Category: Fairness

In this section, we would be reviewing about 6 papers published by academia each trying to find the root cause of unfairness in BBR by either experimental or theoretical studies. And, in the end, we would be analyzing one of google’s update identifying the root cause and a proposal for a refined BBR version development.

M. Hock et al. published a paper in 2017 [2], which pointed out that the BBR protocol would be suitable for single flows rather than the multiple flows because the multiple flows cause the overwhelming of bottleneck leading to increased queues at the buffer. As the new flows come into the network, the queue size rapidly increases and BBR finds it difficult to control by probing the round trip time every 10 secs during which the experimental system experienced massive packet losses. Since the BBR tries to provide high throughput, it focuses on clearing the large buffers first compared to the small buffers leading to unfairness. The authors have concluded by stressing the need for an explicit mechanism to detect congestion and to maintain fairness in the system.

The results generated by this paper paved a path for the future research works as it led almost all the BBR academia research done after this publication. However, in a world where a network with the single flow is relatively less to shared resources network, it would have been appropriate if the paper didn’t stress on this point or using it as a comparative tool. The paper mentioned the need for an explicit mechanism to detect congestion but on the contrary, BBR evaluates a series of round trip time and stops the ramping up soon than later to prevent packet losses. Also, it would have been great if the paper tried to experiment BBR in existence with other congestion protocols which would have opened an interesting research scope.

In a current practical network which uses both BBR and CUBIC as congestion control protocols, it is important to check the performance of BBR running in parallel with CUBIC. Such experimental research was conducted by K. Miyazawa et al. [3]. This paper spotted few performance imbalances in BBR when working in correlation with CUBIC. But the primary performance imbalance which is related to our topic on focus and unexplored by the previous paper is the inter protocol imbalance which results in unfairness. This paper identifies that the bottleneck bandwidth and positive feedback are the primary sources for this imbalance. However, the paper assumes that performance and fairness can be guaranteed by reducing the buffer size of the bottleneck.

Only because CUBIC outperformed BBR when the bottleneck bandwidth began to decrease, made the authors suspect the positive feedback as a cause for it. But, it is still unclear whether the positive feedback is the only root cause for performance degradation. Though the paper provided a possible solution based on an assumption, the degree of practicality is lacking, which could have been answered to strongly emphasize the solution and to cross-check the above-mentioned root cause.

The authors’ of the previous paper published another paper which focuses more on achieving fairness by efficiently dropping the unsuccessful packets [4]. The authors have attempted to replicate the success in achieving the fairness for the packet-based congestion control protocol which used a packet dropping model known as CoDel for the BBR. The attempt failed as the model didn’t perform as expected when the BBR need to work with large volumes of flows and performed well with fairness when a compromise was made on throughput.

BBR was designed as an alternative for packet-loss based congestion control. In such a case, applying the traditional method of dropping packets to BBR, just for the reason of achieving fairness without any concrete reason, seems to be inappropriate. Based on the outcomes from these papers, it seems to be evident that there is an algorithm design error which needs to be found to achieve fairness.

D. Scholz et al. [5] in their paper have made an investigation on the algorithm of BBR and concluded that a potential flaw existed in the probing phase. To be more specific about the flaw, the authors’ conducted a simulation-based study. The results proved that unfairness is due to the probing phase which caused the overestimation of the bandwidth-delay product for the new flow. The paper also emphasized on the need to reduce the probing time during which the BBR sends more incoming traffic to the already existing queue.

Unlike the previous papers which conducted the experiment in the inter-protocol environment and couldn’t identify the exact issue for unfairness, this paper not only identified one of the key issues but also proved it with concrete shreds of evidence. Though the identification of the issue seems to be strong on paper, the possible predicted solution needs to be verified as the change in the probing time lesser than the present time of 10 seconds might bring in consequent changes to the system. Google, however, made a change to the probing time which will be discussed later at the end of the next section.

