Category: Gender

Summary and Argument

The principal authors point is discussing the gender influence on societys perception of the human personality and the legislative restrictions in the America of 1930, which affected the gender ideology. The author analyzes the letters of the American citizens who ask the government to respect womens rights and allow them to work and have fair pay. The argument is based on the ideological difficulties of gender. The author states that there were two principal positions concerning this topic in letters. Some women desired to stay at home, while others fought for their right to work equally with men.

Primary and Secondary Sources

Primary sources include references to articles that discuss gender ideology. The articles The Culture of the Thirties and To Work and to Wed are examples of primary sources the author uses. Secondary sources include all the mentioned letter fragments as they provide additional information on the topic. National Archives and Record Groups of 1933 are examples of secondary sources. The Womens Bureau data can also be considered a secondary source.

Article Significance

The discussed topic is significant for American history understanding. The analysis of the workers letters helps to view the course of history from the perspective of ordinary people. I learned that in 1930, the government passed legislation that strongly prohibited both members of the family work simultaneously. Womens positions presented in letters helped me understand that gender stereotypes harmed their lives. Not only were they fired, but they also had to cope with the mens humiliating attitude caused by the governmental decisions.

Perspective

Providing the letter analysis, the author changed my understanding of American history. Now tolerant country once had the dictating character and encouraged discrimination. Nowadays a respectful attitude toward each other results from the dramatic event described in the paper. The government turned the politics toward respect. Due to the past problems, the government now encourages peoples tolerance.

Things to Remember

1. Modern social contributions are the result of past societys negative experiences.
2. Gender perceptions can never determine the role of the people in society. The Depression times showed that this leads the country to distraction.
3. During the Depression times in America, not the behavior peculiarities determined peoples personality but their gender. Therefore, women were often fired because of prejudices.

Reference

Alice Kessler-Harris. Providers: Gender Ideology in the 1930s edited by Kerber L. & De Hart S.

Introduction

The issue of gender is a central and highly discussed question not only in the realm of work and employment but also in general society. Women face inequality in their everyday lives; however, their work often has a direct effect on their monetary independence, social value, and sense of fulfillment. Therefore, the factors driving women to quit their jobs and methods to increase retention must be studied and brought to light.

Gender and Retention

Adapting to a new working environment could be a complicated and intense process. No one is protected from having a negative experience while integrating into unfamiliar territory. However, for women, this integration is associated with bigger complications. Employers hold women to higher standards, pay them lower wages, and exclude them from better assignments (Bobbitt-Zeher, 2020). All of this contributes to women being more likely to quit their job within the first 24 months.

Induction and Retention

To keep women in the workplace and create an equal and healthy working environment, certain strategies must be employed. One of them is induction training, which often includes information on safety and health, and skills and duties training. It allows new employees to quickly settle into their new positions and therefore increases the retention rate (Mchete & Shayo, 2020). This makes induction one of the key factors for employees to stay at their job.

Conclusion

In conclusion, gender plays an essential role in the workplace, and the employer must use various methods to increase womens retention. Women often suffer from various sex discrimination which leads to them leaving the job within the first 24 months. Induction training is a powerful educational tool that helps employees to acclimate to the new environment and polish their skills.

References

Mchete, T., & Shayo, F. A. (2020). The role of induction training on performance of new employees at workplace: Case study of the open university of Tanzania. International Journal of Business Management and Economics, Review, 3(01), 285300.

Bobbitt-Zeher, D. (2020). Companion to womens and gender studies. In N. Naples. (Ed.), Gender discrimination policy (pp. 327345). John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Marketing has been defined by the American marketing Association as a term that denotes the form of activities and an assortment of institutions as well as processes of creating, communicating and also delivering and the exchange of offerings that hold significant value for customers or the clientele pool (and the entire society at large) of a particular companys services and/or products. Marketing is normally perceived as creative industry entailing the common fronts and concepts of advertising, distribution and selling. As such this business organisational aspect also pertains to the mean so anticipating clients future needs (normally discovered through market research) and expectations and strategising to meet and fulfill them. Effective and feasible marketing models have been hailed for their fruitage and effectiveness in fostering long term relationship between business organisations and other non business institutions and the clientele base. The models play expediently into conceptual and strategic thrusts aimed at precipitating among other things, good will ad optimal service and product provisions and enhancing organisations image and communicating its culture. It is in this conceptual and theoretical framework extension that this paper has been drafted in the objective of; among other things, exploring the significance of marketing and its role in light of it s importance to the business organisation and the community within which the business establishment serves

The works of Reichheld and Sasser (1990) have made significant contributions to the bodies of knowledge in the subject of the significance of marketing for a organisation and the community within which it operates. Beyond the common place functionalities of marketing which are realised through the associative fronts of advertising (the four Ps), distribution and selling marketing plays a fundamental role in other principal organisation goal such as competitiveness and long term sustainability. Researches have illuminated feasible marketing thrusts results in high rate of customer retention, which stabilises a business establishments customers base for long term time frames.

