In Chapter 3, there is a discussion on the early evolution of parole in the US, as well as its utilization in the current sentencing practices. Among the most critical points of the chapter is that recent studies show that inmates who tend to leave prisons without parole supervisions demonstrate higher failure indicators in comparison with ones released with parole requirements. Then, it is suggested that reinstated discretionary parole release is to be provided for an inmate, given solid pieces of evidence. Then, the authors assume that parole release decisions are to be made by a competent and proficient board. The latter should have particular guidelines and formally established principles that would make its functioning smooth and transparent. Overall, the content of this chapter is delivered clearly and precisely; however, there might be more elaboration on the crucial points, such as the operational process of the professional parole board.
Chapter 4 depicts parole supervision with an emphasis on how it distinguishes from parole release in the framework of the related modern practices. According to this chapters content, once parolees arrive at the parole establishment in order to check-in, there are considerably different conditions if comparing with the ones before the 1980s. Here, the authors describe effective rehabilitation programs that are able to decrease recidivism within the given scope, as well as to be appropriate in financial terms. They assume that the mentioned programs should be the main focus of current research and policymakers initiatives. Nevertheless, despite the fact that these programs are described expediently, there could have been more retrospective that would justify them even to a greater extent, which would be a good foundation for the following chapters.
References
Barner, C. (2012). Social media and communication. Sage.
Brownlie, D. (2012). Andragogy. Web.
Cummings, J. N., Butler, B., & Kraut, R. (2014). The quality of online social relationships. Communications of the ACM, 45(7), 103108.
The Greek evolution is traced back to the Dark Age, also called the Archaic Age, which led to significant political reforms. The most significant political change is the development of the city-state called a polis (poleis in plural). During this archaic period, there was significant transformation, but the formation of the city of polis initiated a large amount of civilization in the country. Following the development of the polis, the Greeks initiated the formation of different political structures in the country. Communities of citizens governed themselves by making their laws and customs after (800 B.C.E.). Food was distributed to the polis to boost the economy. The polis also had the acropolis (temple and alters) and the Agaro, where market activities took place, public buildings, and courts.
Athens and Sparta were the main polis in the land of Greek and rose distinctly. Sparta gained prominence and became the leading military power in Greek and later expanded to Messenia (Petrakis et al. 44). Later on, Sparta changed to conquer Messenias helots. The rebellion sparked a significant political change in Sparta. After Spartas unfolding, all the citizens were made equal after they were led by two kings who ensured that they played a role in the counsel of the noble, five Ephors, and military leaders. Sparta trained their children as a military at seven while the helots worked in the land. In (612 B.C.E), Draco made public the first law code for Athens.
The four forms of government that existed in the polis were democracy, monarchy, Oligarchy, and tyranny. The forms of government changed because they wanted to have a form of government that would fit all its citizens and avoid any form of rebellion. The similarities between Sparta and Athens are that they had the same form of government; they both had an assembly with members elected by the people (Bottalico 67). Athens had a government while the oligarchy form of government was that of Sparta. Athens had a mighty navy, while Sparta had a dynamic land army. Athens is the center of learning, psychology, and art. At the same time, Sparta is a warrior society; in Athens economy was mainly growing from trade, while in Sparta economy was from conquering and agriculture, and the women had less freedom and status.
In contrast, in Sparta, women had more status and freedom. The two states were different because they had different leadership beliefs and governance. Athens played a vital role in the Persian war by defeating the Persians in the salamis and the marathon. Sparta was a trained military and hence provided the soldiers for the war and fought in the Thermopylae, which provided time for Athens to prepare (Petrakis et al. 44). The Greeks repelled the Persians because they could not allow other countries to invade their country, and also, the city-states empire created skills for the Greeks to win. After winning the war, Athens united all the islands and the city-states in Greek into alliances, the Delian league. Athens had achievements that contributed to mathematics, philosophy, literature and medicine, and astronomy in the Greek civilization. Due to tension, Athens lost their preeminent political role when the Peloponnesian war broke out in the Delian league (431-404 B.E.C.). Secondly, Philip IIs armies defeated the Greek city-states weakening Athens.
Greek Religion and how the Greeks Conceptualized their gods
The Greek religion had a striking characteristic of believing in a multiplicity of anthropomorphic deities answerable to one supreme god. As highlighted above, the Greek religion was categorized as polytheistic, with multiple deities. The gods and goddesses are the Olympian gods (Apollo, Athena, and Hades, to mention a few, which Zeus leads), which were viewed as being at the core of their belief. Hellenic culture was represented by the Hellenism period which depicted classical ideas and a humanistic body (Braund 457). The culture upheld the values of the Greeks, which were referred to as orthopraxis and pluralistic religion. The Greeks imagined that the gods resided together at mount Olympus. They conceptualized the gods as ordinary people and not perfect as they had a myth that the gods fall in love, argue, make mistakes, and get jealous.
Religion impacted the gods since they believed that they would have a good life while still breathing or rather living. The Greeks also believed that the gods would protect them in their death and place them in a holy place (Braund 457). On behavior, religion helped shape the behaviors of the people of ancient Greece. Co-existence among themselves was the order of the day with a lot of respect for others. The gods ensured justice was practiced and was accountable to Zeus, demanding men to be morally upright, respect the elderly and the dead, adhere to the oaths, and obey the gods.
Fate was a representation of the personification of authority going contrary to the gods. It represents three sisters who are Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos. In the homer Iliad, Hesiod, Socrates, and Plato portrayed religion and god differently. The Iliad portrays religion and God as super-powered, controlling, heroic, humankind, and miraculous (Weiss 161). Hesiod believed in the power of equity, ethics, and justice; they also believed that God is a civilized being and can control them effectively. Socrates believed that religion was conformist and often called the supernatural being God and not gods. A specific example is during the formation of the new order, which depicted that punishment was initiated by Zeus in case of violence or any cruel deeds. Secondly, they relied on Zeus as their real place of refuge.
