Category: George Washington

Introduction

On 4^th July 1776, the thirteen states of America gained their independence in a hard fought victory against the British colonialists, in Boston, in a war led by General Washington. The colonialists’ response to punish Boston by closing its port sparked the revolt, after they had boycotted work and destroyed a tea shipment at the Boston Tea party. Even though the northern states had declared themselves independent, the war was still waged for another seven years, ending in 1783 (Foner 23).

In 1788-89 nominations, American leaders made General George Washington the first president by selecting him unanimously. However, independence came with its own challenges, with the post-colonial era being marred with disunity among a few Northern states, despite the fact that the war had joined them. President George Washington, therefore, grappled with the daunting task of trying to bring the nation together. How did he manage to unite the nation? Which techniques did he use? Thus, to answer these questions, this essay, describes literal devices, including allegory, neo-classical imagery and typology that were instrumental in the achievement of the Declarations of Independence’s concept of “We the People”.

Liberty in 1700s

Liberty has many definitions depending on the context in which it is used. My version of liberty is emancipating oneself from the colonial masters. Pre- and post- independence Americans perceived “liberty” as a combination of specific rights and privileges that were determined by one’s social status and nationality (Foner 18). The freedom, which included self-governance and the ability to pursue a particular trade, unfortunately, was only a preserve of a few.

The colonists also viewed liberty as living a sinless-life, a moral life, guided by the Biblical principles regarding the way of life. The revolution expanded the “liberties” to “English liberties”, that were applicable to all men, unlike the former. The British colonialist idea of freedom was that of “English liberty”, in which no man was above the law and enjoyed some fundamental rights as a person and property-wise, which even the king could not deny as long the individuals in question were in British colonies (Foner 27). The newfound freedom endowed the American citizens with the ability to freely elect their nations’ heroes to power, control their own resources, self-governance, and erase unconstitutional taxation.

George Washington and Unity

Artistry contributed immensely towards the achievement of the United States’ oneness by using literary and visual works, such as allegory, typology, and neo-classical imagery. These literary devices were vital in the resolution of problems that had the power to disintegrate the nation.

Use of Allegory

In his letter, dated 6^th February 1778, to Governor George Clinton, George Washington fronts himself as a future father of the nation by showing his concern over the devastating impact of famine on the army (The United States History par. 1). He further appeals to people in positions of authority, including Governor Clinton, who wanted the Revolution’s success to come to their aid by providing food. By doing this, he reckons, one would have made a great contribution to a common service.

The fact that he stresses the army has been impossibly patient is indicative of his leadership abilities to keep the army intact in the face of tribulations, despite the fact that the soldiers were from all of the thirteen states, including those that were at loggerheads.

In the “THE FAREWELL ADDRESS” of 1796, George Washington prayed that the states be united and that their union last for eternity, not forgetting their brotherly love. He dedicates a great part of his speech to talking about national unity, after he beseeches the people to understand his decision not to contest the next presidential election. He then proceeds to urge the populace to re-evaluate the importance of the state’s union, which was their source of peace, happiness, prosperity, both at home and abroad.

He begs the citizenry to endeavour to preserve the merger of the states and shun any attempts that would lead to the alienation of some parts of the country (The United States Senate Historical Office 7). He reminds the nation of the trials and tribulations they have gone through as a people, but concerted efforts have made them triumphed together, despite their small disparity in religion and political ideologies.

George Washington continued to warn the nation of the potential dangers that threaten public unity such as political ties with foreigners and division of states based on geographical discriminations. George Washington spoke plainly, when he lectured the public on the destructive spirit of political parties by citing that leaders of some powerful factions would use them for self-aggrandizement, putting liberty in jeopardy (The United States Senate Historical Office 16).

Though the existence of multi-parties was probably important in monarchies because they checked the administration and upheld freedom, he warned the opposite was true in democracies. Throughout the speech, George Washington is depicted as a concerned patriarch, who does not want to see a new nation perish because of disunity. He believes the clamour for independence and he appeals to the intellect to heed to reason and subvert the vices that pose a threat to the country’s social fabric.

Neo-classical Imagery and Symbolism

Portrait of George Washington at the battle of Princeton in 1784 is one that borrows from English portraiture because the artist, Charles Wilson Peale, studied and painted in England for two years. He, however, avoids classic symbolism, but instead portrays a realistic and near accurate imagery of General George Washington. According to Princeton University Arts Museum, George Washington stands in front of three soldiers, one lying on the ground and another one bending over to help him stand, while the other waves the American flag (par. 2).

George Washington’s pose depicts a man oozing with confidence, with a subtle smile despite having a bruise under his eyes, a raised sword in his right hand and left arm gently placed on his hips. In the background, there are dark clouds with the sun starting to penetrate, and American soldiers, on horsebacks and on foot, raising their swords.

The painting shows the spoils of a war in which George Washington emerged victorious, as evidenced by his raised sword and the wave of the American flag behind him. The artist presents George Washington as a war hero, and the soldier trying to help another injured soldier behind him is indicative of the spirit of brotherliness and oneness that has seen them through the battle (Princeton University Arts Museum par. 3). This presentation is particularly true bearing in mind that George Washington’s army comprised soldiers drawn from thirteen states and he had to keep them intact when they went to fight with warring states. The sun permeating the dark clouds is symbolic of the break of a new dawn, the realization of liberty. The sword and American flag are symbols of national unity.

