Category: Future

‘Happiness is not something you postpone for the future; it is something you design for the present

The words of the above quote belong to an American entrepreneur and author Jim Rohn. He was a motivational speaker also. He elucidated his ideas through audio, video, and by writing. He is well known for his notable work ‘The Power of The Ambition’. The quote describes the mindset and attitude of Jim Rohn on life. What is life? It is a boon given by God to us, consisting of a series of pleasures and miseries. We don’t know how to agree/accept the miseries which come along our way, at the same time, we even don’t know how to experience the entire delightfulness. So the writer tried to say to the readers that we should live every little bit of time in happiness and stay assured to live our future with success and happiness. Because we are not sure about what is going to happen next. What determines it is the delightful contented things in the present.

Really these lines fight with the real-life problem in my life. Because of the work of our routine life, we are mentally depressed and our minds are psychologically confined to the stress. So we should practice how to manage them and how to reach the vision of life. Therefore, we should be always conscious of the reality of these lines to enjoy happiness. Faiths and beliefs of religions also teach us about being happy forever. Meditation and yoga are precious gifts introduced to us which give us more patience and make us feel the wisdom inside us. With their help of them, we are capable to enjoy every moment of our life.

In my perspective, there are three salient points/terms to be discussed in the above quotation. They are happiness, the present, and the future. What do they mean? Happiness is one of the emotional states which expresses an enthusiastic mindset. It is expressed by everyone when they are contented with something they possess or see or enjoy. The present is comprised of the should-be-awkward moments which lead to a better future the life. But we are unable to understand life. We are too much afraid of what lay ahead as fear of the bygone days continuously haunts us. We forget to breathe the soft breezes of the present and relish the happiness. We, everyone, know the word happiness. But we haven’t heartily felt what happiness really is. The day we can laugh and not know why we are laughing, is the pleasure of happiness.

If flowers bloom with fragrance, all the honeybees go toward them. Similarly, if we discover happiness inside us, all good things draw toward us. We must set big dreams for a beautiful future and thus creates a wonderful tomorrow, but should not forget to enjoy the ‘today’. Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is a mystery. But today is the only gift where you enjoy happiness. That’s why it is called a present. These are one of the movie dialogues I have ever loved. It explains that if we are living in the future, we are too nervous, wishing for something that is not happening yet. If we are dwelling in the past, we, mostly, lament over the bad things that happened and the days which dumped us. But living in the present split second is where we will have maximum control. That’s why happiness should be felt in present and should not be postponed at any cost. Whoever thinks to live happily in the future by scarifying their present happiness is like a blind talking about colors.

It should be always remembered that our life is a novel written by the author God using infinite letters called ‘now’. Sweet present truly gives the brightest future. It is in our hands to design the present suitable according to our wishes. And we, the astounding artworks of God, should live today happily for a better tomorrow.

Jim Rohn who was a famous American famous author and also a famous motivational speaker said that “happiness is not something you postpone for the future it’s something you design at present”. According to his views, he forwarded five keywords for living the life you desire; they are fundamentals, wealth, happiness, discipline, and success. It’s only when you understand what these keywords mean, that you can apply his principles to your life.

Apart from this now we can see the definition of happiness. Happiness is defined as an emotion in which one experiences feelings ranging from contentment and satisfaction to bliss and intense joy. Happiness is one of the emotional states which expresses an enthusiastic mindset. It is expressed by everyone when they are contented with something they possess or see or enjoy. But we are afraid of what lay ahead as fear of the bygone days continuously haunts us. We forget to do an important thing. That is to breathe the soft breezes of the present and relish the happiness. Life is a boon given by God to us, consisting of a series of pleasures and miseries. We don’t know how to agree/accept the miseries which come along our way, at the same time, we even don’t know how to experience the entire delightfulness.

We are never truly hundred percent happy with our lives. Most studies suggest that consumerism is the most suppressant of happiness, but in this globalized world people show a keen interest in earning money. Happiness is not about how much money we have, that is about our mental satisfaction. Studies suggest that the happiest occupation around the world is clergy, the reason for this is they have a high level of spiritual well-being, Mental satisfaction plays a major role in a person’s happiness, and everyone must satisfy with what they have. It is not only enough to maintain our happiness but also the happiness of another person or community surrounding us essential to our own happiness. The day we can laugh and not know why we are laughing, is the pleasure of happiness. Happiness streams unexpectedly like a mountain spring after April showers in minds that are placated with straightforward living. It comes not by helplessly wanting for it but rather by imagining, considering, and living it in all situations. Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is a mystery. But today is the only gift where you enjoy happiness. That’s why it is called a present. If we are living in the future, we are too nervous, wishing for something that is not happening yet. If we are dwelling in the past, we, mostly, lament over the bad things that happened and the days which dumped us. But living in the present split second is where we will have maximum control. That’s why happiness should be felt in present and should not be postponed at any cost.

Everyone deserves to be happy and many people are not really sure how to make them happy. To make a happy future one must accept the present, celebrate it, and appreciate it, even if they like it or not. Small acts of appreciation for the present state can cause giant shifts in one’s life. One simple way to understand happiness is after discovering an action that makes one feel happy, the individual should continue doing this action at all times. Different activities fulfill each individual happiness standard. Stress can destroy one’s happiness. A way to avoid stress could be by socializing. Faiths and beliefs of religions also teach us about being happy forever. Meditation and yoga are precious gifts introduced to us which give us more patience and make us feel the wisdom inside us.

We are not sure about what is going to happen next. What determines it is the delightful contented things in the present. Sweet present truly gives the brightest future. Entertaining happiness in the current instant is the path to the stupendous future. So we should live every little bit of time in happiness and stay assured to live with success and happiness. For that everyone must satisfy with what they have. In addition to that well-planned activities lead to a successful and happy future.

