Category: Equality

Introduction

The analysis is based on the two speeches regarding the womens rights protection topic. Emma Watson makes the first speech called United Nations Address on Gender Equality, focusing on gender equality (Watson). Malala Yousafzai proposes the second one called Speech at the United Nations, emphasizing the role of womens rights protection and education possibilities (Yousafzai). The general topic is similar, while the ways of addressing the public and audience are different. The first speech is encouraged by the HeForShe campaign (Watson). The event contributing to the creations of the second speech is the Taliban attack on the girl. The first speech encourages the authorities and common people to take action regarding the inequality issue. The second speech is more related to the general audience. The two speeches are different in using pathos and logos strategies to influence the audience, while they are similar in terms of purpose.

The purpose of both speeches is to attract the attention of the public and authorities to the problem of womens rights protection.

First Example

The first example is the correlation with womens rights. Both speakers use generalization device to highlight the essence of the problem for both genders. Emma addresses the history and research results about the changes in the feminist movement, highlighting mens roles (Watson). Malala uses a more emotional approach by appealing to both genders (Yousafzai).

Second Example

Another example of similarities is the numerous repeating of key points and dramatic contrast. For example, when stating the differences with the past feminist situations, Watson contrasts the negative changes highlighted by the research result (Watson). Malala also dramatically determines the past and present womens education problem, emphasizing the necessity to change the perspective and Islam-related limitations. The mentioned devices add the same meaning to the speakers messages.

Thus, it focuses on the indirect emphasizing the negative changes regarding the problem and the necessity to minimize the impacts of these problems on society.

On the other hand, the speeches are different in terms of using pathos and logos persuasive devices.

First Example Analysis

Watson primarily uses the logical structuring of the speech while Yousafzai tries to appeal to the audience using emotions. Malala uses the appeal devices such as brother and sisters, adding empathy emotions to her speech (Yousafzai).

Second Example Analysis

Another example is the facts stating, which is different in speeches. Emma applies explicitly stated facts and addresses the historical event relevant to the topic, including the dates (Watson). At the same time, Malala focuses only on the events directly related to her injury (Yousafzai). Her speech is more emotional without references to particular historical facts. Such an approach makes her message more empathy-oriented. On the contrary, the logical structuring of Watsons speech makes her message more reliable and actions provoking.

Conclusion

Accessing both speeches, it is vital to emphasize that Watsons speech is more efficient in terms of delivering the expected message. Moreover, it has more potential impact on the authorities and community in general as the facts and research results support it. Even though Malala also calls upon leaders and her ethical associates, her speech is emotional and personal. Used devices are unlikely to encourage governmental changes in the education sphere. At the same time, the impact on the community is profound due to the pathos persuasive device implementation.

Works Cited

Watson, Emma. United Nations Address on Gender Equality. American Rethorics, Web.

Yousafzai, Malala. Speech at United Nations Youth Assembly 2013 Transcript. Rev., Web.

Introduction

At the base of gender, analysis is the difference that exists between sex and the biological sex of a person. Gender is something that is socially created in the environment, whereas sex is a thing of the genetic feature of an organism. Human beings over the decades have had the chance to change the relations in a society where life. Basing reasoning on biological facts, it is true that there are activities that can only be performed by one sex, either men or women.

For instance, women get pregnant and give birth to young ones whereas men cannot be biologically supported to do such. This shows that roles performed by either sex could be derived from biological property among others (Brookes, 1998). Gender relations results from the way social processes perceive particular biological categories. Either way, issues to do with gender are only fair when genders get equal autonomy in executing roles for different endeavors.

Through televisions, several professional organizations have been able to promote and initiate leadership programs for women in many countries so as to improve women representation in management positions.

Many training programs have been put in place that recognizes gender challenges and that come up with better solutions to addressing these issues through social media, more so the use of television because of its wide coverage. This paper is aimed at discussing whether media encouraged or discouraged greater gender equality in Britain during the twentieth century.

Gender equality in Britain in the 20th Century

In Britain, the media through the television systems operated discussions and seminars on issues concerning gender in society. Through this, many people got an invitation to join discussions to improve the social perception of sexes in society. People from both civil servants and private bodies would discuss their own views on gender issues freely and better solutions pertaining to the subject could be conveyed to the public via this mode, television.

Many nations were also taking the issue seriously in Britain. These governments organized training and seminars that were used to educate the society in a bid to improving awareness on human rights. Some of the discussions held purely intended to encourage the women to take the initiative to go through the education processes and apply for managerial positions of big companies just like their male counterparts (Bell, 2011).

The political scene was also taking shape. Many women got interested in playing part in public issues of nations. Some women applied for government positions at the ballot boxes and despite getting threats and discrimination and eventual defeat, some of them never surrendered. This harmonized the spirit and helped show that even women could lead. The television was used in many instances to help in promoting public awareness campaigns on issues to do with gender equity.

It was also used to air other interventions that are closely related to and are touching on gender. In communities where the women had greater roles, education and some initiatives boosted the increase of awareness of the value of education. The importance of living a violent free life and the agencies took them through skill building by engaging both males and females so as to change the norm of the community set up making them be more receptive for women empowerment (Andrews, 2012).

It was through increased awareness via television and radio that community interventions were able to address the traditional norms concerning gender. This helped in changing attitudes towards the traditional ways of viewing females. Effective facilitation of this initiative to a greater extent boosted this intervention. In addition, through the education systems, school programs were encouraged to address these norms before they were fully ingrained in children.

This helped to address sexual abuse on young adults. Series of television shows also highlighted intimate relationships that were also backed up by printed booklets concerning the same and were distributed nationwide to help improve the awareness (Mendes & Carter, 2008). The television presenters analyzed them step by step and making clarifications and valuable interpretations and consultations with human rights experts on the best ways to go about the human rights issue.

