Category: Environmental Issues

We depend on plastic, yet we are drowning in it. Our planet is in danger. Humans produce huge amounts of plastic waste daily. The plastic we use is often wasted and dumped into a bin, eventually finding its way to a landfill site. Landfill sites are filling up rapidly and there are limited options for waste management once they are full. But there is a way to help our planet get out of this mess. Recycling (SENTENCE FRAGMENT). It is something that everyone can do; it is the best way to help our planet (ISOCOLON & ANAPHORA). Recycling is a process in which waste is converted into reusable materials (ANAPHORA). This process is vital as environmental issues affect every living creature on Earth.

There are many benefits to recycling. Recycling helps the natural environment and creates economic opportunities (ANADIPLOSIS). Recycling plastic keeps reusable materials out of landfills and encourages businesses to develop products from them (ANAPHORA). By constructively utilizing waste products, the size of landfills is decreased and natural resources are conserved and loss of biodiversity is prevented and greenhouse gas emissions are reduced (POLYSYNDETON).

Recycling allows items to be used over and over again so that resources do not have to be exploited. It conserves natural resources including water, coal, oil, timber, gas, and minerals. Energy is saved through recycling, resulting in fewer greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gases are the main cause of global warming. Recycling helps reduce air and water pollution by reducing the number of pollutants released into the environment. Recycling (“RECYCLING” – BARE SUBJECT) has (“HAS” – BARE PREDICATE) the potential to save enormous amounts of energy if it becomes an addition to everyone’s daily routine, eliminating the need to make materials from scratch, a process that tends to be labor-intensive and expensive, involving the collection, movement, and refinement of the natural resources needed to create the material (CUMULATIVE SENTENCE). Recycled products tend to require much less processing to be converted into usable materials. With the use of more recyclable products, there has been a rise in green technologies. The use of renewable energy sources is increasing, which has helped to conserve energy and reduce pollution. Pollution from the burning of fuel in power plants that generate energy can be minimized through recycling. Recycling helps prevent the loss of biodiversity and ecosystems. Soil erosion and water pollution are reduced through recycling, and protecting vegetation and wildlife. Deforestation, which is the removal of a forest or a wide area of trees, has the potential to be significantly reduced if recycling is added to everyone’s daily routine.

Recycling is not only helpful to the natural environment but also helps the economy. While some may think that recycling is an individual action, in reality, it is a huge industry within itself. Once products are placed into the recycling bin, they have to be sorted and converted into reusable items. This is done by thousands of workers, who are employed by the growing industry. Recycling creates more jobs, boosting the economy. The cost of maintaining the waste disposal system can be lowered if everyone participates in recycling, and the money saved can be diverted to where it is needed most.

Recycling is an act that can unite a community. Many simple programs that strengthen a community can be built upon the many benefits of recycling. In addition, recycling is one of the best ways to educate people about responsibility and taking initiative. Collective efforts in proper waste disposal will make the world cleaner and happier. Recycling is an excellent way to protect the Earth. Recycling diverts waste from landfill sites, conserves resources, saves energy, boosts the economy, and contributes to a healthy world (ANAPHORA).

Introduction

Water pollution is the act of making water unsafe for living organisms living in these ecosystems. Ocean pollution occurs when dangerous substances like chemicals or microorganisms are subjected to oceans, rivers, and other water bodies hence affecting the quality of water and organisms within the environment. Water is always prone to affluence because they are considered a universal solvent. It can liquefy more substances than any other liquid on earth hence making the ocean to be easily polluted by these substances. Toxic substances from farms and towns cause most ocean pollution and factories subjected to water bodies easily dissolve in water, causing water pollution. Fertilizers and pesticides leached from landfills and septic systems make ocean waters contaminated hence unsafe for human consumption. A high percentage of ocean pollution originates from the land, whether along the coast or far inland. Marine debris like plastics also constitutes some pollution in oceans since they are blown by the wind and carried by storm drains and sewers. Oil spills and leaks from ocean machines also cause pollution in ocean waters, and they are constantly sopping up carbon pollution from the air.