The Hellenistic Period
In 336 B.C., Alexander the Great was transformed to become the head of the Greek kingdom of Macedonia. Alexander the Great died after 13 years; thanks to him he had built an empire that extended to India from Greece. With the building of the empire, the world could adopt new ideas and hence civilization from the Eastern Mediterranean to Asia. Alexanders leadership is also referred to as the Hellenistic period, which means speaking Greek or identifying with Greek. This period was traced from 323BC to 31BC. This period is also identified with the Roman troops who conquered the Macedonian kings areas (Shalev 149). King Philip II was assassinated in 336 BC by his bodyguard Pausanias, and as a result, his son jumped to the chance while still twenty years.
Alexander played a significant role in maintaining the culture of the Greeks throughout the Persian Empire. He also spread the culture to other parts of Africa and Asia. Alexander allowed the local cultures flow and respected the people conquered; Alexander also married Persian women, wore Persian clothes, and embraced the local culture. He also advised the soldiers to marry the Persian women as he created the Hellenistic age. The Hellenistic age was at the helm of bringing the Greek culture to the near eastern world (Shalev 149). Religion was a very instrumental aspect of Alexander the great regime as he did enough to ensure that he kept the gods appraised. He also sacrificed for the gods which was not generally done by the kings hence promoting his regime through religion. The successor states of Alexander are; Seleucid Syria, Antigonid Macedonia, Attalid Pergamum, and Ptolemaic Egypt. They ruled with the use of kings, where some declared themselves such as the pharaoh. The significant achievements of the period are the innovation in mathematics, artwork, poetry, geography, music, physics, and astronomy. In philosophy, the kings built the temple for old Olympians and encouraged the ceremonies. The Hellenistic culture had some impacts on the Mediterranean culture; the Greek culture influenced the way of power in the Mediterranean region (Patterson et al., 92). Secondly, it experienced progress and prosperity in astronomy, arts, exploration, and literature; it also transformed farming and trade, and due to this impact, the people of the Mediterranean culture lived well and with an improved lifestyle.
The Organization of the Roman State under the Republic
The roman republic organization is based on democracy, and its government entails the state and four assemblies, namely, comitia Centuriata, the Comitia Tribute, and the Concilium-Plebis. The name comes from the time the Rome city-states existed in republican government (509 B.C. 27 B.C.). Some three main elements of the republic are the Senate, the assemblies, and the consuls. Senate included leaders from the patricians, the rich families of Rome, and the noble (Gentry et al. 1148). They functioned as the center of the administrative power and presided as the kings consul and the congressional body. An assembly had a broad function of legislation and acted as a check of the Senates power. Thirdly, the consul presided over the Senate, commanded the army, and represented Romes states in international affairs.
The government of Rome was not a monarchy or a direct democracy. A monarchy type of rule is ruled by one, and direct democracy was ruled by all that was not practiced in the Roman government. The society was entirely undemocratic despite having some democratic features where a categorized group of wealthy aristocrats dominated the society. Some of the social problems affecting Rome during the war were the economic crisis, farming problems developed from the existing soil over cultivated, and the barbarian attacks made on the empire were a way of ambush where they were caught unawares. Another widespread social problem from the war of Carthage (146B.E.C) to the end of the war of Actium (31B.E.C) was the inequity between the poor and the rich in the empire.
Lastly, the over-reliance on slave labor brought about economic recession. Tiberius sponsored the agrarian reforms to bring back the position of the small-scale farmers; Gaius Marius was also a council member who was elected seven times in the Rome Empire (Gentry et al. 1152). They are referred to as reformist brothers because they introduced land reforms and other legislations in ancient Rome. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus failed because they failed to listen to the baser notes of human beings nature and failed to identify how the Rome society was selfish and corrupt in all sectors; hence they could not initiate their reforms.
The Rome army was very instrumental in the empires politics and is considered the most trained and disciplined army globally. An army has a role in maintaining the emperors loyalty and, hence, ordering the empire. The Roman military came to dominate the empire because of the weapons that they had and the tactics that the army had the most advanced war equipment than any other in the other empires (Shalev 149). The republic failed because it had corruption in almost all government sectors, economic problems, private armies and crimes, and the rise of Caesar Julius emperor, which significantly contributed to its fall in 27 B.C.E.
Works Cited
Bottalico, Lucrezia. Philosophy and Hippocratic Ethic in Ancient Greek Society: evolution of hospital-sanctuaries. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 7.19, 2019: 3353, pp. 67-900.
Braund, David. Greek Religion and Cults in the Black Sea Region: Goddesses in the Bosporan Kingdom from the Archaic Period to the Byzantine Era. Cambridge University Press, 2018.
Gentry, Kynan, and Laurajane Smith. Critical Heritage Studies and the Legacies of the Late-Twentieth Century heritage Canon. International Journal of Heritage Studies 25.11, 2019, pp. 1148-1168.
Patterson, John. Military Organization and Social Change in the Later Roman Republic. War and Society in the Roman World. Routledge, 2020, pp. 92-112.
Petrakis, Panagiotis E., and Pantelis C. Kostis. The Evolution of the Greek Economy: past challenges and future approaches. Springer Nature, 2020.
Shalev, Yiftah. New Evidence on the Location and Nature of Iron Age, Persian and Early Hellenistic Period Jerusalem. Telaviv 47.2 (2020), pp. 149-172.