Sexual harassment and consistent but unnecessary home violence are among the issues that were discussed. In essence, this increased the number of people agreeing with these issues to a greater extent because even the public was also encouraged to participate by sending back feedback through phone calls and other modes.

Some programs also improved sexual reproduction health by encouraging people to take control of their lives as well as promoting gender equity and human rights. The activities that were operating to affect this endeavor included national television series and radio shows. Training workshops for training the young population and the women were also made. To make it ring through the minds of many, television shows were made more frequent, on a daily or weekly basis and drama performances.

There were also campaigns initiated to target the male population. These were aimed at changing the traditional mindsets in males and the virility concepts. The media organized and used celebrities via televisions to deliver the messages that advised on human rights and that violence towards women and children was not accepted either was it right.

It was also aimed at discouraging the notion that men having masculine bodies were meant to trim and beat their wives (Bell, Young, Single, Disillusioned: The Screen Heroine in 1960s British Cinema., 2012). Educational initiatives were organized that advised males on ways through which they could be strong other than through overpowering others at the family and the social levels. Several campaigns on no violence against women then followed suit (Bingham, 2004).

From the extended research on human history, it is however pointed out that females have been the slaves of the males in many scenarios and instances. For some societies, females could not be allowed to walk without the company of the male in public settings. This showed that males were given power over their opposites. In some instances, women have had the chance to control their actions on their own without any form of interference from the males and the society hence raising even more controversy.

However, women representation in the media had been judged as interfering with the aim of achieving gender equality by continuing negative gender typecasts. Women exploitation on television shows through adverts created criticisms that levied against them when such depiction aimed at increasing the appeal of a product without regard to the interests of those women.

Early marriage cases got discouraged from time to time and that only males and females that were above eighteen years of age got legal right to engage in marriage. This reduced violence to some extent especially on young families. Economic empowerment of women through national commissions helped to represent the rights of the women and gender issues in England and other parts of the United Kingdom (Hale, Raymond, & Wright, 2011).

They ensured that women views were taken into account and that public debates were organized. Through history networks, they were also encouraged to take part in promoting womens history.

This was done through the celebration of feminine principles and discussions that went from a couple of days concerning the same in the general media. Though they were not frequently heard, women were encouraged to speak out their issues openly though media and to join the male counterparts in different genres of music, art and all other activities that could interest them.

Legal Rights

In many instances, women were not been considered as intelligent as their counterparts or not even rational. The female participation in the political arena, for instance, was to a very small percentage. Men made the decisions and the females were expected to follow. Traveling for women was at stake when they got pregnant.

Women were viewed as the controllers of families in the absence of husbands. It was hard to give them employment especially at schools to teach as well as care for the family. It was argued that they could not effectively perform home chores as well as operate school programs (Beetham, 2003). For this, they could not even get promotions not until human rights bill was passed.

Earnings

The introduction of gender issues in the industries and firms and the entire employment sector boosted women employment aboveboard. Economic opportunities for women in Britain were on the increase, both in terms of job turnover and earnings. The introduction of the professional programs by women helped to shape the tradition thought about work and such related issues. Many women are now lawyer, journalists, and doctors just to mention but a few.

However, male dominance in the employment sector is still experienced in the world depending on the nature of the jobs and tasks involved (Dicenzo, 2004). Women also have some cultural inclinations that make them value particular job groups at the expense of others. This makes them become oversupplied for one service and as a result making the earnings to be law and therefore, reducing their earning potentials. This promotes further division.

Conclusion

From our discussion above, it is evident that the media encouraged gender equality in Britain during the twentieth century. This was done through educational initiatives where the British government organized training and seminars that were used to educate the society on sex education and human rights.

Public awareness campaigns on the importance of gender equality were also created, promotion of legal rights, the introduction of gender issues in the industries and firms and the entire employment sector that boosted women employment aboveboard among other issues featured prominently.

Most of these discussions were intended to encourage the women to take the initiative to go through the education processes and apply for managerial positions of big companies just like their male counterparts hence gender equality.

To make it ring through the minds of many, television shows were run on a daily and weekly basis. Drama performances were also witnessed more frequently. There were also campaigns instigated to target the male population. These were aimed at shifting the conventional mindsets regarding virility concepts and males.

Bibliography

Andrews, M 2012, Domesticating the airwaves:. broadcasting, domesticity and femininity, Bloomsbury Publishing, London.

Beetham, M 2003, A magazine of her own?: domesticity and desire in the womans magazine, 1800-1914, Routledge, London.

Bell, M 2011, Feminism and womens film criticism in post-war Britain, 19451959, Feminist Media Studies, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 399-416.

Bell, M 2012, Young, Single, Disillusioned: the screen heroine in 1960s British cinema, Yearbook of English Studies, vol. 42, no.1, pp.79-96.

Bingham, A 2004, Gender, modernity and the popular press in inter-war Britain, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Brookes, B 1998, Making girls modern: Pakeha women and menstruation in New Zealand, 193070 [1], Womens History Review, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 565-581.

Brunsdon, C 2000, The feminist, the housewife and the soap opera, Routledge, London.

Dicenzo, M 2004, Feminist media and history: a response to James Curran, Media History, vol. 10, no. 1, pp.43-49.

Hale, M Raymond, G & Wright, C 2011, List of publications on the economic and social history of Great Britain and Ireland published in 2010, The Economic History Review, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 1336-1381.

Mendes, K & Carter, C 2008, Feminist and gender media studies: A critical overview, Sociology Compass, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 1701-1718.

Anthony, C. (2017). The Idea of a Realistic Utopia (Publication No. 2168) [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania]. Scholarly Commons.