Body Paragraph

“The presence of pollution in oceans has various consequences; for instance, it leads to excess nitrogen and phosphorous in the ecosystem” (Mishra et al., 188). Even though most plants require these elements to grow when highly concentrated, it can lead to algal blooms, making algae overrun the ecosystem. When the pollutants sink and decompose in ocean waters, the oxygen found in the water is exhausted. These areas are considered dangerous because they cannot support aquatic life, making marine animals unable to survive (Mishra et al., 188). This will make fish and other ocean animals move away from these areas leading them to extinction. This debris is very hazardous even if they lack chemical content, and it can affect the lives of marine animals. “Some of the unnecessary metals and plastics, broken glass, and parts of the ships are very harmful to ocean users who can contact them” (Mishra et al., 189). This trash that is subjected to oceans affects human health and recreation and can also make it hazardous for ships to find their way. Marine organisms like fish can sometimes consume these pollutants can affect the health of humans who feed on these fish. Coastal pollution contaminates seafood and makes it dangerous for human consumption.

“The ocean pollutants cause harm to marine animals in several ways, like oil spills will entangle and choke oceanic animals by affecting their gills” (Avio et al., 5). When these oil spills get into the seabird feathers, it will affect their ability to fly or feed their young ones. These crude oil spillages are also harmful because they can cause cancer, lead to behavioral changes, and make marine organisms unable to have children. “Oceanic animals are also strangled by plastic debris like plastic bags and fishnets when they confuse them as food, and this will reduce the population of these animals in the Ocean” (Avio et al., 8). Examples of vulnerable animals from plastic debris include fish, sharks, seabirds, and dolphins. Oil spills also prevent sunlight from reaching marine plants, and this affects the process by which these plants make their own food. They can also lead to effects on the skin, eyes, and liver in most ocean users. Most ocean debris does not decompose quickly in water, making them remain in the Ocean for many years. While they are in the Ocean, they use a lot of oxygen to decompose, making oxygen levels in the water go down. “When there is a reduction in oxygen levels in the Ocean, the story of survival of marine animals like whales, sharks, and dolphins will be affected, leading to their extinction” (Rosenfeld et al., n.p). As explained above, noxious chemicals are considered dangerous for marine life. These include chemicals from pesticides that build up in the fatty tissues of these animals, causing failures in the reproductive systems.

“Pollution on ocean waters can also have an effect on the food chain, in that the chemicals used in agriculture and industries get washed into the rivers and later taken to oceans. Upon reaching the Ocean, they don’t dissolve making them be ingested by small animals, which large animals again eat, which affects the whole food chain” (Chatterjee et al 56). When humans consume these fish, they will impose health infects on them since they are held in the tissues of these people and can cause cancer, congenital disabilities, and long-term health problems. “These ocean pollutions can be prevented through the improvement of infrastructure that can limit the amount of pollution” (Kooi, Merel, et al., 7963). Some agricultural practices like the excess use of chemical fertilizers should be reduced to reduce the rate of chemicals being washed into the oceans. In this case, farmers should be advised to use organic fertilizers, which have low nutrient content and they should use them at half strength to avoid pollution. Plastics and trash should be disposed of appropriately so that they should not end up in oceans. To help encourage proper disposal, people are advised to allow input of everyday waste items. “People are also advised to opt for reusable bottles and utensils because if they are not correctly disposed of, they contribute to the highest percentage of ocean water pollution (Avio et al., 9).

Conclusion

Water pollution has been a dangerous activity since it has negatively impacted the lives of humans and marine animals. Since oceans are considered the most significant water bodies on earth, ocean pollution has spread harmful substances like oil, plastics, and industrial and agricultural wastes that affect the diversity of marine animals. Oceans are believed to be providing a home to a wide variety of marine animals and even plants. Every human being is advised to avoid ocean pollution, hence protecting the lives of these marine animals and their own lives. According to the research, most of these pollutants make their way into the Ocean from human activities carried out along the coastlines, and the most significant source of pollution is runoff. These are due to activities done in the urban and agricultural sectors. The current research shows that a high percentage of plastics are being disposed of into the oceans and they don’t degrade quickly hence affecting the lives of marine animals.