Up to now, we reviewed papers which deployed BBR protocol on computer networks. Now we will review on papers which conducted experiments in 4G LTE networks. A. Parichehreh et al. [6], in their paper, have analyzed the BBR protocol deployed in LTE uplink. The authors’ were able to observe the expected behaviour of BBR similar to CUBIC and Reno in LTE uplink but the fairness issue still prevailed when the flows were transmitted in parallel. A variation was observed in the throughput of the system as well as the channel was underutilized. Later, with the analysis, it was found that unfairness was the reason for the lack of efficient throughput and severe packet losses were observed until the time when the probing phase began its operation.

T. Dai et al. [7], also conducted a similar experiment in an emulation testbed with Ethernet and 4G based network. This paper too mentioned the weakness of BBR in practical world Ethernet, LTE network and added on that unfairness was observed during their study which was found to be less competitive than CUBIC. These results are acceptable since the BBR was initially built by Google for its backbone and youtube networks. By reviewing all these papers, it is clear that academia has made a good amount of contribution and helped Google in finding the root causes for the flaws.

Based on the flaws detected by Google’s research team and by academia, an update on BBR was presented in IETF 100th meeting by Google’s make-TCP-fast-project group [8]. Google said that fairness improvement was one of the current areas of focus and accepted the fact that the initial version had issues with the buffers. Google also added on that the probing of bandwidth and dynamics estimation were the root causes for this flaw. Since the initial version of BBR followed ‘one size fits all’ concept, Google proposed the second version of BBR which would follow the dynamic adaptive approach. Using this approach, Google promised to design an algorithm for a more specific long run bandwidth and buffer estimator which would prevent the severe fairness issues and packet losses.

This update was considered to be one of the major updates after the initial release of BBR by Google. Google as tried its best effort to find the root cause of the issue and proposed a solution which would rectify or completely nullify the existing flaws. However, the fairness issues related to the inter-protocol environment haven’t been addressed properly in this update.

Introduction

Fairness in ML

Algorithmic decision making is becoming part of our life. Every predictive model decide on basis of data provided i.e., on which it is trained. So we train our model on huge amount of data which has improved accuracy to a very good and in some case better than even humans. As decision making relies heavily on data so if data is unfair to any group than the model output will also be giving output which will be unfair to that group as model is highly based on data. so there is need to have a technique which can limit this unfairness.

Anomaly detection

Anomaly in context of machine learning means getting an observation which deviate from normal observation. Anomaly detection means finding pattern in data such that that pattern is not in expected behaviour. This behaviour can be in any form like outliers, exceptions, etc. In todays weorld anomaly detection is used in variety of applications like cybersecurity, credit card fraud, and faults in safety critical system.

Organization of The Report

This chapter provides a background for the topics covered in this report. We provided a de- scription of Fairness in unsupervised learning, and Anomaly detection. Then we described the different kind of fairness notion and different types of anomaly. The rest of the chapters are organised as follows: next chapter we provide review of prior works. In Chapter 3, we discuss our new algorithms for fairness in anomaly detection. And finally in chapter 4, we conclude with some future works.

Review of Prior Works

Here we will briefly discuss few paper on fairness and anomaly detection.

Fairness Constraints: A fair approach for fair classification

Here they work on three definition of fairness. firstly disparate treatment which means unequal treatment to someone based on some special feature being all other feature similar. disparate impact means unfairness to certain group in comparison to other group. diparate mistreatment means that its accuracy is different for different group. disparate treatment is direct fairness while disparate impact and disparate mistreatment is indirect fairness as disparate treatment directly depend on sensitive feature to get fairness. here they handled this three unfairness using constraint based approach where they tradeoff accuracy to achieve fairness.

Classifying without Discriminating

This paper used pre-processing on data to reduce unfairness. They firstly massage data such that it remove discrimination. But this approach can only reduce disparate treatment as we don’t know about future decisions. This method also decreases accuracy as we are directly removing data but they try to change data as minimal as possible so accuracy do not get affected much.