According to this dissertation, an ideal society is the one whose occupants identify themselves with because it has specific conditions that they view as the most appropriate for them. Such a society is responsive to its peoples deepest convictions, which are agreed upon by free and liberal citizens. The selection of this societys attributes is based on the universal intimate understanding of its doctrines, which can be used to judge and rank non-ideal alternatives coming second or third after the ideal one. The dissertation further implies that an ideal society must accommodate the conflicting, inescapable, and obligatory competing element. According to Anthony (2017), every member of society needs to enjoy all the privileges available, and the utopian philosophy argues against any form of discrimination, not even against minority groups. It should also allow for the reality of reasonable pluralism and staunch values and opinions. There are instances when different members of a society can have contradicting interests. The only way out of this should be to consider the benchmarks of the doctrines and principles defining an ideal society and how they tend to each other. A great emphasis has been laid on the difference between the theories of a perfect society. The varying detailed, political, and moral views indicate the need for an approach which will consider the problems of describing an ideal society. This dissertation is accurate and relevant as it examines the topic from several perspectives before arriving at a final definition of an ideal society.

Böker, M. (2015). The concept of realistic utopia: Ideal theory as critique. Constellations, 24(1), 89-100. Web.

This article argues that an ideal society will contribute to building up reflective and critical capacities within a population. Böker (2015) tends to respond to those skeptical of such a society, giving the answer which exceeds just dismissing and accuses the critics, who he says, misunderstood the central concept. In an ideal society, utopia plays a significant role in breeding a new disposition of a democratic revolution rebutting a passivity, which would otherwise lend itself to falling to new authoritarian methodologies. Böker (2015) suggests that people should view a perfect society from an ideological perspective and internalize it to ensure they understand it before criticizing. The article also claims that communities only engage in severe discourses through ideal theories. These models help challenge some social facts which have been overlooked regarding society. Böker (2015) suggests that these are the conditions which humanity needs to make life worth living. Therefore, utopian thought should be merged with democratic elements to develop the best safeguard against totalitarianism and define an ideal society in the best way. Consequently, it gives an optimistic hope that the utopian spirit can still be retained and nurtured in such a society. This article is relevant and provides meaningful elaborations of an ideal society using utopia and ideal theories.

Haarmann, H. (2016). Plato on women: Revolutionary ideas for gender equality in an ideal society. Cambria Press.

This book describes an ideal society by using Platos political philosophy ideas. Gender issues are among the leading causes of conflict in society. In most ancient civilizations, females were not involved in much of societys decision making. With women and other social movements, gender roles started to be addressed, and later women were given a chance to take over some community functions. Haarmann (2016) argues that an ideal society is free of chauvinism and stereotyping. The discussions in this book are somewhat in contrast to the real issues affecting women in the modern world but can best be addressed by an ideal society. Haarmann (2016) bases his scholarly work on the revolutionary nature of gender roles in society. In this book, the priority lies in describing the roles of women as a reconstruction against a society of classical antiquity. Therefore, the keyword guiding the authors analysis of an ideal society is equality. All property is communal, both men and women are educated, and thousands of people in an ideal society live and relate with each other with peace, love, and harmony. This book is relevant as it shapes modern utopian thinking, and it helps address such elements as wealth distribution, social quarrels, and political disagreements found in a common society.

More, T. (2016). Utopia. Verso.

This book is written by Thomas More, an award-winning fiction writer. It offers an extensive exploration of modern utopias and their limits. More (2016) emphasizes the need to develop utopian thinking to define an ideal society best. Some sections of the book were adapted from Ursula K. Le Guins essays as a part of Moores project to create a distinguished utopian approach. The books definition of an ideal society is that having almost perfect qualities for all its occupants. The conditions, laws, politics, and customs are desirable, and all members of this community are all equal and share many values, norms, and traditions. There are no social classes because they will lead to conflicts and division, as is the case with common societies. Thus, although More (2016) argues that people in an ideal society must not be spotless, they enjoy civil liberties and perfect harmony. Freedom, independent thought, and information are promoted in such a setting, and its citizens do not fear expressing themselves. Moreover, individual occupants are allowed to follow their preferred passions, without interference, which makes them happy to belong in that society. The government is benevolent, and it treats its citizens with dignity and equality. This book is relevant to this topic as it is more confined to the qualities of a utopia and accurate because the author has explored the topic extensively.

Williams, S. J. (2016). Personal prefigurative politics: Cooking up an ideal society in the womans Temperance and womans suffrage movements, 18701920. The Sociological Quarterly, 58(1), 72-90. Web.

This article assorts the subdivisions of culture, gender, and social movements to assess how womens movements used household chores, for example, cooking, as a stepping stone to social change. In past cultures, females were confined to household activities, while men dominated much in societal affairs. Williams (2016) uses the concepts of these movements and pre-figurative politics to illustrate what an ideal society should be. The article also demonstrates that the household was pivotal to the experiences of women. Therefore, the movements are expected to politicize the family and society. The easiest way to understand how the females fight for social change is to consider how activists challenge the status quo in their quest for an ideal society (Williams, 2016). The central idea derived from these movements is that society is not ideal if it denies women the chance to be equal to men. Women have participated in many campaigns with varying levels of success in their pursuit of a perfect society, with both equality and equity. Their pursuit of social change was a good route to use towards their ideal society, and these days, womens rights have been given much attention. The article is relevant because it demonstrates how a perfect society can be achieved by first realizing social change, as it was done prior to the womens movements.

Sports in our societies has contributed significantly towards unifying different nations and continents.This is where we get our cherished men and women, excellent memoirs are recalled; in these games, goals are placed and thoughts are lived. We have seen vast media coverage that make participants celebrities and legends, but women have been left staggering to mere spectators.The game of football all over the world has a remarkable place in recent history; and is believed to be one of the wealthiest sectors in the sporting field. For many years, the game of soccer has been poached generally by men. Many of our public colleges had done little to help women actually show their might in general sporting. Gender issue in college sports has been a major factor that contributes to women not participating fully in the game of football.