Works Cited

1. Avio, Carlo Giacomo, Stefania Gorbi, and Francesco Regoli.

Water is a resource that is essential to our life. However, it is too frequently has been taken without further consideration. Water is a crucial economically beneficial resource that if international locations and societies permit it to be wasted, it is then certain they’ll ultimately crumble. Water’s financial contribution is immeasurable considering it’s far utilized in agriculture, transportation, and industry. Deprived of a sustainable supply of water, monetary catastrophe will quickly occur. The problem that many countries face is the dwindling supply of water a great manner to have effect on their populace in the lengthy and brief term ranging from economic slowdown to starvation. Four billion people stay with severe water shortage for a minimum of one month of the year (Arjen, 2016). He additionally stated that half a thousand million humans around the arena face excessive water shortage at some stage in the complete year (Hoekstra, 2016). Water scarcity now not handiest affects developing nations, however additionally affects economically evolved countries too.

There are various reasons for water shortage around the arena. Even as policymakers, scientists, and researchers might not agree on each reason for water scarcity, there are a number of reasons many enjoy inflicting the trouble to enhance globally. First, there’s the trouble of the choppy distribution of water. This affects even a populace that lacks the proper and sufficient financial assets to completely and effectively utilize of water assets. This can often result in an unequal distribution of water. This might be because of political and ethnic conflicts that arise in lots of regions of the sector. The uneven distribution of water is also connected to the scale of a firm’s or agency’s water footprint. The water footprint is a contemporary device measuring consumptive water use and the extent of water pollution (Hoekstra, 2014). The idea of water footprint is worried about the fact that water is not always being completely decreased back to the surroundings or perhaps no longer in a smooth country. For an instance, in a 2007 record released by the usage of the consulting firm, Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler (KPMG), the expected use of water for each golf course in the Middle East is a median of 1.16 million m3 consistent with 12 months, reaching 1.3 million m3 in Dubai, which is sufficient to cover water consumption for 15,000 humans (Hussein, 2011).

Each different excessive reason for water shortage is the excessive use of irrigation structures collectively with canals, aqueducts, and reservoirs for enterprise and agriculture. The irrigation systems are specially used for agriculture and transporting water to towns and other populace centers. Agriculture uses the most crucial part of the globe’s freshwater consumption for developing and retaining plants and fruit timber. The United Nations has said that agriculture uses about 70% of all water withdrawals at the identical time as enterprise makes use of 22% and domestic sports activities approximately 8% (Hodgson, 2010). However, about 60% of the use by using way of agriculture is wasted because of leaky irrigation structures, inefficient software strategies, and crop cultivation. This makes a crucial hassle worse by way of laborious rivers, lakes, and underground aquifers. In additives of the arena that have heat weather, the quantity of water crucial for one hectare of irrigation is about one liter in keeping with second for each 2d in a single day (Tickner, 2016).

Next, the third main reason for water shortage is the growing worldwide populace which in the long run relies carefully on a non-stop and sufficient water supply. At the equal time as the global populace is not always growing at the short rate a few analysts had anticipated, it is although growing and there may be a growing call for water too. The trouble is that water has now seemed like a scarce useful aid in many parts of the arena. it has been estimated that global water intake is developing in two instances the global populace growth fee (Chowdhury, 2008). Each advanced and developing nation is managing issues assembly the water needs of its people. Compounding the problem of a developing worldwide population is the growing metropolis population. Currently, over 60 percent of the worldwide population stays in city regions thereby growing the want for sustainable water (Tickner, 2016). Towns and cities are developing in population across the arena and this suggests a difficult mission for already overburdened water infrastructure systems in many nations. By 2020, 55.6 % of the sector’s population will live in cities, this is a growth from 46.8% in 2000 (Hodgson, 2010). This will increase in the town populace will suggest a greater call for water in agriculture, enterprise, and everyday residing necessities.