The scholars in the works present their findings which entail that profit margin(s) in service provisions sectors and industries including credit card companies grew in proportionality to the longevity of a companys marketing stratagem in relation to its yield of customers relationship with the service company. The scholars underscore in particular the incidences of MBNA in America. Customer defections swat team staffed by some of the companys best telemarketers. The scholars have mentioned that this amounted to a 50% success rate in luring clients to retain their credit cards. The scholars also indicate that a 5 % growth in customer retention raised average customer value by 125%. In the conclusion of the empirical data based conceptions on customer retention in e-businesses companies, Reichheld and Sasser (1990) indicated that, cutting defections in half could more than double the growth rate of the average company. This serves to illumine the critical importance of marketing of organisations survival and sustainability.

The works of Everett (1993) who also explores similar dimensions and dynamic have also spawned the broadening of perspectives in tehstudy of the importance of marketing. His work has laid invaluable ideas in the marketing studies owing to his notions on that a committed client retention unit designed by Patrick J. Swanick at the Society National Firm in Cleveland, attained a 57% accomplishment rate in influencing callers to continue with the Cyber oriented e-commerce institution. Everett has underscored that the success of the marketing model in this scenario involved the probing for causes for potential business failures and that the causes established empowered the e-firms staff to come up with feasible marketing resolutions. The success of the approach was further enhanced by adopting contemporary means of conducting effective marketing.

Various scholars have attempted to establish the relationship surmised between the aspect of marketing succes and customer satisfaction. The works of Reichheld and Kenny (1990), have explored the close relationship between the client satisfaction and the role of marketing. From another different yet related perspective the contributions made by Bowen and Lawler (1990) as well as that of Schlesinger and Heskett (1991) delve into the dynamics around the link between marketing versus the quality of service the customer get from their service institutions.

Some researches have also illumined the relationship that exists between the aspects of behaviors, skills and service quality and marketing. Zeithaml, et. al. (1990) has underscored the essence of adopting paradigmatic shifts form personnel management in way of enabling personnel to assume responsibility. (Schlesinger and Heskett, 1991) also concurs, Personnel have to take responsibility, think for themselves and respond well to pressure from customers. The works of Bowen and Lawler (1990), Reichheld and Kenny (1990) also reinforce the significance of empowering to take responsibilities and be at the fore front of problem, resolution in matter that relate to customers and the service provision interface. He details that effective marketing strategies must view the role of personnel as holistic such that the entirety of the organisation in all fronts is a marketing vehicle. This he bases on the critical importance of marketing in defining an organisation service and product provision culture among other fundamental functions of marketing such as raising awareness and keeping competitive.

Marketing also plays a significant for the role it plays in the community within which a business establishment operates. Marketing influences the culture of society throes channels of consumer behaviors and the role of mass media. This is illustrated in manner and lengths at organisational go at ensuring cultural and communication relevance where marketing is done especially in global markets. Kitchen (1999) states that a concept of effective marketing display-rules can help advertisers to appeal to global target audiences. Effective marketing consists of cultural rules that govern proper and improper ways to express emotion. In effect, these may alter or inhibit the direct expression of emotion in order to conform to the expectations of a social situation. In order to reach global consumers, art directors and copywriters take into account cultural preferences, global mass culture and impact on country of origin. Researchers state that privacy requires special protection by society because they represent indispensable conditions for an existence worthy of a human being. The general notion of privacy does not impede society from curtailing or even abolishing particular rights with a view to the promotion of overriding interests, often designated as belonging to the general interest or the common good. However, when interests are presented as privacy issues the use of this terminology implies that they cannot be simply discarded for the sake of overriding interests. Privacy is meant to be of a higher rank than rights not so named, and the purpose of this higher rank is to ensure that the social system serves those basic privacy interests which are indispensable for a life of human dignity.

Marketers are in a constant flux to develop new strategies and expand their markets and achieve advantages presented by economies of scale through globalization. The aim of every supplier all around the world is to effectively tap their target audience, to effective inform them of the commodity being offered and make a sale, many methods have been employed and revolutionized and of this the newest being digital advertising. This method provides the opportunity to easily manipulate and work with the content in hand. An example of this may be that data sent to mobiles and internet can be detected and traced easily. Online advertising has changed the realm of advertising in the past few decades by adding a lot more features to the conventional brick and mortar marketing could only imagine. Chief Executive Officer of the interactive advertising bureau (IAB) Mr. Rothenberg that the field of interactive marketing has been steadily growing and developed vitality and more areas of expansion are expected wince consumers in this age are spending double the time online compared to the past. (Potter 2005).

