Category: Gender Roles

Introduction

One realizes the fact that relations between men and women are the complex issue which is impacted by the topical social values, approaches, and sex stereotypes. These are “socially shared beliefs about what qualities can be assigned to individuals based on their on their membership in the female or male half o the human race” (Sex Stereotypes 2). These beliefs have always been an ongoing issue that changed across the times and regulated the relations in couples, introducing certain patterns according to which every partner had to behave.

Besides, the traditional point of view related to gender relations provides the pattern which implies the dominant role of a man and his right to accept the most important decisions while a woman has to follow him and create a comfortable environment.

However, the growth of numerous feministic movements gave rise to a number of concerns related to the roles of partners in couples. The fact is that the modern woman has the same rights any man has. In this regard, she could also reckon on the dominant role and become an equal partner. Furthermore, there are numerous real-life examples of a woman dominating over her man, providing the couple with the needed products, while a male accepts his supporting role.

Yet, this shift of priorities conditions the initiation of vigorous debates about the distribution of roles in couples and the right of a certain individual to perform the dominant role. The feminist point of view as opposed to those of the adherers of the traditional idea which accepts males as the main contributors to the development of relations in couples.

Altogether, the last reconsiderations of the nature of relations promoted the appearance of numerous debates related to the role of partners and their right to be the leader.

Appropriate gender behavior

It is obvious that all people are unique, and they have their own peculiarities that impact their behavior and condition the appearance of a certain trait or habit. These differences also result from the environment and society that have an overwhelming impact on the formation of every individual. Moreover, society dictates the norms and patterns according to which a person should act to be accepted in the community. These social beliefs regulate numerous aspects of human activity including gender relations and the model which should be followed by a man or a woman.

The fact is that males and females are expected to behave in absolutely opposite ways. Women should be more sensitive than men and demonstrate great flexibility (Gender and conceptions of justice 553) while men are brutal and reserved. There are many other stereotypes that regulate gender relations and give rise to numerous patterns of socially accepted behavior.

However, nowadays the last dramatic changes in the structure of various communities and the evolution of peoples self-consciousness condition the appearance of the new approach to gender behavior. It condemns the existing stereotypes considering them outdated and provides the new pattern according to which both males and females might act in the way they like. Adherence to the most common beliefs becomes unnecessary as any individual has the right to freedom of will and should be able to accept any decisions.

In these regards, the existence of a certain model of behavior accepted by society becomes more and more doubtful. The reconsideration of the traditional pattern resulted in the increased importance of the freedom of will. That is why, nowadays, any person should have the opportunity to act in the way he/she considers appropriate being not afraid of social condemnation.

Same-Sex Friendship

Friendship is a unique phenomenon that impacts the life of an individual greatly. When entering into this sort o relations, a person obtains a trustful partner who might help in various complicated situations and provide the needed support. The absence of any sexual context between friends is another important concern. However, there are still numerous aspects related to the question of gender and the peculiarities of male or female behavior.

Traditionally, it is believed that “friendships between males are stronger and deeper than those between females” (Family and Friends 440 ). The given stereotype results from the peculiarities of male and female behavior and values appreciated by them. Yet, this statement is not obvious as there are many important concerns that should be mentioned.

The fact is that there is no credible evidence that proves the stronger character of friendship between same-sex partners. This belief is based on the traditional and prejudiced point of view which implies the inability of females to be devoted friends and provide valuable support for each other. There is also the tendency to relate the given sort of friendship with the rivalry which exists between women who try to attract attention and obtain a preferable position.

At the same time, researchers prove the fact that women tend to provide more personal information to their friends while self-disclosure could serve as a good basis for long-termed and stable relations (Family and Friends 441)

For these reasons, it is impossible to conclude that the weakness or strength of same-sex friendship is conditioned by gender peculiarities. Yet, one should accept the fact that the unique traits of certain individuals impact relations greatly and determine their status.

Impact gender stereotypes

The life of any individual is impacted by numerous factors and stressors that determine the formation of a certain behavioral pattern and conditions the appearance of numerous traits needed to survive in a certain community. Besides, the development of any person is predetermined by the dominant values, beliefs, and stereotypes which appear in the process of evolution of society and change along with it.

Being a social creature, a human is not able to ignore all the above-mentioned factors as they condition his/her acceptance by society. That is why these concepts play a crucial role in the functioning of any individual. If to speak about relations between males and females, which are the basic element of any society, there are numerous gender stereotypes that influence peoples behavior and condition the adherence to a certain pattern. It is believed that there are certain male and female qualities that should be peculiar to men and women for them to be attractive. The exploitation of these qualities is also expected to promote the creation of stable relations.

However, researchers have found the change in the content of gender stereotypes (Sex Stereotypes 7) which means that society has already initiated the reconsideration of the approaches to this basic element. Nowadays, the majority of the previous concepts might seem outdated and event unnecessary. We can observe the change in their content and their weakening. The evolution of society promoted the need for freedom while the adherence to a certain pattern contradicts the spirit of the epoch.

Nevertheless, gender stereotypes still remain rather influential; however, numerous processes in modern society condition their weakening and introduce the new important trends.

Masculinity and its role in relations

Traditionally, males have been considered the main initiators of any relations. Playing the dominant role in society, they had to demonstrate various male qualities to assert himself and attract the attention of other members of the community. Moreover, the importance of this self-realization conditioned the increased importance of social opinion as it became the main determiner of all males actions. Furthermore, the concept of masculinity became dependant on the values and beliefs appreciated by a certain group.

Besides, when evaluating a certain man using the existing stereotypes, people create the basis for the further development of these prejudices and their sophistication (Sex Stereotypes 11). For this reason, the modern concept of masculinity goes through the stage of numerous changes. The shifts in traditional priorities and the creation of the new behavioral pattern predetermined the appearance of the new approach to masculinity. It is based on the persons success and his ability to perform tasks that are considered male ones. Thus, the given stereotype might also be characterized as unfair as it introduces increased expectations to men while society promotes equality in gender relations.

Additionally, masculinity impacts the males status and his ability to find a partner. The fact is that the above-mentioned gender and sex stereotypes imply a certain pattern regulating the initiation of any relations and their continuation. If a man is not able to correspond to the concept of masculinity, he will suffer from the inability to enter into relations. That is why the reconsideration of the approach to masculinity and its increased importance in terms of the modern conditions might pose a certain threat to the existence of the traditional pattern and to the further evolution of society.

Gender and equity

The relations between men and women have always been an ongoing issue for society. Being an integral aspect of its functioning, they also give rise to numerous concerns related to the roles males and females should play in the community and their contribution to its development. Peculiarities of the historical development of our world conditioned the exclusion of women from social life and provision of the privileged status for men. However, the increased self-consciousness resulted in numerous feminist movements that attained success and promoted equality in gender relations. Yet, there are still numerous concerns related to this issue.