Worldwide water scarcity can also have an immoderate impact on the economies of many, if now not all, nations. One location in an effort to be impacted is bilateral worldwide change. For those global places experiencing water scarcity, they will be inclined to provide a great deal much fewer agricultural items and much fewer manufactured products, and will import more amounts of every however at substantially better charges (Hertel, 2013). In this example, the global places might be at a severe disadvantage due to the fact they’ll have to borrow greater price variety at better interest rates accordingly inflicting economic deficits to be able to not enhance over time. this may also motivate a risky imbalance within the worldwide change marketplace inflicting wonderful countries to head deeper into debt while others turn out to be wealthier over time.

Any other place of economic effect is on corporations worldwide. Industries and corporations use large quantities of water so that can manufacture items and merchandise and in positive cases offer services. For example, this has brought about water to now not simplest come to be a more cheap reasonably-priced commodity but also one that nearby farmers are struggling with for water rights (Cartwright, 2009). Many businesses are in reality thinking about the provision of water as a critical herbal useful resource while making alternatives on locations for investments or manufacturing. Water for numerous companies has become taken without any consideration for lots a long time because it became abundant and usually easy. However, now due to threats of developing water pollutants and water shortage on an international scale, many agencies are paying greater interest to water getting proper entry than ever earlier than. This moreover has a ripple impact on municipalities for the purpose that lack corporations because of water shortage methods declining tax sales, process loss, and shrinking economies. The dearth of water also has an impact on the technology of energy and its fee. nearly all assets of energy production need water. vendors of energy assets together with oil, coal, hydroelectric power, and nuclear energy all use water as a way to easily, extract, deliver, or relax their products (Ross, 2016). The arena financial group said in 2014 that 50% of world electricity software and energy corporations professional water associated influences on their groups in the previous 5 years wherein 66% recommended water as a key and huge threat to their destiny operations (Ross, 2016). Tourism may also be deeply impacted by using way of water shortage. For many countries, tourism is a key industry and a supply of large revenue. while for the masses tourism is appeared as a luxury item, in numerous evolved global locations tourism is an essential industry. not quality is water crucial for leisure uses regarding lakes and rivers, but additionally for swimming pools and amusement parks.

Despite the fact that water scarcity is a volatile worldwide hassle with monetary implications, there are several viable approaches to rectify the situation. One possibility is growing water garage infrastructure inclusive of using dams. Dams can act as a manner to fight the problem and make water more to be had in masses of locations affected by water shortage. However, the dams should be constructed in an effective manner if you want to beautify water management. In Iran, they may be experiencing bad results from huge-scale dam duties that lack proper nearby making plans (Hooley, 2016). A few other techniques to alleviate water scarcity will be the harvesting of rainwater. This has been finished in several locations around the arena and is a way to collect, position into garages, and then deliver to areas inside a country or location looking for water via the use of new and current pipelines and water transportation structures (Aburizaiza, 2015). An important technique to cope with water shortage is schooling. This consists of teaching farmers, policymakers, companies, and families a way to exquisite use and hold water in a very good manner to reduce the problem the area faces nowadays. Education can stimulate new ideas and approaches to questioning that might reduce this issue and with any luck bring about new solutions that many will advantage from. Probably the maximum used technique that has an extended manner accomplishing impact on water scarcity is water recycling. Water recycling may be used for more than one non-ingesting feature whether or not it’s far for agriculture, maintaining landscapes, or inexperienced zones. Water recycling can assist relieve the strain on locating new sources of water and in the long run determining in which to apply it. Water recycling can help reduce the quantity of each dealt with and non-treated effluent into the environment, depositing organic and inorganic vitamins, such as nitrogen and phosphate, into water systems, which may be the purpose for eutrophication and algal blooms at the same time as seriously degrading present our bodies of water (Aburizaiza, 2015). Reusing water can assist reduce the possibility of polluting rivers, streams, and lakes and help the relaxation of the surroundings. this can be utilized by corporations to not best promote social responsibility, Moreover, it lessens costs.

