finding work via migration due to globalization trends. The concept of discrimination is observed via low-paid and insecure jobs women are commonly entitled to, which place them at risk of being engaged in so-called women-specific areas. They include domestic care, health care, sweatshop labor, and sex work (Burn, 2011). Women cannot obtain the same career opportunities as men due to gender particularities. Therefore, as the case study shows, they need to overcome multiple structural, cultural, and economic challenges to mitigate the negative impact of globalization (Everett & Charlton, 2013). Therefore, despite the omnipresent discussion of the importance of gender equality, in reality, women in the modern globalized world are disproportionately discriminated against.

References

1. Burn, S. M. (2011). Women across cultures: A global perspective. McGraw-Hill.
2. Everett, J., & Charlton, S. E. M. (2013). Women navigating globalization: Feminist approaches to development. Web.

Introduction

This paper talks about the effects of globalization on global sex workers. It will outline how globalization triggers migration, tourism, human trafficking and how increase in tourism is positively related with increase in prostitution. This is a matter of great concern for poor third world countries because the policies that relate to globalization make the poor even poorer and as a result, they have no other choice than to indulge in prostitution which is considered as easy money. These poor people who see no prospects in their home country migrate to other countries where they have a future, even if it means selling their bodies. In addition to this, since tourism increases the demand for this industry, the business becomes even more profitable and hence the people are attracted towards this industry and prostitution increases. Therefore, we can say that globalization indirectly triggers the sex industry.

This paper will start off by understand the different concepts that will be studied throughout the paper through the lens of different perspectives. This will help develop a framework for the understanding of the discussion ahead. Next it will discuss the connection between globalization, tourism, sex tourism and the sex industry. It will discuss these concepts in great detail and will connect each on to sex industry. This will help develop linkages will clearly establish the relationship between them all. While this is being discussed, it is imperative that we discuss how this impacts the sex workers. Therefore, the next section will discuss these effects in detail. Towards the end, a conclusion will be given which will summarize everything and connect it all together.

Theoretical: Marxist Feminism & Liberal Feminism perspective

Feminism is a very complex term to understand. There are many perspectives that can be adopted to understand it. Marxist and Liberal Feminism are two of the many perspectives that are often sued to understand feminism.

A very important topic that is often discussed when one talks about feminism is prostitution. This will be discussed throughout the paper therefore it is essential that we look at this phenomenon from these two perspectives. We will start by looking at prostitution from the Marxist Feminism Perspective.

Marxist Feminism perspective is derived from the doctrines of Karl Marx. According to him, there are class distinctions in a society. One thing that is a result of class distinction is corruption of wage labor. According to this perspective, the labor that is deprived of knowledge and skill earn less because they contribute to the system of production. According to him, prostitution is the result of whatever there is wrong with the world policies in the society. At a glance, it may seem like the prostitutes are free laborers but if one looks at the broad picture, they will realize that they are oppressed and are in this industry because of the exploitative capitalistic scheme. The Marxist feminism approach clearly labels prostitution as degrading and oppressive (Feminist Issues, 2008).

Liberal Marxism perspective on the other hand looks at prostitution in a different manner. According to this perspective, there are different conditions for everyone. There are sex workers who are in this field because they do it willingly. According to this perspective, everyone has a free will and everyone is capable of passing judgments. When one willingly selects prostitution as his or her occupation, it does not make it illegal. Therefore prostitution should not be criminalized. This perspective believes that prostitutes must be given the right to select their occupation. However, the administration can ensure that this field is made safe for them by decreasing violence and spread of disease. Liberal Marxism describes prostitution as a private business transaction. It asserts that women willingly sell their bodies in exchange for money (Feminist Issues, 2008).

Connection between Tourism and Sex Industry

Tourism is one of the largest and rapidly growing industries in the world today. With the increase in globalization, people have more and more knowledge about other countries and as a result, they visit these countries and tourism increases. This industry has increased by multiples of what it was two decades before. Consequently, multi- and bilateral organizations employ it as a development strategy to achieve economic growth, poverty alleviation and a method to improve local governance in Third World countries. The method through which these development strategies are executed causes inequality in the distribution of income. This leaves many people with no option other than prostitution. Therefore we can say that even though prostitution existed prior to the advent of tourism, it grows as tourism increases.

We can take the example of Thailand when we talk about how prostitution increases with increase in tourism. It has promoted its tourism industry by funding it through tax revenues. Since the tax system that was applied was regressive, this increased the inequality between the distributions of income there. The poor people had no other way of earning other than selling their bodies. This increased the supply of sex workers there. Now we look at the demand side. According to one source, the sex industry in Thailand has been stimulated and increased because of the increase in tourists that visit Thailand. The reason behind this is that when tourism increases, the demand for sex trade also increases. Although many tourists claim that they visit Thailand for leisure only, but one of their motive is the popular sex industry present this. This phenomenon is known as Sex Tourism (Wattanakuljarus, A. & Ian Coxhead, 2007). When the supply and demand both are there, the equilibrium of these two forces create the perfect condition for the sex industry to develop and hence it keeps on growing.

Globalization

Globalization is defined as the process of integration of different nations. In simpler terms, it is when people from different countries come together. Many people call it becoming one. When they say this, they mean that globalization removes physical boundaries between different countries by making them a single unit where transactions take place. How does this take place? It takes place when economies trade with each other, invest in other economies. Since Globalization is the interaction between different economies, all those involved are affected by this interaction. Globalization has an effect on mostly everything; economies, environment, society, culture and much more. These effects may be positive and negative.

One of the many effects of globalization is increase in migration and tourism. Before we get to this, we must understand that because of Globalization, it is said that there has been and increase in inequality between nations in terms of wealth and economic development. The developed countries benefit the most from this phenomenon. And hence, there is a phenomenon called migration which has been stimulated because of globalization. According to one source, the current era of globalization is characterized by unparalleled movement of material, information, finance, and bodies across borders (Wonders, N.A., & Raymond Michalowski, 2000). Before we understand how motivation increases motivation and human trafficking, we must understand these terms in detail. Human trafficking is defined as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation should include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs (Crawford, M., & Michelle R. Kaufman, 2008).

Now coming back to how globalization increases human trafficking. How does this happen? As mentioned before, there is an increase in inequality between nations in terms of wealth and economic development as a result of globalization. As a result, people from less developed countries now aspire to live in developed countries where the standard of living is better. Globalization has hence increased the number of bodies that move across borders. The poor people from poor countries (where they have few future prospects) migrate to countries with better living conditions (Wonders, N.A., & Raymond Michalowski, 2000). However because of the rich countries do not give away immigrations very easily, these people have to resort to other means of getting there. The answer to this is of course, human trafficking. They smuggle themselves in other countries.

Tourism (formal sector)

Because of tourism, rich keep getting richer and poor keep getting poor. The tourism promotion programs are financed through public revenue from taxes and all. This is a regressive form of tax and the poor suffer. All this is done in an attempt to alleviate poverty from this country. However, it worsens the situation and increases the gap between peoples incomes. This happened in Thailand. The Thai government funded its tourism development programs by using tax revenues. This increased the load of taxes on the general public and since this tax was regressive, the poor lost the most. The tourism sector boomed to a great extent as a result of these tourism development programs, however, the situation did not still improve. When tourism increases in these countries, these people still do not benefit as the people who visit these countries spend in the areas where well off people live (Wattanakuljarus, A. & Ian Coxhead, 2007). Therefore these people have no other option but to sell their bodies and make money out of it and hence prostitution increases.