The fact is that nowadays both men and women are able to perform the same actions and obtain the same jobs. Besides, the last ones might suffer from a biased attitude and numerous prejudices related to gender relations. They also might expect much lower incomes and rewards. Numerous studies evidence that “womens standards of what is fair pay for themselves are lower than those of men” (Gender and Conceptions of justice 554). The given statement highlights the existing problem which lies in the lack of tolerance and understanding of the main peculiarities of gender relations. Women are not able to recognize the fact that modern society accepts equity as a crucial element. They still except for another treatment and are not ready to proclaim their significance.

In these regards, there is still no equity in gender relations as males still have some benefits. Nevertheless, the further evolution of society predetermines the development of the given question and appearance of other problems.

Marriage and gender roles

The evolution of any community is determined by the efficient functioning of various social institutions that contribute to its development and create the basis for the appearance of the new significant tendencies. Marriage is one of these institutions as it guarantees the preservation of the main values and their cultivation. However, the importance of the given phenomena also conditions its great complexity as relations between the partners are impacted by numerous factors including the peculiarities of gender behavior and stereotypes accepted by the community.

Being an intimate heterosexual relationship, marriage introduces a number of new issues that should be faced by partners to preserve their relations and continue the development of this very institution (Family and Friends 458). Yet, labor distribution is one of the crucial concerns of any marriage. The fact is that there are numerous aspects that impact this process and introduce some problematic areas.

First, the alterations of the traditional female role conditioned the shift of priorities within households. Many women acquired a new gender role and started to work. However, “the movement of wives into the paid labor force has not been accompanied by an equal shift of husbands into greater participation in housework” (Family and Friends 459). This fact means that males are not ready to meet the new conditions and accept the reconsideration of traditional gender roles.

Altogether, the modern shift of priorities might be considered dangerous as it could destroy the basis of the family and introduce various misunderstandings between partners. At the same time, this process is unavoidable, and couples should find ways to solve the existing problem.

Future of relations

The significant reconsideration of the appreciated values and numerous shifts in the structure of society introduced a number of questions related to the future of relations between males and females. The fact is that the modern behavioral pattern is characterized by radical changes that distinguish it from the traditional one, and there is a tendency for further alteration. Under these conditions, the future of gender relations becomes a significant concern that should be given great attention.

Nowadays, society suffers from such phenomena as sexism, which means a sort of prejudice based on sexual category (Sex Stereotypes 17). Yet, the evolution of sexism could be taken as the result of various movements aimed at the improvement of the state of both genders. Having achieved success, they promoted the shifts of mentality and appearance of the new point of view on gender relations. Under these conditions, the further development of gender questions might be predicted.

It is obvious that there are still numerous unsolved problems related to the given sphere. That is why the attempts to reconsider the existing pattern might result in the creation of a new approach based on the absence of any difference between genders. It will introduce a number of new questions conditioned by the destruction of the direct line between males and females.

Altogether, the complexity of gender relations gives rise to numerous speculations and suggestions. Yet, there are still numerous problems which should be solved.

Cohabitation is perceived in the society as the form of relationships which is an effective alternative to the traditional marriage because of focusing on the principles of flexibility, freedom, and equality, but few couples can follow the principles of egalitarian relationships and focus on equality related to gender roles during a long period of time. The division of gender roles in cohabitating couples is often realized according to the traditional visions shared within the society.

Although cohabitation is closely associated with egalitarian relationships and gender-neutral division of roles in a couple, cohabitation cannot guarantee that partners will reject traditional gender roles typical for married couples because many cohabitating couples follow traditional gender attitudes and roles accepted in the society, discuss paid and unpaid work and duties in relation to gender, and share stereotypes on breadwinner and homemaker roles.

The Principles of Cohabitation and Traditional Gender Roles

In spite of the fact that cohabitation is based on the principles of flexibility and equality, many cohabitating couples build their relationships according to the visions and ideals typical for discussing married couples and their gender roles. Thus, partners in cohabitating couples are also influenced by the social stereotypes, and they follow traditional gender attitudes and roles without references to the fact that cohabitation was chosen in order to state the individual freedom in relationships (Miller & Sassler, 2010).

According to Batalova and Cohen, socialization is the important factor to form people’s gender role attitudes, thus, partners in cohabitating couples as well as husbands and wives in married couples can “perform household labor according to what they have learned about appropriate behavior for men and women” (Batalova & Cohen, 2002, p. 745).

Gender role is a complex notion, and it can be discussed in relation to many factors which are important for the development of couples’ relationships. As a result, such principles of cohabitation as egalitarianism and flexibility do not work in many couples because of strong traditional gender role attitudes.

The Division of Duties in Relation to Gender

Cohabitation is discussed as a less formal variant of close relationships which has all the advantages of marriage, but cohabitation provides even more benefits for the couples because of depending on the idea of equality which is attractive for young people.

In reality, cohabitation can differ little from marriage regarding the division of gender roles and domestic duties. Although women in cohabitating couples can occupy high social positions and develop successful careers as well as men, the division of domestic unpaid activities is often unequal because of gender.

Batalova and Cohen state that “despite men’s greater contribution, women still do at least twice as much routine housework as men do” (Batalova & Cohen, 2002, p. 746). Men in cohabitating couples are not ready to share housework duties equally to women because of the social stereotypes associated with gender roles. As a result, women are actively involved in routine housework along with performing their social responsibilities and paid work.

Women in cohabitating couples are still expected to concentrate on housework as their primary duties. This vision is in a conflict with the idea that women are equal to men in relation to the career opportunities. Thus, women are expected to be successful in career as well as in housework and care for children (Helgeson, 2005). This tendency becomes more obvious in relation to cohabitating couples in spite of their focus on the ideas of equality, flexibility, and freedom in relationships.

Breadwinner and Homemaker Roles in Cohabitating Couples

The relationships of a cohabitating couple often develop according to the traditional model where a man is a breadwinner and a woman is a homemaker. Even though a woman has the paid work, she is expected to take responsibility for more housework in comparison with a man. Although this approach is characteristic for married couples, it is important to note that cohabiting men are inclined to do housework according to the patterns used by married men (Batalova & Cohen, 2002, p. 746).

There is a range of household activities which are performed by men unwillingly, and the main reason to avoid performing the housework is the status of a breadwinner (Miller & Sassler, 2010). The problem is in the fact that women rarely can rely on this status because their partners are not ready to accept this kind of equal relations, and a role of a homemaker is discussed as most appropriate for a woman.

Thus, the division of gender roles in cohabitating couples is often similar to those ones in married couples, especially in relation to the division of duties and housework activities. Women in cohabitating couples are expected to perform more domestic activities than men without references to their social status, the fact of having paid jobs or the necessity to care for children.