The authorities have done so little to make women comfortable in doing sports in learning institutions, especially women soccer. It is quite interesting that in many countries especially Europe participation of women in football started long in 19^th century.Why is up to now the question of giving full attention to women soccer is not yet resolved. Feminine involvement in this game especially in colleges must be encouraged to fully balance the gender equation. Women are really interested to play football, to be coaches and referees. Why is the world denying them this enormous opportunity? It is remembered that women from England in 1920 left history, when they toured the United States and played against men team.

They spoke loudly that they can deliver, by scoring goals. From that time, if were the authority concerned, the launching of women football uprising would have started. There are several male stars outside there making millions because of football; who says women can not? There are numerous attempts to sensitize this subject but little improvement has taken place. The world soccer governing organization FIFA needs to emphasize on women soccer by funding our colleges and public institutions for the promotion of the game women love and adore. For the world to see this great dream come true there must be planned transition of power, especially all learning institutions public offices and any other organization dealing with soccer, must relinquish their positions for women to take over. This is when liberation for women to play soccer, shall take place. Male counterparts must also give strong support of this motion (Wismer et al 1997).

Numerous societies have not recognized that women have the flair to take part in any sport that a man can do, with equivalent expertise if not best. The media coverage has also let the women down. Our colleges and learning institution must annually allocate funds especially to women soccer teams in order to eradicate this gender gap that has been experienced since time immemorial. The most influential upper hand to persuade the world which the modern media has, must be applied to sway the humankind to rally back and give full support for equitable gender participation in the game of football.The factual basis is that; we want the same chance for all women to participate in sports so they can also develop the mental, physiological and sociological reimbursement of sports contribution. Apart from their procreation organs, there are no absolute differences that subsist among men and women. It is apparent that pending collective prospects for men and women are equivalent; that we must present identical value for equal sexes.

Works Cited

Wismer, S and Lior,K:Meetingwomens training needs: McGraw, 1997.

Gender inequality is an issue that has led to endless debates with different people proposing diverse solutions to ensure equality is exercised. The article shows that many people are advocating for womens empowerment to ensure that females are given various opportunities in the community. Moreover, it reveals that people are being educated about the importance of valuing all individuals irrespective of their sex. Sociologists have also discussed various aspects, such as societies creating an impression of female vulnerability, which has led to gender inequality. Therefore, many organizations and individuals have ensured that gender equality is exercised.

Closing the gender gap in education at all levels is one of the issues discussed in the article. In this case, many communities have developed a culture that labels women as inferior to men. Consequently, males are given priority to access higher education (Kabeer 13). Another issue analyzed by the authors involves increasing womens share of wage employment in the non-agricultural sector (Kabeer 20). Females have been discriminated against in society, whereby they have been denied employment opportunities in various sectors (Onditi and Josephine 148). Moreover, issues such as promotions and leadership are mainly offered to male workers in many companies. Thus, these issues have led to many debates regarding the need for womens empowerment.

Political issues have also been involved in gender equality, where many countries do not consider women in some governmental affairs. Consequently, increasing the proportion of womens seats in national parliaments has been encouraged in modern society (Kabeer 21). The authors have argued that political sphere structure makes a difference in how many women are fielded as candidates and the number of those who can win (Kabeer 21). Nations should ensure that the number of women who can vie for various seats is not limited, and equal representation of both genders should be emphasized (Struckmann 14). Therefore, gender equality and empowerment are significant issues that should be addressed to ensure that women are valued, appreciated, and offered various social opportunities.

Works Cited

Kabeer, Naila. Gender Equality and Womens Empowerment: A Critical Analysis of the Third Millennium Development Goal 1. Gender & Development, vol. 13. no.1, 2005, pp.13-24, Web.

Onditi, Francis, and Josephine Odera. Gender Equality as a Means to Women Empowerment? Consensus, Challenges and Prospects for Post-2015 Development Agenda in Africa. African Geographical Review, vol. 36. no. 2, 2017, pp.146-167.

Struckmann, Christiane. A postcolonial feminist critique of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: A South African application. Agenda, vol. 32, no.1, 2018, pp. 12-24.

Introduction

Gender equality is a fundamental human right and essential for achieving peace, prosperity, and sustainable development. Providing women and girls with equal access to education, health care, decent work, and participation in political and economic decision-making is an important element of sustainable development. It is worth noting that due to social and economic differences and background, womens experiences might vary. Thus, some prioritize work rights as the most critical ones being violated; others suffer from physical and mental abuse. Moreover, many women do not consider gender inequality an issue or even do not understand the scale of the problem because they personally have never felt any injustice. As a matter of fact, even more, males find this sustainability challenge not relevant or overestimated, although men are also the ones suffering from inequalities. At the same time, on a larger scale, there are more complex challenges that require a different perspective and cannot be based on personal experience. This essay investigates the issues associated with gender equality on both individual and community levels and identifies the possible responses to those challenges. The paper argues that both personal and community experience of gender inequality can be most efficiently addressed through systematic changes.

Contemporary Gender Equality Challenge on Personal Level

Many women in developed societies on personal levels face gender inequality the most in their career paths. This is undoubtedly associated with a number of ensuing problems and challenges. In order to succeed, women need to refute gender stereotypes through their behavior (Agarwal, 2018). At the same time, this is associated for them with the risk of losing their adequacy in the eyes of others, with the likelihood of appearing as a socially inferior woman (Chung & van der Lippe, 2018). Male behavior is dangerous for a woman because it often provokes negative social and economic feedback, but success is impossible without it. This contradiction has been called the Dilemma of Impression Management (Brake, 2017). It forces a woman to be attentive and tense all the time, not to be too emotional, too confident, and so on. Based on this approach, women should solve their problems by using self-monitoring, balancing, and demonstrating behavioral flexibility. Women must develop creative strategies while a supposedly gender-neutral environment remains in the shadows. According to this approach, all that society can do is give women better education and call for the impossible  a change in culture, an end to gender categorization.