In today’s world, everyone is so involved in making a secure future that they have no control over their present. We are fed with this notion of a future day in our lives when everything will be secure, and then will we be able to enjoy to the fullest. Our lifestyle is based on working for a future we have no control over. Along with working hard, appreciating what we have now are both equally important. Lucius Annaeus Seneca has beautifully summed up this notion in the following quote: “True happiness is… to enjoy the present, without anxious dependence upon the future”.

It is rightly said that past is a nice place to visit but certainly not a good place to stay. It is very natural to let the past have an impression on us. What is wrong is letting past make decisions for us in the present. We cannot change what has passed. But what we can do is learn from it and move on.

We are all on a journey. Every one of us has a destination in mind. But on the way to that destination, we forget to make the most of every moment. Happiness is not a hotel where you can check in. Happiness can be found on that journey we undertake to reach a place. If our journey is dull, reaching any destination would not matter.

Oscar Wilde mentioned in his book ‘The Picture of Dorian Gray’ that “the world belongs to you for a season”. This statement by Wilde applies so well in this context. No one can predict the future and we are not going to live forever. Our life is like a season, that shall pass with its speed and we need to seize the present moment.

For this, in my opinion, we should first of all give our mind enough time to wonder. We are so bent on making ourselves disciplined that we do not allow our mind to relax. Modern life does not give us enough time to stop. We are always on a time crunch. This schedule might eventually lead to burnout. If that happens, we will lose all the hard work we have put in. The mind is like a machine, sometimes we need to let it be and oil its parts. We should give our mind enough time to wander and explore things other than a routine. Doing that helps the brain to refresh and restore its efficiency.

Secondly, it is mindfulness. The word ‘mindfulness’ means “the state of being conscious”. It revolves around staying present in the moment. Practicing it in our lives gives us the tool to find the balance. It’s a must to reach a state of mind to appreciate every moment. People are becoming more aware of mindfulness exercises in recent years. There are apps and websites that guide through these exercises. Our brain works a lot for us, the least we can do is devote ten minutes a day for its well-being.

The third way to seize the present moment is to find joy in the little things of routine. It’s true that we cannot ignore our routine. The world is running at the speed of light, and we need to keep up. It’s getting difficult to take out a few minutes just for yourself. To remedy this situation, we need to find joy in our routine itself. Like eat something we like occasionally, talk to a loved one once in a day, listen to our favorite songs whenever not working and so on. We need to take small moments out of our routine and make it joyful. No one can do it for us, we need to do it ourselves.

Also, we should stop trying to achieve all at once. No one in this world would say that he or she doesn’t want to be successful. We are in a hurry to have it all. There are no shortcuts to success. But we need to keep in mind that we cannot skip to the end without going through all the chapters of life. We should not try to tire ourselves by doing more than we can handle. We should take life one day at a time. It’s like waiting for your tea to cool down before you can take a sip. You try to drink all of it at once and you’ll burn your mouth. We should be aware of our present and make most of it. Other things will come your way in their own time.

In this era to social networking, we hardly get time away from the noise. So, it is very helpful to disconnect occasionally and have some time to yourself. Watch a movie, rest, listen to music, anything that brings happiness. We should live our life instead of just passing days. The time we have now is the only constant we have.

And finally, we should introduce randomness. No one can promise us that ‘one day’ when we can be reckless and free. So, we need to introduce randomness into our lives and look for ways to make most of whatever we have now.

Life is indeed a race. But to reach somewhere we should not let our lives pass by. Time is fluid, it won’t come back. In the end, I would like to conclude by the lines said by John Ron: “Happiness is not something you postpone for the future; it is something you design for the present”.

My name is Mariam, I am a student at Zayed University. I will be graduating in 2021 with a bachelor’s degree in financial management. I have plans that I believe will lead me to a well-heeled future. Three years from now, I am planning to get my master’s degree from the University of Mannheim in Germany after graduating from Zayed University. Moreover, I am planning to broaden my knowledge in my major field by getting a master’s degree in human recourses.

After achieving my educational goals, I will be searching for jobs that will offer me a good income to be able to have my medical center and being able to raise a family in the future. Besides, I am planning to widen my skills such as having multiple languages, because I believe that language immersion trips present to not only become a polyglot but also to gain in-depth knowledge of another country and culture. Also, knowing multiple languages can enhance my life professionally, personally, spiritually, and even mentally. During my master’s degree journey, I am willing to volunteer in the German program, it will allow me to fully engage in the German culture by participating in the social, educative, and interactive projects in the city of Dusseldorf. Furthermore, they use efficient and modern methods which will allow me to reach the best results.

I have some guiding questions that will lead me to a successful future such as the skills and opportunities that will be available for me in the next four years, the strategies that I will use to achieve my future goals, and finally my future goals. To achieve my goals, I will be using effective strategies. I will be using one of the most important strategies such as creating an action plan, eliminating bad habits that stifle my progress, instilling self-discipline to allow put my goal achievement on cruise control, and finally leverage daily goal setting since it is a great way to stay on track and focused toward my long-term goals. For the next four years, I see myself as a top-performing employee in a well-established team in a financial company. Also, I plan to enhance my skills and maintain my involvement in related acknowledged organizations.

My future goals involve learning as much as I can and being a polyglot as well. Also, I’d like to gain valuable experiences. Then, I believe that I could thrive as a leader. There will be various availability of jobs I can find related to my major and my academic degrees such as financial analyst where I can work for commercial banks and brokerage firms. Also, I can work as a personal financial adviser in insurance and real estate companies. Besides, I can work as a financial services agent and commodities for investment banks, trading companies, and brokerage firms. We intend to intensify lives and conserve health by allowing access to a comprehensive, fully interracial system of the highest quality and most affordable care, delivered with honor, kindness, and sincerity. To intensify lives and preserve health by allowing access to a comprehensive, fully interracial system for the highest quality and most affordable care, delivered with honor, kindness, and sincerity.