From this point, cohabitation cannot guarantee that the relationships will develop according to the ideals of egalitarianism, modern visions of gender roles distribution, and division of duties and housework activities.

References

Batalova, J., & Cohen, P. (2002). Premarital cohabitation and housework: Couples in cross-national perspective. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(3), 743-758.

Helgeson, V. (2005). The psychology of gender. USA: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Miller, A., & Sassler, S. (2010). Stability and change in the division of labor among cohabiting couples. Sociological Forum, 25(4), 677-702.

Introduction

According to Butler, sex, gender, and sexuality seem to be deeply interrelated; society imposes the formation of this connection by the repetition of special formalized actions (20). These are necessarily regular and permanent in shaping the actual gender of a person. Following the views of the author, who states that choice in the formation of gender and sexuality is not transparent, and a key role is still played by others in the form of expectations and social norms from the outside, it is evident that my social position is constructed by the community, family, experience of the previous generations, and other essential factors.

Social Position Should Not Be Predefined

Men and women are expected to behave in a certain way. This is related to the issue of normalization, meaning that there is a canon of gender-associated sexual relations, making people “bounded beings” (Butler 20). For example, consider the cases of a man and a woman, whose roles in the eyes of their society are strictly defined. The man should be brave, serious, etc., while the woman should present her own fixed properties such as femininity and traditional female virtues. Conventionally, society consists of the identified normalized people, and they cannot (i.e., are not allowed to) change their roles. Most importantly, none of them can independently choose an identity.

The author of the given passage describes a situation where all individuals, from the moment of birth, throughout childhood, and in the course of education are instructed to be either man or woman and follow the corresponding behavior patterns. Butler reveals a much more fundamental reason for combating discrimination and coercion, formulating the task of emancipation on a global scale because, as it turns out, power not only penetrates social institutions but also specifies how people perceive themselves. Thus, I believe that this is a political problem. A mere declaration of the equality of men and women has not been enough to solve the political problem. It may be noted that feminism, before the new approach created by Butler, pursued defending the very identity that was imposed by all of history and society. In other words, women wanted to be equal and free but still had to possess or at least exhibit standard female virtues.

The effects of the society, community, and family I inhabit are the causes of the identification of my social position. Butler claims that “we are, as a community, subjected to violence, even if some of us individually have not been” (18). For example, in addressing me as a young boy, my mother used to tell me: “Do not act like a girl.” This is a standard phrase, and it shows how a certain norm is set. The above phrase means: You are a man, and you cannot act like a girl, and—more than that—it is insulting to you.

This is what is called “a sense of possibility.” In another example, boys and girls in my classroom were asked to imagine that tomorrow they would wake up in another body and would have a different gender. The girls responded by saying that they would probably go further, make a career, and become successful persons. The boys answered that they would hang themselves. For them and me, this scenario would be completely unacceptable and offensive. In this light, the issue of grief can be understood as “grief displays how we are in the thrall of our relations with others” (Butler 19). A negative context can be drawn from a simple exchange of seemingly equal variables—yet the reality is quite different.

The environment surrounding me as a person controls all the spheres of my life. As the most fundamental factor, it imposes how I behave and define myself: “impressed upon by others, impressing them as well” (Butler 21). I consider my social position as a certain standard of straight man behavior given by society. Also, I understand that there may be various gender identities except for solely male and female behavior. Regardless of the biological basis, gender differences are primarily the result of the learning and adoption of cultural values.

Boys and girls are brought up as boys and girls, according to the normative cultural notions. My father used to tell me that “Boys do not cry!”. I promptly submitted to that social pressure. The key point is that my sister and I did not differ significantly from each other behaviorally until a certain age, but as we developed in the social environment, we adopted stereotypes of behavior and gender roles. Also, I acquired sexual behavior patterns, which I expected to follow as a straight man.

According to conventional logic, if I have some kind of identity and experience myself as a heterosexual man, then I cannot be anybody else. Society has offered me this destiny, this image, and this identity, and I can make the appropriate statements, do the appropriate actions, and worry about whether I correspond to this image or not, for example, by behaving sufficiently bravely. The author gives an example of the relationships in lesbian couples in which one of the partners takes on the “male” functions of behavior, and her partner remains more feminine. Butler states that

One of the central tasks of lesbian and gay international rights is to assert in clear and public terms the reality of homosexuality, not as an inner truth, not as a sexual practice, but as one of the defining features of the social world in its very intelligibility. (29)

In one sense, this illustrates the reproduction of so-called normalization. However, from the author’s point of view, it is no longer a heterogeneous situation because there has been a shift as a result of some conscious choice. She believes that this is an emancipated society of the future. I understand the above innovative ideas and admit that people may change their inflicted gender by replacing it with their genuine identity. However, it seems that the implementation of these ideas would be rather difficult due to the strong impact of society.

The important point is that the behavioral and performative utterance cannot be true and false; likewise, the name of a ship also cannot be true and false. As noted by the scholar, the same thing happens to my gender identity. It seems that there is a certain connection between my behavior and my body and that the peculiarities of the body provoke male or female behavior.

Nevertheless, this connection is caused quite accidentally by the set of performatives that were laid down by the previous generations and during the individual’s development within the given society. As one can appeal a sentence or rename a ship, people are able—from the author of the given passage—to make certain efforts to redefine their identity and, in particular, gender. If society can define identities, it does not mean that people are doomed. On the contrary, I consider that every person can resolve this situation in tracing the workings of the environment, public opinion, the mechanism of normalization, and the transformation of all into objects of normal behavior, trying to resist it. One may change, improve, and develop herself or himself, creating a new identity.

Conclusion

In summary, the key idea discussed in this paper is that gender role are created in the same way as court sentences or ship names. Society offered me a straight man identity, called me a boy, and suggested that I should react in a certain way as well as behave accordingly. In this recurrent signification, gender roles arise, and there is nothing else for them: there are no real physical differences that would provoke men and women to behave in the same way. In general, it cannot be stated that there is male behavior and female behavior, because behaviors are numerous.

Work Cited

Butler, Judith. Undoing Gender. Routledge, 2004.

Introduction

Over the recent past, most global societies have experienced a great upheaval and revising of their traditionally cherished methods of defining roles on a gender basis as evidenced by the strides made by such communities in accepting and adjusting to new methods of assigning roles.

Currently, as evidenced by research studies women are advancing career-wise, as more women are joining career that were reserved for men and becoming their family’s breadwinners. Although this is a clear indication of where societies are heading as far as appreciating the girl child is concerned, still sexism and gender inequality are primary problems that are facing the girl child.