Certifying and Removing Disparate Impact

In selection process there is unintentional bias to certain group. The basis on which this bias is can be religion, cast, gender, etc which is as protected class. As this selection process is not open and there is no way to get how selection occurs so in this paper they analysed the data to remove disparate treatment. they in this paper gave way in which data can be made unbiased and they gave empirical proof of their test on given data.

Algorithmic Decision Making and the Cost of Fairness

They proposed a case study on defendant waiting on trial. They found that due to data black defendant are wrongly classified mare in comparison to white defendant. They in- vestigated this on disparate impact and disparate mistreatment. they defined threshold based on rules that it should satisfy fairness notion and 30% defendant should be detained and maximise public safety with satisfing the mentioned two. while satisfying fairness constraint it reduces public safety. If it try to maximise public safety it violates fairness constraints.

Anomaly Detection – A Survey

Anamoly detection is to define region which show normal behavior and observations which do not belong t o this normal representation. There are many challenges faced while anomaly detection like defining the region for points having normal behaviour, the boundary defining outlier is not definite, definition of outlier is different for different application domains, data might contain noise and there is limit to data available for training and anomaly in data is rare in most cases. This survey specify different asspect of anomaly detection and different techniques used for each aspect and also specifying pros and cons of each approach.

Conclusion

Most of the prior work mentioned here have one of the following drawback except fairness constraint classifier. They are designed for specific type of fairness notion or they can work with only one sensitive feature or they are limited to few classification model. fairness constraint classifier can have multiple sensitive features and it provide fairness with each notion together but with the loss of accuracy.

Fairness. How abstract. Can it really be defined or is based on individual desires? The Oxford dictionary describes fair as ‘Treating people equally without favouritism or discrimination’ but historically, the concept of equality itself has been twisted out of spite. Equality should not even be a concept but rather a natural occurrence. From an anthropological point of view, this social disparity is largely based on race. After centuries of discrimination towards people of colour and favoritism towards the white race, is it fair to switch the roles in an attempt to balance out the mistakes of the past or is that just history repeating itself?

As result of slavery and further discrimination after that, black people start the race of life metres behind the white man. Favouritism would fix the distorted race of life but would it be fair in the eyes of the white man? Some could say yes as it means that success is more attainable for everyone but others could argue that it would be unjust for white people to suffer from the decisions their ancestors made, however the hypocrisy of that statement is overbearing as black people have suffered and are still suffering from decisions that their ancestors didn’t even get a say in.

Fair is a noun, meaning ‘a beautiful woman’ but fair is also an adjective meaning ‘light’ or ‘blonde’. Collectively, these definitions indicate that the ideal beautiful woman is blonde with a light skin complexion… Even the english language is damaged. What even is a beautiful woman, who decides what is beautiful and what is not, society? But society is just a group of people with individual desires so why should we follow beauty standards? We are all sheep and validation is the shepherd. We make society and yet society controls us.

The common self-centred personality trait present in a child has bled into the idea of fairness as an adult; What is ‘fair’ for one person may not be ‘fair’ for another and yet we use this word to highlight injustice. How do we know if something is fair or not, is it personal knowledge or is it down to a community of knowers to decide? If so, who is a part of this community? It is part of human nature to want the best for yourself and others in the same situation as you so if one community of knowers made that decision, would it really be fair? Negotiation is key. This compromise resolves the issue in a way that both parties are satisfied with the outcome. Yes an impartial person could decide but that takes away that sense of authority that one should have over their own life.

From an economic perspective, fairness is not easily defined : Capitalists say that capitalism is fair because everyone gets what they work for but as the rich get richer, the poor get poorer and class privilege becomes a problem as the gap between classes widen resulting in an economic divide. This issue is quite relevant in the land of the free – America. Children from ghettos are less likely to succeed as their schools are of a lower standard than children living in wealthier neighborhoods, and with a lack of academic opportunities, they are stuck in the poverty they grew up in. Here’s where systemic racism comes into play as a majority of the families living in these ghettos are black due to slavery in the 17th and 18th century and segregation (The Jim Crow laws) in the 19th Century.