There have been many programs to counter the negative effects of tourism on the poor population. One such program was the Pro-Poor Tourism. However, after analysis, it is clear that this is no different from other programs in the past. This program also failed to make tourism a development and poverty alleviation tool (Harrison, D., 2008).

Sex Tourism (informal sector)

Sex tourism is an adjustable term that captures varieties of leisure travel that have as a part of their purpose the purchase of sexual services. When the two concepts of prostitution and tourism come together, the end result is Sex Tourism. Another concept of sex tourism is the linkage between local and global markets. The fact that sex tourism has been increasing over the last two decades has been established. The reason behind this increase can be attributed towards global forces like the increase in movements of bodies across borders. In addition to this, people who have to resources to visit these industries have also increased with time and hence the consumption of these services stimulates sex tourism as a whole. What happens is that as a result of tourism, the consumers of sex industry become mobile and because of increase in migration, the sex workers become mobile. These conditions make it perfect for sex tourism to increase. In terms of economics, the demand meets the supply and as a result, there is general equilibrium (Wonders, N.A., & Raymond Michalowski, 2000).

Countries in an attempt to make benefit out of globalization have legalized the sex industry because of the economic benefits attached with it. Poor countries also promote the sex industry in their countries in an attempt to increase tourism and the inflow of money in their countries. These countries realize the profitability of this industry and hence do not even criminalize sex trade (Singh, J.P. & Shilpa A. Hart, 2007). According to this one source, prostitution has become big business and human trafficking has become so much more sophisticated. By sophisticated we mean that it has taken many new forms. The reason why this business has become so much more profitable is because these sophisticated forms are coupled with the worsening situation of women in many developing countries. Sex tourism is one of the flourishing markets in the New World Order. According to The Economist, the worth of sex industry is estimated to be at least $20 billion a year and probably even more (Wonders, N.A., & Raymond Michalowski, 2000). The prostitutes are there and there is no one to stop them. This is the perfect condition for a sex industry to increase in size and this is exactly what happens in the third world country.

Poor countries are also involved in trafficking of women and children from there countries to other rich destination countries. A lot of money is involved in this business and the poor countries reduce their burden by reducing their population and at the same time make money out of it (Crawford, M., & Michelle R. Kaufman, 2008). This further triggers sex tourism in some countries.

How Does it Impact Sex Workers?

All the above discussion impacts the sex workers greatly. It affects how they are seen in the society. These women do not have normal lives once they get into the industry. They are generally rejected as potential wives by the men around them (Wilson, T.D., 2008). In this paper, we will be talking about the following impacts.

Media Portrayal of Sex Workers

As the concept of sex tourism and the sex industry increases in size globally, the sex workers get a lot of attention through media. The media is basically responsible for making these concepts so widespread. The media largely portrays sex work as disrespectful and disgraceful. It usually talks about how this wrong should be removed from the society and depicts it as an illegal activity. It fails to acknowledge the fact that there are sex workers (many of them) who do this willingly and are happy with the benefits they get from it. Media is responsible for putting the uneducated, addicted to drugs and controlled by pimps. It portrays them as disrespectful. It fails to capture the voice of the sex workers in its stories therefore the true essence of prostitution is yet to be portrayed in the media (Sabateir, J., 2009).

Media needs to put through the other side of prostitution. It should inform its audience that prostitution is a symptom of something. It should highlight the causes of prostitution and what can be done about this. This awareness is necessary and the media can play a very important role in changing the perception of people of sex workers.

Problem: U.S policies: Trafficking Victims Protection Act

The United States has developed many policies to curtail trafficking. One if its acts was the Trafficking Victims Protection Act. This act is portrayed in the media as a policy that combats sex trafficking. The selection of the word combat explains the nature of this act which is violent. The act depicts the sex workers as innocent and helpless and as they need help from the administration (Dessylas, M.C., 2007).

In reality, this act has hardly helped out the victims. For instance, it allowed the trafficked victims to apply for T-visa which allowed the victims to stay in the US and improve their condition provided that they would adhere to the rules and regulations and assist the federal authorities in curtailing other trafficking activities that are going on. However, in order to obtain the T-visa, the trafficked victims had to prove their innocence. There were many undocumented victims who had no proof on them and as a result, it became a major obstacle for these victims to obtain the visa. Most victims are deported and sent back to their countries where the economic conditions are such that it impossible to survive (Dessylas, M.C., 2007).

Another incident that must be mentioned here occurred in 2003. What happened was that the Trafficking Victims Protection Act Reauthorization Act announced that it would stop funding any program or group that perceived as encouraging sex work. This meant that under USAID would not fund any group that was not working against prostitution. This also included the nonabolitionist groups that were offering harm-reduction services to sex workers. Under this act, they were no longer illegible for monetary support from USAID and hence the sex workers were the one who were ultimately affected negatively (Soderlund, G., 2005).

There are many such critiques of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act that make it very ineffective and the sex workers ultimately suffer because of them.

Problem: Re-integration and Rehabilitation programs

There people do not realize that women who do this do it willingly. When they criminalize these activities, they make their lives even more difficult than what it was before. Therefore, they need to make sure that these women have proper arrangement of incomes before they can stop them from prostituting themselves. This way, these sex workers lose the only source of income they had (Society for International Development, 2009).

The trafficked people do not understand the re-integration and rehabilitation programs because what they see is how these are negatively affecting them. Therefore these people do not participate in such programs. Their feedback is not taken into account when planning is done and hence the chances of successful reintegration are less (Jayagupta, R., 2009).

Another problem with various reintegration and rehabilitation programs is the inability for these people to follow up with those they have helped. Therefore, they cannot be certain that the victim is safe and whether the program was effective or not. In usual cases, once these people are sent back home, there are very few choices they have because of the lack of skills and knowledge. The economic conditions of the country from where they ran away from further decrease their chances of survival (Jayagupta, R., 2009).

Another drawback of these programs is that the privacy of the sex workers are not ensured under this program. NGOs, media, government ministries and other groups get information about these people and hence people are not comfortable with participating in such programs (Jayagupta, R., 2009).

The development industry needs to get its act together about how to do its work. If it wants to work with sex workers, it needs to have sex workers involved in planning and implementing (Society for International Development, 2009).

Conclusion

People often blame the prostitutes for the increase in prostitution all over the world. However, after this paper, we can safely claim that the global forces are responsible for this increase. Globalization increases inequality between nations, migration and tourism. These conditions are perfect for the sex industry as the customers come in interaction with the sex workers. As a result, the sex industries in the developing countries increase. Towards the end of the paper, we also saw that most prostitutes all over the world may willingly engage in these activities but this does not change the fact that such activities harm them greatly. They do it out of desperation and when someone comes to help them and criminalizes these activities, these are the people who suffer the most. They have no other way of earning and when this way is made illegal, they suffer greatly.

The policy makers needs to realize this when they try to help them. They need to be aware of all their issues before they take any kind of action. This is a very sensitive situation for them and it should not be dealt with this carelessly. Instead of targeting the sex workers, these programs should target the forces that cause them in the first place. These programs should ensure that the inequality level of income between the countries and society decreases because then only these women will stop selling their bodies. Even though for some countries and city areas, sex workers are the source of revenue for the society and for many governmental agencies, the fact that this is wrong should not be ignored. The process of changing the mind set may take long and will definably be opposed by many, action needs to be taken and taken fast so that problems like these dont get related to the image of a country or city which can later backfire.