Such is the case primarily because societal socialization agents such as the church, schools, work groups, and parents, which are supposed to be the primary promoters of the war against sexism and gender discrimination, have and still promote gender inequality and sexism direct or indirectly. As a result of these, the war on gender inequality and sexism has failed, because of the failure of these agents of change to promote gender equality and eliminate discriminative notions held by the society (Baur and Crooks 65-67).

Regardless of an individual’s gender, there is a need for communities to respect every individual’s rights, as this forms the basis of the war against sexism and gender inequality. However, because this has failed to occur it is crucial for women to rise up and defend their rights through rejecting gender-role segregation and any other form of discrimination, which demeans their self-worth.

Gender Development and Gender-Role Stereotyping

Gender identity is a concept that develops during the early stages of development, as this is the time when children are in the process of discovering who they are. This process continues as a child grows and encounters more societal forces, which are the primary elements that define behavior and roles.

Therefore, depending on the stereotypes, which are held by a certain society, a child will grow up knowing that some roles are reserved for men and others for women. This is one of the factors that have made the war on gender inequality and sexism to always hit a snag, because in most cases it is very hard to alter the ideas, traditions, norms, and beliefs, which form the foundation of societies.

Although some societies have started to embrace change, as far as gender stereotyping is concerned, still majority of modern communities cherish and will do anything at their disposal to ensure that their cherished gender based stereotypes take precedence. This is the case primarily because; the socialization process has made most individuals to accept the gender-based stereotypes and roles as an integral part of their lives; hence (Baur and Crooks 66).

Therefore, because it is hard to alter some strong rooted gender-related traditions and practices such as sexism, the role of salvaging women from the oppression caused by these practices solely depend on the nature of efforts put in place by women. This is war that can be worn, because not every individual support this traditional ideology of assigning roles on a gender basis and viewing women as the weaker sex.

As Baur and Crooks (70-71) further add, another factor that has promoted sex role stereotyping is religion. Although, this is supposed to be one of the primary agents of change, the church has failed to sensitize societies about the negative effects of gender inequality. Most religions for example, Islam and Christianity embrace the idea of male superiority.

Religious teachings present God as man, a fact that makes the world to view males as ore superior than females. Such is even the case when it comes to the story of creation where, it is said that Eve was a product of Adam’s rib. Further, the supremacy of the male sex is clearly portrayed by the leadership structure of most churches.

Most church leaders are men, with few women who occupy subordinate leadership positions. On the other hand, although some religions have started to ordain female clergy, this ideology has been opposed by most religions. This has made many to question the ability of most socialization agents to change the human perception of men and women, more so when it comes to role gender role differentiation.

As research studies show, as compared to men, women are less impinged in principles of sexism and the traditional ways of assigning people roles, using gender based stereotypes. Further, as studies indicate as compared to men, most women are ready to accept positions that will guarantee them some form of equality with men.

Although this is the case, the desire to change this in most cases faces numerous challenges, because of the tendency of most individuals of being ready to undertake most traditional masculine or feminine based duties without questions. These like scenarios are so because of the numerous forces within the society, which have contributed to the cherishing of these values, regardless of how much they demean individuals of a certain sex.

One of the biggest forces within the society, which has promoted sexism and gender-role inequality, is the family. As compared to other agents of socialization, parents are the main contributors to the nature of values and beliefs held by individuals; hence, the great shapers of behavior. Different homes have different expectations for boys and girls.

Majority of these expectations are usually biased, as most families have a tendency of restricting the girl child’s freedom while granting boys more freedom. Consider even the type of toys that parents buy for their children; most of these toys are primarily meant to prepare children for their adult roles. For example, it is very rare to find parents who buy their male children dolls and tea sets or their female children trucks and balls, as the opposite is the case in most family setting.

On the other hand, as children grow, parents usually teach them different types of family chores. Most parents encourage boys to help their fathers in hard chores and girls to help their mothers in the kitchen. Therefore, regardless of how much parents may discourage their children from embracing gender stereotypes and gender-based role segregation, this are ideas which in most cases are rooted in children’s minds hence, very hard to eliminate (Baur and Crooks 65-69).

In addition to parents, the peer group and the working lot, is another group of socialization agents who have failed in their duty to sensitize the societies on the need to change the strongly embraced sexism and gender inequality promoting values.

The peer group is another basic unit, which is involved in the gender role socialization process. Right from selecting their playmates, assigning of roles depending on an individual’s sex, and providing assistance on the type of careers to take, the peer group is one of the biggest promoters of sexism and assigning of gender biased role.

Peer groups have a tendency of encouraging the girl child to be more nonassertive and caring, a case that is contrary when it comes to boys. As children develop and go through their puberty into adulthood, their will grow embracing these gender based duties; hence, making it very hard to alter them when children are mature. This like gender role stereotypes have encroached the workforce, as most workplaces are made up of men who occupy senior positions while women play the subordinate and easy roles.

Although the culture of women owning wealth has started to be embraced by most communities, most wealth is owned and managed by men, because of the corporate, political and economic power, which the society accords men. Most women have to always find ways of balancing between family chores and office duties, because of the believe held by societies that, regardless of what women do, tending to the family is one of their primary roles.

As a result of these, most women tend to prefer part-time jobs, jobs that are low paying, or which require simple skills. This has created a very big pay gap between women and men, sexual harassment, and declining number of female workers; hence, the need for women to stand up and reject this form of role inequality (Coon and Mitterer 363-368).

Conclusion

In conclusion, as a result of the failure of the primary societal socialization agents to bring the desired change as far as sex-role stereotyping is concerned, it important for women to combine forces and fight for their rights. Although it is hard to change most the long cherished societal value systems beliefs, and stereotypes, through women declining gender based roles, which demean them, women are likely to succeed in their quest for role equality.

Works Cited

Baur, Karla and Crooks, Robert. Our sexuality. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing, 2011. Web.

Coon, Dennis and Mitterer, John. Introduction to psychology: gateways to mind and behavior. Wadsworth Publishing: Belmont, 2008. Web.

Introduction

The life of the Mongols was not easy. Many rules had to be followed and broken at the same time. Many promises were given, and many disappointments took place. There were many topics for discussion during that period. People wanted to believe in their power and the possibility to change the world. There was one theme to which not many Mongolian people paid much attention. The role of women in Mongolian society cannot be neglected or misunderstood. On the one hand, it was clear that the 1100s and the 1200s included the period of male power. The role of men was impressive indeed. They started wars, conquered the land, and spread their rulings around the whole world. “All the nations were at war with each other. Unable to lie beneath their blankets, they attacked each other every day” (Kahn 152). Not many female leaders were observed among the Old Mongols. It was the time when men ruled and became heroes. On the other hand, even such an impressive leader as Chinggis Khan could become a different man without several women in his life. One such woman was me, Borte, the first and the supreme wife of Chinggis Khan.