Communists say that communism is fair because then basic necessities are affordable for everyone but then life becomes monotonous and the motivation that human beings need in order to work hard is removed. People are quick to say that it is worth the sacrifice but we already struggle to follow rules in a democracy, therefore, communism would just wreak havoc on society. Communism led to Maoism in China and Maoism led to tens of millions worked, starved or beaten to death, proving the unfairness of that kind of system.

If a fair society was a reality then double standards wouldn’t exist. Why is it when the French language is spoken it is considered beautiful but someone speaking Mandarin in public is frowned upon? From a behaviourists point of view, one believes this because everyone else does but from a cognitive point of view, this happens because of the way you think as an individual. If the way you act is affected by the way you think then maybe fairness stems from the mind and not society, linking back to the question ‘Can fairness be defined?’. Since everyone’s minds work differently, there can’t be a fixed definition of what is considered to be fair.

Moreover, equal is often confused to mean fair – equal means everyone gets the same thing regardless of their needs while fair means that the distribution is tailored to the situation / individual.

Example analogy : Two people contribute money to buy a pizza with 10 slices, person A pays 60% while person B pays 40%. It would be equal for both person A and person B to get 5 slices each but it would be fair for person A to get 6 slices and person B to get 4 slices since that amount corresponds to how much each party contributed. Now say person B is less financially stable and 40% of the price is all they could afford to pay, it could also be deemed fair for person A to get 4 slices and person B to get 6 slices as person B has less money to spend on luxury items such as pizza.

Introduction

“Being Fair” is a new trend. All the girls having dark or dull skin complexion want to have fair skin tone. The concept is that “dark skin is associated with labor and field work in the sun. white skin has colonial notion of power and superiority”. (Shankar and Subish, 2017). Earlier, this differentiation between dark and fair women was done mostly in US, but then this concept started spreading in the world. It is considered that the “light skin operates as a form of symbolic capital, one that is especially critical for women because of the connection between skin tone and attractiveness.” (Glenn, 2008). This concept is further promoted by advertisements. They do this for the sake of their business in order to have profit, not knowing its effect on the society. The advertisements played by the companies of fairness products play a great role in the discrimination between women of light and dark skin complexions. They link the light tone with modernity, social mobility and youth through print, internet and television ads. (Glenn, 2008). Due to this concept, the women with darker skin tone feel suppressed and buy fairness products to get rid of dark skin complexion. Although these fairness creams contain mercury and might cause skin cancer, still they use these creams to avoid the humiliation they will have to face in the society due to that dark color. “The people’s judgements about other people are literally colored by skin tone, so that darker skinned individuals are viewed as less intelligent, trustworthy, and attractive than their lighter skinned counterparts.” (Herring, Keith and Horton 2003; Hunter 2005; Maddox 2004; Glenn 2008). The fairness cream companies take benefit of this weakness of women and release advertisements which show the superiority and dominance of fair complexion.

Objective

The objective of this study is to study the effects of advertisements made by different companies of fairness creams, and also that how they influence the social acceptance of women in the society.

Significance

The significance of this research is to make people aware about what these fairness cream companies are doing and how they are creating discrimination between fair and dark skin tones. The concept of superiority of fair skin color over dark one is continuously spreading in Pakistan, due to which women having dark skin complexion have to face many complexities in the society. The basic purpose of this research is to make people aware so that this concept might be changed.

Methodology

As far as the method is concerned, the theory of Norman Fairclough was applied. Taglines of different Pakistani fairness cream commercials were taken. Those taglines were first described and then interpreted. After that, explanation was given using the data that was collected by the questionnaires, through pie charts. Questionnaires were distributed among the female students of a university, between the age of 18 to 25. After that, the conclusion was given.

Research Question

What are the effects of advertisements made by the different companies of fairness creams and how do they influence the social acceptance of women in society?