Response To the Challenge on Personal Level

An analysis of the phenomenology of gender inequality shows that women are excluded from power circles; thus, an important focus should be put on addressing this issue. Women feel isolated, shunned by their male counterparts, and not interested in developing their usual work relationships (Chung & van der Lippe, 2018). However, it is worth considering that networking opportunities are inaccessible to minority groups. From this, one can conclude that the availability of social capital for career advancement is critical, and the need for special efforts on the part of the companys management to form social ties. Research shows that the support of a mentor is much more important for a womans success than a mans (Brake, 2017). Phenomena such as sticky floor and glass ceiling are womens main barriers when moving to higher positions. The female gender is considered an obstacle to forming the social capital necessary to gain career advancement advantages (Coron, 2020). Indeed, there are unique informal practices of communication between men, which exclude the possibility for a woman to join a social network that gives access to networking processes at the micro and macro levels

Besides addressing networking, more complex changes should be implemented in the workplace. Therefore, one inevitably faces the need to influence the environment from the outside, from the position of the system (Chang & Milkman, 2020). An essential step in achieving gender equality is to assess the current situation in the national and local context and identify areas where improvements are required in terms of gender equality. Measures such as creating a dedicated equality structure within the education trade union or encouraging women to participate in negotiation teams help address gender equality issues. This helps to achieve equalization of the interests of women and men in the work processes. Moreover, it is critically important not to forget the cross-cutting, multifaceted nature of many elements of inequality when discrimination occurs simultaneously on multiple grounds (Chang & Milkman, 2020). In addition, it is also essential to combat the growing privatization of education as a factor contributing to the strengthening of elements of inequality in the position of men and women in society. In general, all individual experiences related to gender equality would be most effectively addressed through targeted concrete measures.

Contemporary Gender Equality Challenge on Community Level

The practice of gender discrimination is deeply rooted in modern society. It is often the result of patriarchal attitudes and associated social norms. The UN calls the strengthening of the legal framework a priority measure for ensuring gender equality empowering women and girls. One in five women between the ages of 15 and 49 experience physical or sexual violence at least once in their lives (United Nations, 2020). At the same time, 19% of women in this age category experienced physical or sexual violence by their intimate partner at least once in the last year (United Nations, 2020). At the same time, in 49 countries of the world, there is no legislation prohibiting domestic violence (United Nations, 2020). In 18 countries, a husband can officially prohibit his wife from working. In 39  men and women have different rights to inheritance (Falk & Hermle, 2018). However, only 13% of all women globally have land rights (United Nations, 2020). Thus, gender inequality is a significant problem encountered in many fields of communities. When looking from a community perspective, one could notice a significant number of issues and challenges associated with the existing matter of things.

Response To the Challenge on Community Level

No country in the world will be able to achieve full gender equality by 2030, one of the sustainable development goals set by world leaders. Even in the most prosperous countries in terms of gender equality, existing gender norms for women and girls will stand in their way after 2030, according to an analysis carried out by Plan International for the annual World Forum in Davos (Chang & Milkman, 2020). In all societies, boys and girls are still required to conform to accepted norms, to meet expectations regarding their behavior and their assigned role in society from the moment they are born. By imposing certain restrictions, these norms, first of all, have a negative impact on the opportunities of women. However, the main driver of progress towards goals set by the gender equality agenda will be raising public awareness and spreading education about the issues. Access to information is essential for womens empowerment (Engeli & Mazur, 2018). States and other stakeholders should ensure that women have full rights and opportunities to access information as a mechanism to overcome gender inequality. Only in this case will all subsequent reforms at the collective level be possible.

The policies and laws should not be limited to just promoting gender equality. The reform needs to be carried out in the populations minds so that gender equality in various areas is a natural state of affairs. Women should participate in politics and big business  they are the ones who should make decisions regarding the gender issue. The high representation of women in the top management of companies and in senior government positions will reduce the unfair pay gap for women and promote womens economic inclusion (Engeli & Mazur, 2018). It is impossible to achieve gender equality by 2030 without strong measures aimed at the root causes of discrimination against women (Brake, 2017). For example, discriminatory laws need to be reviewed, and progressive legislation promoting equality needs to be adopted. To do this, it is necessary to ensure womens full and meaningful participation and equal opportunities for them to lead at all levels of decision-making in political, economic, and public life (Fernández et al., 2021). Empowering women is critical in establishing gender balance and equality (Celis & Lovenduski, 2018). Strong independent women can also identify and address issues arising from gender injustice and find the best solutions for them.

Conclusion

Attitudes towards gender equality have evolved significantly in our days. Today, more women than ever are educated and employed as leaders of organizations, while more and more men take parental leave and take on their fair share of household chores. However, todays generation is not protected from gender stereotypes and gender roles strictly defined by society. Therefore, the impact of gender stereotypes on all aspects of gender equality should not be underestimated. Gender stereotypes can be defined as simplistic generalizations about individuals gender characteristics, competencies, and differences. They come from many sources and limit peoples freedom and choice, leading to direct or indirect discrimination. In order to overcome gender inequality at different levels, it is necessary to understand the range of challenges that the problem poses for both genders. Gender equality must be present both in the national and international plan and in the strategies of individual companies and enterprises. Raising awareness of the relationship between gender stereotypes and other gender equality issues in the national/regional/local context remains significant for various public and economic institutions. In addition, it is essential to pay attention to systemic changes that are possible through empowering women.

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Falk, A., & Hermle, J. (2018). Relationship of gender differences in preferences to economic development and gender equality. Science, 362(6412). Web.

Fernández, R., Luna, F., & Rambousek, B. (2021). Gender Equality and Inclusive Growth. SSRN Electronic Journal. Web.