The first meeting that changed human lives

It is wrong to think about me as a woman whose main function was to give birth to nine children of the great Chinggis Khan. If I treated myself that way, I could hardly accept my life as it was and achieve all that power and opportunities. Our relations with Temujin, known to many people as Chinggis Khan, were defined when I was ten. I was introduced to him as a girl “whose face filled with light, whose eyes filled with fire” (Kahn 15). I was ten years old the first time I met with Temujin, who was one year older than me. I wanted to believe that such a difference in age could not influence his attitude toward me. However, I also wanted to believe that the fact made me strong and ready for any kind of challenge.

The power of connection

Together, we survived the period when I was kidnapped and raped by the Merkids. I was captured for eight long months. Though I was treated better than other women of the Merkids, I was able to observe how unfair and cruel the attitude of men to their women could be. They could hardly be compared with the relations I dreamed about when I was with Temujin. When I heard his voice in the darkness of the cart, I was filled in with strength and power to cope with any challenge. I believed that it was my husband, who supported me and empowered me. Still, I also saw in his eyes that my presence in his life made him as strong and ready for battles as never before.

A variety of attitudes

Even though there were several women in his life, he always called me his “wise queen” and “first wife” (Kahn 186). We were like sisters in his kingdom. Still, I also tried to help my people and left Temujin from time to time to rule the Mongol homeland along with his brother and establish the court. Therefore, it is possible to say that intelligent people could perform important roles in case they knew how to represent them and how to achieve the required goal.

Impressive relations

Unfortunately, not all women were lucky to have good and loyal husbands. Many men believed that “a woman has a face like a dog… a woman is always unfaithful to her husband” (Kahn 92). It was hard to prove the opposite, and women had nothing to do but to respond to these words and make the choices that could hardly be justified or understood. It was wrong to assume that all women were similar and treat them in the same way. A woman should have a voice. Still, not all women of the 1100s were able to demonstrate it. Therefore, gender roles in the nomadic society were complicated and varied: some men demonstrated their respect for their women, and some women suffered a lot from the inability to find a good man and protector.

However, without any doubts, the relations between warriors I observed in my life were amazing because they were built on trust and recognition of each others’ possibilities. “You became my companion for no other reason than the courage in your heart” (Kahn 118). Courage and loyalty were identified as the main virtues in people’s lives. Therefore, it was hard for a woman to become an equal part of the man’s life. I tried to use all possible ways to prove that female power could mean something as well. Still, the power of man was so dangerous and so just at the same time. Men were ready to give their children to achieve their goals. “Every nobleman who rules over people should send his eldest son off to war… captain of ten thousand, captain of a thousand, a hundred, or ten” (Kahn 167). For many mothers, it was hard to accept such a requirement. I was not one of them. I loved my children. However, I also respected and used the power of my man who knew what to do.

Conclusion

The Mongols were complicated with their rules and truths. They could be called cruel and heartless. But they always were just and purposeful. Women knew their places, and men did everything possible not to make other nations conquer them.

Work Cited

Kahn, Paul. The Secret History of the Mongols: The Origin of Chinghis Khan. Translated by Francis Woodman Cleaves, Cheng & Tsui Company, 1998.

The Sociology of gender is a major subfield of sociology. In a layman’s language, the term ‘gender role’ is used in sociology to denote all those things that an individual says or does to reveal himself or herself as having the male or female status. Many sociologists have supported the notion that gender roles are, at best, cultural and personal.

The gender roles determine how individuals should think, speak, dress, behave, and interact with each other within the context of society. According to Kimmel, the socialization process plays a major role in determining our gender roles as males and females (3). The fact that males and females are socialized into different roles from a very early age in many societies is undeniable. It is the purpose of this issue to discuss the concept of gender roles using the sociological perspective of symbolic interaction.

According to Anderson & Taylor, “…symbolic interaction considers immediate social interaction to be the place where society exists” (22). Changing Minds.org argues that individuals in society “act based on symbolic meanings they find within any given situation” (para. 1).

These two descriptions of the symbolic interaction perspective can greatly assist sociologists to understand how gender roles are structured and socialized into individuals by society. The sociological perspective of symbolic interaction presupposes that individuals act towards other people based on the internalized or perceived meaning that the other people have for them.

The perspective further presupposes that meaning is created in the structured interactions that individuals have with others. Further, the perspective acknowledges that self-concepts are developed through a process of continued and sustained interaction with others (Andrew & Taylor).

The above presuppositions are important indicators of how gender roles are formed in society. Many renowned sociologists have fronted the concept that individuals, either male or female, are born without any inclination towards gender characteristics. According to Kimmel, no single case has ever been reported of individuals born with distinct biologically predisposed gender characteristics (3).

However, as these new members continue to grow and comprehend issues of societal concern, they align their actions based on the symbolic meanings that they find within their socialization setting. A girl is socialized into the feminine roles based on the subjective meanings acquired from the society members who inform her world views during the early phases of life. The same applies to masculine roles.

The learning process as contextualized by differential socialization theory reveals that males and females learn their gender roles through observing how other individuals act in society. Consequently, males and females are taught to be different at a very early age through observing what others do (Kimmel 3).

Also, males and females acquire diverse gender roles as they try to follow the examples and standards of behavior set by society. According to symbolic interaction perspective, these individuals modify their meanings of how they should act and behave using a complex interpretive process whereby they first engage in creating their own meaning before checking it with other individuals in their immediate environment (Anderson & Taylor 25). This line of thinking can be used to explain the concepts of gender difference and the roots of gender domination.

From the above discussion, it can be said that individuals gradually acquire the traits, actions, behaviors, personalities, and attitudes that their respective cultures define as masculine or feminine through basing their self-concepts on the nature of interaction with other individuals.

People develop their social structures based on how they socially interact with others. Accordingly, individuals are not born different; they become different through the systems of interaction set by the society (Kimmel 3).

Works Cited

Anderson, M.L., & Howard, F.T. Sociology: Understanding a Diverse Society. London: Cengage Learning. 2005. Web.

Changing Minds.org. Symbolic Interaction Theory. 2009. Web.

Kimmel, M.S. The Gendered Society. New York: Oxford University Press. 2000. Web.

How we present ourselves in day-to-day interactions reflects the values and norms that we live our lives by. Behaviors such as how an individual spends their time, working or taking leisure, are of interest to researchers in communication studies. It is expected that this paper will reveal gender differences in the use of TV as a function of social norms rather than individual biological sex differences.