Weiss, Naomi. Ancient Greek Choreia. A Companion to Ancient Greek and Roman Music (2020), pp. 161-172.
The life of every individual could be considered a chain of occasional and non-occasional events that resulted in the appearance of a certain quality, trait of character, perspective on some issue that shape an individuals mentality in the way which could help him to survive. The acquisition of this very important experience could be considered a kind of a certain journey that starts at the beginning of persons life and never ends as an individual might pass through the chain of rebirths that guarantee his/her constant evolution and development. Analyzing my own journey, I should say that there were numerous events that obviously impacted my conscious and contributed to the appearance of various competencies.
Alteration of world
I should say that the trajectory of my evolution is cyclic. I am sure I face similar problems in the course of my development. As far as the Universe provides us with situations that could contribute to our growth, and considering the meshwork peculiar to it, I believe that my own journey for evolution will obviously consist of various repeated concerns that will help me to act better every time I face a complicated situation.
For instance, my childhood is characterized by the adherence to transmission theory as adults provided me with the most crucial instructions needed to survive. However, having become older, I obtained the need to act independently and make my own decisions and mistakes. The vector of my evolution changed. I might say that I decided to change my social world and leave the comfort zone to guarantee my becoming an independent individual.
Universes assistance
I could draw a parallel between my own life journey and Coelhos Santiago travel for evolution. I should say that both Santiago and I are provided by a certain assistance to achieve our goals as if an individual wants something the Universe will create specific situations that are needed to alter the mentality. It is possible to admit the existence of a certain 3rd space that is created for people in need. Its structure might vary, but there are still numerous similarities that come from the character of this very space.
Power of an individual
I remember numerous specific situations in which I had to negotiate with people who were inferior and had more power. However, at the same time, I managed to succeed and reach my goal. I believe it happened because of the existence of a clear desire to alter the existing reality and obtain the Universes assistance in solving a certain problem. In other words, I altered the existed reality by my own forces and managed to attain success. It helps me to say that any individual could not be taken powerless as it is for us to make certain decisions and alter the world that surrounds us.
Conclusion
Altogether, my journey provides my numerous points for cogitations. I have never thought about my own possibility to alter the world and Universe. However, now I realize the fact that despite all my fears and hesitations, I still managed to guarantee the evolution of my personality. At the moment I could say that I am far from ideal and there are still numerous problems that should be solved. However, I know that that the Universe will provide me with an opportunity to struggle for my future and acquire new and unique features.
When defining the notion of nursing in the context of the 21st century, many people fail to reflect on the historical precedents that contributed to the development of nursing as a separate qualification. Hence, since the beginning of the 19th century, nursing has been recognized as a significant part of healthcare that requires a specific education curriculum and expectations from future professionals. Such a dramatic turn was encouraged by Florence Nightingale, who introduced the idea of professional nursing, implying the specialized preparation of nurses in order for them to be responsible for patient care (Roux, 2017). Prior to Nightingales actions, the profession of nursing was not considered useful, as it was nuns and monks who were mostly responsible for patient care at home. However, besides this significant intervention in the history of nursing, there are various precedents that helped shape todays perception of nursing.
To begin with, it is necessary to dwell on the history of professional nursing in the territory of the United States. Hence, the commencement of nursing traces back to 1872, when the Nurse training school of Womans Hospital in Philadelphia was opened (Roux, 2017). Later, other states followed suit and opened facilities for professional nursing training, and they eventually graduated hundreds of successful nurses who advocated for the occupations national licensure. For example, Sophia Palmer, a Boston nursing school graduate, became the first editor of the American Nursing Journal, addressing the history of nursing and other various scholarly articles (Roux, 2017). Hence, it may be concluded that the evolution of the nursing profession in the US context is primarily associated with providing nurses with education, professional equipment, and advocacy for the nurses labor and civil rights.
Another significant contribution to the development of professional nursing and scope of responsibility took place in the US in 1992. According to the researchers, this year marked nurses first cooperation with the National Congress in order to promote nursing a way to improve society and public health (Roux, 2017). As a result, the paradigm of the nursing profession has gone beyond patient care, providing professionals with the ability to lead and manage.
Reference
Roux, G. & Halstead, J. (2017). Issues and trends in nursing: Practice, Policy and Leadership (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Florence Nightingale, a well-learned female, emerged as the nursing professions pioneer, changing the existing views and prejudices by becoming a nurse. She believed that females could use their knowledge and education to better lives and patient care as well as have their independence. This paper aims at discussing and describing the evolution of the nursing profession to date, its mode of conduct, and the differences between associate nurses and Baccalaureate nurses.
Evolution
When the nursing practice started developing, it was not dependent on formal medical training but rather based on gender and the eagerness to do the job. The knowledge was passed from mothers to daughters and was not seen as a respected affair since females were not ranked (Sipes, 2019). Nursing was seen as an extension of the house chores for women as caretakers. The practice has currently changed entirely with extensive training schedules, more varied staff, and a level of stature related to the field. Modern nursing is currently experiencing significant technical changes. Technological advancements provide nurses with an opportunity to learn on virtual models, monitor and administer correct amounts of medicine, and measure body weight (Sipes, 2019). Records of patients are also kept correctly and properly in secure systems, increasing efficiency in tracking and referencing of patients. Therefore, these improvements in the nursing sector have an immense benefit.
Comparison between an Associate and Baccalaureate Nurse
Associate and Baccalaureate trained nurses pass the same national exam, though they are still different in multiple ways. The latter tend to be beneficial to their patients because they are more knowledgeable about health promotion, risk elimination, and disease prevention. They are critical thinkers and can formulate solutions when the need arises to better their patients lives. Baccalaureate programs offer greater acquaintance to the nurses as compared to the associate trained nurses. The Baccalaureate programs ability to provide more science courses on community health, nursing theory, research and leadership enhances the aptitude of nurses in dealing with various situations (Sipes, 2019). The expanded information in the programs provides the nurse with an excellent comprehension of any matter that may influence the patients and the care they receive. Therefore, the additional courses are vital for any nurse to graduate.