Marketing is an inalienable concept for business establishments to make headway in communities within which they operate. Similarly marketing can not be ignored by any society which seek tot be actively involved in those aspects that contribute to the shape and direction of society as power of marketing aspects such as adverts have pervasive effects on society. Other realities to be factored in cognisance of the foregoing entail the vulnerability of the especially y children and the youths to the influence of mass media and popular culture. Normally such aspects have presented more demerits than merits on marketing on the part of the society although organisations stand to befit from well strategised marketing thrusts.

References

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Chitty, B., Barrker, N., & Shimp, T. 2005, Integrated Marketing Communication  First Pacific Rim Edition. South Melbourne: Thomson Learning.

Clow, K.E. and Baack, D. 2002, Integrated Advertising, Promotion and Marketing Communications, Prentice Hall/Pearson Education: Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Economist.com, 2008, Watching while you surf.

Emarketer, 2008. Whats Not to Like About Behavioral Targeting? Web.

Google Inc 2008, Google announces first quarter 2008 results. Web.

Interactive advertising bureau (2008). Internet Advertising Revenues Up 18.2% YOY, $5.8 Billion for Q1 08, Second Highest Quarter Ever. Web.

Kitchen, P.J. 1999, Marketing Communications: Principles And Practice, International Thomson Business Press: London.

Labarbera, P.A., Weingard, P., Yorkston, E.A. 1998, Matching the Message to the Mind: Advertising Imagery and Consumer Processing Styles. Journal of Advertising Research, 38 (6), 29-33.

Lance, S., Woll, J. 2006, The Little Blue Book of Advertising: 52 Small Ideas That Can Make a Big Difference. Portfolio Hardcover.

McDonald M., Christopher M. 2003, Marketing: A complete Guide. Palgrave Macmillan.

Mutanen, T. 2007, Consumer Data and Privacy in Ubiquitous Computing.

New appointment at Qatar advertising and design agency grow. 2005. Web.

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Thompson, M. A. 2006. E-petitions: ISPPhorm. Web.

Wells, W.P., Mariarty, S., Burnett, J. 2005, Advertising: Principles and Practice. Prentice Hall; 7 edn.

The gender gap is not confined to a specific area since it occurs everywhere, especially in educational institutions. The researchers noticed that the number of men who asked questions at the seminars exceeded that of women. This educational imbalance is an issue as it impedes general student performance. According to the source, females invisibility during classes is related to the lack of women role models in academic fields; thus, the majority of them do not aspire to succeed academically (Pells, 2017). Hence, the researcher attempt to discover the causes of such behavioral patterns.

The socialization of boys and girls begins in the family, and educational organizations also contribute immensely to its development. Nevertheless, gender bias in the classroom is a global phenomenon, and its impact is felt concerning self-esteem, test scores, and professional choices (Pells, 2017). Persistent stereotypes about girls and boys relative abilities in school have a direct impact on their academic performance. Thus, men manage to succeed in math or science, while girls prefer art or literature.

Subsequently, it implies that men are more academically active because they are driven by logic, and women rely upon emotions and intuition. Given this, it is clear that women feel intimidated when answering or asking questions during seminars because they fear to tell the wrong information and receive negative feedback. Moreover, they often find speakers more educated; hence, their intelligence level makes them superior, which demotivated female students. In turn, males seek to receive an explanation of the phenomenon regardless of the accuracy of what they say. In addition, they want to be heard and demonstrate their confidence and interest. Thus, the academic imbalance between men and womens activity in the college class affects their academic performance.

Reference

Pells, R. (2017). Gender gap in academic seminar questions. Inside Higher Ed. Web.

Purpose of the Study

Gender stereotypes are frequently discussed by theorists and psychologists around the whole world. People make their decisions, develop relations, choose jobs, or even get married thinking that they take all steps on their free will and promote financial security (Aluko, 2015).

However, plenty of women cannot even guess how dependent on stereotypes they are. Helgeson (2015) admits that implicit stereotypes are crucial in human life. In addition to the fact that people may think that it is normal to provide women with lower salaries than men, women themselves could believe that it is normal to get low salaries and stay satisfied with the opportunities got (Helgeson, 2015).

Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to explain the role of stereotypes and their misunderstanding by people. It can be achieved by discussing the ways of how stereotypes predetermine a human life and a female life, in particular, explaining the approaches that can change the situation, and defining the power of stereotypes.

Research Methodology

Two main methods, interviews, and focus group discussions are going to be used in the phenomenological model of the study. First, it is necessary to interview a certain number of women and ask them several open-ended questions (will be mentioned below) to get more information about their experience, their opinions, and their thoughts about stereotypes. During the interviews, the researcher should not only record the conversations but also get ready to make notes about the emotions, mimics, or other behavioral changes of the interviewees.

The interviews should be organized in a favorable environment (free lightroom with several windows, tables, and comfortable chairs). Women should be eager to share their experiences and feel comfortable during conversations. The researcher may ask some provocative questions to clarify some details of the situations described by a participant.