Morely in Family Television (1986) contends that observed differences in the way television is used is not related to biological sex differences but to the social roles adopted in the home that determine the distribution of power. In this sense, when it is the men who predominantly work outside of the home, they will usually see the home as a place of leisure and so use the TV as a source of entertainment and relaxation. Whereas women, even those who work outside of the home, also see the home as a place of work and will use TV less than men and less often for leisure purposes. Charlotte Brunson attests that males use TV as a “mode of power.” Women, in contrast, appear to see the television as a more social activity, often paying it less attention as compared to males and accepting that some conversation will occur during shows. Women also tend to use TV as a topic of conversation more often than men (Morely, 1986). Morely also noted that mothers tended to watch less TV and were less engaged with it when other family members were in the home; mothers seemed to enact a high monitoring role. Alternatively, fathers had a habit of shutting out the rest of the family as they were more often giving their full attention to the TV (particularly news shows). It is also pointed out by Morley that there is a continuing pattern of responsibilities in the home being expected of women constraining their ability to watch TV in the way which men do.

In the family home, it seems that dads overly get to choose what programs will be watched, by whom, and when. Morley’s research indicates that men tend to plan their television watching ahead of time, unlike most women. Hence, the male use of the TV remote control is often used as a satirical example of how they like to wield power over viewing choices. Men also seem to prefer “factual” TV shows, current affairs, news, documentaries, while women tend to prefer “fiction” based shows. It has also been suggested that men are socialized to be instrumental in conversations, whereas women are socialized to focus on relationships. However, Chandler (2005) discounts that TV use supports these gender behavior tendencies. Men do not tend to have an instrumental TV viewing style; however, women did tend to have a relationship-orientated approach to TV in that they used it as a medium for the expression of what they perceive to be important.

Disturbingly, a wealth of literature exists that concludes excessive TV use influences gender role stereotypes. During the 70s in North America, a news anchor was asked to have shoulder-length hair, another to uses tinted contact lenses. More frequently, female anchorwomen have been told they are too old, unattractive, or in-deferential to maintain employment (William, 1983). Across western industries, women tend to be stereotyped for their “wardrobe potential” and “camera presence” rather than their skills, knowledge, and competencies. The public appears to support a paradigm shift in thinking about gender roles, values, and social norms. In 1981, Christine Craft won a $500 000 damages verdict against her former employers at Kansas City station (KMBC). The craft had been referred to as “old, unattractive and not deferential enough to men” (William, 1983). Academics contend that the ensuing ethical debates around the treatment of women by the TV industry. Especially as rising celebrity status turns them into “personalities” so that social expectations and boundaries of gender roles change to maintain what is a meaningful life. It is acknowledged within the industry that to engage with a target market; there is an emphasis on providing ideal and special mannerisms and attitudes in its front-line personnel. Appallingly, executives point their finger at the public, citing their needs for “infotainment” that channel the decisions of makeup and marketing within the TV.

They are surely most acute on women over 40. Says

Anchor Wendy Tokuda, 33, of San Francisco’s KPIX:

“Male broadcast journalists grow more distinguished

and credible, but the women just get older (William, 1983).

However, across genders working in show business, the older the employee, the less TV time they see. The use of TV by individuals to understand their identity with regard to their gender roles and social expectations as attributed to that gender role is a frightening idea. With an emphasis on the physical, continuous improvement and winning or being first at all costs, the use of TV to cultivate one’s gender identity is surely placing a person at risk of disappointment in their inability to reach the standards portrayed as ideal with cameras, makeup, lighting and costuming.

Overall, TV use occurs widely for individuals in the west to determine the social expectations of their gender roles and so is not pre-determined by their genetic makeup. For both males and females, TV is used as a source of social activity, whether to watch sport or political events together or to rehash an episode of a sit-com, TV drama, or reality TV show. TV is able to achieve this with its visual and auditory texts because it is able to provide multiple layers of meaning simultaneously to be able to appeal to different genders, age groups, and personal tastes.

A look at TV use within the home must also incorporate an analysis of power structures within the family. Who controls TV viewing, who gets to watch TV shows on their own, or predominantly for leisure, informs the observer as to the asymmetry of power within the home and can reflect wiser social values in practice in the outside world. Ultimately men tend to use the TV for leisure purposes, and women tend to watch TV less frequently and for more social reasons.

References

1. Chandler, D. (2005) Television and Gender Roles. [Lecture notes]
2. William, H. III (1983) Requiem for TV’s Gender Gap?
3. Morely, D. (1986) Family Television: Cultural power and domestic leisure. New York: Routledge.
4. Turner, G. (1996). British Cultural Studies, 2nd Ed. New York: Routledge.

Introduction

The thinking of many people often describes gender roles as an inherent part of any society. In fact, some nations and populations may believe that their existing societal structure is the correct and most logical one. However, anthropologists, sociologists, and other scientists strive to prove the opposite, arguing that gender roles are as accurate for one group of people as they are false for another one. Thus, some underlying factors must form one’s personality and activities to adhere to the supposed social norm. In her work, Mead counters the idea that gender roles are ubiquitous and vital for human existence and discusses a concept of taught differences (Jacobus 237). Her process of thinking outlines the lack of necessity for gender stereotypes and proposes a new structure that would emphasize one’s individuality and achievement. Although some loss of societal values may be possible if all gender stereotypes are erased, the result of this change would bring many desirable outcomes to all people regardless of their gender.

The Erasure of Gender Stereotypes

A number of scholars have proven that various societies have their differences in gender stereotypes. Mead, for instance, shows many striking variations in behaviors and activities that are presumed to be exclusively feminine or masculine. In fact, some of these beliefs can be considered complete opposites of those, which one can summarize under the concept of Western societal values. Moreover, the desire to link one’s personality and its inherent characteristics with one’s gender is also present in the Western society, although many other nations do not perceive the same distinctions (Jacobus 241). Many different roles and limitations currently surround the concept of gender with all its descriptors. Therefore, the loss of these stereotypes is bound to bring significant change and erase a number of the established institutions. Furthermore, the loss of some societal values is also unavoidable as many people may tune their behavior to be in line with the supposed standard.

The Effects of Erasure

The potential change from the elimination of the differences in gender may affect every perceived part of one’s life. For example, the structure of a society built on a clear distinction between dominance and submissiveness of men and women respectively will lose the most of its rhetoric. One may think that people’s lives can alter substantially in this particular situation. However, the existing research proves that this change can have more effect on people’s beliefs rather than their actual behavior. According to Baez et al., individuals are more likely to assume their learned gender roles than actually portray the taught characteristics in their actions (e0179336). Therefore, it is possible to consider that the erasure of gender stereotypes can affect the societal pressure on people rather than the nature of separate persons. By eliminating the created differences between men and women, people will not be erasing a part of their personality but a necessity to be limited by some presumed beliefs. The shift should affect the society as a whole and alter the attitudes persons have towards each other.

