Category: Family

The International Olympic Committee (I.O.C.) approved France to host the next summer event in 2024. Paris was chosen as a strategic city of welcoming professional sportspersons in international sports, including athletics, football, basketball, and volleyball, among others. The decision of awarding the bid was based on significant social factors relevant to contemporary issues. Executive officials at I.O.C. assessed applicants based on the development history, leadership competence, and rating on public opinion (Heerdt, 2018). Political leadership in France intends on transforming business and social practices in support of environmental sustainability. I believe that the bidding process for hosting the 2024 summer Olympics was fair as political and sociological justifications presented are fundamental and relevant to modern society.

The criteria used by I.O.C. were justified as Paris offers a strategic platform of enhancing sustainability practices. Climate change has resulted in harsh weather conditions, as evidenced in Europe, North America, and Asia. Human life is at a risk of natural disaster in modern times more than it was a decade ago. The situation requires action on conservation practices which will preserve ecological elements supporting life. France is a developed country which can lead a global environmental change. The Paris Climate Accord of 2016 illustrates the countrys commitment towards a sustainable world in future (Kassens-Noor & Lauermann, 2018). It highlights that the 2024 bidding process was fairly awarded to Paris.

Additionally, the bidding process was evaluated and awarded using vital political and sociological factors. For instance, Paris has an existing sporting infrastructure required to host an international event. Athletes from different countries will be assured of secure and reliable accommodation services from hospitality business entities in France. Moreover, the country has state-of-the-art sports stadiums which can aid in expanding the tournament for diverse and inclusive. Socially, I believe that political leadership in Paris facilitates progressive public policies intended to enhance equality in race, gender, and physical disability. I.O.C.s approval of Paris for the 2024 summer Olympics was reasonable and justified.

References

Heerdt, D. (2018). Tapping the potential of human rights provisions in mega-sporting events bidding and hosting agreements. The International Sports Law Journal, 17(3-4), 170-185.

Kassens-Noor, E., & Lauermann, J. (2018). Mechanisms of policy failure: Bostons 2024 Olympic bid. Urban Studies, 55(15), 3369-3384.

Within the human lifespan, puberty is one of the most significant periods that is characterized by the most vivid changes in the multiple areas of the life of an individual. The scope of rapid changes in the brain and body of a child in adolescence exposes individuals to enhanced anxiety and uncertainty. Thus, parents or caregivers must support the child during this challenging period by explanations, conversations, and informing.

Firstly, to explain physical aspect of puberty to a girl, one should discuss the onset of menstruation. It is crucial to instruct a teenage girl about the biological side of the process to eliminate anxiety and health concerns (Sandhya & Bimala, 2017). Also, this aspect is critically important due to the necessity of hygiene instructions to enhance healthy development. Within the context of psychosocial changes, a parent should explain the changes in the childs perception of the role of peers in his or her life and decision-making (Shetty et al., 2016). By acknowledging the shift of a childs interest toward friends and peer group, the parent might emphasize the importance to avoid substance abuse or other harmful behaviors. The awareness about the psychological challenges will help the teenager to deal with them in a healthy and effective way. Finally, when discussing the cognitive sphere, parents should explain the concept of becoming an adult and thinking as an adult. The child should be supported in the process of perceiving the world in its complexity. Therefore, conversations on such topics as professional development, society, politics, and others should be initiated.

In conclusion, the explanation and informing of teenagers about their pubertal bodily changes, as well as shifts in psychosocial and cognitive domains are essential. They allow for supporting a child in a challenging period of the lifespan and set a foundation for healthy self-perception. The failure to address puberty-related changes in communication with a child might lead to unawareness that will cause significant negative outcomes.

References

Sandhya, P., & Bimala, P. (2017). Awareness and attitude on pubertal changes among community adolescents. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 10(3), 1255-1264.

Shetty, A. K., George, A. P., Beena, K. J., Kabiraj, T., Paul, B., Raj, A. A., & Alex, S. (2016). Effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding pubertal changes among adolescent boys in selected high school of Udupi District. Nitte University Journal of Health Science, 6(2), 17-19.