In comparison to interviews, focus group discussions involve more participants at the same time. Women are gathered into groups of four and ask to share their experiences and the possible challenges they face as women in society. The questions are similar to those asked during the interviews. Still, they can be modified regarding the situations to get in-depth answers and thoughts.

Population and Sample

American women aged between 17 and 35 will be interviewed for this study to learn their understanding of their duties, possibilities, and current challenges. It is expected to get the answers from 12 women that visit the same college (students, teachers, and other college workers or their family members).

Sampling Procedures

Diverse sampling is offered to make sure women of different ages with different education, ethnicity, marital and socio-economic statuses are involved in the study. The main inclusion and exclusion criteria for the participants are:

• 4 female students between 17 and 20 years of different races;
• 4 female teachers between 25-35 years of different races;
• 2 college female workers between 30-35 years of different races;
• 2 accidental visitors of the college (family members) between 17 and 35 years (one white female and one black female), who do not have work.

It is very important to find people of different ages with different or no jobs to focus on different aspects of gender stereotypes. The participants are asked several open-ended questions. Then, they are offered to participate in forum discussions (3 randomly-organized groups of four women).

Data Collection Procedures

1. Choose and invite appropriate female participants;
2. Find a room for interviews and forum discussions;
3. Interview each of 12 female participants face-to-face;
4. Record communication and ask for permission to take notes during interviews;
5. Divide participants into three groups and record their discussions (and make notes if something important should be underlined);
6. After the discussions, listen to the recordings and compare the answers obtained from the interviews in a table;
7. Listen to the discussions recordings and underline the main similar and different points;
8. Make sure all details and in-depth thoughts are identified.

Guiding Interview Questions

The following questions will help to gather enough information about the factors that may affect the development of female attitudes to gender-related issues:

1. What are your age, background education, material status, and current job?
2. Do you believe that stereotypes influence human life? How does it happen?
3. Have you ever faced situations when men were appreciated more than women in the workplace? Describe them.
4. Do you believe that some work is for men only, and some work is for women only? Give several examples.
5. What do the men of your family think about the role of women in todays society? Do you agree with their points?
6. In what way do you want to change the way of how women are treated at workplaces?
7. What gender-related issues influence your life?
8. In what way do you want to change the role of stereotypes in todays society?

Other Data Collection Procedures

It is expected to surf the web and read female forums to understand what bothers todays women the most. There are many credible sources to find online. The main rationale for the choice of online forums is the possibility to register on thematic forums in a short period and to find information on different topics that may be interesting to women. Such alternative data should help to identify if women comprehend that many factors may predetermine their attitudes towards gender-related issues, and if they are ready to deal with them to improve their living and working conditions, cooperation with men, and the abilities to earn more taking into consideration their personal experience and knowledge but not their sexual characteristics.

References

Aluko, Y.A. (2015). Re-evaluating the empowerment potential of womens paid work. International Journal of Gender and Womens Studies, 3(2), 190-201.

Helgeson, V. (2015). Psychology of gender. New York, NY: Psychology Press.

Although racial and gender disparities are still widespread in the United States, Hollywood has made remarkable strides in expanding inclusivity in the film industry. Hollywoods television and film production depict a problematic pattern of bias in opportunities and the overall representation of women and ethnic minorities. As a result, the trend has escalated the prevalence of stereotypes, further worsening the lack of on-screen and off-screen diversity. However, the institutionalized racism and sexism are declining gradually as the breadth of representation for women and people of color continue to expand. With the changing racial and gender norms, the white-dominated and patriarchal structures are becoming receptive to inclusivity.

In todays world, racial and gender norms are changing in Hollywood. Erigha notes that narratives from roles played by racial minorities and women are fewer in the mainstream film industry. However, more women and racial minorities are increasingly featuring in leading and important roles than in previous years. For instance, 39 out of the 100 highest-grossing films had a woman as the lead or co-leading actor, up from 33 the previous year, and 20 in 2007 (Shoard). Additionally, racial minorities, including Asians and African Americans, are playing pivotal on-screen and film-making roles in Hollywood as part of the changing demographics (Molina-Guzman). Moreover, film studios are enchanted to produce films that defy the existing stereotypes due to the success of various women and racially-diverse movies, such as Black Panther and How to Get Away With Murder. Thus, the prevalent racial and gender homogeneity is being replaced with a more diverse community than previously witnessed.

Hollywood is rapidly becoming diverse in response to evolving viewership, demographics, and growing criticism. Women and minority ethnic groups are getting listed for high-profile roles. Although tremendous progress has been achieved in on-screen representation, diversity in behind-the-camera and directorship has been relatively static. Therefore, eradicating barriers that impede the entry and growth of women and racial minorities into the film industry remains a critical priority.

Works Cited

Erigha, Maryann. Race, Gender, Hollywood: Representation in Cultural Production and Digital Medias Potential for Change. Sociology Compass, vol. 9, no. 1, 2015, pp. 78-89.