Works Cited

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Introduction

It is undoubtedly clear that globalization is one of the hotly debated topics over the past century. Many scholars, and researchers alike, equate this increased debate to the tremendous impacts that have resulted from globalization.

Various cultures and countries have been able to respond differently to globalization and the myriad of effects that come with it. In this paper, the major focus is going to be on assessing the impact of globalization and increased modernity throughout the worldwith a special case study on Singapore.

However, in doing so, other related countriesespecially those in Asia that have contributed to Singapores globalization in one way or anotherwill also be mentioned. But before we delve further into highlighting these issues, what do we really mean when we talk of globalization?

Preliminarily, Streeten (1998) asserts that globalization is transforming trade, finance, employment, migration, technology, communications, the environment, social systems, ways of living, cultures, and patterns of governance. In essence, his definition is hugely pegged on the concept of liberalization due to the tearing down of economic market barriers.

Moreover, Goyal (2006, p.1) says that the term Globalization refers to the integration of economies of the world through uninhibited trade and financial flows, as also through mutual exchange of technology and knowledge.

This definition is additionally supported by Britton (2010) who affirms that, in Globalization, barriers to trade are vehemently broken down so as to pave way for reduced capital controls and the cutting down of transportation costs. In turn, this promotes efficacy of economic markets and smooth running of trade.

It is inherent to note that increased modernity mostly comes as a result of endeavors such as globalization and industrialization.

Essentially, globalization in Singapore did not just begin recently; its roots can be traced back to the early years of industrial revolution where social, political and economic changes were taking place across Asia, Europe and as well as other parts of the world (Koh, 2010, p.21-23).

From that time up to now, globalization in Singapore has witnessed immense revolution; taking a lot of economic twists and turns to make it the vital business force it is today (Amaldas, 2009, p.982-983). All these are embodied in the circumspect discussions done below.

Social, Political, and Cultural Impacts of Globalization and Increased Modernity on Populations across the WorldCase Study on Singapore

Causes of Globalization and Increased Modernity

Fundamentally, there are many factors that have catalyzed the evolution of globalization in Singapore. These can, however, be scholarly summarized under the umbrella of three factors namely: technological, economic and sociopolitical factors.

Starting with the technological factors, it is notable that there are innumerable technologies that have propelled Globalization. However, the inception of the internet is considered as the most important of them all based on the fact that many other technologies used today sprouted from it.

In relations to this, Britton (2010) asserts that since the creation of the Internet in 1973 by the United States defense advanced research projects agency (DARPA); there has been an escalated growth of globalization across the worldincluding countries in Asia like Singapore.

Regarding economic factors, Britton (2010) articulates that the formation of institutions like banks, diversification of products as well as services and financial market revolutions (among many other economic factors) have importantly provided a framework both national and international commerce.

In effect, this has facilitated the advancement of Globalization (Velayutham, 2007, p.20-25). More specifically, Amaldas (2009, p.985) states that the synchronization of local financial regulations and policies with international standards is a key reason for the increased modernity in Singapore.

Lastly, sociopolitical factors basically refer to both social and political contributors to globalization. According to Shuja (2001), the constant worldwide shifts in sociopolitical set-ups of countries, regions or even continents have enormously steered globalization to its current course. Amaldas (2009, p.984-985) explicates this by citing the good democracy in Singapore which has encouraged good sociopolitical relations within the country.

As a result of the peaceful coexistence of social and political facets in Singapore, the advancement of globalization has been hugely fuelled as opposed to countries such as Russia where the opposite scenario limits progress. So how have these factors impacted the populations in Singapore?

As partly aforementioned, globalization has impacted greatly on many economiesboth for indigenous and native populations. These impacts shift from positive to negative depending on the development level of an economy (Ernst & Young, 2011). The analysis below is therefore going to concurrently assess both the positive and negative impacts of globalization in Singapore.

It is from these implications that we will be able to know whether the indigenous and native populations in Singapore have benefited or not from globalization.

Positive Impacts of globalization and increased Modernity

According to Amaldas (2009), globalization has immensely improved the communication systems in Singapore (p.985). This is based on the reported reductions in telecommunication systems due to the constant inception of new communication technologies (p.985-986). Just like in most countries across the world, the internetthrough services like email and instant messaginghas resulted in a global explosion of communication and information (Britton 2010).

Based on the explosion, people are able to communicate easily and conduct their trade without the telecommunication hiccups that were eminent before the betterment of these communication systems. On top of that, the evolution and use of social media has also greatly improved the economy in Singapore due to better advertisement and marketing schemes that are typical of social media (Amaldas, 2009, 989-990).

The removal of travel barriers as well as the opening of borders, as a result of globalization, is a major contributing factor to the improved economic output in Singapore (Ernst & Young, 2011). Essentially, the removal of trade barriers has benefited Singapore it opens us up avenues for them to spread their market tentacles so as to further improve their economic input wile bettering socialization of the natives of the country.

Through the increased modernity in Singapore, their marketing has become much better because they can now travel easily to good trading destinations like China, India or even the USA (Velayutham, 2007, p.41-45).

To a large extent, the technological advancements that have resulted from Globalization, or the Globalization that have resulted from technological advancements, tend to favor developed economies more than they do in the ones that are developing (Streeten).

Essentially, this is based on the fact that most developed economies tend to have fully fledged economic systems that are easily augmented by better technologies. This is the major reason why Singaporewhich is a developed countryhas been able to greatly benefit from technological advancements.

In essence, natives of Singapore tend to have more access to better services and facilities in the country than the immigrants. For this reason, these natives get to enjoy the technologies more than the immigrants. However, on a general level, globalized technologies, if used appropriately, can be of immense help to both immigrants and natives. Explicatively, Britton (2010) notes that technologies like the Internet make it easy for access to certain goods and services thus propelling businesses while helping to unify various economies.

Crucially, globalization in Singapore has been able to facilitate the development of national, regional and international structures of governance which vital for the growth of economies (Waltz, 1999, p.697). Basic examples here include the European Union, the United Nations, the African Union and the Asian Union, among thousands of other governance factions formed due to Globalization.

The greatly progressive democratic leadership in Singapore also stands as an example of how globalization can better a countrys governance (Velayutham, 2007, p.21-25). In 2005, for example, Singapore was able to improve its governance and leadership systems by entering into the Asia-Middle East Dialogue, the famed Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) signed between Singapore and India and the Shangri-la dialogues, among many others (Amaldas, 2009, p.986).

All the above-mentioned dialogues that were purposefully made to help in improve governance in Singapore and the collaborating countries would have not taken place had it not been for globalization.

Globalization has significantly led to the creation of job opportunities for more people. A candid perception amongst economists is that the more developed a nation-state is; the more opportunities it offers in terms of employment (Streeten, 1998).

This is, in fact, the reason why there has been a substantial increase in the number of people from Asia moving into Singapore in the quest for greener pastures with regards to better working opportunities. An example of these migrants is the Chinese who, according to Amaldas (2009, p.990-992), constitute a large number of the immigrants in Singapore.

The increase in better job opportunities in Singapore is additionally typified by the ever increasing percentages in the familiar trend of rural-urban migration within the country. With globalization, industrialization has strongly emerged in urban centres like Singapore (which, apparently, is the capital city of Singapore).

Negative Impacts of Globalization and Increased Modernity

One of the major negative effects of globalization and increased modernity is classism. Essentially, classism refers to the social classes formed in a particular place based on social disintegration.