The Difference between Literary Texts and Neo-classical Imagery

As is evidenced in the Farewell Address, George Washington acknowledges the existence of disunity in some states and asserts the importance of togetherness by reminding the nation of what they underwent as a united people. His concerns and warnings exhibit him as a father and a war hero, who wants nothing but the best for the country in all its endeavours. In Farewell speech, President George Washington used allegory to remind the people of historical happenings that have shaped them as a nation, including the war and happenings in England.

He shows his concern for the possible abuses of liberty by establishing political parties for George Washington did not rise to power on any political party, yet he formed a strong central government and political ties with foreigners. George Washington uses speech to send a message and present himself as a symbol of unity, thanks to his experience as both a war hero and president.

In neo-classical imagery, Charles Wilson Peale, in his painting of George Washington at the battle of Princeton, depicts a man, who sacrificed a lot for his country. The painting is symbolic of a nation that went through trying times, but the unity of the people in tribulations finally made them achieve their greatest goal, liberty. Though speech is not used, the painting speaks volumes about George Washington’s ability to unite and lead Americans.

Conclusion

Artists in post-colonial era America used different literal devices to instil the notion of “We the People”, as evidenced in the speeches and portraits of George Washington. Both devices were used to assert the importance of unity, where allegories in speech were used to make Americans realize that they should first be loyal to the United States, then their individual states and uphold the letter and spirit of the American constitution, which was founded on liberty. The neo-classical imagery is used to symbolize the struggles and triumphs of people, who are united by a great political leader and a servant, George Washington. These literal works, therefore, were key in the realization of “We the People”, as captured in the Declaration of Independence.

Works Cited

Foner, Eric. “The contested history of American freedom.” History 137.1 (2013):13-31. Print.

Princeton University Arts Museum. George Washington at the Battle of Princeton, 1783–84. 2015. Web.

The United States History. Washington’s Letter to Governor George Clinton. 2011. Web.

The United States Senate Historical Office. Washington’s Farewell Address. 2000. Web.

The views of Edmund Morgan that American democracy was achieved through slavery are valid. One of the evidence is that freedom and slavery expanded simultaneously, which is not possible under normal conditions. This shows that the United States could not be what it is in the modern society if slavery could not have taken place. In this regard, the founders of the American nation were simply hypocrites who never had the interests of the poor and Africans at heart.

They were simply concerned with fulfilling their interests. Some analysts argue that slavery in the United States was an exception while others are of the view that it was a legacy to oppression and exploitation. Edmund outlines the paradox of the American democracy, which shows clearly that the founding fathers were just charlatans. Edmund wonders why the rights of Africans were sacrificed for the sake of whites. In other words, the whites saw it wise to destroy the rights of Africans in order to facilitate good life among Europeans. In this case, it is clear that American freedom and democracy that is hailed in the modern society rested on the foundation of slavery.

Throughout his text, Morgan shows how founding fathers exhibited paradoxical behavior in their support for democracy. Many founding fathers claimed that each person was to be set free, yet they enslaved Africans, together with their offspring. This was contradictory since they simply wanted their race to be set free, but not other races, including the black race. This is absurd because they only felt pain when someone was controlling them, but they enjoyed when they controlled other people. Thomas Jefferson was one of the individuals who participated in advocating for independence, yet he owned over one-hundred slaves in his home.

Without slavery, political, social, and even economic development in the United States could not have achieved. It is a known fact that slaves were the backbone of the economy in the south since they supplied free labor. White settlers could not have afforded to produce goods in case labor was supplied at a fee. Politically, slaves contributed in fighting for the rights of the poor. They organized themselves into groups that later demanded for their rights. The constitution was amended severally to include the rights of blacks and other minorities. In the modern America, minorities, including women, are able to participate freely in nation building due to the activities of slaves during the Civil war.

Introduction

George Washington is a celebrated hero due to his personalized need to make a difference.

George Washington remained consistent throughout his leadership dispensation.

This presentation explores the heroic deeds of George Washington.

The presentation draws a lot from Washington’s autobiography.

The presentation will explain his achievements in democracy, local and foreign policy, and the independence of the United States.

Washington’s Achievements

Democracy and rule of law

The most admired qualities of George Washington include courage, confidence, and statesmanship.

Washington was at the forefront of creating and institutionalizing a strong, well-organized, and steadily financed government.

George Washington’s government was very successful in suppressing rebellion and established a very firm united America (Grizzard 21).

Continuation

George Washington is accredited for having initiated different government rituals.

The inaugural speech and cabinet system of governance were the creation of George Washington.

The cabinet system has survived the test of time and has been adopted by several governments across the world.

Washington was the Commander in Chief of the Continental Army when the revolutionary combat was in progress.

The success of this war led to the establishment of the current United States of America.

Peace and Economic Independence

The current transitional process was first implemented by George Washington.

George Washington facilitated a peaceful and structured transition to John Adams.

Due to the peaceful transition, Washington earned the title of the ‘Father of America’.

Washington’s government established the first national bank and taxation on commodities such as Whisky.

Continuation

Washington’s economic policies led to the establishment of financially stable that did not depend on foreign aid.

Washington’s financial policies have remained relevant and have placed the US ahead of many countries (Cornwell 4).

Washington preserved the United States’ government during a period of continuous demand for secession during the Whisky protests.