Imagine yourself being healthy, active, and flexible at the age of 80. Is it possible for you to play with your grandkids outdoors at 90? You can answer these questions by yourself if you add yoga to your life. I am sure that this practice is one of the critical components of a healthy lifestyle and one of the factors that will help people to preserve the high quality of their lives in ability. Moreover, it can help you right now to become a better person and find a hobby that will change your life for the better. Today, because of sedentary lifestyles, people face the challenges of overweight, hypertension, and lack of mobility, but by doing yoga, you can solve these problems and acquire multiple benefits.

We all love the comfort and the opportunity to stay at home watching TV or lying on the sofa. However, it might result in the development of unhealthy habits, obesity, and overweight. Accepting the advantages of technologies, we do not notice how we become dependent on them and change our lifestyles for the worse. People start to suffer from different diseases and health issues, deteriorating the quality of their lives. The scope of the problem is evidenced by the fact that the World Health Organization recognizes extra weight and insufficient physical activities as important factors causing a negative impact on the health of the nation.¹ It affects broad populations, regardless of their age, gender, and social status, which means that there is a need for an effective method to respond.

The causes for the emergence of this threatening situation differ. First of all, our personal attitudes and behaviors precondition the negative changes in our lifestyles that result in the development of diseases. We disregard physical exercises because of laziness, lack of discipline, and the desire to enjoy comfort. At the same time, there are external causes, such as the dominant culture, and the wide of technologies that make lives easier and decrease the level of activity year by year. This combination has a pernicious impact on the health of people.

In such a way, we now live in comfort, but, at the same time, we suffer from this very comfort, and there is a need for a practical for this problem. Yoga can be viewed as a possible tool to attain the improvement of the situation. It is a physical, mental, and spiritual practice that is aimed at changing a person, his/her mentality, and lifestyle.³ By practicing yoga, people can become more flexible, increase their muscle strengths, enhance cardio health, avoid extra weight, and work on their self-discipline. Statistics show that regular training help to achieve outstanding outcomes and acquire multiple benefits.² For this reason, adding yoga to our lives is one of the possible ways to become happier and healthier.

Altogether, we all love comfort and, at the same time, it kills us as we start to suffer from obesity, lack of physical activity, and multiple diseases. Our bodies were designed to have some regular physical exercises, and yoga can be viewed as an appropriate tool to achieve success and reconsider our lives. It might seem difficult, but I am sure you should try and it, and you will see all advantages and benefits it gives to you. That is why I recommend you to view it as an option if you look for some opportunities to change your lives for the better.

References

Obesity and Overweight. World Health Organization. 2020. Web.

Swanson, Ann. Science of Yoga: Understand the Anatomy and Physiology to Perfect Your Practice. New York, NY: DK; 2019.

The Benefits of Yoga. American Osteopathic Association. 2020. Web.

Regardless of current travel restrictions imposed by the outbreak of COVID-2019, tourism remains an engaging cultural practice, economic activity, and educational possibility. It is a powerful tool for recreation and social integration. However, tourism inevitably puts pressure on natural resources: it largely depends on air transport and thus contributes to air pollution and climate change. The fashion for everything green and environmentally friendly is taking over the world, and human perception filters have already tuned for keywords, which are often inaccurate. Green leaflets and the inscriptions eco appear on disposable tableware, plastic bags, and other non-eco-friendly items. The notion of sustainable tourism often follows this trend creating misconceptions and false impressions. Rural tourism and green tourism, which are getting increasingly popular, should be reviewed. The extensive use of the term sustainable tourism can easily be misleading for both an ordinary tourist and the owner of a tourist estate starting a business. Strict policies are necessary to avoid unfaithful practices in tourism. This essay aims to review its impact and to prove that even the sustainable model of tourism is still a long-term burden for environmental resources and local communities.

Sustainability and tourism have different goals, which creates potential conflicts of interest on various levels. Tourism-related business activities can have negative impacts on a tourism area, specifically, on the natural, historical and cultural environment; on the community of residents; and on tourists (Modica, 2016, p. 9). However responsible the practices are, visitors inevitably transform parks, lakes, rivers, beaches, ancient urban areas, and tourist attractions. The mere fact of human presence changes natural places of interest. Regardless of rising environmental awareness, human intervention remains a factor that changes wildlife. For example, such seemingly sustainable practices as watching dolphins and seals in the wildlife can become a potential cause of stress for these mammals. If the goal is to observe the untouched wildlife, it is not untouched anymore, as long as humans are involved. Thus, a paradox emerges as the short-term benefits finally damage business and the end-users: the tourists who pay to enjoy the untouched nature. It contributes to the idea that tourism can hardly be sustainable by definition.