Literature Review

People judge other people on the basis of their skin tone. They view dark people as less intelligent, less trustworthy, and less attractive. (Herring, Keith & Horton 2003; Hunter 2005; Maddox 2004; Glenn 2008). Such concepts make women feel suppressed and then they use the fairness creams to get rid of this situation of being judged negatively, knowing that it might cause cancer because they contain mercury, as it is claimed by Glenn (2008) that the effective whitening products contain highly toxic ingredients like mercury or lead. Both of these materials can cause skin cancer because they are highly toxic specially for our skin.

Glenn (2008) claims that light skin tone is connected to attractiveness. This is exactly the concept that is promoted in advertisements by the companies of the fairness creams to sell their products. They give the idea that somehow, dark color is related to or is cause of failure, as it is mentioned above that dark people are somehow considered to be less attractive and less trustworthy. This makes women use their products in order to have fairer skin tone and avoid humiliation in the society. This idea is also being promoted among men as well these days and they are also using creams for same purpose but in this article, we will talk about women only.

The advertisements played by the companies of the fairness creams somehow cause discrimination between dark and fair women. As it is claimed by Glenn (2008) that these companies link light skin tone with modernity, social mobility and youth through different media. They show that you need to have a fair skin tone if you need to get a job or that won’t get married until you have lighter skin tone or fair complexion.

In Pakistan, dark color complexion is not usually considered good. As it is claimed by Shankar and Subish (2017), dark skin is linked with “labor and field work in the sun”, and light skin color is linked with “power and superiority”. This concept is also getting common in Pakistan now that most of the people consider dark complexion to be a color of slavery, whereas, white color is considered to be dominant and is linked with elite or ruling class.

The research on this topic specifically for Pakistan has not been done before, so this article mainly focuses on the effects of advertisements made by companies of the fairness creams on women of Pakistan. And also, that how they influence the social acceptance of women in Pakistani society.

Analysis

The purpose of this research was to study that either social acceptance depends upon fairness, or both are considered equal. And how the advertisements of the fairness creams affect the thoughts and opinions of people regarding different skin tones. Norman Fairclough’s three-dimensional theory was applied for the analysis. First of all, tag lines of different fairness creams that are famous in Pakistan were taken. They were then described and interpreted. And in the end, explanation through questionnaires was made.

Description and Interpretation

Tagline#1: Tension na lo, gorapan chahiye to Nisa lo

Description: In this advertisement, it is shown that you need to be fair if you want to be noticed. A girl in this advertisement, who uses Nisa fairness cream, is walking in the street and all the guys are noticing and admiring her, whereas, all the girls are being jealous of her. It also tells that you’re pretty if you are extra fair and your skin is free of spots.

Interpretation: This advertisement is promoting the idea that if you are not fair, if your skin color is dull, and if you have got spots on your skin, you will not be noticed by others. It is also promoting that dark color is something to be worried about, as the tag line defines “tension na lo”. Another idea that is being given in this advertisement is that you are not pretty if your skin color is not extra fair.

It is a fact that most of the people want to be noticed by others. The women who are sensitive regarding this issue will be affected and will start using this cream, thinking that dark color is not good and that after using this cream, they will be noticed by other people.

Tagline#2: Current fairness, for a beautiful you

Description: In this advertisement, again the idea of being noticed is given. A girl with extra fair skin tone is walking in the street and all the men and women are noticing and admiring her. The song that is played in the background says that she is the first ray of early morning, moreover, she is being called a fairy. And they are also claiming that this cream gives you 10 times more fairness than ordinary fairness. And the tagline suggests that you are beautiful if you are extra fair, as it says “for a beautiful you”.

Interpretation: This this advertisement, the idea that is being given is that if you are not extra fair, you will not be noticed. It is also being shown that because the girl is so fair, she is being called first ray of sunshine and a fairy who is very beautiful. Other than this, a strange concept is being given here that ordinary fairness is also not enough. You need to be extra fair in order to look extra-ordinary, because the girl in this advertisement is already fair and is still using a fairness cream. This cream can have an extremely negative effect on girls having dark skin complexion, because if ordinary fairness is also not enough, then they won’t be acceptable in the society at all.