Roberts, A. (2013). Confronting equality: Gender, knowledge and global change Raewyn Connell. Feminism & Psychology, 23(4), 561564. Web.

United Nations. (2020). United Nations: Gender equality and womens empowerment. United Nations Sustainable Development. Web.

Introduction

What comes to your mind when you hear the word racism? It is often associated with racial minorities being oppressed on the streets by police workers or in the media by politics. However, racial inequality is one of the most critical issues in the world today and it has influence in various spheres of human life from education to healthcare. Racism persists in the unequal treatment of patients, employment of medical workers, and even healthcare education. There are different ways of combatting racial and ethnic inequality, one of which is educating young minds about the issue hence eliminating the roots of the problem. Since education largely influences the healthcare system, ensuring racial equality in healthcare can only be ensured by promoting it in educational facilities.

Correlation between racism in education and healthcare

Racism in medical education

Medical education has been a white privilege for a long time and it should be changed. Research conducted by Machado, Ribeiro, and de Carvalho Filho supports this argument by explaining how medical education is associated with wealth. The major factor to which the admission committee pays attention when accepting new candidates is what the researchers call factual education (Machado, Ribeiro & de Carvalho Filho, 2022, p. 3). The fact is that tests and examinations that are presented to the admissions committee are a result of expensive secondary education and additional education obtained in academies and after-school study groups. Such activities are often not affordable for the underserved groups of society which in turn usually overlap with the group of racial minorities.

Although some might argue that the correlation between the poor and African American social groups does not mean causation, the data shows that the majority of the racial minorities live poorer than white men. In addition, it is known that African Americans have been refused primary economic rights such as saving money and owning private property for centuries. Hence, they would not be able to pass into wealthy parts of the population soon. Since racial minorities do not have access to expensive secondary education, they consequently get rejected from medical schools and the healthcare system stays the same for years. To abolish this stagnation, it is essential to promote racial equality more actively in schools and universities.

Educations impact on healthcare

Another significant influence of education on health can be seen in the number of patients and average life expectancy. According to the data provided by the Center on Society and Health, life expectancy has decreased for people without high school education since the 90s (Education: It matters more to health than ever before). In addition, the number of patients with fewer years of education became bigger than that of those with many years of study. The amount of perceived education also affects the health of people, which is an important social problem that requires addressing. If you ask how this is related to racial inequality in healthcare, the answer is simple  people from racial minorities often have fewer years of education and a challenge of enrolling in higher education facilities. Therefore, often patients whose life expectancy decreases and who need more treatment are people from racial minorities.

Actions for promoting equality in education

Universities and diversity

It is important to make education diverse more than ever and it can only be achieved through actions. The causes of the problem have been defined above, and the next step is discussing the actions. According to Donini-Lenhoff and Brothertons research, although for-profit universities have greater attrition rates than other types of institutions, both federal institutions and for-profit institutions have higher rates of student racial/ethnic diversity, and both have gotten more diverse over time (Donini-Lenhoff & Brotherton, 2010). The greater attrition rate at for-profit universities compared to other types of institutions needs sustained attention and more research since minority students are more likely to attend these institutions. At the same time, all institutions must allocate funds to boosting diversity and guaranteeing improved graduation rates for students of color.

Role of teachers

Another solution includes teachers, who according to Lynch play a major role in establishing healthy equality in the educational facility. He says that todays educators need to recognize that one of their responsibilities as instructors is to speak out for all of the pupils in the school, not just those in their class (Lynch, 2021). Many grassroots advocacy groups and alliances are founded by teachers. The role of a teacher in advocacy is crucial. When instructors speak up for a student, they show kids that they care about their welfare and strengthen the relationship between teacher and student.

Role of the researchers

Researchers can also contribute to solving the problem since they are an impeccable part of the education system. According to Horsley and Millers commentary on racism and bias in education, numerous education academics have long struggled with the concept of race and the problems that racism poses in educational settings (Karani et al., 2017). The study of race and racism in HPE is still understudied, despite the fact that this work has sparked the creation of alternate epistemologies50 and techniques. Problematically, many of us find the idea of participating in such a study to be intimidating. Researching racial and racist experiences is an emotionally and politically fraught task that requires scholars to uncover, characterize, and confront conflicts that are ingrained in society. We must critically consider our own identities and racial positionality as part of this process.

Conclusion

To sum up, I would like to call your attention to one thing  can you remember at least one good friend of yours, who is also a person of color? If you do, you might have heard from this friend what types of struggles and challenges he or she goes through every day in healthcare. Promoting equality in education will make all of our lives easier, and better. Therefore, we should all be involved in taking action to ensure racial equality. Let us all take part in promoting equality in education to ensure equality in healthcare!

References

Education: It matters more to health than ever before. Center on Society and Health. (2015). Web.

Machado, M.B., Ribeiro, D.L. & de Carvalho Filho, M.A. (2022) Social justice in medical education: inclusion is not enoughits just the first step. Perspect Med Educ 11(0), pp. 187195. Web.

Karani, R., Varpio, L., May, W., Horsley, T., Chenault, J., Miller, K. H., & OBrien, B. (2017). Commentary. Academic Medicine, 92(11). Web.

Lynch, M. (2021). How to Help Low-Income Students Succeed. The Edvocate. Web.

Donini-Lenhoff, F.G., & Brotherton, S. E. (2010) Racial-ethnic diversity in allied health: the continuing challenge. J Allied Health, 39(2), pp. 104-9. Web.

Slavery in American began as early as the 17^th century in 1607 when the first slaves arrived in the state of Virginia. It existed as a legal institution until the Thirteenth Amendment was enacted in 1865. Blacks formed the largest number of slaves although some Native Americans and some free black men also served as slaves. In addition, non-Christians served as slaves. The majority of the slaveholders were in the southern states. The slaves were engaged in the provision of labor in the white-owned farms. Inhuman treatment was unleashed on the Slaves and they were denied their basic human rights. The issue of slavery led to the issue of racism and race is a major factor in the US today even after the end of legal discrimination. Some races are underprivileged and are unable to get equal opportunities in America. This paper will endeavor to look at the role that the government should play if any to ensure equality of opportunity and outcome.