Washington quelled the rebellion that threatened to destroy the foundation of the United States of America.

Social and Political Policies and Acts

As a president, George Washington is accredited for having established and implemented the first Resident Act and the Bill of Rights.

These acts were instrumental towards the authorization of the sitting president to have an exclusive mandate in running the government.

This action still empowers presidents to make critical decisions whenever called upon.

The acts have ensured that the government of the day is strong enough to survive the opposition onslaught.

Public interest through foreign policy

George Washington’s foreign policy approach was significant.

Washington was the first president of the independent United States of America to sign an international trade treaty.

The policy enabled the government to remain vibrant, establish friendships across the globe, and serve its interests with minimal resistance.

Washington signed the Jay Treaty of 1794 to facilitate smooth and beneficial trade with Great Britain.

Washington managed to mobilize the Senate and the public to support his foreign policy with a lot of success (Cornwell 3).

Social and perception influences

George Washington’s initiatives were able to set a good example through conforming to shared values of the then-infant American community.

Washington enlivened a common vision by visualizing the future through perceiving to achieve pleasant and excellent possibilities.

His speeches on equality and the tenets of America promote economic independence.

Washington’s perspective of quality leadership has remained part of the United States syllabus (Grizzard 21).

Respect for Human Rights and Territorial Surveillance

Washington’s private views on slavery and the slave trade were that it is against basic human rights.

He went further to arrange for the release of his slaves upon demise.

George Washington adopted the reactionary policy on the security of its foreign trade interests.

Washington organized the Navy to silence the Barbary pirates from interfering with the nation’s interests.

Washington managed to preserve the autonomy and inclusiveness of his government during this time of challenge.

Summary

The leadership of George Washington was inspired by the need to transform America into a united and democratic territory.

The cabinet system of governance, inaugural speech ritual, peaceful transition continue to operate in the current government.

Washington established and implemented the first Resident Act and the Bill of Rights.

Washington’s government established the first national bank and taxation on commodities.

Works Cited

Cornwell, Rupert. George Washington: The Father of the nation. 2009. Web.

Grizzard, Frank. George Washington: A Biographical Companion, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2002. Print.

George Washington was the leading military chief of the USA. He led the country from the year 1775 to 1797 and commandeered the army to seek independence from the colonists who were British. He was recognized not only as the commander in chief but also as one of the leaders who assisted in crafting the new constitution. This led him to be chosen to serve as the first president of the great free country. His efforts in establishing a clear governance structure has been recognized, as the main framework still exists (Brookhiser 34). Historians and scholars have rated his deep style of leadership and tenacious nature as one of the reasons that America was able to acquire freedom from its British Colonizers.

History

George Washington was born in 1732. He grew up in Westmoreland County, Virginia, where he spent most of his childhood. His father passed on when he was only eleven years old. This denied him the privilege of formal education. He later learned some skills in carpentry and surveying. He grew to be over six feet, which was unique at the time.

Marriage

Washington tied the knot in 1759. He got hitched to Martha Custis who was a widow at the time. At the time of the marriage, she already had two children from her former husband. Both Mr. and Mrs. Washington shared a house in Mt Vernon. At the time of his death, George did not have biological children from the marriage

War

Physically powerful, courageous, excited for battle and a natural organizer, young Washington rapidly rose to the rank of senior officer in the British. This followed a set of actions following his decisions that precipitated the French & Indian War. He was later chosen as the commander in Chief in the Continental Army, bearing in mind that he was experienced enough (Grizzard 90). During his tenure at the Continental army, he was able to expatriate the COLONIALIST OUT OF Boston. This was followed by defeat during the same year. He is credited as being a strong leader as he was able to keep the nation united even despite the wars that were ongoing at the time

President of the US

Washington was elected unopposed to the seat of presidency in 1789. This was set to repeat itself in 1792 where he was again elected unopposed to the same seat. The first swearing in ceremony was held in the City of New York and the second swearing in ceremony was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is important to note that this was the capital city at the time (Radd 45). His was gracious and modest enough to leave the seat of power to someone else as he assumed that if he assumed he would become dictatorial if he assumed the presidential role for a third time. This also portrayed his magnanimous character.

During his watch, the first ten amendments of the constitutions were accepted. These amendments assure that the rights of American Citizens are always upheld

Death

Washington passed away on December 14, 1799, at his residence, Mt. Vernon. It was after his death that the US Capital was relocated to the present location which is Washington D.C. This relocation was implemented as a way of remembering the first president of the great Nation.

Works Cited

Brookhiser, Richard. Founding Father: Rediscovering George Washington. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997. Print.

Grizzard, Frank. A Guide to All Things Washington. New York: Mariner Publishing. 2005. Print.

Radd, Thomas. (1974). Washington: The Indispensible Man. Boston: Little, Brown, 1974. Print.

President James Monroe declared the Monroe declaration in 1823. The declaration stated that US was not ready to accept any advancement in colonialism either in the North or South America. The declaration stated that any steps taken towards colonising any part of the western hemisphere would be considered as a hostile action towards the US. The declaration also made it clear that existing European colonies would be respected. The doctrine stated that the US would refrain from actively participating in European political issues including its wars (World Affairs 1).