Tagline#3: Rivaj whitening cream, kyun k khoobsurat hain aap

Description: Right in the beginning of this advertisement, a girl is telling that do not let dullness and dark skin come between you and success, because it may decrease your beauty. And also, that dark skin color will result in the lack of confidence, so you must use this whitening cream in order to be safe from all these problems “of having dark and dull skin complexion”. And in the end, they are calling the girl beautiful because she is fair.

Interpretation: In this advertisement, they are clearly saying that dark and dull skin complexion is a hindrance between you and success and it is the reason for lack of confidence. They are calling dark skin color as a problem, and are saying that you are beautiful if you are fair. It means that they are saying, if your complexion is dark, then you are not beautiful.

Some women are very sensitive and this advertisement can affect them very negatively. Even if they do not lack confidence, this advertisement can make them think that they are not beautiful and that people will judge them for having dark complexion due to which they can lose their confidence.

Tagline#4: Dilkash chehra, kal se behtar aaj. (Stiva whitening cream)

Description: In this advertisement, it is shown that if there is an ambition to win hearts of the people, if there is a dream to become something, if there is a desire to do something big in your life, if there is a passion to touch the heights of the sky, if there is a desire to fulfill the dreams, you must use Stiva whitening cream, because you need to be fair to do all this. And in the end, they are calling girls with fair skin complexion attractive.

Interpretation: In this advertisement, women of different professions have been shown and then they are saying that to be successful in any field, you need to have a fair skin complexion. Indirectly, it is giving the idea that it is not easy to fulfill these tasks if you do not have a fair skin complexion or if your skin color is dark. This advertisement can have a negative effect on girls having dark complexion. It can make them lose confidence in themselves.

Tagline#5: Jo lagaye goree whitening cream, wo rahe umr bhar haseen.

Description: In this advertisement, it is shown that a girl having fair skin complexion comes at a function and people start admiring her that how she has got such a fair skin and that her face is so beautiful. And in the end, they give the idea that you need to be fair to look beautiful.

Interpretation: The idea that is given here is that if you want to look beautiful, you need to have white skin complexion. They have shown in this advertisement that a fair skin, free of spots and pimples is beautiful. This idea can also affect the ideas of people negatively about dark skin complexion.

Here 19% women have strongly agreed, 37% have agreed, 9% gave neutral response, 9% disagreed and 26% have strongly disagreed. Although the percentage of those who strongly disagree cannot be over looked, the percentage of those who have agreed with the statement is still greater. Hence, majority of women agree that fair skin color is superior as compared to other skin color.

Conclusion

The purpose of this research was to see if social acceptance depends upon fairness or not and what is the role of advertisements of fairness creams in this concept. Through the description and interpretation of the taglines of some of the fairness cream, it is clear that the companies of the fairness creams are creating a difference between women having dark and fair skin complexions. They are showing that white skin color is necessary in almost every field of life and it is also important if you want to attract the attention of others. And from the data that was collected through questionnaires, it was seen that majority of women believe that fair skin color is considered more attractive as compared to dark skin color. Majority agreed that fairness creams are causing discrimination between dark and fair skin colors. They agreed that fair skin color give an edge in getting a good job and people mostly judge women on the basis of their skin complexion. Most of the women agreed that dark skin color is a hindrance in marriage. They also agreed that advertisements of the fairness creams affect the judgements and thoughts of people.

Although, majority of the women disagreed with a statement that the success of women depends upon their skin color. Hence, it can be said that in Pakistan, women are being affected by the concept being spread by the companies of fairness creams through advertisements that fair skin color is superior as compared to other skin colors and that social acceptance is proportional to fairness.

People deserve justice and fairness, no matter where they come from or the color of their skin. The term justice means the quality of righteousness and to uphold the fairness of a cause. There has been crime passed on which still takes place now, lives have been lost and people have been injured and still haven’t received justice. Justice is supposed to bring a rational point to laws that are above our control. Fairness and justice can bring people to peace. Justice gives the world a chance to stay in a civilized matter for the better outcome. Life isn’t always fair but as an individual , we should know that we all deserve equal rights.