Molina-Guzman, Isabel. #OscarSoWhite: How Stuart Hall Explains Why Nothing Changes in Hollywood and Everything is Changing. Critical Studies in Media Communication, vol. 33, no. 5, 2016, pp. 438-454.

Shoard, Catherine. Gender And Racial Diversity on the up in Blockbuster Films, Study Finds. The Guardian, 2019, Web.

Introduction

Gender is a subject that has been faced with heated debate regarding the roles played by men and women considering their biological makeup. Gender can be defined in different aspects depending on which perspective that one takes to look at it. It is through these definitions that a distinction is made on the roles that can be played by the individuals. Biologically, a man and a woman have distinct features that will enable them to perform certain roles. Despite a wide similarity in their body organs, certain features within them define their capabilities. On the other hand in social terms, the distinctions are made based on their ability to interact which is defined by their psychological makeup. As a boy grows into a man and a girl into a woman, certain psychological changes occur in their bodies which become prominent. This is when the distinctions come out as they embrace different roles (Hall, 2003). This means that during their early stages of life, it may be psychologically difficult to distinguish between a man and a woman due to the similar abilities that they have. The only thing that distinguishes the two at such a stage is their sexual orientation.

Gender Equality

Despite the differences in sexual orientation, there are roles that both men and women can equally play. Such roles are not determined by the chromosomes that build them up but rather by the experiences that they have had in terms of intellect. As a man and a woman grow up, they are usually exposed to similar environments which means that they have similar experiences. There have been several movements to sensitize the community against discrimination based on gender. This is not mean that people are denying their sexual orientation. Sexual orientation is something that happens naturally for productivity reasons (Barak, 2006). The fight against gender discrimination is to let society know that as long as men and women are exposed to similar environments and experiences, they can perform some roles that are believed to be designed for men (Rege, 2003). Society had traditionally created a big gap between men and women and required that they be exposed to different environments so that they are prepared to take up certain roles (Rege, 2003). Women were basically to be homemakers while men take up the general leadership responsibility and as each member of such a community grew up, they were reminded of this by their mentors and also exposed to such environments to enable them to carry along with this perception (Rege, 2003).

Things have however changed in most societies where it was realized that as long as men and women were exposed to similar situations, opportunities, and environments, there will be a very slim distinction that will be made between them. What was previously reserved for men is now being done by women even more excellently and what was preserved for women is being done better by men (Hall, 2003).

Several types of research that have been conducted on different abilities reveal that people are different despite their similar biological makeup. This difference defines their likes and dislikes which determines their abilities. This might be because of the environments that these people are brought up in and the kind of literature that they observe & read. It is therefore for the above reason that you will find a man who has been brought up in an environment that consists of many women behaving like a woman (Rege, 2003). Such an individual is likely to prefer the roles played by people of the gender he or she is used to. In the current society, the only thing that can distinguish a man from a woman is their sexual orientation and not the roles they take up in society. The only distinctions that can be made on them are their physical appearance and probably how they react to situations and circumstances (Hall, 2003).

Sociological Perspective of Gender

Sociology has a different view of looking at gender; this is mainly obtained from the psychological tests and researches that have been done on both men and women. Even in the roles that they take up; there are some differences in which a man will look at an issue. They may be performing a similar responsibility but come up with different results due to their psychological makeup. Some of the observations that have been made are that a woman will take time to make a decision or rather to come up with a solution but once they identify the solution it will have long-term benefits (Barak, 2006). Men on the other hand can make prompt decisions and hence being able to come up with solutions faster, and thus the famous saying was derived which asserts thatif you want something to be done faster, give it to a man and if you want it to be done well give it to a woman (Barak, 2006). It was through such observations mentioned above; that researchers started to notice that there is a difference in the way a womans brain coordinates actions and decisions which is different from how a man does it. It was observed that a woman will take time to synthesize a problem as they are looking at how the solution will impact not only the present scenario but also the future. It was also found that a man will make a faster decision to only solve the present situation with little consideration of the future (Barak, 2006).

Some roles are mostly given to women in a managerial environment due to the emotional attachment that they have towards it. It has been identified that most of the roles that women are given, do it with an emotional attachment while a man will do it with a physical attachment. As much as the roles can be performed by both men and women, the results will be different which makes them be preferred to take them up. For instance, women have been identified to be more patient than men. They can hence perform well in responsibilities that deal with people (Rege, 2003). Men on the other hand are preferred in responsibilities that require them to make prompt decisions such as management, especially during a crisis. There are limitations to this whereby you find some men that are more emotional than women and some women that can make prompt decisions than men. These are some of the discoveries that are made on gender. It has become challenging to limit a man or a woman to certain features due to new observations being done. The statistics that are mostly given to differentiate the two are based on the majority.