It was claimed that the invasion of French on Spain to restore a former King must have lead to this declaration. This declaration has been noted to have significantly shaped the US foreign policy which was heavily aligned towards isolation from the world nations especially Europe. The policy was aimed at keeping the European continent from interfering with the western hemisphere (World Affairs 1).

The Fears of George Washington

Foreign Issues were splitting US

George Washington expressed his fears on the dangers of permanent foreign alliances in his farewell speech. He believed that the US was in danger if it would entangle itself in the foreign affairs of other nations particularly those from Europe (Senate Documents 23). It was reported that the US was slowly beginning to be divided on issues of foreign affairs. During the French revolutionary wars the Federalists had taken sides with Britain while the Democrats had taking sides with the French. The democrats made attempts to convince Washington to invoke the 1778 treaty of alliance and defend the French against the Britons. The proclamation of Neutrality which later led to the Neutrality Act made it possible for US not to get involved in the crisis (Neutrality Act 1).

Foreign Affairs would not benefit the US

George Washington advocated for a policy of good faith. In his speech, he advocated for the US not to be involved on a long-term relationship with other nations. He claimed that this would be done by not forming long-term friendships and avoiding long-term hostilities with other nations. George Washington claimed that long-term relationships with other nations would affect the making of rational decisions by the US government because of the need to protect relationship interests (Senate Documents 22).

Washington did not see anything good which would come out of long term relationship with Europe. He claimed that the affairs of Europe were not of interest to the Americans in any way. He also saw the isolated position of the US as beneficiary because it made it possible for US to concentrate on its own affairs.

US Foreign Policy in the early 1800s

In an attempt to avoid entangling itself in foreign affairs, the US adopted an isolation policy in regard to foreign affairs. The convention of 1800 saw an end to all the treaties that the US had with foreign nations. The declaration of Monroe furthermore distanced the US from Europe and warned against any interference from Europe on the Western hemisphere. The US policy on foreign affairs was therefore bent on isolating the US from other nations on the issues of political affairs.

Conclusion

George Washington had argued that the US would be better off if it concentrated on its internal issues as opposed to wasting time on foreign affairs. He claimed that getting into long-term relationships with other nations would affect the way the US would make decisions which might be irrational when a need arises to protect relationship ties. The Act of Neutrality, the 1800 convention and the Monroe Declaration are some of the significant efforts made towards isolating the US from foreign affairs.

Works Cited

Neutrality Act. 1939 US Congress. 76th Congress, 2nd Session, Public Resolution No. 54, n.d. Web.

Senate Document. Washington’s Farewell Address. Senate Document, 2000. Web.

World Affairs. Monroe Doctrine. United States History, n.d. Web.

Introduction

On 19th September 1796, fatigued by attacks from political opponents and weights of the presidency, George Washington declared his intention not to run for the third term. He had served for two consecutive terms as the first president of the United States of America. With the help of James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, Washington composed a letter in Philadelphia in what later became described as the “Farewell Address.” Intended to guide and inspire future generations, the discourse described Washington’s protection of his government’s record and exemplified a typical statement of Federalist policy.

The address began as a draft anchored in Madison’s old notes then edited and revised by Hamilton. While Alexander Hamilton reviewed the address, he ensured to maintain the key points in the letter before passing it for finalization by Washington. The president warned the country of creating any alliance with oversea states and reiterated the significance of prioritizing America to facilitate prosperity rather than being dragged down by self-centered needs vouched by alliances. In his wisdom, Washington enumerated two biggest dangers to American success: foreign wars and political parties. He urged the Americans to avert entanglement with European conflicts and political partisanship. While Washington openly highlighted many things in his letter, the major items he felt were of utmost importance included avoiding forming foreign alliances, limiting political power, and strengthening religion.

Avoiding Foreign Alliances

The key concern Washington raised continually is preventing the creation of lasting foreign coalitions. He stated that “have as little political connection as possible” (National Archives, 1796, Para 36). George views forming foreign alliances as just drawing benefits from America for the supplies and strong coalitions but the receivers might never return the favor. Having many overseas unions also infer several affairs to handle. Any minor snag may result in bigger challenges between member states. If war ensues, then it will trigger forming alliances with other partners. The situation could make America engage in a conflict against an oversea country that one might not know just because they are biased towards a certain member state. Allegiance will rapidly foment unfair fighting since America could resort to bias, hence, no need of forming permanent coalitions. Lack of forming foreign unions also avert emotive linkage with other countries. Emotive linkage could make member states exploit America due to the generosity it has extended to them. Therefore, a foreign country would prosper due to the help received and America would gradually wear out from such alliances.

Washington downplays the idea of creating oversea alliances since the perceived dangers outweigh the benefits. Contemporary governments have not strictly followed Washington’s warnings as observed in various alliances embraced by America. For example, the U.S. joined North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance in 1949 to give security and freedom to its members through military and political means. Over the years, NATO has engaged in controversial missions and America’s name has been dragged in such undertakings. For instance, the 2011 NATO-led operations in Libya sparked debate worldwide. In another scenario, NATO has supported Ukraine with financial and military equipment since the illegitimate and illegal seizure of Crimea in 2014 (North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 2022). These show that present-day leadership has less regard for the ideas expressed by Washington in his farewell address.