2050. 32 years from now. I am a grown-up person already. I am an adult. Time flies really fast, I’m planning what my neighborhood is going to look like in 2050. I’m expecting my neighborhood to be newfangled, new-fashioned, and modernist.

Over the next few decades, I expect to add around 250,000 new residents. But the more the population grows, the fewer cars will be on city streets, as the transforms itself into a network of dense, walkable neighborhoods that are virtually car-free. Even if the city population grows, the use of private cars should not rise. To do this, we need to encourage the use of carpools and public transport in the neighborhood. Carpool is very popular in cities like San Francisco, but not so good in Malaysia. We should do a concept in which the passenger cabin and car’s powertrain are separated so that way the driver keeps his or her own space, something that is more desirable in Seoul. The benefit that we get is we can’t avoid some diseases such as asthma, heart disease, and emphysema.

Busy expressways becoming lined with new housing, sidewalk cafes, bike lanes, and trams and buses. Residents will run everyday errands on foot or by bike. The city hopes that homes, businesses, schools, and stores will all be close enough together that many people might not even have to commute anymore.

The major concern voiced by the residents in 2018 is the lack of greenery. So, there are improvements that I want in my neighborhood in 2050. I want to plant more green plants. This is because they supply us with oxygen. Without oxygen, we are going to die.

To prevent people from cutting down trees and to make them realize the importance of green plants for humans, we will punish them. The type of punishment we will give is that you must plant many trees back within two months and the tree must grow healthy, if not, you are going to pay the fund 5000 for each tree.

We also lack public parts. To overcome this problem, we are going to build parking lots with floors so all citizens can park there. We also faced a huge problem, which is how to avoid what happened – the function of the road itself is to attach our car, and there is a limit to the car on the road.

In conclusion, 2050 should be a better year compared to 2018. The earth gets older. The technology that we should be using is more advanced. The city’s vision was all based on detailed feedback from current residents.

Abstract

A novel infectious disease COVID-19 pandemic caused due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus- 2 (SARS-CoV-2), first emerged in late 2019 in Wuhan, China. Novel corona virus is member of beta-coronavirus family, having high human to human transmission than SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. The transmission of COVID-19 occurs through respiratory droplets generated by coughing and sneezing. There is no specific treatment or vaccine registered for disease. The various antigen selected as M protein, E protein, S protein, RBD and N protein etc. The various types of vaccine are in pipeline among them some are succeed in preclinical trials and further it is in phase -1 trials. The various research institute and companies working on it, so the chances of getting the first corona vaccine is increased and race between various companies are seen in present. According to Nature review presently 90 Vaccine development studies against COVID-19 are going on in an entire globe.

Introduction

A novel corona disease is caused by severe acute respiratory Syndrome SARS- CoV-2, belongs to betacoronavirus family. On February 11, WHO named the virus SARS-CoV-2 and syndrome as COVID-19. First emerged in Wuhan, China in late 2019. Novel corona virus has high human to human transmission than SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. The infection is seen to be high in patients who are above 60 yrs old and those who have previous chronic medical history such as diabetes and hypertension (1). The transmission of COVID-19 occur through respiratory droplets generated by coughing and sneezing. It is positive strand RNA virus, the genome of virus is approximately 29700 base pair long sequence. At 5’ end it has ORF1ab, which encodes 13-15 non structural proteins and at 3’end genome encodes 4 proteins viz. Spike (S) protein, nucleocapsid (N) protein, membrane (M) protein and envelope (E) protein. At cellular level SARS-CoV-2 S protein (RBD protein) binds to human ACE -2 receptors leads to entry and subsequent pathogenesis. Resulting in various symptoms like fever, sore throat, cough and shortening of breath (2). As per worldometer SARS-CoV-2 spread in globe around 204 countries. Total no of patients are 4422930 among them 1659806 are recovered while 298170 patients are death and the numbers increasing day by day (3).

Vaccines are most effective to prevent and control infectious disease. There is no specific treatment and vaccine available against COVID-19. The development of vaccine against COVID-19 is urgently required. Various Research institute and companies working on vaccine development against COVID-19. According to Nature in the globe 90 studies are going on to vaccine development against COVID-19. I summarized various current studies of vaccine development against covid-19 (2).

Various targets ( Antigen selection)

Various antigen selected for vaccine development against COVID-19 viz. whole cell antigen, S protein, M protein, N protein, E protein, receptor binding domain (RBD) and N-terminal domain (NTD).

Whole cell antigen

The whole cell consist of all cell necessary elements such as protein, lipids, polysaccharide, and some other components. Whole cell antigen is mainly used for developing whole cell killed and live attenuated vaccine. SARS- CoV-2 strains are isolated by some Institute and working on development of live attenuated vaccine. The stringent requirement of this type of vaccine is isolated strain should be with low pathogenicity (2).

Spike protein ( S protein)

Spike protein is surface protein of SARS-CoV-2 and it is directly recognised by host immune system. It is most promising antigen formulation for SARS-CoV -2 vaccine (2). It mediates interaction with ACE-2 of human cell, leads to pathogen entry and subsequent infection. The homologous protein were already used for MERS-CoV and SARS -CoV. Consist two domain C-terminal domain and N- terminal domain. Receptor binding domain (RBD) present at C-terminal domain. The monomer of SARS-CoV-2 contains 1273 amino acids with molecular weight 140kDa. Clover biopharmaceuticals started working on SARS-CoV -2 S protein trimmer vaccine (4, 5).