If sustainable tourism aims to let visitors enjoy the places untouched by the human presence, this idealistic project is technically complex to implement. The purpose of such travels is to study specific natural and cultural features. It is an acquaintance with the traditional life of the locals, or with the wild nature. For some time, the tourists feel like a part of it and then disappear without leaving any traces. However, in reality, in the long term, eco-tourism leads to environmental degradation like mass-tourism, only at a slower pace. What is more, poor integration of local communities leaves small room for tourists immersion into their cultures (Aslam et al., 2016). Thus, the quest for authenticity, which is often the core of rural tourism as a form of sustainable tourism, is often problematic. Tourists inevitably change the environment, and it undermines the idea of harmonious eco-friendly travels.

What is more, considering that the long-term aim of sustainable tourism is to preserve local cultures, one more challenge is communication. For example, the communities of Sri Lanka are more and more aware that it is impossible to serve tourists with the help of their regional languages Sinhala and Tamil (Aslam et al., 2016). The logical decision for the communities is to master foreign languages, primarily English, to serve the tourists. On the other hand, this requirement troubles an already shaky balance between the authentic experience and the high-quality service. If the adepts of rural tourism seek genuine and authentic immersion into the culture, then they are risking getting biased experience. If a rural community can only use basic English, this affects both the representation of the indigenous culture and the impressions tourists get. A considerable part of linguistically marked verbal communication remains inaccessible. It problematizes the educational dimension of sustainable tourism in culturally diverse regions.

On the other hand, sustainable tourism can be beneficial for local communities where there are few other economic opportunities. If the communities can manage viable economic opportunities on their local level, it reduces unemployment and poverty with minimum pressure on the environment. The infrastructure and facilities should not necessarily meet the Western corporate standards, which makes it both more authentic and economically efficient. One of the key features of tourism is the intangibility of the product (Modica, 2016). It is not easy to define and measure the exact results of sustainable touristic activity, both for the end-user and the provider. Coordinated action and strategic management can make the whole process more predictable, efficient, and competitive. The principles of sustainable tourism  small scale, slow growth, and local control  show that this model is the least harmful to cultural and natural environments. The sustainable model remains the least harmful alternative to the large-scale mass-market pattern. It can serve as an efficient alternative to mass tourism if it is further developed and adapted to environmental needs.

The problem with this approach is that it is not easy to engage local communities in policymaking. In recent decades, tourism has been developing in relatively remote areas, such as Nepal and the outland regions of India. It provides such alternative forms of tourism as eco-tourism and rural tourism both as a local initiative and as a response to growing external demand. As such, it started to play a significant role in rural development. The problem is that the residents themselves are not always interested in policymaking and tourism planning: developing countries still do not fully recognize the participatory approach (Aslam et al., 2016). The lack of awareness and understanding among the communities makes it challenging to implement balanced managerial decisions, which are essential for the notion of sustainability.

To sum up, tourism is significant as both individual experience and economic tools operate on the communitys level and influence large-scale global commercial interests. In this essay, these dimensions of personal and social impact apply to the phenomenon of sustainable tourism. This phenomenon was identified as conscientious traveling to natural areas, which contributes to the protection of nature and improves the well-being of the population. It was shown that practical implementation makes it difficult to apply this scenario to wildlife preservation and regional sustainability. The evidence proves that the notion of sustainability is problematic when it comes to such an activity as tourism.

References

Aslam, M., Cooper, M. J., Othman, N., & Lew A. A. (2016). Sustainable tourism in the global south. Communities, environments, and management. (Aslam, M., & Cooper, M. J., Eds.). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Modica, P. (2016). Sustainable tourism management and monitoring. Destination, business, and stakeholder perspectives. FrancoAngeli.

Cole, A. (2019). Grow old along with me: The meaning of dogs in seniors lives. International Journal of Community Well-Being, 2, 235-252.

This study explores the relationship between older dog owners and their pets. One of the main conclusions in the article is that the relationship between older people and dogs is reliable and friendly. One of the critical issues addressed by the authors is the separation of these people and dogs caused by relocation, health problems, or the death of pets. To solve these problems, it is necessary to develop a support system for the elderly. Now, for instance, there are community foundations and volunteer organizations which help older people. Their existence greatly facilitates the lives of older people and their care for pets. However, despite the doubts and negative emotions associated with the problems related to pets, older people note a significant positive effect of dogs on their lives.