In as much as separation of people based on their background or economic potentialities is vital in tailoring methods of improving economies; unfavourable separations (like between natives and immigrants) is very dangerous for the growth of an economy (Streeten, 1998). Shuja (2001) supports this point by saying that paradoxically, this globalization, far from creating a homogeneous global society, is subjecting societies to a logic of disintegration.

As a result of the disintegration, there is a continued widening of thealready largegap between the rich and the pooras is typified in some sections of Singapore. Notably, the current classism is mostly witnessed in form of ethnicity and racialism based on the fact that most global integrations either take place between various counties or regions.

In summary of the negative effects of globalization in Singapore, Amaldas (2009, p.985-995), asserts that globalization and increased modernity has encouraged lawlessness, unemployment in some regions, inequalities, terrorism, violence, civil wars, and increased levels of corruption, among many others.

Apart from the abovementioned impacts of globalization (both positive and negative); there are several other general ramifications including (but not limited to): encouraging both positive and negative competition amongst various economies, increasing, and sometimes reducing, the life expectancy of productive people in the society, change of consumer trends which ultimately affect the success or failure of economies, volatility of marketsespecially financial markets like Forex and Stock markets, and the betterment or deterioration of environmentdepending on human activity in a place.

Recommendations and Conclusion

Based on the above implications, it is evidently noteworthy to say that globalization has been a key aspect in the development of Singapore. Nevertheless, relevant steps should be taken to mitigate its questionable (negative) impacts so as to ensure sustainability in its positive progress.

Some of the steps/recommendations that have been proposed by various scholars towards the improvement of globalization and its effects are given below.

To begin with, the highly diversified nature of global markets calls a lot of rationalization from the people involved in it. Essentially, firms are obligated to make some critical decisions in order to ensure that their engagement in international businesses does not negatively impact on the domestic markets.

Singaporebeing a globally-oriented companyshould also strive to ensure that it keeps a lid on the interrelations with other global communities (Amaldas, 2009, p.986-988).

Moreover, the expansive and far-reaching effects of global criseslike the 2008 global crisisprovided numerous lessons and possible solutions not only to individuals, but to corporations and governments alike. For instance, individuals, corporations and even countries should ensure that they adequately prepare for the plunging of economies (Goyal, 2006, p.1-6).

Additionally, proper regulation of domestic banking and financial institutions can be an invaluable solution to solving economic challenges which, in turn, mitigates the melting down of economies (Shuja, 2001).

Essentially, this involves the creation of strong financial reserves that can withstand the pressure of shaky economic times. The regulation should not only be on local level but even on the international arena as well.

Again, balancing trade-offs of local responsiveness and global integration in Singapore can be done by setting logical business targets; then working towards them (Streeten, 1998). By setting logical targets, the countrys global operations can easily be checked and balanced relevantly.

Furthermore, Streeten says that, amidst rationalizing its targets, countries and business entities must ensure that they take a keen note of both domestic and global competitions. By doing this, companies will be assured of not having to slip up against its competitors (Norberg, 2001).

As a candid rule, Singapore should asses its potentiality before deciding to expand its horizons. In the assessment, factors like nature of businesses, type of products and services it offers and availability of prospective market, among others, should be duly considered (Streeten, 1998).

For instance, a firm that only has products that is only used in one region should only focus on that region alone since that is the place that will give them maximum outputs.

Finally, Singapore must ensure that it has clear guidelines on the strategies that will be used across the country in its globalization endeavors.

Without a good plan, the country opens a vista of opportunities for several hazardous possibilities like not being able to calmly contend with the dynamics of globalized markets. Other things that should be balanced include: standardization against adaptation, concentration against dispersion and autonomy against dependence, among many others (Shuja, 2001).

In conclusion, it is worth recapitulating that, just in the same way global alliances play a crucial role in the advancement of nations; these nations also have a consequential role in the advancement or retrogression of international alliances.

In other words, both the nation and the globalized endeavors can build or destroy each another. The case of Singapore and globalization interrelate and influence each other typify this symbiotic relationship.

It is therefore important that caution is taken so that neither of the two oversteps each others boundaries in the quest for development and competitive advantage sustainability. It is only through this that both globalization and progress can be furthered while their challenges are mitigated in Singapore and other parts of the world as well.

References

Amaldas, M. (2009). The Management of Globalization in Singapore: Twentieth Century Lessons for the Early Decades of the New Century. Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences, 1: 982-1002.

Britton, S. (2010). The impact of globalization and its consequences for the individual society. Web.

Ernst & Young. Singapore takes third spot on globalization index. Web.

Goyal, K. A. (2006). Impact of globalization on developing countries (with special reference to India), International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 5: 1-6.

Koh, A. (2010). Tactical Globalization: Learning from the Singapore Experiment. New York: Peter Lang.

Norberg, J. (2001). In defense of global capitalism. (Translation: Roger Tanner). Stockholm: Timbro.

Shuja, S. M. (2001). Coping with globalization. Web.

Streeten, P. (1998). Globalization: threat or opportunity? Web.

Velayutham, S. (2007). Responding to globalization: nation, culture and identity in Singapore. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

Waltz, K. (1999). Globalization and governance. PS: Political Science and Politics, 32, (4), p.693-700.

Modern society has several problems and tasks worthy of attention and solutions. However, among all the problems, the most ancient and significant one stands out: inequality. Inequality exists between the inhabitants of one country, continent, and the whole world. The problem of social inequality has existed almost since the emergence of civilization. Nevertheless, injustice and poor distribution of resources have not diminished through the course of scientific, technological, social, and economic progress but, on the contrary, only became stronger. Capitalism has become the central institution that creates inequality and leads humanity towards a dystopian future. It replaces slavery of antiquity and negatively affects almost all aspects of society, from the inequality of men and women to the sphere of science and education.

In developed countries, along with racial inequality, there is a difference in societys attitude towards men and women. The institution of patriarchy, common in many cultures, has suppressed women for millennia, viewing them primarily as a resource. Women were looked upon only as domestic servants and reproductive instruments. Only a few centuries have passed since such a discriminatory attitude was relevant; the advent of suffragism has partially solved the problem.

On the one hand, capitalism was successful in sustaining absolute freedom to women in first world countries since it is an institution that is not interested in the origin, gender, and nation of a person and looks only at their abilities. Modern corporate consumerism adherents are also interested in equalizing womens rights, but only to make the corporation earn more money. Big companies support feminism and equality only as long as they are not forced to commit resources to truly support women. Instead of supporting women because of their physiological characteristics, such as pregnancy, large companies often quietly lay them off, replacing staff. Due to the inability of maternal leave, singe mothers could not purse the development of their careers. Besides, childcare is way too expensive for them. Since women are involved in childrens upbringing and domestic chores, they rarely can take up leadership roles. As a result, one can observe that capitalism supports the institution of patriarchy without providing tangible support to women, only exacerbating inequality.

It is also worth considering the idea of inequality between states and society since regular discourse about inequality only indirectly mentions this. At first glance, if one looks at the words of large corporations and developed countries, it may seem that developing countries are poor only due to their fault. Low industrialization, inability to compete with other economies, and the like, are mentioned. However, looking at most of the developing countries, the main sectors of their production and economies, an obvious source of problems could be seen. In South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia, all of the most profitable manufacturing and trading sectors are owned, directly or indirectly, by foreign corporations (Stiglitz, 2013). Thus, inequality and capitalism are involved in the process of impoverishment across nations.