Receptor binding domain (RBD)

Since RBD of S protein directly interacts with the ACE2 receptors on host cells, RBD immunization induced specific antibodies may block the recognition and thus effectively prevent the invasion of the virus (6).

Nucleocapsid protein ( N protein)

N protein is most abundant and highly conserved protein in coronavirus. It mainly involved in formation of nucleocapsid, RNA replication, mRNA transcription and signal transduction. Vaccine against SARS-CoV N protein gives strong humoral and cellular immunity (4).

Various types Of vaccine under development against covid-19

Whole cell killed and live attenuated vaccine

Whole-cell killed or live-attenuated vaccines contains multiple antigenic components to the host, which can potentially induce diverse immunologic effectors against pathogen. Currently, various research institutions working on this type of vaccine like, The Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang University, and several other institutions have successfully isolated the virus strains of SARS-CoV-2 and started relevant vaccine development. Besides, Codagenix, Inc. announced the collaboration with the Serum Institute of India, Ltd. to develop a live-attenuated vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. They use viral deoptimization to synthesize “rationally designed” live-attenuated vaccines. This technology starting with the sequence of the viral genome and allows for the rapid generation of multiple vaccine candidates against the virus. Major advantage of whole virus vaccines is their inherent immunogenicity and ability to stimulate toll-like receptors (TLRs) including TLR 3, TLR 7/8, and TLR 9. However, live virus vaccines often require extensive additional testing to confirm their safety ( 4, 5, 7).

Subunit vaccine

Subunit vaccines include one or more antigens with strong immunogenicity capable of efficiently stimulating the host immune system. In general, this type of vaccine is safer and easier to produce, but often requires the addition of adjuvants to elicit a strong protective immune response. University of Queensland is synthesizing viral surface proteins, to present them more easily to the immune system. Moreover, Novavax has developed and produced immunogenic virus-like nanoparticles based on recombinant expression of the S-protein. Accordingly, a consortium led by Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development at Baylor College of Medicine (including University of Texas Medical Branch and New York Blood center) has developed and tested a subunit vaccine comprised of only the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV S-protein (2, 5, 7).

mRNA vaccine

With the development and maturing of mRNA synthesis, modification, and delivery technology, the research on mRNA vaccine has regained attention during the last two decades. mRNA vaccines represent a promising alternative to conventional vaccine approaches because of their high potency, short production cycles, low-cost manufacturing, and safe administration. Fudan University is in collaboration with Shanghai Jiaotong University and Bluebird Biopharmaceutical Company to develop a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine using two different strategies. The first is to use mRNA to express the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and RBD domain, the efficacy of this vaccine is now under evaluation in mice. The second is the use of mRNA to express virus-like particles in vivo. In addition, German biopharmaceutical company CureVac AG, Stermirna Therapeutics, BDGENE Therapeutics, Guanhao Biotech, ZY Therapeutics Inc., CanSino Biologics Inc., Baylor College of Medicine, University of Texas, Tongji university also announced their progress on mRNA vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 (2, 4, 7).

DNA vaccine

DNA vaccines are typically comprised of plasmid DNA molecules that encode one or more antigens. They are superior to mRNA vaccines in the formulations needed for stability and delivery efficiency, nevertheless they need to enter the nucleus that may bring in the risk of vector integration and mutations in the host genome. Inovio Pharmaceuticals developed a DNA vaccine candidate termed INO-4800, which is in preclinical studies and will soon enter phase I clinical trials. Applied DNA Sciences Subsidiary, LineaRx, and Takis Biotech collaborated for the development of a linear DNA vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2, which is now in preclinical studies. (2, 4, 7).

Live vector vaccine

Vector vaccines are live viruses (the vector) that express a heterologous antigen(s). They are characterized by combining the strong immunogenicity of live attenuated vaccines and the safety of subunit vaccines, and were widely used to induce cellular immunity in vivo. Related SARS-CoV-2 vaccine research has been carried out by the following institutions. Houston-based Greffex Inc. has completed the construction of SARS-CoV-2 adenovirus vector vaccine with Greffex Vector Platform and should have now moved to animal testing. Tonix Pharmaceuticals announced research to develop a potential SARS-CoV-2 vaccine based on Horsepox Virus (TNX-1800). Johnson & Johnson has adopted the AdVac® adenoviral vector platform for vaccine development (2, 4, 7).

Epitope vaccine

Vaccines contain only certain fragments of intact antigens and are usually prepared by chemical synthesis techniques. They are easier in preparation and quality control. However, the low molecular weight and structural complexity of these vaccines usually result in low immunogenicity, thus structural modifications, delivery systems, and adjuvants are additionally required in the formulation. Generex Biotechnology was announced they were working with third-party groups to generate peptide vaccines against pandemic viruses using the patented NuGenerex Immuno-Oncology Ii-Key technology that uses synthetic peptides in mimic essential protein regions from a virus that is chemically linked to the 4-amino acid Ii-Key to ensure robust immune system activation (2, 4, 7).

Future prospective

Presently we know very little about SARS-CoV-2. There are numerous questions than answers for the newly identified virus, including the etiology, epidemiology, structural basis, mechanism of pathogenesis, pathological immune response, etc. Recently, more and more countries and R&D institutions announced their program on vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2. However, vaccine development has its own rules, and a successful SARS-CoV-2 vaccine could not be achieved overnight. After vaccine design and preparation, it will undergo efficacy and safety evaluation, quality standard establishment before entering clinical trials. Generally, three phases of clinical trials will be carried out to evaluate the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the vaccine. Currently, clinical trials testing different drugs are ongoing and will possibly allow the identification of a potential drug to treat the disease associated to SARS-CoV-2, and the rapid development and application of a vaccine is a powerful means to prevent the global epidemic of COVID-19. Currently some are in clinical trials they will get success and entire globe have the vaccine against COVID-19. Which help in preventing and spreading of SARS-CoV-2 (2, 7).