Baccalaureate trained nurses can adjust to conditions more easily than the associate prepared specialists. They are primarily trained on putting in more specific care to patients achieving higher levels of wellness and disease prevention (Sipes, 2019). Most of the Baccalaureate nurses opt to advance their careers due to additional management and leadership knowledge. Even though associate trained nurses can get a higher position, it takes them longer than the baccalaureate nurses. In addition to daily procedures, baccalaureates are involved in decision making, management, and even research. Therefore, Baccalaureate trained nurses should have a bigger scope of work as compared to associate nurses.
Patient Care Situation
Nurses tackle various conditions where they are required to offer palliative care. In most cases, their patients are senior citizens incapable of communicating what they require and are mostly unhappy with the service they receive, sometimes refusing to ingest medicine and take their food. Associate nurses in such conditions record and document such instances. However, most of them fail to assess and understand the actual reason for the conduct, although it is entirely expected of their profession because of their educational background. Baccalaureate nurses in the same condition identify the psychological aspects, cultural changes, and even spiritual matters and the care of the patient. Baccalaureate trained nurses advocate for spiritual support by involving the patients families to ensure better conditions (Sipes, 2019). Hence, Baccalaureate trained nurses have improved social skills, which guide them on when to react to what.
Significance of Applying Evidence-Based Practice to Nursing
The application of EBP to nursing provides nurses with scientific research to enable them to make informed decisions. EBP keeps the nurses updated on new procedures for better patient care and allows for searching for documented medications the fit the conditions enabling them to increase recovery opportunities. EBP is a key element of good quality and safe treatment. The acquired knowledge covers a range from design to methodology and ethical principles that make them fit to practice EBP and apply their findings to patients. Baccalaureate nurses can analyze and solve problems as well as make complex decisions, which are vital skills in implementing EBPs (Sipes, 2019). Therefore, Baccalaureates are the most recommended nurses since they can fully implement the EBP.
How Nurses Communicate and Collaborate with Interdisciplinary Teams
Systematic, precise, and opportune conveying of information is required for excellent health care and is highly related to job contentment. The availability of interdisciplinary communication ensures reduced stress level on the affected people, thus facilitating positive outcomes. Furthermore, it reduces stress on nurses as they are part of a team and hence do not bear the entire responsibility of the health of an individual. Therefore, communication allows achieving improved clinical performance, hence raising efficiency and reducing health care costs.
In conclusion, nursing as a discipline has substantially evolved over the years and is currently at a peak stage. More Baccalaureate prepared nurses should be introduced and trained to ensure better treatment and care of those in their hands. EBP has also helped in the improvement of the nursing services to the patients who really need them at a particular moment in time. Therefore, for the better performance of nurses, better skills and technology should be provided.
Reference
Sipes, C. (2019). Application of nursing informatics: Competencies, skills, decision-making (1st Ed.). Springer Publishing Company.
The concept of design has undergone extensive changes over the course of its evolution, shifting from a simple idea of an arrangement of visual elements to a more complex phenomenon of creating the environment that is not only comfortable but also aesthetically pleasing. It could be argued that the phenomenon of design has acquired certain societal characteristics and functions.
To be more exact, the current approach to designing seems to deviate from abstract concepts and tends to tie form and function together as suggested by Sullivan (Fletcher & Grose, 2012).
Moreover, the changes in the interpretation of design as a concept seem to have a tangible connection with a variety of societal issues. The alterations in the interpretation of design as a phenomenon, therefore, can be defined as the key message to be conveyed to the target audience.
The participants of the discussions carried during this course can be defined as the target audience. The specified audience includes both the students and instructor. Additionally, the message is aimed at anyone interested in design, its history and the changes that it has undergone over the course of its evolution.
While professional designers and the people that are aware of the history of design may already be acquainted with this topic, students need to discuss it to come to agreement about the changes in the philosophy of design.
To get the message across to the target audience, I intend to use the calligraphic typeface. The adoption of the specified typeface is bound to create the environment that invites people to participate in a conversation and express their opinions.
Being not as stiff as brush scripts, the specified typeface does not seem unnatural, either, in contrast to the handwriting scripts. While the latter copy handwriting, which is pointless in its existence, the calligraphic typefaces help perfect the art of calligraphy by making the curves and lines geometrically impeccable and, therefore, harmonic.
Seeing that harmony is the foundation of calligraphy (Carter, Meggs, & Day, 2014), it is assumed that, when rendered in a digital format, the text written in a calligraphic typeface will come impeccable.
While it would be wrong to address the result as an art piece, since it will be computer-generated, it will still retain a touch of refinement and the impression of casualty. As a result, attracting the target audience and retaining it will be easier with the help of the specified typeface.
A presentation made in Microsoft Office PowerPoint seems to be the most efficient tool for conveying the message in the specified case. The reason for choosing the specified type of media is rather simple; being a perfect tool for representing visual data, it will help bridge the message and the form that it takes together, therefore, creating the environment for the audience to perceive both textual and graphic information.
Although the very foundation of design has not changed, still revolving around the idea of arranging elements in a manner that seems the most reasonable for a specific purpose, the philosophy of design has become much more complex.
Embracing a variety of aspects of peoples lives, design has become the ultimate tool for self-expression and the means of making peoples lives as comfortable as possible. The style and the substance of design go hand in hand in the 21st century, and the further evolution of the subject matter is bound to be based on harmony.