A few other manners to help reduce water scarcity is the use of advanced era for conservation functions. Technology has made awesome leaps and boundaries in present-day years in the selection of fields and might be used to enhance and make inexperienced irrigation structures, water recycling, and harvesting, agricultural era the use of much less water and desalination methods. Superior generation is already being utilized by a circle of relatives equipment makers so that it will lessen the use of water collectively with electricity financial savings even as designing new merchandise (Hodgson, 2010).

Water shortage also can be reduced by means of enhancing farming practices on an international basis. Agriculture is an exceptionally huge segment of water and there was a top-notch deal of water wasted in farming. On a global scale, it’s far predicted that the common global irrigation efficiency is ready 50% within the years 2005 to 2007 due to this that 1-1/2 of water withdrawal is misplaced from most of the sources and its vacation spot (Hertel & Liu, 2016). There are numerous other strategies to lessen water scarcity which consist of enhancing sewage and sanitation structures and having smooth water projects.

If all of these strategies were positioned into use on the scale vital, then water scarcity would possibly no longer be the trouble that many nations face these days. This ultimate method that now not simplest could humans has water globally, however, economic sources may be used to assist international locations in other approaches. but this requires cooperation between various corporations, from farmers to organizations to governments to policymakers to families. until this takes location, water shortage will stay a primary international hassle.

References

1. Cartwright, A., Orr, S., & Tickner, D. (2009). Understanding Water Risks. World Wildlife Security Series Number 4, 1-40.
2. Chowdhury, J. (2008). The Harsh Economics of the Global Water Crisis.
3. Hertel, T. W., & Liu, J. (2016). Implications of water scarcity for economic growth. OECD Environment Working Papers No. 109, 1-56. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1787/5jlssl611r32-en
4. Hertel, T. W., Liu, J., Ringler, C., Taheripour, F., & Zhu, T. (2013). Water Scarcity and International Agricultural Trade. Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, 1-29.
5. Hodgson, A. (2010). Global water shortages will pose major challenges. Euromonitor, 1-14.
6. Hoekstra, A. (2014). Water Scarcity Challenges to Business. Scientific American. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2214
7. Hoekstra, A. Y., & Mekonnen, M. M. (2016). Four Billion People Facing Severe Water Scarcity. Science Advances, 1-6.
8. Hooley, L. (2016). World Bank Report: The Effect of Water Scarcity on Economic Growth. World Bank
9. Klepper, G., & Sonja, P. (2007). Potential impacts of water scarcity on the world economy. Global Change: Enough water for all? 263-267.
10. Paulson, L. D. (2015). What is Water Scarcity? RWL Water, 1-7.
11. Ross, S. (2016). The Economic Effect of Water Shortages. Investopedia, 1-2.
12. Sahai, A. (2016). Economic Consequences of Water Scarcity. The Mackenzie Institute, 1-7.
13. Tickner, D. (2016). The silent crisis: Global water scarcity reshaping future foreign policy. The Foreign Policy Centre, 1-4. Water Scarcity. (2016). Wikipedia, 1-22. Water Scarcity. (2016). World Wildlife Fund, 1-7. World Economic Forum. (2011). Water Scarcity. Island Press.

“Sociology is the study of Society and how humans act in groups.” Sociology, in other words, can be defined as a social science, it digs deep into the social world to understand and grasp the study of the social web and its relationships in all aspects that is present in society. Each individual holds different perspectives and views regarding societal morals, norms, beliefs, laws, rules, and many more. Sociological thinking includes rational thoughts, beliefs, and views of the world just not in an individualistic manner or way but as a whole in general. In simple words, through sociological thinking, a person draws boundaries over various personal and general societal issues. Each individual holds different views but as a whole, it contributes a lot to the social system and its work in our society.