Conclusion

By understanding and summarising various current studies of vaccine development against covid-19, I will conclude that researchers and various companies working on vaccines and some of them succeed in preclinical trials and some are in clinical trials. The numerous types of vaccine developments are going on against COVID-19. There are 90 vaccine studies going on presently. So the chances of getting 1st COVID-19 vaccine are very much.

References

1. Adhikari Sasmita Poudel et al. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infectious diseases of poverty 9.1, 1-12 (2020) doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x
2. Zhang Jinyong et al. Progress and Prospects on Vaccine Development against SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines 8.2, 153 (2020). doi:10.3390/vaccines8020153 Available in- https://www.worldometers.info (accessed on 14/05/2020)
3. Amanat Fatima and Florian Krammer. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: status report. Immunity (2020), doi 10.1007/s40475-020-00201-6
4. Tai Wanbo et al. Characterization of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of 2019 novel coronavirus: implication for development of RBD protein as a viral attachment inhibitor and vaccine. Cellular & molecular immunology 1-8 (2020), doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-0400-4.
5. World Health Organization. DRAFT landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines. World Health Organization. https://www. who. int/blueprint/priority-diseases/key-action/novel-coronavirus-landscape-ncov. pdf (2020), accessed on 12/5/2020
6. Thanh Le T, Andreadakis Z. et al. The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape. Nat Rev Drug Discov 10 (2020), doi: 10.1038/d41573-020-00073-5.

As humankind evolved, technology evolved alongside. This evolution in technology is also known as industrial revolution. Industrial revolution is a game changing part of a human life, everything which was thought to be next to impossible is made possible by the technology. This magnificent growth in technology is the reason why we don’t live in caves anymore.

The concept of industrial revolution started during the mid-1760’s with the invention of steam engine which allowed faster transportation and lead to the use of coal as the main energy supply. As the whole world got the picture of building a steam engine, engineers and developers had an opportunity to make it much more efficient and thus came the second industrial revolution during the early 1900 with the invention of the internal combustion engine. These were the times where everyone had to be either in oil production or in coal mining business for employment (Min Xu, Jeanne M. David & Suk Hi Kim). During 1960 as the war is finally over and everyone’s at peace scientists and engineers had all the time and funding required in the world to develop and invent new and efficient products as they played a major role during that era which resulted in the third industrial revolution with the introduction of electronics and automated products which lead to the present to who we are and where we are at with a fourth industrial revolution. Some say that the fourth industrial revolution is the worst thing to happen to a humankind as employment rates were drastically decreased as the horse carts are replaced with cars, labor were replaced with automated machines to save time and money, poor became poorer and rich became richer as the labors are forced to learn a totally new set of skills in order to be employed. This essay explores the importance of industrial revolution, benefits, losses and future of work.

This fourth industrial revolution is also termed as the digital era as the introduction of smartphones and automatic driving cars was like a dream come true for many. Although we may not be in an era with flying cars or cyborg humans, this is a start to something extra ordinary. The problems faced during the previous industrial revolutions were corrected during the fourth where communication and transportation were the key focus. As humans are the only beings with an extra ordinary sense of knowledge and strength to achieve anything impossible was just a word during these times. Travelling from one end of the world to another? No problem thanks to wright brothers we have a plane to do the job. Now millions of people travel from one end to another for work and family. Communication gap was narrowed with the help of satellite dishes and employment for many were provided for entertainment and national defense. Also the internet, the reason how you are reading this essay had only been made possible with the internet. The sky was no longer the limit to mankind as we reached to the moon. As population increased so were the use of vehicles and thus the rate of accidents were going higher day by day which caused a risk of driving recklessly and then came in the traffic lights and road rules along with the self-driving cars which caused a massive change in the transportation. The down side is that companies were recruiting only professionally trained or experienced employees and hence the employment rate for people with no experience were none. Although japan took a lot of damage from the war, they became an industrial sensation with the introduction of artificial intelligence, this was a step towards the future. Artificial intelligence to be placed in a simple term is a self-thinking, analyzing and problem sorting machine which is like a mother to all the other industrially operated machine parts whom we refer as robots and all of this is happening with one touch. Technically robots are automated motorized tools. They cook food, play our music, record our shows, and even run our cars. But we just do not see it because robots do not have a face, we to whom we can talk or a butt we can kick (rodhan.n.).

Environmental sustainability implies assuming liability for interfacing with the planet to keep up normal assets and abstain from compromising people in the future in gathering their requirements. As per the United Nations, environmental sustainability is tied in with assuming liability and acting for the climate to guarantee that people in the future get regular assets to carry on with a similarly decent life. There are numerous different meanings of environmental sustainability that bring up numerous issues on the best way to carry on with life to continue the climate’s assistance for people in the future. For instance, how might we change the manner in which we carry on with our lives and direct and work the business in this world that we use assets with insignificant or no wastage of help and legitimate use that guarantees sustainability later on?

Numerous standards rotate around Environmental sustainability; a portion of those are expressed below –

• Increasing environmental exploration financing

Expanding the assets of exploration in the climate intends to help natural examination so they can think of new innovations to continue the climate. There is a serious requirement for new innovation in environmental sustainability in light of the fact that expanding populace and utilization is utilizing and exhausting biological assets at a high rate. Consequently, there should be appropriate designs to reuse assets and lessen wastage with innovation’s assistance to continue the assets.