The institution of the family may change significantly in a situation where all gender stereotypes do not exist. As Mead points out, women are often presumed to be better at raising children, while men are more likely to be restricted to the role of a worker (Jacobus 243). After erasing these limitations, the places of women in men in families may change for some people, while staying the same for the others. After all, not all individuals defy this stereotype as there are women that find happiness in raising children and men that are successful in their occupation. The importance of this change is that it can free most persons from the need to conform and allow them to explore their abilities. In a society devoid of such norms, families may become more diverse than before. The community of people will not pressure men and women to create families based on strict roles and people with different ambitions and personalities may be able to establish relationships that are bound to their personal choices.

Following the change in family structure, the education of children can also become more diverse. It is safe to assume that people most often teach the following generations according to the gathered experience. Thus, the shift in familial systems can bring further alterations to the next generations. According to Retelsdorf et al., children are often exposed to a stereotype linked to their academic performance, which states that “girls outperform boys” in the field of learning (189). Thus, the performance of young men and their satisfaction with the learning process can be undermined by the existing perceptions. In a case of stereotypes being eliminated, one’s performance may not be restricted by one’s gender. Thus, it is possible that some individuals with talents, which do not fit the current norm, will not be neglected and may be encouraged to follow their passion. The inexistent limitations may benefit both young men and women and positively affect their future.

One’s everyday life may be affected as well. It is important to remember that one’s gender is not the only existing feature that allows the society to outline standard roles and behaviors. Therefore, although the erasure of gender stereotypes can bring much change to people’s lives, some assumptions and beliefs will continue to exist. Age, for instance, may remain as a distinct characteristic of some societal structures (Jacobus 240). Such factors as one’s occupation, status, and appearance may also contribute to the creation of stereotypes. Nevertheless, gender affects one’s everyday life, and the elimination of norms related to it can alter the way people make all types of decisions. Such a sphere as advertising which shapes people’s perceptions about products and encourages them to make purchases relies on gender as a marketing approach (Eisend et al. 257). In a case where this method is not available, the marketing business would have to choose a different tactic. Therefore, even one’s regular purchases may change.

Conclusion

Currently, the created structure of societal values places much significance on one’s gender. This role does not only outline gender as a defining characteristic of a person but also puts some limitations on one’s abilities and personality. If gender stereotypes are not existent in a society, it may treat its members in a completely different way. For instance, some created societal values may render to be baseless, which will eliminate them and bring new ideas and concepts to the people’s attention.

The structure of a family can become more diverse than before as individuals will not be pressured to fit a specific mold to find and maintain a relationship. Such spheres as education and advertisement may influence one’s everyday life and affect their professions, hobbies, and interests. Cultural changes should also be considered as many traditions are linked to gender. The society that does not treat men and women differently may focus on other characteristics and highlight people’s achievements and personal differences. It is essential to note that gender stereotypes are not the only standards that people create for themselves and the population as a whole. However, the scope of influences for this particular type implies that its elimination can change the way people see other individuals and themselves.

Works Cited

Baez, Sandra, et al. “Men, Women… Who Cares? A Population-Based Study on Sex Differences and Gender Roles in Empathy and Moral Cognition.” PloS One, vol. 12, no. 6, 2017, pp. e0179336.

Eisend, Martin, et al. “Gender Roles and Humor in Advertising: The Occurrence of Stereotyping in Humorous and Nonhumorous Advertising and its Consequences for Advertising Effectiveness.” Journal of Advertising, vol. 43, no. 3, 2014, pp. 256-273.

Jacobus, Lee A. A World of Ideas: Essential Readings for College Writers. 10th ed., St. Martin’s Press, 2016.

Retelsdorf, Jan, et al. ““Michael Can’t Read!” Teachers’ Gender Stereotypes and Boys’ Reading Self-Concept.” Journal of Educational Psychology, vol. 107, no. 1, 2015, pp. 186-220.

Introduction

The World War I is one of the first examples of total wars, i.e. such influencing almost all regions of the globe and affecting all people regardless of their social class or background. It shifted hundreds of thousands of lives away imposing even greater impact on those who were not involved in front activities and infinite armed hostilities. Nevertheless, there are several perspectives for viewing the outcomes of the First World War, as they differ across nations, genders, and social classes. Therefore, the paper at hand aims at investigating the role of men and women in wartime, relationship between people with different socioeconomic backgrounds, and the burden of expectations and moral responsibilities put on citizens across the globe.

Different Roles of Men and Women in Wartime

Gender differences existed long before the outburst of the First World War and their influence was not diminished during the wartime. It is essential to note that, in this case, an emphasis is put on the civilian population that was mobilized to witness the atrocities of armed hostilities. The role of men was evident across the globe, as they were pressed to become involved in military operations. From this perspective, the primary sources are limited, as not all men sent at the front. For instance, some of them served as doctors, while the others could not be mobilized due to significant health concerns. Nevertheless, it is true that their role was seen in the protection of the civilian population and sovereignty of their states as well as the global peace.

On the other hand, the role of women in wartime was ambiguous, as it varied from military activities to moral support. It is critical to point to the fact that the burden imposed on women differed around the globe. For instance, in most countries they were chosen for playing the role of support, i.e. acting like nurses, while in Russia, there were whole battalions made up of women only, who were engaged in infinite armed hostilities. Moreover, in Germany women were called to drive the economy by replacing men in traditionally men-led industries such as manufacturing and military-related sectors of the German economy. In this way, the primary sources became a valuable channel of information because I was not aware of all-female battalions and thought the role of women was limited to becoming nurses.

At the same time, it is vital to mention what is referred to as the home front. In fact, it involves all women who were not directly engaged in wartime activities. However, they experienced a significant influence of the war and their contribution to supporting soldiers should not be underestimated. These women had a moral obligation of countenance, as they were left at home to wait for their husbands, sons, and fathers. This role of women was promoted by a variety of songs and posters, which pointed to the internal power of women and called upon them to stay cheerful and keep their home fires burning, as this knowledge supported their men at front.

The Influence of Propaganda Posters on the Roles of Men and Women in Wartime

The roles of men and women were widely promoted in propaganda posters. They were designed in a way to point to the functions of all members of society. One of appropriate examples of such propaganda posters is that demonstrated in the source 20.2A. It was drawn in the 1915 Great Britain. The picture is simple and the message is concise. Nevertheless, it has a robust promotional impact on society. The message is as simple as “The women of Britain say ‘Go.’” It points to the role of both men and women in wartime. It means that men were pointed to their straight-line responsibility of protecting their wives, mothers, daughters, and the motherland. On the other hand, women were requested to let their husbands, fathers, and sons become involved in military activities. At the same time, in my opinion, it had a significant influence on international promotion of the role of men and women and their contribution to finding global peace. In other words, women of other countries were called to motivate their men to become engaged in military operations, thus hastening the end of the war.