Gee, N. R., Mueller, M. K., & Curl, A. L. (2017). Human-animal interaction and older adults: An overview. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 1416.

The authors of this article consider different types of interaction between older people and animals. First, animals can live at home (such as cats) or outside (such as horses). Second, older people also come into contact with animals during animal-assisted therapy. Therefore, people are aware of the need for older adults to contact animals and increase the number of these interactions. The authors assume that contact with animals has a positive effect on the cardiovascular system. This helps older people avoid diseases such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular reactivity, and others. Pet ownership also reduces depression and anxiety, which increase over the years. Physical activity related to pets (such as walking dogs) also has a positive effect on the health of older people. Thus, this study provides a detailed description of the positive impact of having pets on older people.

Enders-Slegers, M., & Hediger, K. (2019). Pet ownership and human-animal interaction in an aging population: Rewards and challenges. Anthrozoös, 32(2), 255-265.

The authors of this study consider both the positive aspects and the disadvantages and challenges associated with pet ownership. On the one hand, they mention the benefits of pets in the fight against various physical and mental diseases. They also state that pets help people adjust their daily routines, as they require constant attention. However, on the other hand, having a pet can adversely affect peoples financial situation. Pet care requires a lot of investment, and not always older people can afford it. In addition, family members of older people can often be opposed to having pets. Another significant drawback is the likelihood that older people will pay too much attention to the pet, forgetting about their well-being. Thus, despite all the advantages, pet ownership can lead to negative consequences.

Heuberger R. (2017). Associations of pet ownership with older adults eating patterns and health. Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research, 2017. Web.

This study focuses on more specific groups of people, for example, comparing owners of cats and dogs. One of the crucial results was that dog owners are more active and open to social contacts. This is due to their need to spend time outside the house often, walking with a dog. In contrast, pet owners spend much more time at home because there is no such need for them and their pets. However, all pet owners have to devote a lot of time to caring for them and solving problems with their health. Despite this, this study confirms the theory of the beneficial effects of pets on older people. For example, these people can control their weight more successfully and take less medication. In addition, the author claims that pet owners feel less lonely than those who do not have any pets. All these factors favor the need for pets in single older adults.

Needell, N. J., & Mehta-Naik, N. (2016). Is pet ownership helpful in reducing the risk and severity of geriatric depression? Geriatrics, 1(4), 24.

This paper is a study of literary sources on the relationship between older people and their pets. The authors purpose is to find out whether the presence of a pet has a beneficial effect on human health. The authors found that, for example, the older a person becomes, the fewer animals affect their level of depression. Therefore, this problem requires other methods of solution. Another substantial disadvantage is the condition of the elderly after the death of pets. Many have difficulty surviving the loss, but in most cases, it is inevitable. The authors also inform readers about the significant costs associated with pets. However, in any case, the presence of a pet in most of the works listed by the authors is rather a positive phenomenon. They note the same benefits as other authors: socialization, physical activity, daily routines, and others. Thus, even despite the disadvantages, pet ownership helps older people with many everyday issues.

Toohey, A. M., Hewson, J. A., Adams, C. L., & Rock, M. J. (2018). Pets, social participation, and aging-in-place: Findings from the Canadian longitudinal study on aging. Canadian Journal on Aging, 37(2), 200-217.

The authors of this paper also conducted a study among many older adults, finding out how much pet ownership affects their well-being. According to the survey, a third of these people had a pet. As it turned out, people who have pets are less likely to participate in various social activities than those who do not have pets. However, these people noted the same level of satisfaction with social contacts and life in general as those who do not have pets. This suggests that, although pets take up a lot of time and effort, being close to them makes the existence of older people more enjoyable and meaningful. Thanks to this, they are not looking for entertainment or new acquaintances. They are already satisfied with what they have and who they care about. In addition, some people experiencing problems with socialization noted that having a pet provides support in this situation, which has a beneficial effect on the psychological state.