Moreover, all the HQs of large corporations are primarily situated in only a few places: Europe, North America, and China. As a result, it could be seen that corporations from developed countries exploit ordinary people from developing countries. The Frank Zone, Chinese Economic Zones, and American corporations are all neo-colonial hegemons that exacerbate global inequality. Based on the preceding, institution of globalization and capitalism only aggravates inequality, beneficial to a small number of countries and individuals, at the cost of the rest of the world.

As mentioned earlier, capitalism and globalization are predatory and cruel not only to other countries but also to people within the societies where they place their government. As noted by Eduardo Galeano in Injustice 101 (2001), the modern system is hypocritical and unfair. This is seen in the problems of poverty, the availability of such essential matters for a person as education and medicine. It can be seen that in countries where capitalism does not stand above society but is embedded in society itself, people are much happier since they have affordable, sometimes even free healthcare and education. This can be observed in contrast between the attitude of the United States and Canada towards their people, where the former completely ignore the availability of public goods, and the latter strive to do so. The absence of formal state education, medicine, marginalization of the proletariat, and poor people in favor of capital can be observed in the States. These same problems are absent in Canada, Germany, and other socially-oriented societies. In general, it can be concluded that socially-oriented economies are much more practical about their citizens and their equality.

Although the problem of inequality stands clearly and stands out against the background of other socio-economic issues, not many agree with the methods of solving it. In Stiglitzs The Price of Inequality, he explicitly and well criticizes the modern social system and the establishment (Stiglitz, 2013). However, it is worth considering the lack of explicit specifics in Stiglitz regarding the solution of the identified problems, which is somewhat embarrassing. There are many answers to solving the problem of inequality, for example, ignoring the problem for economic development. It should be noted that economic growth is not an indicator of the happiness of citizens and often goes despite it. There is also an alternative view from modern social democratic philosophers and economists, who note the usefulness of social policy. This slows down economic development in the short term but will multiply it in the long term. It follows from this that the development of the economy should not be higher than the public good because, at the cost of costs here and now, we will get growth in the future. Summing up, it is easy to see that both ends of the spectrum of the problem of solving inequality have their arguments, but many factors must be taken into account.

The problem of inequality is treated differently in the academic environment, and the influence of capitalism on this area is debated. Considering the trends of many years, it can be seen that the academic environment is increasingly focused on solving the problems posed by business and not public needs. The development of the technical branch of science is increasingly focusing on creating innovative products for the market and the consumer segment of the economy. This is because investor and government money goes to a small but influential segment of consumer goods innovation, to the detriment of all other industries. Based on this, it can be seen that such an allocation of resources primarily harms the rest of science.

Moreover, science popularizers often discredit the academic environment with loud statements, politicization, and radical views. The resources for organizing their performances and publishing their works are great, but there is also a problem. Despite all the benefits that rational and adequate popularization of the scientific approach brings, the money going to the loudest and most attractive audiences of popularizers does not go into actual research. The situation is problematic but straightforward because the market benefits from the inequality between the scientific and popularizing environment.

Summing up all that has been said, it will be noted that the problem of inequality is essential and significant, and it only gets worse every decade. The existence of inequality between different population groups, classes, and states leads to a hypocritical and predatory attitude of the rich towards the poor. The problem of neo-colonialism of corporations in developing countries is touched upon and specific groups of the population such as single mothers or women at work in general. Ignoring the problem of inequality will ultimately destabilize the situation in society, and the future will only lead to a worsening of the situation. To summarize, as long as there is inequality in society, and as long as the minority exploits and suppresses the majority, the world will experience crisis episodes, and the situation will only worsen.

References

Galeano, E., Posada, J. G., & Fried, M. (2001). Upside down: A primer for the Looking-Glass world (1^st ed.). Picador.

Stiglitz, J. E. (2013). The price of inequality: How todays divided society endangers our future (Reprint ed.). W. W. Norton & Company.

Human geography regularly referred as the cultural geography encompasses all the human aspects of why certain things happen in certain places. These human aspects may involve demographics, farming, health, culture and industry. Human geography shows the interaction of human beings with their habitats and resources and the outcome of their lifestyles due to this interactions and relationships.

The process of globalization as an aspect of human geography influences all elements of the social relationships such as policies in trade, counties development, attitude to the climate change and the use of resources (Agnew 1996, p.26). The present essay analyses the language as a peculiarity of human geography. Obviously, the process of globalization influences the current position of the languages, when the weak one can be lost due to the high level of English languages integration.

Globalization is one of the major aspects of human geography. In globalization, one can discuss economy, finance, culture, consumption, emerging communication trends and religion. However, this process has its benefits and its effects. On one hand, globalization is the central issue in the world today.

This can be illustrated by the emerging business trends globally, for example, the use of the internet to advertise and make sale of goods and services. On the other hand, globalization has affected the economies of various countries, whereby, some countries brain wash others so as to exploit their resources and benefit themselves and their citizens financially. Moreover, globalization has brought heated debates on whether it is more beneficial or hazardous (Aitken 2006, p.10).

In case of language, globalization also has its good and bad sides. As the ethnographic setting, language is closely related to the social processes within its nation or country. Therefore, the survival of language is depended on the other human sources (Language and Globalization).

Today, we can be a witness of the competition between the instruments with the same characteristics and functions. All languages serve for the population of speakers. Naturally, English has more benefits of globalization than other world languages. It is the result of the current world economical and political development. English affects all relevant parts of the modern society (Language and Globalization).

The increasing use of this language in the business and education demonstrates a confident progress. However, we should not forget about the other widely distributed languages. Thus, the continental European languages still show its vitality and functionality. The official meetings of the European Union do not use one official language. It is wrong to suppose that English can be considered as the possible official language within the European Union.

Although the current world political and social situation demonstrates the tendency of linguistic unification, an example of multilingual Switzerland can be explored from the position of the linguistic cooperation and integration within a domestic area. In this country, the major and minor languages speakers have the same rights and responses.

Country has four official languages such as German, French, Italian, and Romansh. Moreover, the last one is a language of the absolute minority of the citizens. However, it is defended by government as well as the most popular German. Therefore, Switzerland solved the problem of languages separation and provided the same rights to its population.

It is the most systematic solution that allows save the territorial integrity. The Swiss example can be used by all other countries. Thus, Canada has a bilingual model that includes English and French as the official languages. However, the current situation demonstrates the dominant position of English. Only the local government of Quebec provided the strict laws that indicate the official status of French language.

It is obvious that globalization is a cause of weak and powerful languages to be in contact. Weak languages today are in a high risk due to the possibility of its lost. The governments have to provide an adequate policy that can help protecting the national language and developing it. However, as it was mentioned before, globalization is very strong process that involves many parts of social organization.

Even if the national counties provide some defensive strategies, it is very difficult to get the positive effects. There are other three major socio-cultural manifestations of globalization, namely: information services, news operations and social civilization (Fellmann 1997, p.19). In the past two decades, the use of computers has spread globally in conjunction with the use of electronic mails and social networks through the internet.

This has helped people from different regions of the world to share and communicate their opinions on diverse issues that affect their lives. However, this form of technology is only beneficiary to the illiterate and to people who can afford it (Becker 1993, p.23). Spreading of Internet only intensify the process of cultural unification.

In conclusion, globalization trends rise as communities revolutionize. However, its supersonic rise can be beneficial or hazardous to a society. The process of globalization leads to the irreversible process and, as the result, some weak languages can be lost, while English becomes an official international language.

Works Cited

Agnew, John A, David N. Livingstone, and Alisdair Rogers. Human Geography: An Essential Anthology. Oxford, OX, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 1996. Print.