Relationship Between Social Classes in Wartime

Even though the First World War had a robust impact on all social classes without exception, the relationship between the, was unstable and constantly changing. This assumption is either directly pointed to or implied in the last two sources. For instance, it is stated that as the economies faced the shortage of male power, women were called to replace them in order to provide men at the front with needed products such as howitzer shells and bags for cartridges. However, it is essential to note that educated women made up a minuscule share of those volunteering to support the military-related industries and plants either due to the lack of experience or their arrogance. Nevertheless, in case of volunteering, they were always backed up by ordinary workers who helped educated women to develop skills necessary for coping with required tasks.

At the same time, grocery and physical vulnerability is directly pointed to in one of the Berlin Police Report. Even though social classes are not mentioned explicitly, it is possible to assume that everyone faced a severe need for food products and was harshly treated in case of causing disturbances of public order regardless of age and belonging to a particular social class.

Conclusion

So, as demonstrated above, the First World War had a robust impact on the lives of each member of society across the globe. Either directly or indirectly, it affected millions of lives and destinies, dictating rules for existence and survival. Also, it is essential to state that even though short sources are valuable for obtaining superficial knowledge regarding the roles of men and women in wartime, as well as the relationship between social classes, they are never enough for gaining an in-depth understanding of the studied issue.

In the world of literature, ideology has played a vital role in depicting the condition of the society. The society has used ideologies to obscure the nature and composition of domination. According to Marxists, ideology is designated as a form of politics and law that is used to legitimate power to certain social class in the society. In the traditional setting, ideologies were used to discriminate one community or gender from the other.

It enhanced the superiority of the dominant community through decision-making and social consciousness (Clinton et al. 48). Although ideologies are sometimes true, they have played a vital role in defining the social structure based on gender roles in society.

The attitude towards gender role is often characterized by different opinions and beliefs on the roles of women and men in the society. For instance, the common ideology is that the place of women should be in the kitchen. The ideologies on gender roles have enhanced the society to define distinct roles of women and men.

In most cases, women have been reported to be the victims of discriminatory acts. The belief has enabled men to have dominance over women in society. Various ways have been used to reveal the perception of ideologies in the society.

In Shakespeare’s work, portrayal of ideology in his work is imminent through Medea’s character. Feminist theorists of theater turned insistently to consider how ideology was embedded in texts and performances. It displays how spectators were positioned to accept such ideologies unquestioningly.

For instance, when Medea initially walked on the stage in fifth-century, she was not a woman at all; she was a man in a mask speaking of words of a male playwright to a gathering of male citizens. This has evoked legal and dramatic narratives that her daughters were succumbed to, following her stand in the society (Massai 52). Most often, like Medea, they are referred to as “non” women.

Gender role ideology is demonstrated by Shakespeare through Othello’s character. Indeed, absolute social and spiritual equality between different sexes do coexist with equal absolute subjection of women that is decreed and then subverted. Puritan marriage ideology in the Renaissance provides a remarkable index of the ways in which modern values were being created, and conflicts were taking shape.

Othello’s character demonstrates the apprehension and exploitation of ideological inconsistencies that prevails in the current society. In the scene (1.3) in which Desdemona and Othello seek to justify their marriage before the Vietnam senate, she unwittingly articulates a conception of sexuality and its relation to public life that is antagonistic to Othello’s (Massai 68). This demonstrate the clarity in the perception of gender role ideology in the society.

In No Name Woman and White Tigers by Maxine Hong Kingston, she used storytelling to demarcate the ideological belief and expose the truth behind the perceived social structures in the society. Kingston’s chronicle, No Name Woman, demonstrates various examples that show men’s dominance over women. For instance, when men migrated from China to America in search of work, they left women to look after the household chores and the children.

The women were expected to keep the customs and rules of the society while their male counterparts fumbled without being detected. Ideally, the work of safeguarding the tradition demands that an individual’s feeling towards an action should be played in one’s guts without exposing the rage to the society (Kingston 8). This implies that there is a significant difference between female and male’s roles.

Consequently, Kingston reveals various forms of ideologies in these two stories that he wrote; blame, oppression, and humiliation. The ideologies are intertwined to demonstrate the society’s perception of gender roles and its implication on mask superstructure. Kingston demonstrates blame ideology through the revelation of aunt’s act of committing adultery. The blame is leveled on the woman’s shoulder while the man is unaccountable of the situation.

Although the aunt is stuck in an unsuitable predicament, it is clear that ignorance persist in the society as they are blinded by gender roles’ ideology. Adultery can only be committed by two people of different sex. In this scenario, Kingston reveals that the men out-live their roles in the society, and they are taken to be in the higher social order than that of women (Massai 32).

The ideology of humiliation is demonstrated in No Name Woman when the mother of Kingston narrates the story of her aunt. This was aimed at forewarning Kingston against humiliating the family and the clan. Mother tells her story as she feels it is essential to warn her in the early stages of life, that is, before commencing her periods. However, Kingston understanding is quite different from that of her mother.

The story reveals the discriminatory acts that exist in the society when one is confined in the cocoon of the society’s culture. It shows that men will always be dominant in the society if they are not punished equally from the acts they commit. Women are not supposed to be punished excessively and men are treated as royals despite committing the same felony. The ideology outlines that men are not supposed to be humiliated.

The society provides that women are the only ones who can be humiliated from the unacceptable deeds. Ideologies of oppression do exist, as the women cannot air their grievances publicly. This is demonstrated by the community’s council of elders where only men are entitled to be the leaders of the community while the women should stay at home (Clinton et al. 254).

Kingston’s memoir focused on gender roles’ ideology. It shows how men are dominant figure in the society. She also reveals her experience on the society’s superstructure that discriminates women. Indeed, women have tried to achieve a high social order like their male counterparts, but they are hindered by these ideologies.

The use of storytelling aimed at demarcating oppression, discrimination, and humiliation that women face in the society. Her writings provided a challenge to the society on the role of women and men. Kingston’s chronicle is not an ideology reflection, but it is aimed at enabling the literature work to distance itself from ideological misconceptions.

In conclusion, ideology has been the dominant factor in the traditional and current society. Individuals seem to embed on ideological perception when defining gender-based roles. Human being should not be immune to crime in the society. Men should not be treated fairly when both women and men are found guilty of the same crime.

As such, by means of storytelling and writing, Kingston and Shakespeare were able to reveal gender ideologies, and the way men benefit from this misconception. The society needs to understand that ideologies discriminate individuals in the society. Literature work should not instigate gender roles’ ideologies, but it should demarcate its existence. Women’s roles should be distinct and where a crime is committed, like in the case of her aunt, both the genders should be treated equally.

Works Cited

Clinton, Jerome, Irele Abiola & James Heather. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2009. Print.

Kingston, Maxine. The Woman Warrior: memoirs of girlhood among ghosts. London, Vintage Books, 1989. Print.

Massai, Sonia. World-wide Shakespeare’s: local appropriations in film and performance. London: Taylor & Francis, 2005. Print.