• Reorganizing everyday environments

Rearrange the day-to-day environments as ecoregions, eco-urban areas, and towns. One essential standard for environmental sustainability is To rearrange everyday environments, so it bolsters the climate. With the quick expansion in populace and industrialization, trees and woods are being sliced for a huge scope to make lodging and business space. The equilibrium of nature is upsetting. We need to plan our urban areas, towns, and districts to prepare for the two individuals and trees. The extent of both is kept up, which controls environmental change, and ozone-depleting substance emanation is additionally retained.

• Finding substitutes for natural assets

On the off chance that there is one thing draining quickly, that is characteristic assets. Subsequently, it is basic to discover a substitute for the absolute most utilized common assets like petroleum, coal, diesel, and so on For instance, the broad utilization of Electric vehicles is a fantastic substitute for petroleum and diesel. It can essentially diminish its utilization so it very well may be put something aside for later use by people in the future. Along these lines, numerous substitutes and options can be found or imagined instead of utilizing characteristic assets with the goal that they can be supported for some time later.

Organizations from everywhere the present reality are planning something to help in environmental sustainability; a portion of those practices are –

• Spreading mindfulness

Organizations affect individuals, different organizations, and even public authority.

• Finding environmentally benevolent other options

Numerous of all shapes and sizes organizations today have begun to understand that environmental sustainability is a significant issue that should be dealt with. For instance, Starbucks, the popular espresso retail chain, has discovered an option for the plastic cups and straws they use in their stores with paper cups and straws. They have in excess of 31000 stores the whole way across the world, and everybody all around the world is their client, they burn through a huge number of cups and straws each day, and this demonstration of changing to paper cups and straws has fundamentally decreased plastic utilization. It has roused many individuals and organizations to do likewise and think about the climate.

• Go-Digital

Paper is one of the main sources of deforestation; a lot of trees are sliced each day to fulfill the requirement for paper. In the event that organizations Control their paper utilization by utilizing computerized instruments in any place required, at that point, paper utilization will lessen altogether, and this will diminish deforestation.

Environmental sustainability is a worry today, and numerous organizations are zeroing in on it. The quantity of organizations that are worried about environmental sustainability isn’t a lot today. All things considered, assume more mindfulness is spread and organizations move the world with their practical activities. All things considered, more individuals will think about sustainability and begin taking measures to make them environmentally maintainable.

Most of the world’s airports were designed before when the global temperature was not as high as it is now. In order to reduce the disturbance to human daily life or avoid natural obstacles such as mountains, many airports are built near the coastline or River Delta. Other airports have shorter runways because of space constraints. In the past, airport designers rarely considered the impact of extreme temperatures on aircraft and airports. Climate change is forcing airport designers to rethink it. Airports at low altitudes are increasingly vulnerable to storm surges. Higher temperatures may cause the tar to melt, limiting takeoff weight, or requiring heavier aircraft to take off later in the day. How will global warming change affect airports in the future? In social news, it is not uncommon to see tens of thousands of people stranded at airports due to fog, freezing and heavy rain. The China Meteorological Administration (CMA) has implemented the management measures for climate feasibility studies since January 1, 2009, listing the planning and construction projects for climate feasibility studies, including airport construction. The importance of meteorological factors in airport site selection and layout design is evident. And around the world, climate change is a profound influence to the built in the past, almost no airport extreme meteorological factors: low altitude airport is more and more susceptible to the influence of storm surge, the airport runway surface increase, flooding or terminals, airport runway pavement concrete may burst because of the extremely high temperature, extreme high temperature to the normal plane can’t take off !

More waterlogged airports. While global warming hasn’t gotten much attention, most of the world’s airports aren’t designed to take into account the humble factor of extreme heat. Many airports are located near coastlines or river deltas to minimize disruption to everyday life or to avoid natural obstacles such as mountains and hills. rising sea levels and storm surges are closer to airports than climate risks such as rising temperatures, and that even small increases in water levels can lead to flooding of runways or terminals at low-altitude airports. So a lot of airports are in danger. Some airport designers are aware of the crisis and are taking action. Japan has the world’s first reclamation airport, Kansai Airport, which has also become an important transportation hub in Asia. However, with the passage of time, the airport began to sink due to various reasons, and designers made predictions as early as the design time. With global warming and rising sea level, Kansai Airport is facing the threat of being submerged.

A hotter track. Climate scientists predict that the number of hot days and heatwaves will increase globally this century and that climate change will push airport infrastructure to the limit of its operating capacity. Runways in northern Canada, for example, have been damaged by melting permafrost, forcing circuit international airport in Canada’s frigid region to conduct permafrost research before a $240 million restoration project can begin. Concrete runways at some airports could burst due to extreme heat, and asphalt on runways and tarmac surfaces could melt. In addition, the aircraft itself is also affected by high temperatures. The maximum operating temperature of an aircraft depends on many factors, such as the altitude of the airport, but when the temperature climbs to 37.8 ° c, the airline will temporarily stop certain types of aircraft. Large aircraft, unable to land on a 2,501m runway in hot weather, need more fuel to wait for landing at a private airport with a 3,602m runway. Infamously hot countries such as Kuwait, where extreme heat is the biggest obstacle to aviation development, aircraft have to stay on the ground during the summer and daytime because their electronic devices have switched off automatically.

Higher airline costs. As a major global business, the world’s airline industry carries the equivalent of half the world’s population in one year. The heat has made flights less dense and lighter, forcing airlines to either lighten their loads or move flights to cooler temperatures. This can cause long-term economic damage to airports, especially those with humid climates, high altitudes or short runways.

Climate change is bound to have a profound impact on airports, and inevitably. So I think a comprehensive assessment of the existing airport is inevitable and urgent. For the future and new airport, we need to reconsider the impact of global warming on the airport, so as to adjust the corresponding technology to deal with.