Reference List
Carter, R., Meggs, P. B., & Day, B. S. (2014). Typographic design: Form and communication. New York City, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Fletcher, K., & Grose, L. (2012). Fashion and sustainability: Design for change. London: Laurence King Publishing.
The article was written by the scientists from the University of Wollongong, Pepper and Spedding, in 2010. For the first time, the work was published in the International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management. The paper targets the issue of quality improvement. Specifically, it aims at the complex utilization of the integrated approaches to the lean studies. According to the initial assumption, the six sigma technique serves as a guarantee of the essential technical improvement and industrial success (Pepper and Spedding 138). Therefore, the qualitative study provides a review of the existing lean six sigma principles as well as their practical application and technical concerns.
The aim of the investigation, which is described in the article on lean six sigma examination, is to combine coherent approaches to quality improvement and to identify a single integrative model of continuous industry.
The study design provides a two-level analysis of quality improvement modeling. First, it regards the implementation of the lean technology in separation from the six sigma doctrine. Afterward, it combines the approaches into one joint model and assesses the ways of its successful functioning. According to the current business studies review, 117 of the leading world companies employ the long-term lean strategies for an effective sustention (Butcher par. 6). According to the literature analysis, which lies in the center of the study, one differentiates several waste types that are eliminated by lean models. These are excessive inventory, technical defects, inappropriate processing, extra transportation, and over waiting. Due to the differentiated value extraction processes, the article identified Value Stream Mapping (VSM) as an extensive lean-based technology. The advantages of the model are outlined by the scientists. Moreover, the critical drawbacks of the approach are regarded as well.
The objective accomplishments of the system are demonstrated on several practical examples. The authors conclude that VSM provides a link between the information flows and materials use. However, the model sustains a non-detailed description of industrial operations, which ignores the actual data extraction. The successes of the lean-driven technology are analyzed on the basis of some practical operational facilities. Mainly, the authors of the article deduced that the introduction of lean-modeling gave birth to the culture of American automobiles and aerospace technologies (Subramanya par. 7). Furthermore, the growth of the Japanese manufacturing is linked to the lean techniques as well.
The overview of the six sigma modeling stems from the strategic doctrine, which was first generated by the founder of the technology, the company Motorola. The study points out that the industrys success was ensured by the ability of technical support to differentiate the ratings of production defects. The underlying doctrine of the six sigma approach states that every million of professional opportunities should account for no more than 3,4 errors. The experts, who specialize in the approach application, developed a five-stage processing of the data, which assists in adding some logical structuring to the quality improvement models. Mainly, it provided a unity of defining, measuring, analyzing, improving, and controlling the information.
The estimation of quality paper regards the employees training as a crucial prerequisite for the five-step modeling success. The scientists concluded that the six sigma approach should not be embraced by the companies as an occasional strategy but rather an obligatory foundation of the manufacturing, as well as organizational, philosophy.
The questioned conception is challenged through the inability of multiple managers to link their business strategies to some universal cultural guidelines. Therefore, it was acknowledged that the contemporary six sigma doctrine still needs a well-elaborated soft or hard system of standard philosophy, which would serve as a binding category between the manufacturing settings, which exist in contrastive cultures. Additionally, it is claimed that the tradition of meaningful communication must be cultivated in the cases of production creation, for every harmonious manufacturing process must be based on a tight collaboration between the workers. Notwithstanding the meaningful advantages of the six sigma support, the scientists made a comprehensive conclusion, according to which the approach is too costly even for the largest world businesses. Moreover, the experts agree on the issue that the introduction of the technique may contribute to the evolvement of the bureaucratic economy since specialized workers training demand many financial expenses, which might be spent on the actual manufacturing instead.
Therefore, since the uniform solution to the problem of the lean and six sigma implementation is rooted in their combination, the authors of the article conducted a final examination of the literature, which employed some elements of modeling integration. The analysis revealed that the existent models of their joint work do not follow any regular patterns and are limited in their future development. Mainly, the functioning six sigma systems deviate from the need of the actual clients as well as use expensive materials. The lean technologies, in their turn, lack precision and coordinated supervision (Glasgow par. 6). Consequently, the authors decided that there is a need to conduct a range of parallel changes, which could improve the models both on the individual and joint levels. In the aftermath, they claimed that lean technology ha to be based on the project-driven accomplishment. Moreover, it should follow the current conditions, which underline the projections. There is a necessity to make careful calculations of the processing time as well as layout and flow products amount. Finally, the scientists suggested that the number of defects that target manufacturing outputs is still quite disturbing.
Therefore, it is critical reducing the time of cycling and verify the adequacy of the necessary equipment. Concerning the six sigma reformation, it was concluded that the general methodology of their practical application must be altered. Moreover, it is important to control the processing operations as well as renovate the data collection tools so that to reduce the high cost of the modern technical processes. Finally, the scientists claimed that the experts have to consider the planning of cause and effect technologies so that to reduce the risks of the technological failures. Thus, the basic finding of the article embraces the non-existence of any uniform framework, which could be suitable for the lean six sigma elaboration and extensive use. However, the scientists made some successful accomplishments by emphasizing the fundamental areas of modeling deficiencies. Therefore, they provided a solid background for the further model coordination.
I estimate the work as a fully-developed and integrated qualitative examination of the quality improvement tools. The authors of the article managed to combine some efficient, practical illustration of the lean and six sigma technologies both on the individual and integrated levels. This examination assisted them in specifying the problematic sides of every approach as well as compiled a theory of future implementation. The study may serve as the basis for the practical introduction of the joint technologies. Consequently, the appropriateness of this study is prominent.