Aitken, Stuart C. Approaches to Human Geography. London: SAGE, 2006. Print.

Becker, A. Steele, and Harm J. Blij. Study Guide to Accompany Human Geography, Culture, Society, and Space. 4th ed. New York: Wiley, 1993. Print.

Fellmann, Jerome Donald, and Arthur Getis. Human Geography: landscapes of Human Activities. 5th ed. Madison, WI: Brown & Benchmark Publishers, 1997. Print.

Language and Globalization. humanities.uchicago.edu. humanities.uchicago, n.d. Web.

Introduction

The pace of globalization has become much more expeditious over the past few decades, leaving a number of people to wonder if its cultural ramifications will have a negative effect on the cultures that have been historically prone to being colonized and appropriated by the dominant ones (Steenkamp, 2019). Moreover, the notion of globalization introduces the questions that are even more nuanced, inviting the perspectives of one culture encroaching upon another despite both representing the minority (Chu, White, & Verrelli, 2017). In his book Heart of Helambu, Tom ONeill offers a unique lens through which the specified sociocultural issues can be examined by describing the complexity of interactions between Nepalese citizens, namely, Buddhist monks, and migrant carpet weavers, who are seen as entrepreneurs by locals. Although the book inevitably incorporates the Western perspective into the interpretation of the observed relationships ad practices, it still invites the opportunity to consider some of the nuances of two oppressed cultures colliding and fighting for representation.

Analysis

The novel renders the theme of globalization and cultural fusion that it entails perfectly, showing the scenarios in which the process of cultural acceptance is unlikely to occur seamlessly and effortlessly. While the notion of globalization is typically perceived in its idealistic form as the unwavering acceptance of other cultures, ONeill (2016) proves that the process of acceptance will not happen overnight. Specifically, the description of interactions between Helambu carpet-makers and the newcomers, who are perceived as entrepreneurs and act like ones, delineates the message quite accurately. Another crucial theme that is often addressed in the novel is that one of cultural alienation (ONeill, 2016). Namely, the social distance and the culture of a rigid social hierarchy within the Nepalese environment paints a rather hostile perception of Vietnamese workers in the specified setting.

Furthermore, the challenge of reconciling the difference echoes in every situation described by ONeill, perpetuating the social life of Nepalese people. For this purpose, the author uses language as the means of outlining the differences in perception and the presence of a culture clash defined by persistent misconceptions. For example, ONeill recalls that Shyam would always draw my attention to the idiomatic use of Nepal in our interviews and discussions (ONeill, 2016, p. 81). Explaining that the idiom was supposed to mean something somewhat different, the author clarifies that the relationships between the residents of Nepal and Vietnamese immigrants is defined primarily by misguided stereotypes (ONeill, 2016, p. 81). Thus, ONeill indicates that the further reconciliation becomes nearly impossible.

Discussion

The theme of cultural alienation is approached form several angles in the novel. Although ONeill (2016) emphasizes the lack of cultural appropriation as a result of the specified trend in the Nepalese society, he also notes the presence of a cultural divide that the specified attitudes create. As a result, the barrier between the two cultures becomes particularly difficult to overcome (Cheon, 2019). In addition, the portrayal of the culture and traditions of both Nepalese residents and Vietnamese workers has contributed vastly to the analysis of the nature of misconceptions and cross-cultural conflicts occurring in the specified setting (ONeill, 2016). Namely, the manner in which the author described the Nepalese crowd on the election day shows that peoples attitudes toward each other determine how they treat those belonging to other groups: This behavior was unusual in itself, as I had rarely seen a Nepalese queue so respected (ONeill, 2016, p. 39). Therefore, it could be argued that the author conveys the necessity to expand the concept of globalization by promoting not only culture fusion, but also the principles of acceptance, tolerance, and willingness to change (Ozer, Bertelsen, Singla, & Schwartz, 2017). Namely, the alterations in the attitudes toward people from the same cultural environment may entail a shift in how people view those that are deemed as outsiders. Consequently, the complexity of globalization and the process of culture fusion are represented fully in the novel.

Conclusion

Despite the unavoidable presence of the Western perspective, which is defined by the authors cultural background, the book still provides a rather accurate ad interesting account of the relationships between Vietnamese Buddhist monks and migrant carpet weavers. Being structured as a narrative with a distinctive plot, the book does not foist its interpretation of the issue onto the reader obnoxiously but, instead, allows the audience to come to their conclusions independently. Nevertheless, the novel contains subtle yet quite discernible indications of the arguments in favor of both sides. Representing the relationships between the specified groups as objectively as he possibly can do, ONeill (2016) creates an accurate portrayal of the differences in the cultural perceptions of Nepalese citizens and Vietnamese migrant workers, thus delineating the complexity of the globalization process. With its depiction of how the two cultures interact and what the consequences of their mixing are, the author suggests that the promotion of mutual respect and the promotion of relationships despite the presence of social distances, the concept of globalization can be applied to the cultures that have been subjugated to colonization and, therefore, strive to protect their cultural legacy.

References

Cheon, B. K. (2019). The diversity of cultural diversity: Psychological consequences of different patterns of intercultural contact and mixing. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 22(1), 93-105. Web.

Chu, E., White, F. A., & Verrelli, S. (2017). Biculturalism amongst ethnic minorities: Its impact for individuals and intergroup relations. Australian Journal of Psychology, 69(4), 229-236. Web.

ONeill, T. (2016). The heart of Helambu: Ethnography and entanglement in Nepal. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.

Ozer, S., Bertelsen, P., Singla, R., & Schwartz, S. J. (2017). Grab your culture and walk with the global Ladakhi students negotiation of cultural identity in the context of globalization-based acculturation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(3), 294-318. Web.

Steenkamp, J. B. E. (2019). Global versus local consumer culture: Theory, measurement, and future research directions. Journal of International Marketing, 27(1), 1-19. Web.

Introduction: Definition of the Two Notions

Globalization became one of the most burning issues several decades ago. Researchers have been talking about the influence of globalization on different aspects of peoples lives. Of course, many people agree that globalization has had certain effects on the development of human rights movement.

At the same time, it is important to note that the influence has been mutual. Thus, human rights movements have had enormous impact on globalization as well. Admittedly, the news about victories of human rights movements in some states spread quickly and people from different countries strived for the same empowerment. Therefore, people, without even noticing it, have been building similar societies, i.e. societies based on human rights where citizens strive for equality and fairness.

However, to understand the link between globalization and human rights, it is important to define the two notions. Twiss (2004) claims that there are several types of human rights. The researcher focuses on individual and collective human rights.

Twiss (2004, p. 42) states that human rights are the rights of individuals to essential civil, political, social, and economic conditions as well as their equality in such protections. As far as the collective rights are concerned, Twiss (2004) stresses that these are the right of nations to build their own societies preserving religious, economic, political, cultural, etc. peculiarities.

These are two major types of human rights which are interconnected with globalization. According to Gavison (2003), globalization is development of the world where nations adopt the same rules (including economic, political, cultural, civic, etc.) and conventions. Admittedly, the spread of human rights can be regarded as a product of globalization. Nonetheless, development of human right movements can also be regarded as the necessary background for globalization.

Brief History of Human Rights Development

The Necessary Preconditions

In the 17^th century, ideas of liberalism were becoming stronger as the social order in the countries of that epoch was declining. The development of industries led to the change in wealth distribution and the old conventions and privileges could not be based on that order anymore (Moller & Skaaning, 2012).