As the climate heats up causing problems and consequences globally (Murugesan, 2010). A new spotlight has shifted to information technology companies for a solution and problem (Murugesan, 2010). Businesses and governments are trying to balance growth with environmental risk, which has encouraged IT companies to make their systems and work practices more eco-friendly to address environmental problems (Murugesan, 2010). Green IT is the practice of using technology more efficiently and environmentally conscious (Murugesan, 2010). The environmental impact of the manufacturing process and the disposal of the products we consume is becoming a growing concern in the current world. This has raised the issue, what are organisations doing to combat our harmful habits? The demand and technological advancements of technology have increased the product lifecycle, since these devices become obsolete in a matter of years, as we replace them with new ones (McCabe, 2009).

Many manufacturers like Apple, Google, and HP are continuously investing in developing energy-efficient devices, reducing the number of dangerous materials with more environmentally friendly materials to encourage recyclability (McCabe, 2009). Apple has agreed to power its data centers with renewable energy to have a sustainable future as so adding “All final assembly sites for their devices are certified Zero Waste to Landfill” in their 13th annual Supplier Responsibility Report (McCabe, 2009). Conserving billions of liters of water and reducing greenhouse gas emissions (Apple, 2019). Google stated they will reach 100% renewable energy for their global operations, purchasing renewable energy, allowing Google to offset the carbon footprint and addressing the issue of climate change making their data center 50% more energy efficient than their competitors (Hölzle, 2017). HP announced its vision for print sustainability, making every page printed with HP support a forest-positive future, transforming the way that products are developed, utilized, and recovered as it shifts its business model to a sustainable operation (MacKenzie, 2019).

The demand for smartphones has increased the supply of electricity, forcing companies to have pledges and sustainability reports to lower the impact on our environment (Greig, 2019). Many tech companies have changed their operations to promote awareness of the environmental impact of their business and how they are trying to offset their environmental footprint (Greig, 2019). The environment is the most concerning issue the world faces today, rising the question has been raised, what can IT companies do to limit the amount of pollution they are causing in their operations (Creel, 2010)? This is where Apple, one of the leading computer and electronic companies can make a difference (Creel, 2010). Apple products are designed to reduce the environmental impact through a design using less raw material and more recycled components without toxic elements (Creel, 2010). Apple has pledged to power its data centres with 100% renewable energy to have a sustainable future (Greig, 2019). Apple’s 13th annual Supplier Responsibility Progress Report stated “All final assembly sites for their devices are certified Zero Waste to Landfill, conserving liters of water and reducing greenhouse gas emissions (Apple, 2019). Apple has also worked with its suppliers to conserve resources, and adopted safer chemicals in their production process to reduce pollution (Apple, 2019).

Apple’s entire product line contains no lead, beryllium, or arsenic (Creel, 2010). Lead can enter the water supply and have damaging effects on human health (Lenntech, n.d.). Apple has also addressed the issue of water pollution with their implementation of the clean water program expanding to 116 suppliers, resulting in 7.6 billion gallons of water saved in 2018 (Apple, 2019). This is caused when the water is contaminated and this is the very reason why water treatment systems are required to carry out pH testing in drinking water (Lenntech, n.d.). IT companies like Apple should be mindful of how they produce and dispose of their products as lead can enter the drinking water supply, as a result, Apple has completely phased to lead from its displays (Landy, 2016). Emphasis has been placed on suppliers to reduce the greenhouse emissions emitted by their suppliers this has resulted in more than 466,000 metric tons of emissions moved from our atmosphere (Apple, 2019). Beryllium is a copper alloy that is used for connectors and springs as it is stronger than steel but lighter than aluminum (Landy, 2016). It has its side effects as it can cause problems to the lungs for workers who come into contact with the product (Landy, 2016). Arsenic was an element that was previously implemented in their products, Apple says its displays have been arsenic-free since 2008 (Landy, 2016). Arsenic has been tied to cancer as it can lead to serious health implications if exposed over a long period (Landy, 2016). The prioritization of zero waste to landfill has resulted in 1 million tons of garbage being diverted from landfills by changing the manufacturing process it has significantly reduced waste and pollution (Apple, 2019).

Sustainability is one of Google’s core values and over the years Google has reduced the carbon footprint of their operations. Alphabet, the parent company of Google is leading the way with solutions for the transition to a clean energy future (Greig, 2019). Google has pledged a carbon-neutral operation on all consumer devices by using recycled plastic for its packaging by 2020 (Foster, 2019). Google has committed to ensuring the manufacturing and distribution of its products becomes a sustainable and environmentally friendly enterprise (Foster, 2019). Google has made major progress with three of its nine products utilizing recycled plastics in the hopes of neutralizing carbon emissions by 2020 (Foster, 2019). Google is also offsetting our wasteful habits by making its campuses around the world more sustainable (Bastone, 2019). Over the years Google has strived to make its offices environmentally friendly, with offices in over 160 cities and more than 98,000 employees, google’s carbon footprint is astronomical (Bastone, 2019). Google has come up with a plan to cut down on waste like food waste, car emissions, and growing their produce (Bastone, 2019). In 2017 Google announced that they would reach 100% renewable energy for their global operations, this includes data centers and offices (Hölzle, 2017). As technology companies are under scrutiny over the carbon footprint of their operation it has become more incisive to invest in renewable energy (Vaughan, 2016). This would lock in prices for Google lowering the cost option in the long run for renewable energy (Vaughan, 2016). Google is one of the first corporations to implement a large-scale contract to acquire renewable energy directly from the distributor (Hölzle, 2017). This was a voluntary decision to become carbon neutral, they intended to take responsibility for their carbon emission and to raise awareness of the environmental solution within the information technology industry (Hölzle, 2017).