Works Cited
Butcher, David. Technologys Role in Lean Today. 2009. Web.
Glasgow, Justin. Introduction to Lean and Six Sigma Approaches to Quality Improvement. Web.
Pepper, Matthew and Trevor Spedding. The Evolution of Lean Six Sigma. International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management 27.2 (2010): 138- 155. Print.
Subramanya, Hemanth. Six Sigma in the Information Technology Services Sector. Web.
Max Weber believed that bureaucracy is the most important ingredient for functioning of a formal organization. The essential mix of power, authority, and bureaucracy helped such formal organizations to operate through complex technical relations and boundary spanning relations. Now, with the advent of the new business model, there has been a shift towards flatter, non-bureaucratic, informal organizations.
The present interest of researchers lies in understanding the consequences of the post-bureaucratic management structure. Therefore, the essential functioning of a formal organization occurs through a seamless process of well-coordinated and controlled activities. However, with changes in external business environment, organizations tend to change their structure and design and evolve into a different form. This paper will discuss possible evolutionary structures for a formal bureaucratic organization.
What is a formal organization? A formal organization may be defined as an institution where collective effort is explicitly organized for specific ends. (Blau & Scott, 2003, p. 223). These organizations may vary in size and complexity. One of the potent examples of such a formal organization is that of the army. These organizations are usually large, and larger they are, greater are the complexities involved.
These organizations, also termed as machine bureaucratic organizations (Mintzberg, 1980), where division of labor is high with intensified specialization of work, formal information flow, usually in a top down manner, hierarchical authority structure, and a pyramidal organizational structure. The power or authority may or may not be centralized in such bureaucratic formal organizations (Mintzberg, 1980).
Formal organizations have four types mutual benefit organizations like unions, business based organizations like factories, service organizations as in social work agencies, and welfare public organizations like police department. However, one must remember that these large formal organizations are formed from the amalgamation of small simple organizations. However, there are other social processes that remain informally organized, and therefore become the reason for emergence of inner conflict within the organizations.
The formal organizations, mostly fail to operate under its set rule and regulations in the modern world. According to Meyer & Rowan Formal organizations are endemic in modern societies (1977, p. 343). Today they face a number of problems in operations especially due to their over-complex bureaucratic structure. The first problem is related to coordination and communication (Blau & Scott, 2003). It is believed that when there is free flow of information there exists greater possibility of problem solving.
In an unrestrained environment, information flow enables criticism, ideas flow, and advice that lead to generation of more ideas and reaching a solution. Once there is a flow of idea and free discussion is followed, there is bound to be mitigation of ideas and therefore the process would help in inevitable problem solution.
Therefore a free flow of information increases coordination among team members, thereby increasing flow of information and reducing ambiguity, and further reducing complexity, and thereby helping in decision making. Another problem faced by the members of a formal organization is bureaucratic structure. With excess of bureaucracy and hierarchy the process of information flow and the channel of coordination become slow and sometimes clogged.
This inculcates inflexibility in operations of the organization, thus leading to ineffective decision making. Therefore, many researchers believe that formal organizations, in modern world are expected to lose their bureaucracy and hierarchy and have destined the emergence of a flatter and more information origination structure (Blau & Scott, 2003). Further, it is believed with time, there would emerge a conflict between the bureaucracy and the professionals.
The bureaucracy are the interested in promoting the interest of the organization while the professionals are bound by code of ethics and aim towards welfare of the stakeholders. Therefore, there is expected to emerge a conflict between the two parties that would lead to the eventual evolution of the structure. Another difference between the two is that a bureaucratic officials authority is legal while that of the professional is derived from technical expertise.
Further when the correctness of a bureaucratic official is questioned it is viewed from the point of view of management interest while that of the professional is viewed from the point of view of her peers and coworkers. With time there are more professionals being hired in organizations that is bound to create a conflict of ideology and orientation of the employees within the organization. The third dilemma arises from the question of order and freedom.
In large organizations with large number of functions, decision is expected to flow through hierarchical structure. However, such organizations require some kind of centralized decision-making. However, even in formal organizations decision flows through various informal mechanisms (Blau & Scott, 2003). Therefore, there are different forms of informal means through which decisions flow and avoid the formal hierarchical structure.
The above-mentioned dilemmas create a conflict between the existing formal structure and the need of the external and changing internal environment. As organizations today are believed to be learning organizations they perceive the requirement of change that are indicated through the internal and external indicators that actually lead to the changes occurring within the organization.
Given these struggle within a formal organization, it too is bound to move forward and undergo a change. Therefore, these conflicts will inevitably lead to change in the formal organization.
What would a post bureaucratic organization look and feel like? In terms of its characters, a post bureaucratic organization is expected to do away with the hierarchical authority and bring forth consensus achieved through democratic dialogue process. Managerial influence will take place not through formal position but rather through persuasion or personal qualities of the manager. The new system will require trust within the system. The emphasis of the organization will shift from rules and regulation to organizational mission.
Strategic information will not remain the monopoly of the top hierarchy, but will be shared throughout the organization in order to inculcate greater transparency. Decision making process in a post-hierarchical organization will become flexible, doing away with the complexities of a hierarchy. There will develop functional networking that will enhance flow of ideas and innovation. Appraisal of employees will not be hierarchical as in a formal organization; rather will be done through transparent peer reviews.
The change process in an organization is believed to be dialectical. There are continuous conflicts that arise within the organization, on solving of which lead to others. Therefore, the organizational evolution process is continuous and undergoes a series of problem solving. With the changing business environment, the structure of a formal organization that is usually functions based is expected to be restructured on basis of the business units.