Inventions in the field of technology are making orientations in terms of gender even more complicated. Several experiments are being done to come up with certain characteristics in an individual. This is done by the interference of genes which are responsible for the differences experienced in character and role. It has become possible for an individual to be designed in a certain preferred way by changing their gene makeup. This was mainly done for the sake of individuals that could either be defined as men or women. They had a mixture of both genes where they would display such characters. They were to be helped to adapt to certain specific gender clinically by naturally inducing certain hormones in their bloodstream. As the experiments succeeded, some people that did not prefer their gender took advantage of the development to acquire a brand new gender. There are however certain complications that are involved with the process. This is because there are a lot of artificial hormones being used which may not blend well with the body mechanism. It is also a process that takes quite some time that may be stressful to an individual. Interfering with the biological makeup is not something that can be done easily. It needs the involvement of skilled personnel of which may not guarantee absolute results.

Comparisons that can be made sociologically between men and women are based on the abilities of both to socialize and interact. There is balance in society when both men and women are put in a similar environment and made to express themselves (Hall, 2003). They can blend well as they realize the different abilities that are embedded within them. They learn to appreciate the diversities that come with their sexual orientation and also come to discover that it is not about what people see or think. There is usually more to a person than what is seen by the eyes. Comparisons are usually made on individuals if considerations are taken in the way they understand different subjects. Most of the differences are usually brought about by the attitudes that are held by societies concerning a certain gender.

Some people are yet to be delivered from such kinds of mindsets. They will hence perform and look at others by what they believe. Every attitude and mindset is derived from different cultural beliefs; it is, therefore, difficult to convince such a person unless their minds are made to understand otherwise. This is usually done by bringing situations that will enable the people to understand that what they have been for long holding on to is not true and that everything is possible to those that are determined.

Conclusion

There is the possibility of making clear comparisons between people of different gender considering their specific abilities. This ability is not based on what society has over time believed about gender but on what research and observation reveal. Certain roles that were traditionally believed to be suitable for men are now being performed well by women. Studies have made people realize the unnecessary limitations that were initially linked to gender differences. There are tremendous developments that are currently being experienced simply because men and women are being given similar opportunities. This may also be proved by looking at societies that have not embraced such kind of initiative; such communities are still lagging in development since they have limited their people basing on their sexual orientation. As much as other realities about gender can not be ignored like physical appearance and reproduction, other roles can be perfectly be played by both genders. What is required for such performance is trust and equal exposure to opportunities.

Reference

Barak, G., 2006. Class, race, gender, and crime: the social realities of justice in America. California: Rowman & Littlefield publishers.

Hall, J., 2003. Sociology on culture. London: Routledge publishers.

Rege, S., 2003. Sociology of gender: the challenge of feminist sociological knowledge. New York: SAGE publishers.

Thorough analysis and study of trans individuals sexual and gender identities, as well as their orientation, might help to separate highly interlinked ideas of sex and gender. Sex is mostly understood as a biological feature of a person, and it is primarily binary, which includes male and female. However, it can be considered as a social construct due to the fact that there are people who are born neither female nor male because they might possess different chromosomes or genitalia.

This is critically important because these individuals are mainly forced to fit in the traditional male and female category by surgical modifications (Touches 135). Therefore, it is important to understand that the notion of sex can be a social construct.

Furthermore, the idea of gender is mostly derived from ones sex, and it includes predetermined traits and behavior. Transgender people not only challenge the notions of sex but also gender by expressing behaviors that are not socially accepted as normal. There is a subgroup among transgender individuals, such as trans*, who do not adhere to binary identities (Ryan 133). Therefore, ones gender cannot be fully derived from sex because both of these features are socially constructed in order to ease the categorization. In addition, transgender individuals might undergo major physical changes in order to adhere to their true sexual identity, which raises the question of conformity.

However, these actions are not unique for transgender people only, because a person who identifies as a male or female and fits within the traditional binary system can also be pressured by conformity. For example, a cisgender woman can get a surgical intervention to increase her breast size, which is an attempt to conform to social connotations regarding sexual and gender identity (Westbrook 40).

This means that changes undertaken by transgender people are similar to the behavior of cisgender individuals, and thus, it cannot be regarded as abnormal. However, the discrimination of transgender people can be present even during major legislative changes, which accept same-sex couples, because they are not properly represented in the political arena (Ahlm 580). This means that the given group needs to be considered separately and with better care in order to avoid discriminatory acts.

Trans* individuals directly disrupt the traditional view of gender and sex, because it is assumed that gender is derived from sex. This subgroup of minority is not adhere to gender roles established within society. For too long, gender problems were invisible and indistinguishable, and today, when they became articulated, there are persistent attempts to blur, smear, dissolve them in a group of other, often far-fetched problems, in order to level out, drowning out their severity.