Even though justice and fairness are relatable terms, there is a distinct difference. Fairness is a quality of being fair without having any judgment towards the individual but justice is simply what the person deserves. Aristotle once mentioned that the most fundamental principle of justice is “equals should be treated equally and unequal unequally.” He means everyone shall be treated the same unless there is a significant difference. For example, if African Americans had to use a different water fountain than White people just because of the color of their skin, that means this was unjust and an act of discrimination. Race or skin color doesn’t change the fact that we are all human. Another example, if women and men have the same job but the men make more just because they are men means this is unfair because they complete the same amount of work.

We believe that it is fair to let the first people that come, get served first. We also believe that it is fair that a parent puts their child first. We believe it is fair to pay more attention to our kids than others. It is just when a person who has committed a crime faces the consequences. It is also just when the government chooses to provide for the needy, before focusing on others. The point is justice and fairness are two things that can lead to the greater good. On the other hand, it is unjust to judge someone or not include them based on their gender, age, race or what they believe in. It is unjust if the ordinary man receives more of a punishment than the government official that committed the same crime. It is unfair for someone to get accused of something they didn’t do or didn’t have any control over.

Distributive Justice addresses the ownership of goods in a society. For example, equal work should provide individuals with an equal outcome. Procedural Justice is the idea of fairness in the society. For example, if the manager gives one person a raise, everyone should receive a raise because that would only be fair. Restorative Justice is repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior. For example, victim-offender mediation occurs when victims and offenders meet face-to-face in the presence of a trained facilitator. They both have an opportunity to talk about the crime to express how they feel so they get answers to their questions so they could come up with a resolution. Compensatory Justice is the idea of people getting fairly compensated for their injuries by the person responsible for those injuries. For example, a woman won a lawsuit for half a million dollars because the person totaled her car by running a red light, injuring herself and kids. Retributive Justice is determining punishments that are fair and just. For example, there is a phrase called “ An eye for an eye” which means if you do the crime, you must be punished the same way but now we believe you must serve some kind of punishment for the crime that was committed. Each kind of justice has its own meaning but they are all crucial to the justice system and the lives of many people.

Introduction

The occupational health and safety is a multidisciplinary field which is concerned with the health safety and welfare of the people at the workplace. The goals of the occupational safety and the health programs is providing a safe and healthy workplace. The OSH protect the workers, employers, the family members, customers and many other who ate affected by the environment of the workplace. The occupational health deals with the different aspects of health and safety in the workplace. Those people who are working in the fields of medicine, psychology, physiotherapy, epidemiology, occupational medicines, human factors and ergonomics. This assignment is dealing with the demonstration of the management responsibilities of an organisation, effective and innovative evaluations of the principles of the occupational health. It is also dealing with the application of the concepts in the course of the topic by involving the case study which shows the importance and significance of the organisational management where a meeting was about to be organised by eight unit managers.

Discussion

Responsibilities of the management in the organisation

Managers are in the organisation to influence all the phases of the recent organisations. The sales managers maintain the sales force which helps in marketing goods. Personnel managers provide organisations with a competent and productive workforce. The famous management author Peter Trucker highlighted this specific point when he said that

Effective Management is the main resource of developed countries and the most needed resource of developing ones (Jamali, El and Harwood 2015). Any organisations whether it is developed or developing, require different good managers. The role of the Management is to take forward an organisation to achieve the goals by assigning activities that organisation members perform (Rosemann and vom 2015). If the managers are confident that all of the activities are made effectively, then the production of each worker will contribute to attain the goals of the organisation. Management helps in encouraging the activity of the individual which will lead to reach the organisational goals and in discouraging the individual activities which will hamper the achievement of the organisation objectives. The meaning of the Management is given by its goals and objectives. In the given case study, there were eight managers in total who were about to put the cases of each units and the whole group would work on this.