Restraining Political Powers

As part of his farewell letter, Washington warned of restricting the political power by distributing controls to separate arms of government. He viewed this will avert one ruler to subdue other branches, resulting in the misuse of bestowed powers that could culminate in damaging the country. In the letter, it is detailed as “a customary weapon by which free governments are destroyed” (National Archives, 1796, Para 25). Washington meant that power should be practically divided equally and fairly among various branches of government.

Strengthening Religion

Firming religion is significant since it is a vital aspect of the popular regime. Specifically, Washington states that religion is “a necessary spring of popular government” (National Archives, 1798, Para 27). He believed that religion should be integrated into a government since faith shapes the ethics and morals of an individual. Therefore, implementing any religion would result in a country with principles that can reduce any desire to engage in warfare. It is agreeable with Washington’s views of embracing religion in a country. It does not matter which religion but promoting all faith such as Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Judaism all help in shaping morals as a people.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Washington’s farewell address offered insightful teachings that America should embrace to shape future generations. He knew that America would have a new administration after the end of his tenure and that the person taking over might not be knowledgeable and concerned with caring for the whole country. Therefore, the address warns of various issues that should be shunned to ensure a prosperous America. Items of utmost importance include avoiding forming foreign alliances, limiting pollical power, and strengthening religion. Washington desires a prosperous and peaceful America after exiting the realms of power.

References

National Archives. (1796). Farewell address, 19 September 1796. Web.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (2022). NATO steps up support for Ukraine, strengthens deterrence and defence. Web.

Introduction

George Washington died on December 14, 1799, at the age of 67. Today, two hundred years after his death, the debate over the reasons for his unexpected departure is still hot. George Washington led his people safely to political independence and contributed to the establishment of a righteous and prosperous nation. He is considered to be one of the most prominent politicians in the history of the United States. Washington is praised as an excellent leader, devoted leader of the nation. His death was unexpected and the national felt left without a father. According to the official records, Washington suffered a sore throat. It started on December 13 when he went to Mount Vernon in freezing rain. The throat worsened, breathing became difficult, and swallowing was painful. An estate overseer proposed bleeding Washington; it was a common medical practice of the day recommended by physicians. Washington was given a mixture of vinegar, molasses, and butter, however, he could not swallow it. Three physicians were summoned to his estate; their diagnosis was inflammatory quinsy; the only treatment was bleeding. The wrong diagnosis and improper treatment caused the early death of George Washington.

Main body

On December 14^th, three physicians came to help George Washington. All the medical skills that could relieve the suffering were applied, however, there was no effect. Washington said to one of the physicians, “Doctor, I die hard, but I am not afraid to go. I believed, from my first attack, that I should not survive it. My breath cannot last long” (“George Washington”, p. 1). According to the testimony of the doctor, ten minutes before his death, breathing became easier. His disease progressed in only 30 hours. A day before, he was in robust health promising serene old age. “George Washington bore his acute sufferings with fortitude and perfect resignation to the Divine will” (“The Death of George Washington”, p. 1).

However, there is enough evidence to claim that the death of George Washington was caused by a medical mistake. At that time, the only treatment for the majority of illnesses was bleeding. The youngest doctor of those who came to Washington’s estate proposed performing an immediate tracheostomy – cutting an opening in the throat (“What killed George Washington?” p.1). One of the other physicians agreed while the third argued that the operation would be fatal. As the result, the bleeding was done four times. It could be the case that George Washington died as the result of blood loss. Despite the significant blood loss, Washington was sitting up. He almost choked to death while leaning his head back to swallow the medicine.

At about 10 in the evening, breathing seemed to improve; however, less than two hours later, Washington died. Overall, the illness had lasted only 21 hours. Today, the disease that killed George Washington is treated in a couple of days and the fatal result equals zero. Physicians at the time of Washington lacked fundamental knowledge in medicine and were not empowered to suggest an effective treatment. Continuous bleeding exhausted Washington and left no hope for improvement. Physicians published a statement in which they changed their initial diagnosis to an inflammatory affliction of the upper part of the windpipe (“What killed George Washington?” p. 1).

Physicians responsible for the death of George Washington were attacked by other doctors who were sure that the problem had been croup. They claimed that the disease could be treated in four hours. Others agreed that too much blood was taken. However, none of these assumptions can be checked today because the vital details of the disease, as well as treatment, are not known. The twentieth century was marked with increased attention to the death of George Washington. The researchers wrote that Washington died because of strep throat. Others suggested that death was due to acute epiglottitis caused by an influenza virus. For example, Doctor Heinz Scheidermandel argued that signs and symptoms described by those who attended Washington are consistent with epiglottitis: the rapid onset of the disease, sore throat, difficulty in swallowing, muffled voice, airway obstruction, persistent restlessness, and a short period of improvement just before the death (“What killed George Washington?” p. 1).

When infected, the epiglottis enlarges 1o times its normal size. As the result, the ball-valve effect blocks air from being drawn into the lungs. Washington tried to relieve this obstruction by leaning forward and sitting up. It also explains the fact why Washington’s voice was muffled – it was caused by the enlargement of the epiglottis. Today, epiglottitis is one of the most destructive diseases of children. Notably, in the early twentieth century, this disease was treated the same way as in the last 200 years, with a tracheostomy. However, a croup would never have led to the death of a patient aged 67 years. Thus, the young doctor attending George Washington was right in suggesting tracheostomy, nevertheless, his advice was not followed. The failure to set a proper diagnosis resulted in the death of the most prominent leaders of the United States of America.