First of all, an encroachment on the pattern of two genders is carried out. The reasoning in the context of the fact that there are only two biological sexes does not mean that the two genders also do not find sufficient justification. On the contrary, the fact that the formal and logical structure allows for options and the freedom of social construction allows experimentation does not mean that the fictitious can be included in the real. There cannot be many genders, since their presence depends on diversity, on the number of biological sexes. Of course, arbitrarily, fictitiously, they can be constructed as many as you like, but problems arise with their legitimation and raising to the rule and norm.

The issue of gender discrimination when it comes to women and men is not only a question of fundamental injustice, but what is more important here, discrimination violates the essence of individuality and closes the possibility of creating a truly human culture and civilization. Today it is clear that transgenderism is no longer a matter of medicine, psychology or psychophysiology (Ahlm 577). Before people are new cultural realities that can be continued to be ignored, relying on traditional values, or still accept the indisputable fact that people live in a world where someones body or behavior model is the result of your inner feelings or the implementation of your life-meaning strategy.

Trans* people can be stigmatized by gay and lesbian communities (Ryan 127). It is interesting that in the process of the struggle of minority cultures for the demolition of a heteronormative society, there is often a substitution of concepts and, in fact, instead of a patriarchal, heteronormative structure, a homonormative structure is proposed as an inevitable alternative. Meanwhile, this model turns out to be no less rigid and inappropriate for the transmodern situation. Modern culture is much more varied and does not imply a constant, unchanging identity.

In a heteronormative structure, a biological trait assumes a constant binary. Feminist studies based on an essentialist approach indicate the presence of a mandatory female entity, denying it, for example, to transgender people. Thus, it is evident that trans* people bring new changes to the relationship between sex, gender, and sexuality. From the points mentioned above, it can be concluded that both sex and gender are social constructs, which are not necessarily interdependent. In addition, trans* people can be multi-gendered, agendered, or gender-fluid (Ryan 133). This means that there is a need for inclusiveness for all types of people, because the notion of binarity and heteronormative structure are not static.

Works Cited

Ahlm, Jody. Transgender Biopolitics in the U.S. Introducing the New Sexual Studies, 3rd ed., edited by Nancy L. Fischer and Steven Seidman, Routledge, 2016, pp. 574-581.

Ryan, Joelle R. From Transgender to Trans*. Introducing the New Sexual Studies, 3rd ed., edited by Nancy L. Fischer and Steven Seidman, Routledge, 2016, pp. 124-135.

Tauches, Kimberly. Transgendering. Introducing the New Sexual Studies, 2nd ed., edited by Steven Seidman, Nancy L. Fischer, and Chet Meeks, Routledge, 2011, pp. 134-139.

Westbrook, Laurel. Transforming the Sex/Gender/Sexuality System. Introducing the New Sexual Studies, 3rd ed., edited by Nancy L. Fischer and Steven Seidman, Routledge, 2016, pp. 33-42.

Sex and gender are terms used to define every single individual, and they are mostly understood in a dual form. Although one might confuse these intrinsically different concepts, it is highly important to understand their underlying meanings and manifestations. The objective is to illustrate how gender and even sex are not binary notions but rather fluid. Therefore, sex is mostly binary and determined by genes and anatomical features, but gender is a social construct.

Sex is a systemic set of anatomical and physiological characteristics that distinguish a man from a woman. Gender is a social phenomenon, which is primarily imposed by society from early childhood. Although it is based on a persons sex, the concept itself has a little relationship with the term. For a long time, human sex was considered the foundation and root cause of psychological and social differences between women and men. As scientific research progressed, two facts were discovered, and the first is that there are far more similarities between men and women than biological differences (Lips, 2020). Second, the concept of typically masculine or typically feminine is historically and culturally determined (Lips, 2020). The diversity of social characteristics of women and men existing in the world and the fundamental identity of biological markers of people allowed scientists to make conclusions. It is the notion that biological sex cannot be an explanation for the differences in their social roles that exist in different societies.

In its most general form, the concept of gender denotes a set of social and cultural norms that society prescribes for people depending on their biological sex. It is predetermined by natural factors, gender is socially constructed, and, therefore, these words are not synonymous. People are born female and male, growing up, they learn to be girls and boys, who then become women and men. The behavioral traits that they acquire in the process of social learning constitute a gender identity and determine gender roles (Lips, 2020). Gender role is a set of norms of behavior, duties, and rights of a man and a woman, which are characteristic of a society and a specific historical time.

The roles of men and women depend on the specific socio-economic, political, and cultural characteristics of society. Gender roles are taught, they differ greatly within and between cultures, and they can change. Gender stereotypes have a significant impact on the formation of a gender role (Lips, 2020). These are standardized, simplified views of the behaviors and traits typical of men and women in a particular culture. Gender stereotypes are identified regarding the normative ideas about the behavioral and psychological characteristics of men and women. These gender roles are imposed and dictate the standards and norms of behavior for a woman and man (Lips, 2020). For example, femininity is always associated with a submissive mode of behavioral patterns, where such a person is expected to be more expressive with emotions and empathetic. In the case of masculinity, it encourages aggressiveness, domination, and assertiveness.