According to (Goldman, 1984), Steroids are generally classified into corticosteroids and anabolic steroids, but the category linked with sports is that of anabolic steroids. Corticosteroids are legal drugs normally prescribed by doctors to patients with inflammation problems, while anabolic steroids are only considered legal when used under medical prescription. Anabolic steroids are a version of testosterone, which is a male hormone. However, anabolic steroids can be prescribed by doctors to treat particular conditions where the mass of lean muscle have been lost. Anabolic steroids have been banned by recognized organizations of sports on grounds that they can cause health problems to athletes who use them.

Common steroids

There are various types of steroids that are used to perform different functions. They include, androstenedione, which has been widely used by athletes although evidence on its effectiveness has not been found. Andro has been derived from a hormone that occurs naturally and was banned by the administration of drugs in US. This administration argued that, Andro had been found to cause serious problems to the health of athletes who had been using it.

Another type is Primobolan otherwise known as Methenolone, which had been linked to baseball players like Alex Rodriguez. This drug can be taken in form of tablets or injection and has been popularly used to help athletes build strength in their muscles without developing signs of bulkiness or negative effects such as the ones caused by other types of steroids. (Yesalis, 1998)

According to (Smith, 1992), Tetrahydrogestrinone is another form of designer steroid with a chemical structure similar to that of other steroids that have been banned from use. This drug was manufactured in a manner that would allow it to pass through doping tests without being detected. However, its use was banned on grounds that, it was an illegal drug like other steroids and not a legal form of supplement. Clenbuterol is another steroid which is sometimes prescribed to individuals suffering from obstructive pulmonary. This steroid has been found to have serious negative effects as well as increase the mass of lean muscle.

DHEA otherwise known as dehydroepiandrosterone is a form of natural prohormone that is derived from adrenal glands. This prohormone is then converted to testosterone as well as estrogen hormones by the body. Supplements of this particular steroid are offered for sale to reduce aging signs but limitation in its research led to its ban unless prescribed by a doctor. Therefore, it has been included in the list of substances that have been banned by organizations of sports. Anabolic steroids have been banned by all recognized organizations of sports such as NFL, NBA, Olympics and NFL.

Reasons Why Sports Women and Men Use Steroids

Anabolic steroids can sometimes be used to as a form of therapy for various conditions. However, in sports, they are mostly used to enhance performance where sports women and men hope to perform better than they would have done in other sports such as racing and fighting. Anabolic steroids are specifically produced to take the place of testosterones traits that enhance body building while at same time minimize effects on muscles.

Athletes, coaches, physicians as well as trainers who happen to have used anabolic steroids have given reports of noticeable increase in levels of strength, endurance and the mass of lean muscle. However, contrary to their expectations, no studies have been found to prove that they enhance performance in sports women and men. That is, they do not have the ability to improve cardiovascular capacity as well as agility. However, some of those involved in sports insist that anabolic steroids help in recovering from injury though there has not been found enough evidence to support it. (Paterson, 1991)

Dangers Associated With Steroids Usage in Sports

Research on long-term impacts of anabolic steroids usage is yet to be carried out. However, research on impacts of doses that have been prescribed by physicians show that, anabolic steroids have the potential to cause negative effects to sports women and men. Most of the times, these effects have been found to occur even when this type of steroids is taken in minimal doses.

Though research has not yet been done, athletes, parents, doctors, and coaches have provided their observations as well as reports showing that, anabolic steroids have very dangerous side effects. Some of these side effects can be recognized easily such as, rapid increase in weight while others occur internally and cannot be seen by naked eyes. Such effects are never realized in the early stages of using anabolic steroids but in the long run, when damage has already been caused. Some effects can be reversed through treatment as well as therapy while others cannot be reversed.

There are some dangers that are specifically related to men where anabolic steroids tamper with the reproductive system of sportsmen. This may consequently lead to negative effects such as impotence, experiences of pain while urinating, shrunk testicles, enlargement of prostate, and breast development among others. On the other hand, some side effects of anabolic steroids are specific to women where they become masculine. Others include growth of hair on the face, breast reduction, irregular menstrual cycles and deepened voice. However, there is also another category of negative effects applying to both sexes which may result to conditions that are life-threatening. These include, cholesterol reduction, trembling, bad breath, aching joints, rise in blood pressure and cancer.