The clergy and nobility lost their authority and people almost stopped (or were reluctant) to give (money, products, labor) to those layers. Empowerment of the new social strata (i.e. bourgeoisie) resulted in the understanding that people should have equal rights (at least, to certain extent). It is necessary to note that the absolute monarchy which reached the most striking forms in France was one of preconditions for the French revolutions and the change of the social order.

Development of the Movement in Different Countries

Notably, the Industrial Revolution is often linked to the Civil War in Britain and French Revolutions. As has been mentioned above, economic empowerment was one of the premises for the development of human rights movement (Moller & Skaaning, 2012).

Importantly, victories of nations encouraged people in different countries to take their stand and fight for their rights. Thus, after the great benefits gained during the Civil War in Great Britain, French people as well as Americans were inspired to pursue their rights as well. European countries and countries of the New World were changing during decades.

The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

It is important to note that the development of the movement did not stop in the eighteenth century. Moller and Skaaning (2012) claim that the nineteenth century was also the era of revolutions and great gains. However, the fight was slightly transformed as certain groups rights were brought to the fore (Moller & Skaaning, 2012). Thus, the slavery in the USA and countries of the Americas was completely abolished. Lots of womens rights activists started their struggle and their voices grew stronger.

Though there were loads of victories in terms of the struggle for human rights, the movement never ceased to exist. The twentieth century was marked with the struggle for civil rights in the USA, African and Muslim countries (Moller & Skaaning, 2012). People strived for equality and they wanted democracy in their real lives (not only on the paper). People strived for manifestation of human rights in their countries.

Preconditions for Globalization

Noteworthy, all these gains and developments led to the creation of countries that cherished similar values. This was one of the most important preconditions for the start of globalization (Lee & Lee, 2010). People strived for democracy and equality which united them. There was no such a notion as blind loyalty to a monarch. People valued their lives properly and the leaders of the countries also had to value their lives. A global society with similar values was being created.

However, apart from the same values, there was another potent precondition. The two World Wars made people see that the countries are united and it was crucial to create global organizations to ensure peace in the world as well as development of the humanity. A variety of international organizations promoted certain values.

The membership in such organization suggested a lot of benefits for countries and, of course, it also required compliance with particular rules. This is when the globalization started affecting the development of human rights movements. Though, it is also important to note that the organizations have been strict when it comes to economic violations, while human rights violations are often ignored. Therefore, the influence of globalization is not as big as many researchers are trying to emphasize.

Conclusion

On balance, it is necessary to note that there is a link between the development of human rights and globalization. However, while many researchers think that globalization affects human rights development, the impact of human rights on globalization is a bit more significant.

Thus, the struggle for human rights has been ongoing for several centuries. At the same time, globalization (as it is) is no more than two centuries. The globalization would have been impossible if people had lived in different societies. Trade between countries of different social orders was always easy, but the close cooperation became possible in the twentieth century only. This can be explained by the fact that in the twentieth century the vast majority of states were striving for social equality and all nations cherished basic human rights.

Even though there have been violations of human rights in many countries, the leaders of these states long for being members of global organizations as this ensures financial support. Of course, now globalization contributes to the development of human rights movement. Nonetheless, globalization is only the product of development of human rights and the history (as well as the present) of both trends proves this assumption.

Reference List

Gavison, R. (2003). On the relationship between civil and political rights, and social and economic rights. In J.M. Coicaud, M.W. Doyle & A.M. Gardenerf (Eds.), The globalization of human rights (pp. 23-56). Frankfurt, Germany: United Nations University Press.

Lee, D.E., & Lee, E.J. (2010). Human rights and the ethics of globalization. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Moller, J., & Skaaning, S.E. (2012). Democracy and democratization in comparative perspective: Conceptions, conjunctures, causes, and consequences. New York, NY: Routledge.

Twiss, S.B.. (2004). History, human rights, and globalization. Journal of Religious Ethics, 32(1), 39-70.

New technologies are innovations, such as the Internet, wireless communications and information management. These technologies have a profound impact on public administration. Thomas Friedman proclaims that the world is flat (Feiock, Moon, & Park, 2008).

Location ceases to be one of the factors that a business considers when it is assessing its competitive advantage in the current information age. This has implications on the public administrators in the United States. They craft, implement and evaluate economic development strategies or theories. The American communities will find it challenging to maintain an edge through innovation.

Richard Florida argues that the world is spiky. Those places that have higher concentrations of the creative working class are undergoing high levels of economic activities (Feiock, Moon, & Park, 2008). Globalization has offered opportunities for corporations and institutions. It has also created opportunities for the political elites who own or run these corporations.

Globalization has provided connectedness, communications and new forms of integration by means of the Internet, e-governance and administration of organizations worldwide. The twenty first century is characterized by rapid change, globalization, hyper-competition and hyper-uncertainty (Farazmand, 2009).

The public administrators can no longer rely on the success of the traditional systems of governance in this chaotic environment. There are threats of growing poverty, insecurity, terrorism, conflict, war and unemployment. All of these have increased under the emerging new world order, therefore, there should be more global integration.

Globalization of production brings challenges to public administration. The government and especially the public administrators, are finding themselves challenged by globalization in the modern world. The globalization of production changes the role of the government.

To achieve competitive success, there should be strong relationships and linkages across borders and the local settings empowered with strong capabilities (Farazmand, 2009). Such actions will cause great restrictions on the structure and linkages of local and regional economies, including their wealth generating potential and performance.

Roberts (2011) uses smokestacks and silos asmetaphors to portray the inability to share information and integrate system activity, focusing our attention on the lack of coordination from the part of the government. Coordination may be defined as the synchronizing of the system elements to forge a coherent and integrated whole.

E-government appears when the government uses new technology, such as the Internet, to deliver information and services to the public. Citizens can access information at their own convenience. Citizens do not have to wait for a government office to open so that they can get information. These digital models of government are able to change service delivery and the publics perception.

The continual growth and implementation of e-government and especially e-democracy has proven to be instrumental in governance in the current age. The public are able to access more information on political processes and any new developments (Lee, Chang &Berry, 2011).

Major Themes

Feiock, Moon, & Park (2008) highlight the fact that Thomas Friedman considers technology, like Internet and wireless communication, as the one that allows everyone to be players in the global economy. Logically, a business-centred strategy appeals more to economic development.

The government focuses more on lifting education standards across the US while cities and localities reduce the costs of doing business through subsidiaries. They get incentives in the form of regulatory relief.

Feiock, Moon, & Park (2008) also note that Florida advocates for a people centred strategy. The government should be interested in attracting and retaining personnel to be the drivers of economic development. These individuals have great ideas and access to capital.

Local government should invest in public safety, school systems, urban parks, health care, retail shopping centers and sports. This is a great strategy for the young professional singles who are marrying much later in life. They are the ones that make up a significant ratio of the creative population.

In considering the expansion of administrative capacity in the current age of globalization, micro and macro factors should be considered when designing governance and economic systems (Farazmand, 2009). Macro deals with institutional and organizational policy and managerial issues of public governance and administration on national and international levels.

Micro, on the other hand, deals with acquisition, refinement and application of detailed administrative knowledge and tools to achieve broader goals of macro design. In the age of hyper-change and globalization, there are long-term strategies that will guide public policy and administration action appropriately. They are adaptive strategy, service delivery performance strategy, development and advancement strategies.

The government needs to deal with the challenges of globalization of production. This involves the need for government to understand global value chains (GVCs), engage in value chain-related trade facilitation, invest in logistics systems, strengthen enterprise clusters and effectively govern the risks, inherent in GVCs and networks (Roberts, 2011, p.679).