Allan G Johnson, in his book “The Forest, the Trees, and the One Thing” gave us an insight into the vast diversity and its functioning in and around society. People of different ethnicity, race, sex, age, religion, and culture brings out the vast diversity in our lives. Individualism is the concept of how people perceive and think about themselves and society in a personal manner rather than thinking broadly in general. “The Forest, the Trees, and the One Thing” is an account that conveys the presence of Sociological practice in every aspect of our life. The Trees are examples of Individuals and the Forest is for the Society we live in. We are always participating in something larger, bigger than ourselves, and our personal problems are also related to something greater, for example, I will purchase a shirt that is made in Thailand, and the industries in Thailand might hire children as workers, thus I’m also contributing in child labor even if I don’t intend to. In short, a person’s action though as an individual counts toward the social system and its making.

People make the social system and the social system makes a person a social being. We are all dependent on each other and all of our actions reflect and affect something or the other. Individual thoughts can solve personal problems, but when these problems get solved individuals leave others’ matter on the road and moves on to pursue the next personal goal. Thus Allan G Johnson states that the Individualistic model doesn’t fully help to bring and make bigger changes in a Society.

Sociology as a discipline is more than common sense. Common sense in most cases forms through one’s personal experiences, these experiences change a person’s way of viewing things and feelings about a particular thing, group, or person. It is not something that is taught in an institution or within a family, rather it is the society we live in that creates a remark on our thoughts and the way we think. Sociological studies and common sense do inter-cross or say interconnect in some cases but apart from these accidental coincidences, Sociological studies do a lot more than just mere thinking as it is a body that consists of methods, research, analysis, survey, data collection, scientific studies and many more. One can easily grasp the idea of Sociology and what it practices and how it is different from common sense, common sense is basically hindsight which does not solve societal issues in general. We need to keep in mind that understanding things and applying them into action are two different things, we tend to participate in something with a particular goal but end up doing something else most of the time because we can’t completely control our surroundings, the systems and it’s various aspects but we can bring changes with small walks and maintenance.

In “Sociology and common sense”, Andre Beteille an Indian Sociologist describes how an individual’s action reflects on social context, these actions are well formed through an individual’s mindset and understanding which is through common sense. To understand sociology in-depth and detailed manner we need to unlearn the things we understood and perceived from a distinct view of cultural basis about the society, we need to observe and conclude the morals in depth with a thorough understanding in a broad way. Emile Durkheim, a French Sociologist also contributed a lot to the understanding of sociology and common sense, in his study of Suicide he worked on a comparative study to understand why suicide takes place, and what makes an individual commit such a thing. He explained suicide is more of a social fact than a psychological fact and that one cannot be sure of its cause and reason just with the mere understanding of people and their behavior. There are various threats to suicide and some of them are beyond one’s common knowledge of reasoning the cause. Common sense is a general perception while sociological concepts deal with empirical understanding which means we need some scientific investigation or interpretation to learn better about society, social relationships, and social systems in a sociological manner.