Moreover, at the time of George Washington, there was no medical record on file, no personal health history, and no physical examination findings. If this information was available, physicians would be aware that all members of the Washington family were short-lived. George Washington’s personal medical history included a number of serious illnesses including Small Pox, pleurisy, tuberculosis, and malaria (Witt, p.1). In 1755, he had a severe fever; in 1757, he experienced dysentery that persisted for months. Nevertheless, he managed to stay in almost perfect health because his personal habits were good. He arose down, did not smoke, was not given to excessive eating, and regularly exercised in the open air.

On the morning of December 14^th, 1799, the diagnosis set by physicians was too vague. At that time, Edinburg was the acknowledged center of medicine and the other two physicians did not dare to doubt the diagnosis set by a more experienced doctor. The two doctors supported the primary diagnosis because it seemed clearly reasoned and based on the evident knowledge of the causes of certain symptoms (Witt, p.1). Even though medicine then was in the pre-scientific era, the treatment chosen by physicians was not effective because the initial diagnosis was wrong. Physicians believed that the more serious the illness, the more copious the bleeding should be. At the same time, physicians knew not enough about the blood volume, and they did not even suspect that the blood replacement process takes weeks instead of hours. George Washington could have died because of blood loss.

In the 1860s, Doctor James Jackson argued that Washington had acute laryngitis. He stressed that loss of blood caused surface vessels to contract and reduced the local swelling, however, it spread the inflammation to surrounding tissues. According to the recent research by Drs. Willius and Keys (1942), all the physicians were wrong because Washington has no laryngitis (it is not fatal), no quinsy (the course of the illness was too short), and not diphtheria (seldom found in a person of 67). They concluded that the death was caused by a septic sore throat associated with acute edema of the larynx (Witt, p.1).

Nevertheless, the debate is not over yet. In 1955, for example, Dr. Marx emphasized that George Washington had been weakened by bloodletting and other accompanying procedures. As the result, his heart had been taxed. Dr. Marx argued that Washington “had succumbed to a streptococcal throat infection and to the medical mistreatment he received” (Witt, p.1). If to judge the actions of doctors through the lenses of their times, Washington’s treatment was still inappropriate. Physicians failed to identify the causes of illness as well as the illness itself. Notably, the youngest doctor attending Washington was very close to the correct diagnosis, however, others physicians were not willing to listen to him.

Conclusion

Finally, there is a need to address the excessive bleeding in more detail. It was calculated that the total quantity of blood taken amounted to 3.75 liters drawn in a period of nine hours (Vadakan, p. 1). Taking into account that George Washington was a physically impressive man, the blood volume was estimated as seven liters. Thus, more than half of his blood volume was taken out. Lack of blood led to hypovolemia, preterminal anemia, and hypotension. Moreover, when Washington stopped struggling before his death, it was the result of profound hypotension and shock. Washington died not as the result of his illness, but rather because of the mistreatment and significant loss of blood.

The causes of Washington’s death have been the subject of debate by numerous medical authorities. However, the extensive evidence supports the assumption that death was caused by a medical mistake. Physicians who attended Washington failed to diagnose diseases. Moreover, too much blood was taken; it resulted in hypotension and shock. Unfortunately, there is no reliable information left to prove any of the discussed hypotheses. The death of the most prominent American President, George Washington will continue to raise numerous questions.

Works Cited

“The Death of George Washington”. The Eye Witness to History 2001. Web.

“George Washington.” Public Book Shelf, Our Country, vol. 2. 2008. Web.

Vadakan, Vibul. “The Asphyxiating and Exsanguinating Death of President George Washington.” Vohs and Lawrence Awards & A Focus on New Products 8.2 (2004): 1-7.

“What killed George Washington? Even death didn’t stop the diagnosing.” FDA Consumer 1985: 1.

Witt, Charles. “The heath and controversial death of George Washington.” Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 2001: 1.

Introduction

Considered one of the greatest American leaders in history, George Washington gave his farewell speech on September 17, 1796. Although he was ready to retire early, his confidants convinced him otherwise. However, on September 17^th, he bid farewell to the country he helped to create and left them with his vision for the future. Washington’s desire for America to remain a single nation and not scattered communities in the constant confrontation was more important than his own ambition. He also wanted to remind the citizens, all citizens, that it does not matter their level in society; they need to obey the laws and work together to change those laws that do not serve the best interest of a free society. Washington wanted to maintain public accountability for community resources, education, and morality. Lastly, George Washington spoke on the critical need to remain vigilant in seeking even footing with all nations and not make it a habit of befriending certain nations.

Main body

Washington spoke numerous times about the importance of building a unified nation under one government. This did not come to fruition until many years later after the Civil War and Reconstruction. However, Washington seemed to realize that sifting through the ashes in the aftermath of such historic battles as Gettysburg and Chickamauga were inevitable for America. He explained the different advantages to each region of the United States and understood that the only way to align a complete nation was for these regions to recognize each others’ contribution to the whole. Whether it was maritime, natural resources, or manufacturing, all regions had their own unique mission in cultivating the United States. The common theme to this part of Washington’s address was for Americans to keep foreign interests from manipulating fellow countrymen due to preexisting divisions among the regions.