The government can introduce legislation on equal opportunity to ensure that no people who live within the United States are discriminated against (Luther, letter, para. 4). This legislation will ensure that people from different races in America get an equal opportunity to participate in all the activities of the country. To begin with, the government should introduce legislation to ensure that the education system is equal and gives an opportunity to every child in America to attend a school that has adequate resources to ensure that they get a quality education. This will improve the chances of children living in urban poor areas get a chance to attend college and graduate. During the era of Thomas Jefferson and George Washington, they sought to abolish slavery. Jeffersons draft constitution forbade slavery and his draft of the Declaration of independence as well and many states forbade slavery. On the other hand, Washington said that his slaves would be free upon the death of his wife. Their children were to be taught how to read and write and trained in skills that would enable them to support themselves. The government should be guided by the constitution that states that all men were created equally (Spalding, chapter seven).

The government should also ensure that the people are educated about race. The founding fathers may have said that all human beings are equal, but the practice at hand is different. The Aryan race still feels superior and all the other races are seen as inferior. This could explain why there is racial profiling in the country. People from the minority races are profiled because there is a general assumption that they are more likely to be criminals or get involved in criminal activities. Therefore, the issue of race superiority needs to be dealt with. It is an ideology that has become institutionalized in the American way of life (DSouza, 1995, p. 446).

People should be given back their freedom. They deserve to enjoy their liberty. It is very wrong that some members of society have an easy life while the rest lead very difficult lives. They cannot afford basic needs like food and yet they work very hard (Luther, 1863, para.3). The less privileged race should be given back its dignity by being given an opportunity that is equal to that of the chosen race. The government should look into the issue of affirmative action because it denies blacks the chance to advance on merit (Steele, 2001, p.496). This will ensure that no race feels the guilt of denying another a chance to advance. There should be a call to end racism so that everyone can get an equal opportunity. The government should also ensure that the pay is harmonized so that we do not have cases in which people do the same kind of work and are paid different salaries due to their race. The government should check businesses that do so and demand that they stop such practices. The government should be willing to talk about the issue of the race even if it is a sensitive one. (Hector, Charles Town). The blacks need to deal with their anger about oppression by the whites so that they can a closure and start a new (Steele, 1992, p. 509).

Fredrick Douglass captured the reality of the blacks in America during his time. To him, the Fourth of July did not mean the same thing to all the people of America. He said: The blessings in which you this day rejoice are not enjoyed in common (Fredrick, 1852, p.480). This means that the blacks continue to suffer and do not enjoy the fruits of independence as they should. There is hypocrisy still about racism and the chosen race goes about its business as if everything is all right. Yet, there are people who still live under oppression. The government should encourage a debate about the issue of race so that people from different races can be open with one another and live in harmony without fearing each other. For equality to be achieved in this country racism must be constantly looked into and ways of defeating it made up so that the people can integrate though this remains a tall order (Britttain, 1993, p. 505: Steele, 2001, p. 495).

The other thing that can be done is changing the American institutions. They lack moral authority due to the way they apply principles. The principles are about making reforms yet the reforms are one-sided as they relate to whites only. The government should ensure that such reforms comprise all the races so that they can give the blacks an opportunity to develop themselves. This should bring an end to affirmative action in schools that enable blacks to get opportunities just on the basis of their race instead of achievement. In addition, the government should abolish policies that government welfare because instead of empowering the blacks it ensures that they sink deeper into problems and thus never rise to compete with the rest of the races (Steele, 1999, p. 512). Furthermore, the debate about multiculturalism continues to gain momentum, but if it is implemented in the form that multiculturalists propose; it will do more harm than good by taking people back (DiSouza, 2001, p.506). The government should take an active role in looking at the issues raised so that the curriculum and the teaching can be made culture-sensitive.

Reference

Brittain, (1993). Integration In a Color-Blind Society Is Not Possible. in Winters ed. Race Relations.

DSouza, D. (1995). The End of Racism: Principles for a Multiracial Society. New York: Free Press.

DSouza, D. (2001). Multiculturalism Fact or threat. Imprimus, 30 (9) 23-67

DSouza, D. (1995). We are Slave Owners. 2009. Web.

Fredrick, D. What To The Slave Is 4^th Of July? (1852). 2009. Web.

Hector, j (n.d). Letter IX. 2009. Web.

Luther, M. (1963) Letter from a Birmingham Jail. 2009. Web.

Luther, M. (1963). I Have a Dream. 2009. Web.

Spalding, M (2002). How to understand Slavery and the American Founding. 2009. Web.

Steele, s. (2001). The Double Bind of Race and Guilt. 2009. Web.

Steele, S. (1992). The New Segregation, Imprimus 21, 1-4.

Steele, S. (1999). Race and responsibility. 2009. Web.

The modern principles of American civil society are based on the ideas presented in the Declaration of Independence. The principle of the peoples equality is stated in the preamble to the document. However, there is no single vision of the idea of equality in American society, especially with references to the concept of social justice. Thus, the notion of equality should be discussed from many sides because it depends on different significant factors.

In spite of the fact the idea of equality was proclaimed in one of the most influential documents in the USA and rights movements were developed by workers and women to solve the social and gender issues, the American society between the years of 1860 and 1900 suffered from the obvious unequal treatment of persons according to their race, class, and gender.

The problem of social inequality was urgent for the 19^th century, and any attempts to change the situation were ineffective to overcome social injustice caused by the years of race and gender discrimination in American society. In spite of the fact it is impossible to speak about the absolute stagnation in the process of solving the problem of the social inequality about race, class, and gender, the whole picture of the situation in the American society provided more evidence for discussing the issue of social injustice.