Anabolic Steroids Dosage and Addiction

These drugs can either be taken in form of injection or pills. This depends on the type as well as purpose of consumption. The dose that is prescribed by doctors is usually up to five milligrams while that consumed by athletes may exceed that by more than twenty times. Addiction to steroids is mostly shown through effects on the brain where mental operations are tampered with. Others are withdrawal symptoms, cravings, situations where one becomes unable to stop steroids usage as well as reverse anorexia in athletes. (Podell, 1996)

Conclusion

There are several programs that are being developed to cater for abusers of steroids. However, sports women and men are encouraged to rely on alternative measures to help them improve on their performance. It is argued that, people who participate in sports should use their abilities and skills in order to excel during competition. Moreover, they should be physically fit, take the right diet and avoid taking illegal drugs to boost their energy. Education on negative effects of steroids is also encouraged where those involved in sports are equipped with information regarding dangers of using steroids. (Della, 2003)

References

Della R. (2003): Drugs in sports: Am Coll Physicians pp 12-15.

Goldman B. (1984): Steroids and Sports: Icarus Press pp 23-26.

Paterson E. (1991): Anabolic Steroids and sports: Whitston pub Co Inc pp 12-16.

Podell J. (1996): Sports in America: Wilson Co pp 50-55.

Smith D. (1992): The efficacy of ergogenic agents in athletic competition: Androgenic- anabolic steroids: Harvey Whitney Books pp 33-38.

Yesalis C. (1998): The Steroids game: Human Kinetic Publishers pp 44-47.

Monogamy refers to exclusive mate selection and bonding among men and women in society. In a population, individuals compete for partners to reproduce with, thus, creating an opportunity for natural selection. Following the variation of conformity among people, preference for a sex partner accounts for the evolutionary changes realized over time in societies. The implication is that a trait necessary for survival stems from successful mating in a society (Moorad 1635). Insights from behavioral science demonstrate that people exhibit variation in traits significantly, especially on personality, which is influenced by genetic makeup.

Moreover, it unveils that certain traits of characters are universal among human populations. For instance, societies all over the world understand jealousy associated with sexuality (Boutwell and Boisvert 114). Therefore, this paper discusses whether societies should impose monogamy, with emphasis on survival and peace within the community.

Survival of a population depends on The survival traits of individuals in a society, which depends on the selection of a sex partner. A study has demonstrated that mating among people within the society impacts the level of fitness of their children (Moorad 1646). It unveils that in a population with polygamous families, the children born exhibit high fertility. However, suitability in reproduction alone does not mount substantial evidence for survival since life expectancy depends on multiple traits and factors. Evidence from the study unveils that polygamy is not tied to the survival of the children (Moorad 1646). Survival depends on socially important genetic traits which help to withstand health challenges such as self-control. Being able to manage impulses is directly linked to promiscuity, the spread of diseases and, death. However, the stability of the environment as created by ancestors also influence self-control (Boutwell and Boisvert 114). Thus, selective mating would enhance the survival of people in a society as opposed to polygamy.

Peaceful co-existence in society is necessary and is influenced by cultures that impact the family life of individuals. When the practiced customs or beliefs in a community are not easily welcomed, it becomes costly in the long-term impacts. For instance, polygamous families are generally unstable following sexual dissatisfaction and impulsive arguments (Jankowiak et al. 81). Co-wives often exhibit contrasting interests following their sexual desires towards one man. Moreover, the exchange of words associated with emotional impulses is typical among co-wives over issues such as health care and basic needs concerns offered by the man. It implies that polygamy is linked to dissatisfaction, as opposed to a monogamous family where selective mating and affection are achieved by couples (Jankowiak et al. 96). Some researchers indicate that a society of monogamous individuals is threatened with conflict from infidelity resulting in abandonment and suicide (Cherkas et al. 655). However, the argument is based on probability and not culturally significant traits. Infidelity is not a culture that impacts society, but a personal motive for sexual satisfaction. Thus, monogamy is appropriate for peaceful co-existence and survival in society.

In conclusion, marriage influences the fate of people in a given society since it confers traits that are vital for survival. The customs and beliefs of the society should be focused on good health and peaceful co-existence of all generations. It is possible to achieve it through exclusive mating. It is through exclusive mating that sexual jealousy leading to emotions and wars can be eliminated. Moreover, good traits can be conferred to offspring by ancestors. Therefore, society should impose monogamy.

References

Boutwell, Brian B. and Danielle Boisvert. Sexual Promiscuity and Self-control: A Behavior Genetic Explanation to an Evolutionary Question. Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 63, 2014, pp. 112-114.