The only way to accomplish this unity that Washington adamantly referred to is for the citizens to realize, regardless of the positions within their community; they all had to follow the laws. If indeed changes need to be made to laws, there are constitutional approaches to doing so. This is evidenced by the 27 times the Constitution has been amended. These laws govern the entire nation, and as such, each political realm has its own system to check and balance the other, so that there is a sense of stability within government. Today the system still stands, however, Washington would be astonished at the bureaucracy and private deals that infest American politics. Business interest and private investment drive the interests of current leaders, instead of a sense of responsibility to the citizenry.

Conversely, the citizens are not without their responsibility to the community. Washington tells the citizens that they base morality issues off of religion since the two should be considered one. Again, what a shock the 21^st century would be for our first president. With the influx of immigrants and a continued diversification of the American population, the countless religious practices in the United States seem to not be the state of affairs that George Washington discusses in his farewell. Aside from morality issues, Americans need to save their resources and prepare for unforeseen dangers. All of this can be done with the promotion of education. Washington places a high emphasis on the public’s duty to establish and maintain a system of education.

Aside from domestic concerns, George Washington’s farewell continuously expresses the effects of foreign policy at this critical stage of development. Throughout his speech, he refers to a need for protection against foreign influence and the fear of manipulation from other countries. He encourages Americans to instill a level approach to foreign matters, and not to play favorites or make ardent enemies of any nation. Washington argues for a neutral stance with other nations and asks the citizens to be wary of the relationship between economic investment and political motives. Washington seems convinced that the United States should always maintain a defensive posture and keep the degree of trust in foreign alliances to a minimum. He says the experience needed to develop these strategies will come with time.

Conclusion

George Washington was the first president of the United States of America. He realized that the nation needed certain things to maintain a sense of personal identity. Political leaders needed to always serve the public interest and citizenry must follow the laws and guidelines of those political leaders. The communities must stay together and warn of foreign investment and influence. George Washington seemed to have foreseen the great conflicts that America has suffered through, and yet there was not enough done to lessen the effects or prevent it together.

Essentially, the American President is responsible for the USA’s foreign policy. Regarding domestic policy, the President coordinates all internal affairs issues with Congress and the states. Still, as for foreign policy, the Constitution gives the President broader powers: the President can command the armed forces and conclude agreements of the alliance. In general, a good president pursues a foreign policy that meets the national interests of their country. In this essay, the author describes and compares two presidents, George Washington, and John Adams, whose foreign policy is still considered significant in USA history.

Bibliographies and core policies contrast

Notably, George Washington is seen as one of the United States’ founders. George Washington is the first popularly elected President of the United States of America (1789-1797), Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, a participant in the War of Independence, and the founder of the American institution of the presidency (George Washington – The Founding Father). Meanwhile, John Adams is an American politician, a prominent figure in the US Revolutionary War, the first vice president, and the United States’ second president. John Adams served one term from 1797 to 1801 and was in the shadow of George Washington (Knowing the Presidents: John Adams). Nonetheless, John Adams is also considered one of the United States’ founding fathers.

In the field of foreign policy, Washington initially established the superiority of the executive over the legislature. Thus, the President advocated the non-intervention of the United States in the confrontation between the European powers, has proclaimed neutrality. From 1752 to 1758, he was in the British colonial militia, fought with the French and Indians, and rose to colonel (George Washington – The Founding Father). In 1775-1783, he participated in the American War of Independence (George Washington – The Founding Father). Consequently, George Washington was leading the Continental Army.

More favorable to politics was Washington’s attitude towards the Pinckney Treaty. In 1795, it formulated the boundaries between the United States and Spanish possessions and gave the Americans the right to freedom of navigation on the Mississippi (Treaty of San Lorenzo/Pinckney’s Treaty 1795). Thus, Washington managed to strengthen the position of the United States on the American continent and save the country from harmful interference in European affairs.

On the contrary, Adams’ presidency has been marked by crises and conflicts such as the XYZ affair, which is a diplomatic incident leading to an undeclared naval war between the US and French fleets, the enactment of aliens, incitement to mutiny laws, and confrontation with Jefferson supporters (Knowing the Presidents: John Adams). Therefore, Washington’s foreign policy has brought more significant benefits to state development.

Important to add that Washington was more prevalent among citizens than Adams. For instance, in 1789, Washington became the first popularly elected President in US history, receiving one hundred percent of the electoral vote (George Washington – The Founding Father). Notably, George Washington served two times, as in 1792, he was re-elected unanimously (George Washington – The Founding Father). In his post, he was involved in forming government bodies, consolidating the main provisions of the Constitution in practice. He advocated for the non-interference of the United States in European politics. Washington rejected running for a third term, laying the foundations of the constitutional custom, according to which the American President cannot serve more than two terms.

By comparison, John Adams also played a significant role in the USA founding and formation, political system creation, and gaining independence. John Adams was a follower of Republicanism; thus, he didn’t rely on public opinion, which resulted in being disliked by the majority of citizens (Knowing the Presidents: John Adams). However, he is regarded as the founding father of the American Navy (Knowing the Presidents: John Adams). Particularly, the core accomplishment is that John Adams avoided war with France during the severe international crisis.