Effective and innovative solutions to OH & S, equity and meeting issues

The occupational health and safety is a field which is concerned with the safety, health and welfare of the people. Most of the researches done till now are related to the well-being and security of the employees which illustrated that the high rates of destruction which happens principally because of the insufficient safety and other frame works of the health systems. Past examinations have demonstrated that the effective methods of the measurement of the famous execution of the organisation is done by utilising the mixture of the quantitative or the qualitative security estimations. Different components of health and safety should be broken down in order to improve the development of the security execution. It is not at all necessary to concentrate on the OHS in the frameworks of the administration, rather they need to control the danger accord to the OHS executives (Sinelnikov, Inouye and Kerper 2015). This appeared to be different in relation with the mentalities of the vase organizations which show that OHS can be incorporated in the frameworks of the administration. As mentioned in the case scenario, an employee had been suffering from diabetes, so she was worried about how she would manage the foods because of the time of the meeting. The organization must keep in mind that they should include the health and wellbeing of the employees in the meetings. The principles of equity are expensive guidelines which guaranteed reasonable representation of the working women, the native peoples, minority peoples and persons of disabilities. The employee equity can be accomplished when the organization or the occupation run the business by undertaking exceptional measures, settlement of the contracts and programs in removing the barriers (Tangcharoensathien, Mills and Palu 2015).

Before calling for a meeting, it is important for the managers to know what is needed by the people. Some situations are benefitted from conducting a meeting, and in other conditions, one is unnecessary. There are some common circumstances in which a meeting is needed (Modjarrad, et al. 2016). Meetings are conduced while managing any projects, supervising the needs of the people, at the time of interacting with the clients and in addressing the problems of the workplace.

Application of the management concepts

The term management is sometimes used to refer to the persons who are occupying the managerial positions along with the activities which manage the performance of the managers. There are different concepts of management which can be applied in the case scenario:

• The management as an economic source- According to the economist, management is one of the factors of production apart from the other factors of land, work, money and entrepreneurship. In the small enterprises, the owner can himself act as a manager. However, in large corporations, the ownership and the management are different. Management is an active factor of production as it concludes and integrates the other factors. The managers of the give case study must involve proper use the economic factors in conducting the meeting (Baumgartner and Rauter 2017).
• The management are seen as a class- The sociologists notice management as a separate class in society having its own status system. With the increased importance of the organizations and the requirement for their exceptional management, the managers have become one of the powerful groups in the society. This class consists of various types of managers like family and professional managers, and civil servants who help in managing the public enterprises, etc. The management team of any organization is comprised of all executives starting from the chief executive to the supervisors (Serban et al., 2016).
• The management as the system of authority- There is a specific hierarchy of authority among people who are working in an organization. Managers at separate levels possess different degrees of authority. Generally, the managers who are at the higher level have the authority to prepare the goals and strategies of the company while those at the lower level are approved for executing the plans and strategies for achieving the desired objectives. The managers of the give case study should have divided the works among themselves to make their work easier (Boland 2016.).
• The management as completely a different discipline- As the field of academic discipline, management can be considered to be a planned body of knowledge. It is moderately a new mode of learning and is being taught in different universities and institutes of management. Different specialized courses have been developed in several new branches of management (Zupic and Čater 2015).
• The management as a process- The management is the process through which all the assets are prepared and consumed to attain extreme output and efficiency through smallest in out. The process of management consists of planning, forming, enrollment, guiding and controlling of human labors in order to attain common objectives. The managers of the case study must ensure that the result of the meeting that was going to be conducted should bring maximum outputs (Zupic and Čater 2015).

Conclusion

The occupational health deal with the health and safety of the workers or the employers. It is more focused on the primary interventions in preventing the occupational hazards. Though the work provide the workers with many economic and other benefits, a wide range of workplace hazards create risk of health and safety of workers at the workplace. The risks are not only of the different chemicals but it also involves the psychosocial risk factors. The case study showed the risk factors associated with different workers of the organization. Each and every person are busy with their own risks and problems, so the if the workers stop thinking about their persona problems and start thinking the problems of the organization, then only the successful outcomes of the meetings would be achieved.

Reference

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