Cherkas, Lynn F., et al. Genetic Influences on Female Infidelity and Number of Sexual Partners in Humans: A Linkage and Association Study of the Role of the Vasopressin Receptor Gene (AVPR1A). Twin Research, vol. 7, no. 6, 2004, pp. 649-658.

Jankowiak, William, Monika Sudakov and Benjamin C. Wilreker. Co-wife Conflict and Co-operation. Ethnology, vol. 44, no. 1, 2005, pp. 81-98.

Moorad, Jacob A. Multi-level Sexual Selection: Individual and Family-level Selection for Mating Success in a Historical Human Population. Evolution, vol. 67 no. 6, 2013, pp. 1635-1648.

Introduction

Health problems such as obesity and overweight have become common because of poor physical activity. There has been a paradigm shift in lifestyle whereby individuals have neglected even the simplest physical exercises. For instance, not many people walk to school, market, or the workplace. Others prefer to use the lift instead of walking up the stairs. These are some of neglected individual physical activities that can help reduce health problems like obesity and overweight. In Kuwait, the number of obese people among the population is high because of low physical activity (Alsairafi, Khalil and Anwar 6). The habit of being inactive physically has been embedded in the society, making obesity acceptable. However, this is posing a health threat because lack of physical activity can result in an obese and overweight nation. Physical activity is essential in maintaining the body mass index and acts as a treatment of obesity and overweight, leading to a sustainable lifespan. Frequent physical activity can reduce other resulting diseases like stroke, cancer, diabetes, heart diseases, and osteoporosis. The current individual physical activity pattern in Kuwait is disturbing because of low physical activity and increased obesity rate.

Current individual physical activity pattern in Kuwait

Kuwait has a low physical activity rate, with the number of people in the population being high. Al-Isa, Campbell and Desapriya (para 3) note that obesity level has continued to increase with a third of the population being obese. The trend is increasing with the adolescent and the youth engaging less in physical activities. This has been attributed to the fact that there are few physical exercise activities in the country. According to Al-Isa, Campbell, Desapriya, and Wijesinghe (1) a study carried among students in Kuwait showed that there was an emerging trend whereby students faced the risk of being obsess and overweight because of low levels of activity. The study also shows that most of the adults in the Middle East (including Kuwait) have low levels of physical activity. In a survey conducted by Al-Isa et al (4), among 787 students of Kuwait College showed that 45% of the students who participated reported being inactive while 55% claimed to be active. This pattern can be attributed to the fact that most of the population lives sedentary lifestyles and do not engage in physical activities. Students from Kuwait are more likely to be obese because they spend most of their time reading.

Women in Kuwait are less involved in physical activities because there are few exercise facilities for women (Al-Isa et al. 4).This has increased the number of women who do not participate in physical activity. Being plump and overweight among the women of Kuwait is not a negative attribute. This encourages them to keep away from physical activities thus an increase in inactivity rate. In their study Al-Isa et al. (4) found out that among the participants obesity was more prevalent to men than women. The results indicated that obesity prevalence among males was 13% compared to that of females of 10.5%. This is because most of the students do not engage in physical exercise to utilize their energy. According to Al-Isa et al. the trend of physical inactivity and the rate of obesity are not expected to reduce (5). This is because obesity has become prevalent, individual physical activity has reduced, associated health risks and high cost of curbing and controlling them have all increased. Alsairafi, Alshamali and Al-rashed (383) note that there is a risk because the rate of physical inactivity is increasing.

Factors that influence the individual physical activity in Kuwait

There are several factors that influence individual physical activity among the population of Kuwait. The factors are based on the health behavior ecological behavior. According to Schneider (233) the ecological model is based on the social environment that includes community, interpersonal, organizational and the public policy factors. The factors have been subdivided in different categories and discussed in detail.

Public Policy

Schneider (234) describes public policy factors as those that are concerned with the regulations and behavior limitations. They act as the guiding principles to the people in influencing the behavior they would adopt. Kuwait lacks policies that would encourage students engage in physical activities. This is because the educational curriculum has not set aside time for physical activity (Al-Isa et al. 4). Women in Kuwait lack exercise facilities because of poor strategies and policy regarding the same. Women who engage in physical activity in Kuwait schools are few because they really participate in school physical activities. Al-Isa et al. suggest that individuals can be advised to walk home, use staircases in place of elevators and even use physical exercise gadgets in their home places (4).