They need to focus on lead efforts to invest in and foster educational capacity, skill development and training.

Smokestacks and silos search of solutions web 2.0 platforms, exemplified in the peer-to-patent and Haitian relief network cases demonstrated one potential solution in reducing coordination costs. In the present age, the information is being generated faster than it can be processed. The National Visualization and Analytics Centre alerted the public to the staggering amount of data being collected.

This was proven in the Haitian case when some nongovernmental organizations opted not to participate in the relief network because they were unable to process all the information relayed to them.

Visual analytics, the new interdisciplinary field that deals with information overload by helping analysts fuse data and detect patterns, affords some relief, but up-to-date, there is no resolution to the information overload that people experience (Roberts, 2011).

In transformation of service delivery and citizen attitudes there are four stages to e-government transformation. These are the bill board stage, the partial service delivery stage, the portal stage with fully executable and integrated service delivery and interactive democracy with public outreach and accountability enhancing features (West 2004). The twin applications, namely, e-government and e-democracy are linked.

The success of policy change implementations depends on how factors, such as learning, political norms, competition and citizen pressures are handled. All four factors are usually strongly addressed in nations where e-government policy is highly advanced.

There are critical and complex internal factors, such as political norms and public pressure that affect the development of a countrys e-democracy (Abonyi and Van Slyke, 2010, p.40)

Methods of inquiry

Different methods were used by the different authors in analysing the impact of globalization and new technology on public administration. Feiock, Moon and Park (2008) employed a comparative critical analysis approach grounded from theory to practice. They analysed Thomas Friedman and Florida arguments to determine if the world is flat or spiky.

The study begins by looking at the arguments provided by the two scholars on the effect of governance implications of globalization on economic development. The researchers analyse the two perspectives while considering the four pivotal factors of economic development strategy.

On the other hand, Farazmand (2009) used a descriptive review approach to examine the building administrative capacity for the age of rapid globalization in the midst of rapid changes, increased competition, and hyper-uncertainty. The author presents credible and theoretically grounded arguments, based on his earlier publications and other peer-reviewed studies.

Abonyi and Van Slyke (2010) applied a qualitative descriptive research method where data was collected from extensive fieldwork in the emerging economies of Southeast Asia on globalization of production and challenges to public administration in the twenty first century.

Nancy Robertss article on web enabled coordination in organizations and networks critically analyses the two cases of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Offices Peer-to-Patent pilot program and the online relief effort in Haiti following the devastating earthquake in 2010. She illustrates the advantages and constraints of using Web 2.0 technology as a mechanism of coordination and a tool for costreduction.

Darrel West (2004) critically analyses the qualitative web content and public assessments in reference to e-government and transformation of service delivery and customer attitudes. Chung-pin Lee, Kaiju Chang and FrancesStokes Berry critically appraise the factors that affect the development of e-models of government and democracy in over 100 countries over a relative period of time.

Key Findings and Conclusions

Florida argues that the government should create habitable environments that are esteemed highly by the young professionals who are highly creative. This will encourage them to stay longer in these areas.

If economic growth is to be enhanced, then the government should work on reducing over the uncertainty associated with property rights. This will reduce the transaction costs. However, it is critical to note that Florida does not appropriately consider the important role that governance in different regions plays in increasing economic growth.

Metropolitan regions should be analysed and one will see that they are the amalgamation of local and regional economies. Economic success and growth is really dependant on the great relationships between regional entities. This is what creates competitive advantage and success.

Collaboration is crucial. Building, developing and enhancing administration capacity to meet the challenges of this age of rapid globalization characterized by hyper-competition, hyper-complexity and hyper uncertainty is imperative beyond question. Public administrators have no choice but to upgrade their administrative capabilities. This is how they will succeed in the age of globalization and new technology.

There should be great collaborative relationships, based on transparency and accountability. This will lead to stable and sound governance (Feiock, Moon, & Park, 2008).

There are four key factors to be greatly considered by public administrators in order to grasp and understand globalization of production. These are policy liberalization, accelerating technological change, increasing mobility of capital and demands of increasing competition. Abonyi and Slyke (2010) in their study suggest that the government should strategically think about its partnerships with private sector.

They present a conceptual model for consideration. This will really equip the public administrators with leadership capabilities while handling the governance process and related activities, which are needed in globalization of production processes.

What stands out in this proposed information platform for the web enabled coordination in organizations and networks is focus on citizens. Rather than treating citizens as victims in post disaster relief efforts, they would be called on to take on a more active role.

From the devastation of Haiti there has arisen an important realization that citizens armed with Web 2.0 capability are likely to play an increasingly vital role in disaster assistance (Roberts, 2010).

The government must make e-government sites easier to operate by citizens. One stop portals and cross agency offerings should be interlinked, depending greatly on the cooperation of government agencies. The public should be made aware of government-service portals.

The payment for e-government infrastructure is what will remain a challenge in the years to come. It is definite that the delivery of public services will greatly affect the nature of democracy. Compared to the e-government model, e-democracy emerged was developed after elementary or advanced e-government was in place.

Personal Assessment

From a personal perspective, the author(s) of the articles reviewed in the foregoing discussions provide well-informed arguments, based on the analysis of data collected from credible sources. Friedman and Florida debate on whether the world is flat or brings out critical issues.

Innovation without any limitations in regards to location is good especially for underdeveloped countries. The government will focus more on lifting education standards across the US. It is true that the increase of knowledge positively affects the skill and productivity of individuals.

There is a comparative production factor advantage in both their arguments. For Florida, the government should create habitable environments that are esteemed highly by the young professionals who are highly creative.

This will encourage them to stay longer in these areas. If economic growth is to be enhanced, then the government should work on reducing over the uncertainty associated with property rights. This will reduce the transaction costs.

I support Abonyi and Slykes argument that the government should work closely with the private sector to cope with globalization. It is important that the government consults the private sector to learn about their specific constraints, threats and the opportunities that they face to perform favourably.

Robertss article emphasizes on the governments need to work on their coordination and highlights various models that can be used as a solution to the problem. Darrell West and Lee discuss e-government and e-democracy in a clear manner. In my opinion, they will always be related; they are both fundamental for the public administrators to cope with the rapid growth of globalization.

Overall, all the authors argued very strong cases and provided credible information which can be enlightening to the government and public administrators. The recommendations they gave will contribute to finding solutions to encompass the challenges of the globalization and new technologies being brought to economic development.

References

Abonyi, G., & Slyke, D. (2010). Governing on the edges: Globalization of production and the challenges to public administration in the twenty-first century. Public Administration Review, 70(1), 33-45.

Farazmand, A. (2009). Building administrative capacity for the age of rapid globalization: A modest prescription for the twenty-first century. Public Administration Review, 69(6), 1007-1020.

Feiock, R., Moon, M., & Park, H. (2008). Is the world Flat or Spiky? Rethinking the governance implications of globalization for economic development. Public Administration Review, 68(1), 24-35.

Lee, C., Chang K.,& Berry F. (2011). Testing the development and E- Government and E-Democracy: A global perspective. Public Administration Review, 71(3), 444-454.

Roberts, N. (2011). Beyond Smokestacks and Silos: Open Source, Web- Enabled, Coordination in Organizations and Networks. Public Administration Review, 71(5), 677-693.

West, D. (2004). E-government and the transformation of service delivery and citizen attitudes. Public Administration Review, 64(1),15-27.