Thus, race discrimination was not stopped with the end of the Civil War. The idea of equality of all people presented in the Declaration was discussed from the point of the Founders vision. Thus, the Founders concentrated on the idea of human equality in front of God which was given by God during the creation of people. From this perspective, people were equal naturally, but not socially.

The equality of people could be considered as the right given to humans from their birth, but this equality did not guarantee equal treatment or social justice (Faragher et al.). That is why the period after 1860 was associated with developing the laws of racial segregation to accentuate the unequal status of whites and blacks in American society.

It is possible to refer to a lot of examples of the social injustice and accentuation of inequality within the society in spite of the proclaimed democratic principles and ideas. Social injustice associated with the race issues were closely connected with the class inequality.

Thus, black people had no right to take positions similar to those taken by white people, employers rejected to hire blacks because of developed racial stereotypes and prejudice, and Jim Crow laws prevented blacks from having close social relations with whites, accentuating the fact that the representatives of both races were separate but equal. In practice, the black population of the USA was discriminated in society, and black people were the representatives of the lowest social classes (Zinn 108-111).

The principles of social justice worked only for white people because the equality of races was correlated only with the principles presented in Jim Crow laws and similar documents. Many workers were also dissatisfied with their social position because of low wages and risky working conditions. The representatives of the working class believed that it was possible to overcome the social injustice basing on their powers (Halpin and Cook 1-2).

Thus, the labor and civil rights movements of the 19^th century became to develop as the reaction to the increasing social injustice. The rights movements can be discussed as the evidence to support the idea that social justice progressed as well as to support the vision that the developing inequality and injustice make people fight for their civil rights.

It is necessary to pay attention to the womens rights movement as the reflection of the social injustice about gender issues. During the 19^th century, women took the unequal position in comparison with the mens one regarding the impact on social life (Zinn 218-220). The questions of the womens suffrage, education, and employment remained to be urgent and rather controversial.

Being influenced by the workers rights movement, women intended to organize their movement to overcome the issues associated with gender inequality and discrimination (Faragher et al.). The role of equal human rights was accentuated. However, the development of different rights movements only emphasized the fact that the problem of social inequality and injustice existed.

Although the American society developed the idea of the peoples equality stated in the Declaration of Independence in connection with the developed concept of social justice, the principles of social equality were not followed during a long period in the history of the country.

The second part of the 19^th century in the USA is characterized by the developing social injustice about women and their role in the society, representatives of such lower social classes as workers, and blacks who were obliged to live according to Jim Crow laws and principles of the racial segregation.

Works Cited

Faragher, John, Daniel Czitrom, Mari Buhle, and Susan Armitage. Out of Many: A History of the American People. USA: Prentice Hall, 2005. Print.

Halpin, John, and Marta Cook. Social Movements and Progressivism. 2010. PDF file. Web.

Zinn, Howard. A Peoples History of the United States: 1492-present. USA: Pearson Education, 2003. Print.

Brown v. the Board of Education, the Cuban Missile Crisis and NOWs Statement of Purpose

None of the three cases under examination is, at first glance, controversial. All are widely regarded as triumphs for freedom and democracy, and few people would have wanted any of these cases to have been concluded otherwise. The first case, Brown v. the Board of Education, was decided in May 1954 by the Warren court which announced that the separate but equal doctrine instated by Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 was no longer acceptable. From that day on, American schools became integrated, thereby assuring equal education for all. The second case, President John F. Kennedys prosecution of the Cuban Missile Crisis, led to the resolution of a conflict that might well have caused the destruction of our planet and was commonly considered a triumph for the United States. The third case, Betty Friedans statement of purpose for the organization she founded, the National Organization of Women (NOW), is also hard to fault. Few people would disagree with her argument that women should have equal rights and be regarded as equal partners in marriage.

However, in each of these cases, there is a near-fatal flaw that has manifested itself in the succeeding years; that is not to say that the decision in Brown v. the Board of Education was wrong or that Kennedy made mistakes, or that Friedans demands are anything but fair. In all cases, the principals behaved admirably. Yet educators and legislators, including many African-Americans, have criticized the Warren court, not only for the grounds on which it decided against the separate but equal doctrine but also for its decision to integrate. The Cuban Missile Crisis, which was defused by Kennedy and Premier Nikita Khrushchevs extraordinary and supra-political cooperation, not to mention a good deal of luck, has left Cuba poverty-stricken and neglected, a victim of international power politics for which the US is at least as much to blame as the former USSR. Also, the popular conception that the Crisis ended in a victory for the US is arguable. As for NOW, the fact that the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) has yet to be passed into law indicates that Friedans radical concept of the equality of the sexes has not persuaded everyone. Furthermore, the denigration of the institution of marriage by radical feminists along with the staggering increase in divorce, illegitimate births, and single parenthood, and the hostility created in the workplace by special protective measures created and enforced to ensure equal treatment, have caused many to question whether equality of the sexes means that the sexes must be treated as being identical. In short, these are three cases, which are thought to be unexceptionable, yet may have done more harm than good.

In the matter of Brown v. the Board of Education, the Warren court decided that the psychological damage done to African American children through segregated education necessitated the immediate integration of all public schools. After noting that times have changed dramatically since Plessy v. Ferguson and that equal educational opportunity for all is necessary for any democratic society, Warren wrote: To separate them [negro children] from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone. The assumption underlying all forms of segregation is that the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the negro group, and the damage this does to African American children can never be undone. For many Americans, black and white, integrating schools was not unwelcome; however, what we remember of that period is the National Guardmen being called out at Little Rock, George Wallace standing at the door saying Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever, and Norman Rockwells painting, The Problem We All Live With, showing a little black girl being escorted to school by four burly security men and a burst tomato on the wall not far from her.