Google implemented three methods for reducing its carbon emissions (Hölzle, 2017). First, they minimized their energy consumption by making their data center 50% more energy efficient (Hölzle, 2017). Secondly, Google is purchasing renewable energy to offset the carbon footprint and address the issue of climate change (Hölzle, 2017). Google has signed its first agreement to acquire all the energy from a 114-megawatt wind farm in Iowa (Hölzle, 2017). Finally google purchases carbon offset for emissions that they cannot directly eliminate, where they pay someone to reduce their greenhouse gas emission to a measurable and specific amount (Hölzle, 2017). Currently, Google is the largest buyer of renewable energy to acquire 2.6 gigawatts of solar and wind energy (Hölzle, 2017). Over the six years, the price of renewable energy has decreased dramatically, the significant price drop has made it more feasible for the corporation to adopt renewable energy as it would be the lowest cost option (Hölzle, 2017).

Google is committed to renewable energy as they have invested $3.5 billion in 20 new power plant projects, significantly impacting the environment as data centers consumer 3% of the world’s energy and it is increasing as we become more dependent on technology (Bressa, 2016). This has forced Google to find more efficient cooling for their servers to allow them to operate at the optimum performance (Gao, 2016). At Google, their data centers generate a lot of heat and this is where most of their emission occurs trying to cool down their servers (Gao, 2016). This heat must be removed to allow the servers to operate at the optimum temperature (Gao, 2016). This is where industrial equipment is used such as pumps, chillers, and cooling towers (Gao, 2016). Due to the fast-changing environment, traditional methods of cooling are starting to be phased out as the traditional methods cannot quickly adapt to internal changes and surges in demand (Gao, 2016). To address this problem Google has implemented machine learning allowing their data centers to be more efficient (Gao, 2016). Google has partnered with DeepMind researchers to significantly improve the system’s utility (Gao, 2016). This was accomplished by using historical data that had already been collected by sensors within the data center (Gao, 2016). Google was able to train the system through numerous scenarios for the system to process creating a more efficient and adaptive operating system (Gao, 2016). This allowed the system to monitor and adjust to the fast dynamic and optimize efficiency (Gao, 2016)

HP announced its vision for print sustainability, stating that every page printed with HP will help support a forest-positive future (MacKenzie, 2019). In 2016, HP all their paper is not associated with deforestation, nearly two years ahead of their planned schedule (MacKenzie, 2019). Furthermore, HP is taking an ambitious step to offset its harmful operation by using recycled paper packaging before 2020 that is not sourced from forests affected by deforestation (MacKenzie, 2019).

HP’s longstanding commitment to sustainability has been showcased in its new vision to make its business portfolio environmentally friendly by using materials designed to reduce the carbon footprint (MacKenzie, 2019). Transforming the business to a more sustainable model allows HP to create a good impression for our community (MacKenzie, 2019). HP is changing the way its products are developed, utilized, and recycled as it shifts its business model to a sustainable operation. Working with their suppliers they are reducing the global impact at every stage of their production process. HP’s vision continues with their objective to deliver carbon-neutral offerings with the release of their new efficient HP LaserJet A4 printer and Eco Smart black toner, which consist of a lower melt temperature, reducing the energy consumption of HP printers (MacKenzie, 2019). The production of this new technology allowed customers to emit less carbon emission, reports have shown a 33% reduction in energy consumption and cost (MacKenzie, 2019).

HP has implemented a circular economy where they keep resources in use for as long as possible and extend the longevity of the products for maximum usage (MacKenzie, 2019). The implementation of closed-loop recycled plastics has dramatically reduced waste as recyclable materials are transformed and repurposed into new products (MacKenzie, 2019). HP lines of printers implement closed-loop recycled plastics comprised of 30% recycled plastic (MacKenzie, 2019). Since 2000, over 199 million pounds of recycled plastics have been utilized in 3.9 billion ink and toner cartages (MacKenzie, 2019). HP has also utilized 550,000 pounds of ocean plastic for use in their products which would have ended up in our oceans and waterways (MacKenzie, 2019). This commitment to sustainability guides other companies on how they should do business in the future MacKenzie, 2019). HP looks to expand its market in its industry without increasing its consumption of raw materials and thrive with the implementation of recycled materials in its manufacturing process, moving to a positive future (MacKenzie, 2019).

As businesses and governments try to balance growth with environmental risk, it has encouraged IT companies to make their systems and work practices more eco-friendly, addressing environmental problems (Murugesan, 2010). In recent years businesses are increasingly becoming dependent on technology, we are constantly using technology and connected to servers 24/7 (McCabe, 2009). The demand and technological advancements of technology have increased our product lifecycle, as we dispose of old devices and replace them with new ones (McCabe, 2009). Manufacturers like Apple, Google, and HP are investing in developing energy-efficient devices, reducing the number of dangerous materials. Apple has pledged to operate its data centers with 100% sustainable energy to have a sustainable future and make all final assembly sites for their devices certified Zero Waste to Landfill (McCabe, 2009). In their 13th annual Supplier Responsibility Progress Report, saving billions of litres of water and reducing greenhouse gas emissions (Apple, 2019). Google will reach 100% renewable energy for its operations, purchasing renewable energy allows Google to offset its carbon footprint and address the issue of climate change making its data center 50% more energy efficient than its competitors (Hölzle, 2017). HP has committed to making every page printed forest-positive and carbon-neutral (MacKenzie, 2019). The aim is to protect the world’s forests, reduce carbon emissions, and use more recycled products (MacKenzie, 2019). HP’s vision for print sustainability, making every page printed with HP will pursue a forest-positive future, reinventing how products are developed, used, and recycled as they shift their business model to a sustainable operation (MacKenzie, 2019). IT companies have major initiatives to make their products/services more environmentally friendly by providing recycling programs to dispose of old devices (McCabe, 2009)

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