Therefore if the organization was earlier structured on basis of departments will now be based on products, process, or projects. However, some researchers believe that most previously formal organizations do not completely do away with their formal structure, therefore retaining some of its facets (Hodgson, 2004), thereby leading to a hybrid organizational structure wherein both the formal as well as informal forms of organization.
Therefore, a formal organization in future is not expected to shed all its present tenets and become a completely flat, informal organization. Rather, they are expected to embrace a hybrid organizational structure.
References
Blau, P. M., & Scott, W. R. (2003). ormal organizations: a comparative approach. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Hodgson, D. E. (2004). The Legacy of Bureaucratic Control in the Post-Bureaucratic Organization. Damian E Hodgson, 11(1) , 81-100.
Meyer, J., & Rowan, B. (1977). Institution Orgnizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83(2) , 340-363.
Mintzberg, H. (1980). Strucuture in 5s: A Synthesis of the Research on Organization Design. Management Science, 26(3) , 322-341.
To begin with, the development of the American automobile industry is a theme of great and interesting discussion. Especially, it concerns the point of how the producers of cars tend to represent their products to a customer. The methods to make such a suchlike performance are different and actually they presuppose the peculiarities and technical or scientific capacities of this or that period of time. This paper is dedicated to working out the most significant changes observed in the evolution of Chevrolet Camaro, one of the most powerful and sports cars, or it is better to say muscle car.
Camaro 1970s
The companys proposal for customers in 1970s concerned the epoch of peace and time of no war in the United States. The advertisement of Camaro in this time searched for making more space for friends and relatives taking into account the sportive destination of the car. A very impudent design of exterior part shows the know-how of the company, which in return suggests distinguishing between two well-known and widely-claimed models, i.e. Corvette and Camaro.
Moreover, the prospect proposing this car does not exclude the connection of sports cars with family and kids. This reciprocal approach was a great impulse for America, which at that period by means of governmental reforms supported the institution of family. Thus, this motive played a great role for the population of the country. Also, the assurance of the company in use of the modern shapes in style and proved an effective power in engine attaches more importance to Camaro.
Camaro 1980s
The further evolution in design and whole characteristics of Chevy Camaro in 1980s made more emphasis on the interior design and devices supported with the model. Of course, the most significant for a muscle car is the power of engine. Here it did not differ much from the previous model. The use of modern AM/FM Radio and tape recorder considers the last technological achievements for tuning the car and making it more youth in its inside and outside look. Furthermore, the appearance of a girl in the advertisement adds more points to the spatial characteristics of the car, which can be used also for leisure activities and rest as well inside the car. Streamlined form of the body makes no obstacle for overcoming a high speed with appropriate conveniences for a crew. The salon of the car is decorated with pure black leather; this detail makes a car even more impertinent in contrast with its predecessor. Looking at the visual advertisement it is quite obvious to notice this peculiarity concentrated on the design matters.
Contemporary Camaro
The performance of prototypes as of Chevrolet Camaro is straightforwardly concerned with the technical characteristics including the power, conveniences, ecological safety, and safety for a driver and crew, service and after-service suggestions of GM company. The competitors did really succeed in making sports cars more compatible with the environment and the standards of new models take into account automobile companies ability to produce good and original cars not only in a matter of design, but also in its inside content. These approaches are displayed in a contemporary advertisement of Chevy Camaro with glimpses on characteristics, accessories and prices. Probably, this marketing trick considers a difficult economic situation provoked by the global crisis.
Conclusion
To sum up, the above-mentioned three models of Chevrolet Camaro are the manifestation of GM Companys ability to face challenges of time and make customizing process more effective for both: consumers and company. The approaches used in every sort of advertisement are emphasized with visual and verbal aids involving logical psychological motives for efficacy of sales process.
Works cited
Slides of advertisement prospects for Chevrolet Camaro. Web.
Formal organizations were typical for the US economy during the first half of the 20th century. Bureaucracy allowed effective control systems which had a great impact on professional life determining the main standards and expectations. Control systems motivated employees to acquire new skills and knowledge and develop themselves. Based on the strict bureaucratic organization, early management required adequate resolution of a search for meaning, the ability to retain mastery over ones life; and enhancement of self-esteem (Franceschet, 2002). Successful self-management of a company required sufficient knowledge about the work process and its management to make informed decisions about health care, the performance of activities to manage the change, and the application of skills to preserve adequate psychosocial functioning.
The early formal organizations were based on set standards and rules which governed the company and employees. Many researchers focus on the individuals experience as indicative of adjustment. In management, maintenance of relatively low levels of negative affect and, in some studies, high levels of positive affect defines optimal adjustment in these studies. Both general (e.g., state anxiety, global distress) and change-specific measures are used. Most studies relied on the absence of negative affect to indicate adequate adjustment (Mullins, 1993). Functional status and role-related behaviors also can indicate adjustment. Return to work has been used as an adjustment index in many studies of those undergoing cardiac events, for example. Other examples of functional status include mobility, completion of physical rehabilitation, and the ability to adhere to change management regimens. First, adjustment to new business, social and political environment is multidimensional, including both intra- and interpersonal dimensions. Within these realms, individual adjustment comprises cognitive (e.g., intrusive thoughts, self-evaluations), emotional (e.g., depression, anxiety), behavioral (e.g., return to work), and physical (e.g., symptom reports) functioning. Interpersonal adjustment often is relevant with regard to both personal relationships (e.g., family, friends) and relationships with health care providers (Duimering and Safayeni, 1998).