Another writer, James Finn Garner in his “Politically correct bedtime stories” displayed the role of Women in Society, how women are treated and what beliefs and myths do reflect on people’s behavior towards women, the existence of sexism, partiality, discrimination based on gender role and provides us glimpses of knowledge and ideas on equality and the right to live, justice and liberty. Most of the Society follows Patriarchal norms where Men hold primary power, and supremacy and are dominant whereas Women stay under their rule and law, and work for them, the actions women take becomes a mirror reflection of men’s words. Although so much has changed through the past years, many women are now educated, earning, holding decent jobs, and living life on their terms some as single mothers or even bachelorettes but we cannot deny the fact that inequality still exists in many corners of the society. The matriarchal society exists but in most cases it is just for its namesake, for example, Meghalaya is a matriarchal state in India where women own the property and share in their name, In a patriarchal society, after the marriage or marital rituals, women have to go to their in-laws’ house or her husband’s house to live there for the rest of her life but in a state which follows matriarchal norms will have a different way of doing so, husbands of these women shifts into women’s home rather than bringing the women to their house after the marriage. The order in which a female position is higher than that of a male makes a society a matriarchal form of Society but we need to observe how much power these women hold in the true sense, these women get the share and properties in their name but it is the men who actually look after and hands over the property and runs the resources of the household, thus this shows us a clear picture on how matriarchy lies under patriarchy or in simple words it can be best explained as, “Patriarchy dominants Matriarchy” Female are known to be physically weaker than male and thus most females are pressured by their opposite sex that is male. Despite Society’s old ill thoughts on women in society, Garner idealized the modern rights of women as a completely equal being on this planet and raised his voice against the oppressive patriarchal norms of society in an indirect manner in the form of writing. He enhanced the virtue of feminism adding to women’s empowerment and potential, his writings are powerful and it beautifully explains the importance of the equal status of women in society.

Allan G Johnson in “The forest, the Tress, and the One Thing” focuses on individual participation and their contribution to the making of society’s social system. In “Sociology and common sense “ Andre Beteille deepens the understanding of Sociological thinking by comparing it with common sense and generalizing the broad concept of studying Society. “Politically correct bedtime stories” written by James Finn Garner, comprises two stories: “Little Red Riding Hood” and the other “Rumpelstiltskin”, the former story narrates the independence and potentiality of women, strong and free women without the need for a man and the latter story speaks for the rights of women and their personal rights. Garner showcases the intention of a feminist through his writings and stands for equality, freedom, women’s rights, women’s empowerment, etc. The three mentioned writers focused thoroughly in-depth and on the important insights on different topics of society, understanding and covering various societal issues but the one thing that is common in their writings is the intention of bringing a good change in society and for the betterment of the people living in it. Same intentions but on different aspects based on Society through Sociological thinking.

There are many other sociologists, thinkers, writers, and people from different occupations who firmly agree with Johnson’s concept of individual participation in the social system, Beteille’s way of thinking in a broad manner for society, and Garner’s support of feminism. A lot many disagree too but it is widely accepted because Sociology is a subject that is open to everyone and people’s different opinions matter and are most welcomed.

The mentioned books provide us with fascinating, interesting knowledge and ideas about sociology and the works done in this field. People carry clashing opinions on everything and for everything, some may agree with these ideas and explanations whereas some may not and of course, people are free to do that. Every thought and every action is fundamentally related. These books contain many points which are eye-openers for many, going through these books will get you to look at things from a different perspective that you would have never considered before.

Water is the most significant asset on earth. without it, living life forms would bite the dust and that’s including human beings. Individuals around the globe are faced with a lack of new clean water. Water and its accessibility exceptionally impact how well nature and our financial development will be. Deforestation, environmental change, and lethal waste dumping are influencing the nature of water alongside other human exercises. Pollution of waterways and lakes has turned into a significant issue and is turning into a perilous danger to the earth and our prosperity. The pollution of these streams and lakes has made some of them turn into dangerous toxic pits and incapable to house life forms. The pollution of water compromises the nourishment business and is raising both ecological and well-being concerns. ‘Water and air, the two essential fluids on which all life depends, have become global garbage cans.'(Jacques Yves Cousteau) In excess of 80 percent of the world’s wastewater streams once more into nature without being dealt with or reused, as indicated by the United Nations; in some least-created nations, the figure tops 95 percent. In the United States, wastewater treatment offices process around 34 billion gallons of wastewater each day.