Community Factors

The community plays a role in influencing the physical activity of an individual (Schneider 234). The rate of individual physical activity in Kuwait is low. This has been attributed to the fact that obesity and plumpness among women is seen as a positive attribute (Al-Isa et al. 4). The culture of the people of Kuwait influences the behavior because of the traditions and the perceptions that are held by the community. The geographical location of Kuwait also influences individual physical activity. The country is located in Middle East that experiences hot climate in most of the times of the year. Thus, the community has made it a belief that the hot climate cannot allow physical activities among the people. This has been adopted by the population making the rate of obesity and low individual activity rate increase. People of Kuwait lack exposure from other states. This according to (Al-Isa et al. 4) plays an integral role influencing the physical activity levels that may have influence on the individual physical activity patterns. Therefore, a shift in the trend can be alleviated through a shift in the cultural beliefs, norms and values held by the people of Kuwait.

Institutional Factors

These are factors that according to (Schneider 234) are related to institutions and organizations like workplaces and schools. The institutional settings are bound to influence individual physical activity. In Kuwait, the educational program does not include time for physical activity. According to study conducted by Al-Isa et al. (4) most of female students in colleges do not engage in physical activities. This is because there are few physical exercise facilities allocated for women. Al-Isa et al. notes that desire to get a higher degree may influence physical activity because students are expected to have high performance thus encouraging sedentary livelihoods (4). Students in colleges and universities spend less than seven hours in physical activity a week (Al-Isa et al. 4). Students put more emphasis on their academic work as opposed to their physical wellbeing, posing the threat of being obese. Obese people in Kuwait always take the excuse that there is not time for physical activity.

Interpersonal Factors

These are the factors that are related to the interpersonal relations of an individual mainly from friends, family, and fellow co-workers (Schneider 233). For example, the family is responsible for activities and behaviors that people adopt from childhood and become part of their lifestyles. Peer pressure from friends and co-workers plays a crucial role in the behavior of an individual. In Kuwait for instance, being plump is acceptable and less regarded as a negative attribute (Al-Isa et al. 4). This is likely to influence individual activity because being plump is no big deal. This can discourage an individual in a family to engage less in physical activity. The norms that exist in a particular society can define the behavior of a particular individual (Schneider 234). In Kuwait, people live in sedentary lifestyles where less energy is expended though physical activity (Al-Isa et al. 3).

Intrapersonal Factors

These factors involve the skills, knowledge, and attitude of an individual towards physical activity (Schneider 233). Obesity is not shunned away in Kuwait because the society has a positive attitude towards obesity. In a study carried by Al-Isa, Campbell and Desapriya (para 21) on factors that influence obesity among elementary school male students showed that lack of activity was a major cause. Some of the factors related to intrapersonal factors as found in the study are that students had the tendency of watching television for more than two hours while other avoided physical activity (Al-Isa, Campbell and Desapriya, para12). This has increased the number of overweight and obese people in Kuwait. Parents lack the knowledge and the required skills that is need in encouraging themselves to engage in physical activities. Alsairafi, Alshamali and Al-rashed (383) note that there is increased physical inactivity even though the hospitals advice hypertensive patient to engage in physical activities.

Conclusion

Obesity and overweight are common among the Kuwait population because of low individual activity rates. The physical activity pattern in Kuwait is expected to worsen because people are less involved. Women have less exercise facilities in Kuwait compared to men. Most people are less involved in physical activity and this could result in an increase in the pattern of physical activity in Kuwait. The factors that influence individual physical activity among the population of Kuwait includes community, intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational and the public policy factors

Works Cited

Alsairafi Mona, Khalil Alshamali, Anwar Al-rashed. Effect of Physical Activity on Controlling Blood Pressure among Hypertensive Patients from Mishref Area of Kuwait. 2010. Web.

Al-Isa Abdulwahab Naser et al., Social and Health Factors Associated with Physical Activity among Kuwaiti College Students, Journal of Obesity. (2011).1-6.

Al-Isa Abdulwahab, N, Jennifer Campbell, and Ediriweera Desapriya. Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity among Kuwaiti Elementary Male School Children Aged 6-10 Years, Int J Pediatr. 2010. Web.

Schneider, Mary-Jane. Introduction to Public Health. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011. Print.