Presidents’ speeches comparison

In order to compare and contrast George Washington and John Adams, it is necessary to analyze not only political practices but also presidents’ speeches. Significantly, George Washington and John Adams were not only the founders of the United States of America; they were men of principle and patriots. For instance, in the farewell address, George Washington highlighted his patriotism – “my feelings do not permit me to suspend the deep acknowledgment of that debt of gratitude which I owe to my beloved country for the many honors it has conferred upon me” (George Washington’s Farewell Address 1796). Similarly, John Adams mentioned, “I have repeatedly laid myself under the most serious obligations to support the Constitution” (Inaugural Address of John Adams 1797). Both presidents illustrated their willingness to act for the sake of the United States.

In addition, Washington and Adams aimed at keeping neutrality regarding European wars. Thus, George Washington affirmed, “we may take such an attitude as will cause the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon to be scrupulously respected” (George Washington’s Farewell Address 1796). Correspondingly, John Adams stated his opinion on relations with France – “to maintain that good understanding which from the commencement of the alliance had subsisted between the two nations and to efface unfavorable impressions” (Special Message to Congress on Relations with France 1797).

Essentially, both presidents supported the idea that the interests and desires of their fellow citizens were of high importance. George Washington promises “in the midst of my fellow-citizens, the benign influence of good laws under a free government” (George Washington’s Farewell Address 1796). In the same manner, John Adams relied “with entire confidence on the firm and enlightened support of the National Legislature and upon the virtue and patriotism of my fellow-citizens” (Special Message to Congress on Relations with France 1797).

To conclude, George Washington and John Adams were two of the most crucial American politicians. Important to summarize a few vital differences between politicians to demonstrate that Washington was a better president. First of all, George Washington was more appreciated as he served two terms compared to John Adams. Additionally, Washington protected the USA from disadvantageous interference in European affairs, while despite that Adams avoided the war, his presidency was full of conflicts and crises.

Works Cited

“George Washington – The Founding Father.” George Washington. Web.

“George Washington’s Farewell Address 1796.” George Washington. Web.

“Inaugural Address of John Adams 1797.” Yale Law School. Web.

“Knowing the Presidents: John Adams.” America’s Presidents. Web.

“Special Message to Congress on Relations with France 1797.” Historical Speeches. Web.

“Treaty of San Lorenzo/Pinckney Treaty 1795.” Office of the Historian. Web.

The first farewell address to the nation in US history was made by the country’s first elected president, George Washington. In the fall of 1796, a letter of 32 handwritten pages was published in the Philadelphia Daily Advertiser. This address, which became Washington’s real political testament, is still considered one of the most important documents in American history. Washington’s address contained many ideas that for more than two hundred years continue to have a direct impact on US foreign and domestic policy, as well as on the process of formation of the American nation. The main thing that Washington did was that he refused to hold the presidency for more than two terms, although he had the right to do so: the amendment to the US Constitution that legalized this rule was adopted only in 1947.

Analyzing Washington’s farewell speech, it should be noted that the president not only said goodbye, but also gave instructions to the entire nation. He considered the most important element of the success of the state and society to be the preservation and promotion of peaceful coexistence with all forces. Such forces include not only neighboring states, but also different races and religions. Washington himself repeatedly refers to God’s laws, believing that they condemn any discord or disrespect (Sands, 2019). Just as in the Bible there is a ban on the creation of an idol, so the president did not advise becoming attached to any strong players in the political arena; instead, he insists on America’s independent incremental development.

However, Washington’s position on racial conflicts and divisions is highly ambiguous. On the one hand, the president proposes a respectful and peaceful coexistence of all representatives of the races to create a single full-fledged society. On the other hand, the founding father did not vehemently oppose slavery, which contradicts his stance in farewell (Hayes, 2020). This does not mean that Washington is acting hypocritically or having double standards, because it is worth considering the context of the times. However, there is a point of view in which racial coexistence should not be attributed to the values of the president.

It is also worth noting that Washington has flagged potential red flags for the state, as well as issued several warnings to the nation. Washington warned that the most serious threat to American democracy came from internal disunity rather than outside interference (Sands, 2019). He foresaw the possibility of foreign influence on the American political system and the coming to power of a president who, neglecting national interests, would become the personification of the threat of despotism. He pleaded with the Almighty to ease the impact of presidential mistakes and expressed the hope that America would forgive him (Sands, 2019). Washington has set a standard for its moral wear and tear, fearing that its self-importance could become a threat to democracy.

Washington’s most far-reaching warnings concerned the threat of secession. In his opinion, if one group begins to dominate the other, then this can lead to a more formed and permanent despotism. This explains the point of view that it was defying Washington’s warnings that Donald Trump became president (Sands, 2019). First, such thoughts are common among Trump’s opponents, which is argued by the president’s hostile attitude towards Mexicans. The rise of the despot will be fueled by turmoil and suffering which will eventually push the citizens to seek security in the form of absolute power of one person (Sands, 2019). Thus, Washington most of all warned the nation against possible mistakes leading to the modification or destruction of the democratic system of the state.

Based on the foregoing, Washington is not only a president who said goodbye to the nation for the first time before leaving, but also a kind of visionary. He repeatedly reminds society of the importance and uniqueness of democracy, the essence of which is to ensure a better quality of life. At the same time, the president warns citizens about potential mistakes that could lead to radical negative changes. Finally, modern history shows that some of Washington’s words were prescient.

References

Hayes, K. J. (2020). George Washington. A life in books. Oxford University Press.

Sands, K. M. (2019). America’s religious wars. The embattled heart of our public life. Yale University Press.