In conclusion, gender is a social construct that is imposed on people from early childhood. Sex is a biological and anatomical feature of each individual, which is determined by genes. It is important to avoid confusing these two terms with each other because they mean drastically different concepts. Ones gender should not be based on his or her sex because the latter is a mere genetic characteristic.

Reference

Lips, H. M. (2020). Sex and gender: An introduction (7^th ed.). Waveland Press.

Introduction

Modern tendencies of globalization cause changes in all spheres of life. Gender does not remain unaffected as well. In this regard, it seems necessary to consider this issue in the context of the Arab world. This paper is aimed at contextualizing gender in the Arab context considering politics, state, and business areas resulting in the concise analysis of man and woman positions and roles.

Gender in the Arab context

Basic characteristics of the Arab family

To begin with, it is important to examine the basic characteristics of the Arab family to reveal the concept of gender. Its principal feature is that the family is the central socioeconomic unit. The Arab world appreciates a reliable family home. The concept of the family usually includes numerous relatives of the male line. Respect-for-age is traditional and determines the degree of human breeding. At the heart of family relations, there is a code of honor. Moreover, the Arab family remains patriarchal as the father determines every significant issue (Barakat 98). The authority of the father in the Arab world defines the social significance of his son. Besides, one might note the subordination of women while men are allowed to have up to four wives. Despite that fact, the monogamy dominates in plenty of countries. Arabs are convinced that men and women have different personal qualities. Also, the social affirmation of women was possible only within the family. However, nowadays women become more emancipated.

Gender peculiarities in politics and economics in the Arab context

Although women play an insignificant political role, their powers increased over the past few years. In the XX century, the situation of Arab women has changed considerably in major urban centers. The volume of womens rights enshrined in the laws of Arab countries varies. According to Charrad, the state mediates gender relations through the law (63). Nevertheless, one can note the overall trend on the approximation of laws of the Arab countries with the European and international standards concerning the rights of women. At the same time, in many Arab countries, the freedom granted to women who have often ignored them due to strong religious customs.

As it was stated, the effectiveness of the implementation of womens rights is different. About womens political rights recognized by the Arab world, there are two groups, in particular, countries that identify them including Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, and some others and countries that do not recognize them comprising, for example, Saudi Arabia. However, despite the recognition of the political rights of women, their actual participation in political life in Arab countries is very low and does not affect the functioning of the state. For instance, in most Arab countries, women have a limited right to vote. It seems significant to point out that such elections are not prudent enough. Alsharekh claims:

In Kuwait, where kinship dominates most political transactions, women were expected to vote according to the political affiliation of their family. Even many liberal women who wanted to vote for women realized this would not be a wise political decision since it would take a vote away from a liberal male candidate, many of whom faced Islamist opponents. (110)

The above statement confirms the fact of womens subordinated position undergoes social, economical, and political changes.

Women and men in Arabian management

Women learn new professions of managers and directors (Omair 112). At the same time, they have to face several challenges. The biggest challenge is not dealing with clients or shareholders, who tries to manage their role as a mother, wife, and businesswoman, but the lack of a culture that supports good work rather than gender. Indeed, it is rather complicated to move up the professional ladder for a woman in Arab countries. However, motivation and family support might lead to professional success.

To combine family and work enjoying financial well-being and at the same time swimming in the love of friends and relatives, women had to make every effort. Support of the family, particularly of womens husbands is the key to success. It is important to find a balance between family and career. It helps to create an atmosphere of psychological comfort, to maintain a high vitality, and to understand the usefulness of every family member, the value of woman as a leader, and mother at the same time. The especially important thing is the support of the family in difficult moments of trials and tribulations of life when the whole world seems hostile, and only the family gets support and helps to cope with the situation.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it should be stressed that the articles used for this paper influenced my understanding of gender in the Arab world. For many years, it was believed that Arab women are weak, submissive and that they are largely dependent on men. Men, in contrast, have always been strong, powerful, capable, and competent dominants. However, today one could hear plenty of womens voices in the Arab region. Women are not afraid to express their views. Moreover, they form a traditional society and transform it into a more flexible overcoming gender inequality, opening new ways in the educational, social, economic, and political fields.

Works Cited

Alsharekh, Alanoud. The Gulf Family, London: London Middle East Institute, 2007. Print.

Barakat, Halim. The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State, Berkeley: U of California, 1993. Print.

Charrad, Mounira. State and Gender in the Maghrib. Women and Power in the Middle East. Ed. Joseph Suad and Susan Slyomovics. Pennsylvania: U of Pennsylvania, 2001. 61-71. Print.

Omair, Katlin. Women in Management in the Arab Context. Education, Business & Society Education, Business and Society: Contemporary Middle Eastern Issues 1.2 (2008): 107-23. Print.