During the middle of the 20th century, formal organizations paid special attention to control functions. Planning and control are two crucial parts of modern bureaucracy. Modern management depends upon and is influenced by effective management solutions and strategies. Planning and control are concerned with setting goals, establishing policies and programs, and implementing action for the entire society. Its major tasks are to translate needs, actual and potential, into strategies able to protect millions of people in the situation (Cole, 2005). Management requires quality improvements and new methods of prevention and intervention. Planning and control play an important part in the bureaucratic system as they help management to provide administrative and supervisory activity of an entity. Different types of controls are not simply a limited specialized activity, but rather a perspective for the entire management team. Different types of controls do not function as a separate entity in the change scenario planning, nor is it more important than any other primary activity. Formal organizational structure allows managers and personal to manage, delegate, and coordinate resources, and they provide a system of incentives to encourage and support behavior. Managers and low-level personal establish reporting systems, perform evaluations, and allocate accountability. The traditional definitions of bureaucracy have concentrated on and described the management process. What a manager does is vital, but descriptions do not address the function or purpose of management. The principle of management is to produce positive outcomes. The bureaucratic structure is more complex and is more than leading employees. Indeed, it has many more components (Mullins, 1993).
At the end of the 20th century, the formal structure was less common in small and middle-sized organizations replaced by flexible structure. Still, such giant corporations like Ford and General Motors follow a formal structure of management. In quality control, it is important to consider not only the valences of adjustment dimensions but also their duration and interference with ones functioning and goal pursuits (Atiyyah, 1995). Individuals acute feelings of anxiety and loss on learning that they have a chronic disaster may not compromise adjustment, for example, unless these feelings interfere markedly with the ability to make important management decisions or they persist long after diagnosis. adjustment to a new environment is a complex phenomenon. It is recommended that researchers carefully consider their assumptions with regard to what constitutes positive adjustment, tailor their assessments to the theoretical question of interest, recognize that any particular assessment is likely to provide only a snapshot of circumscribed dimensions of functioning and limit their conclusions regarding adjustment accordingly. Modern management should be based on strict quality standards and principles of health and wellness priorities. There are the control-related tasks of managing panic and other problems, dealing with the environment, and preserving adequate relationships with personnel. In this case, the strict hierarchical structure of the state apparatus and bureaucracy are important elements of control and management. Thus, there is a risk that the bureaucratic structure will fail if the change will be enormous (Robbins, 2002).
A flexible organization is characterized by friendly culture and open communication. One more change type is an adaptation of the company which is as well first-order but now reactive change. This new change is considered internal in its nature. It is appealed for in cases when there is a much more serious necessity to look for deeper problems in the company and solve them rather than to fix identified problems (the latter is simply technical change it is not going to help the managers to solve deeper problems of the organizations) (Senior, 2001). Researchers agree that: Size increase precedes and determines structural properties. They suggest that size may be either a predictor, a moderator, a covariant, or a consequence of structure (Atiyyah 1995, p. 51).
The future of the formal organization is the decentralization of authority and improved personal communication at all levels. The new formal structure of the organization should involve different approaches and tools to create effective and efficient solutions for diverse populations. interventions and prevention campaigns are one type of strategic alliance that may be nurtured by the community health promotion specialist. Others include networks, consortia, leadership councils, and citizen panels. Regardless of its form, strategic alliances generally share certain characteristics (Atiyyah, 1995). Usually, they work well when members gain access to new information, ideas, materials, and other resources; when duplication of services and competition is minimized and consensus decision making is maximized; when the potential for each member to maximize power and influence is achieved; and when responsibility for addressing complex or controversial issues is shared across member organizations. Control systems in bureaucracies are forestalled when members resources are diverted unduly to the alliance, when the alliance focuses on issues that are not of core concern to members, or when the alliance delays in taking action due to a slow and cumbersome process for reaching consensus. Finally, coalitions that evaluate their mission, goals, objectives, and activities regularly are more efficacious than coalitions that are not privy to such self-evaluation data. Organizations that achieve high levels of each of these processes and outcomes are more likely to create a favorable organizational climate, such as greater group cohesiveness, which in turn has been shown to be related to greater satisfaction, participation, and performance. Likewise, there is a body of research illustrating that citizen participation in the research and intervention process not only has the potential to improve the quality of life for communities and individuals but it can also increase the quality of data collected by researchers (Mills, 2003).
Micahs formal organization is supposed to be reorganized and modified but based on its past strengths and history. This time the organizations which are exposed to the change are service institutions. The goal for it is to maximize the health capacity of the community under discussion. Organizational development seems to be an inevitable thing that any organization is supposed to live through. There can be various reasons for organizational change, and all of them have to be carefully taken into account in order to make the organization productive and help it survive in the competitive world of business. It is understandable that some people may appear to be quite conservative and may not accept the change as a positive thing. The organization cannot afford internal conflicts, and needs the employees to work in synergy. Thus, the way out in this situation could be inviting a consultant who could train employees the new ways of behavior in a changed environment and make them believe that change is a positive thing, as well as make them work for the success of their company.
References
Atiyyah, H. S. (1995). The Structuring of Branches: A Test of Formal Organization Theory at Subunit Level in a Developing Country. International Studies of Management & Organization, 25 (1), 51.
Cole, K., (2005). Management Theory and Practice, Pearson: Australia.
Duimering, D., Safayeni, F. (1998). The Role of Language and Formal Structure in the Construction and Maintenance of Organizational Images. International Studies of Management & Organization, 28 (1) 43.
Franceschet, A. (2002). Justice and International Organization: Two Models of Global Governance. Global Governance, 8 (1), 19.
Mills, H. (2003). Making Sense of Organizational Change. Routledge.
Mullins, L.J. (1993). Management and Organizational Behaviour. 3 d Edition. Pitman Publishing.
Robbins, S. (2002). Organizational Behavior. Pearson Higher.
Senior, B. (2001). Organizational Change, Capstone Publishing.