Now you might be asking, why hasn’t the government done anything to stop water pollution? Well, believe it or not, they have and they still are making efforts to prevent any further damage. For example, one thing that has already in the works is storm management “Stormwater management is the effort to reduce runoff of rainwater or melted snow into streets, lawns and other sites and the improvement of water quality” (EPA). another way of stopping water pollution is wastewater treatment. Wastewater treatment comprises expelling poisons from wastewater through a physical, concoction, or natural procedure. The more proficient these procedures are, the cleaner the water becomes and the closer we are to a better and cleaner earth. There are also some laws against dumping wastes into water and laws against littering. Some states can even give you a fine for littering, for example, in Alabama, you can get a minimum of 250$ for a first-time offense. After the first, you can get a minimum fine of 500$! So can you help prevent any further damage? Yes, yes you can and I will help you by telling you what precautions you can take to make the earth healthy again for us and future generations. One way you can help prevent any further damage is by conserving water. Conserving water helps because it anticipates water deficiencies and lessens the measure of polluted water that needs treatment. All you have to do is turn off the sink when you are not using it, you can also help by flushing the toilet less and turning off the shower when scrubbing yourself or washing your hair. Don’t throw litter into beaches, streams, or lakes, and help the community by picking up trash by streets or any water sources. You should also always dispose of trash the correct way. For example, recycling plastic bottles, plastic bags, cardboard, and paper. Using energy-saving light bulbs, washing machines, and energy-saving programs. Another way of preventing water pollution is by using fuel-efficient cars. Reducing the amount of car exhaust can help a lot.

So what I’m trying to say is that the world isn’t perfect and we’re slowly killing it with a plethora of things. Water pollution is just the tip of the iceberg. Dumping waste into the water and littering is not only bad for the environment, but it’s also killing us. We as people can fix the earth with the actions I mentioned above such as conserving water, and all we have to do is get everyone on board with this. All I’ve done is shed a little light and I hope that you can too. By spreading awareness we can make a difference in the world. Thank you for taking the time out of your day to read this and listen to my attempt to spread awareness. FIN

Today, many modern works of literature use symbolism throughout their writing. This includes a famous novel by John Green, The Fault in Our Stars. The novel uses symbolism as hidden messages all throughout its pages. A significant symbol John Green used was water. Water was used in order to symbolize a very negative thing, the fluid in Hazel’s lungs that gave her cancer. This symbol, water, was used in three different ways, a way for the purpose of Hazel to express her pain, the relationship between Amsterdam and Hazel’s situation, and a way to tie in Augustus Waters.

The first way John Green used water as a symbol was as a way Hazel could express her pain. Green used the concept of drowning and tides rising as a way to express Hazel’s suffering. Hazel often uses phrases including those ideas to compare and explain how her pain seems to her. In the middle of Chapter two, Hazel says, “But even so, there’s a certain unpleasantness to drowning, particularly when it occurs over the course of several months”(Green 24). This quote is implying on the fact that Hazel’s lungs are filled with fluid when it brings up drowning.

The second way the author used water as a symbol was when Hazel was going to Amsterdam with her mother and Augustus. At Amsterdam, the group of three sees many canals, which apparently have to be drained out so the city does not go underwater. This situation relates to Hazel’s cancer. When she arrives at Amsterdam, Hazel states, “The land seemed sunk into the ocean, little rectangles of green surrounded on all sides by canals”(Green 155). That quote reveals how both Amsterdam and Hazel have the distress of “drowning”.

Lastly, the author, John Green, uses water as a way to incorporate Augustus Waters. Clearly Green chose his last name to show how big of a motif water is in this novel. Throughout the story, Augustus is always seen saying things that include concepts related to water. Near the

Today, many modern works of literature use symbolism throughout their writing. This includes a famous novel by John Green, The Fault in Our Stars. The novel uses symbolism as hidden messages all throughout its pages. A significant symbol John Green used was water. Water was used in order to symbolize a very negative thing, the fluid in Hazel’s lungs that gave her cancer. This symbol, water, was used in three different ways, a way for the purpose of Hazel to express her pain, the relationship between Amsterdam and Hazel’s situation, and a way to tie in Augustus Waters.

The first way John Green used water as a symbol was as a way Hazel could express her pain. Green used the concept of drowning and tides rising as a way to express Hazel’s suffering. Hazel often uses phrases including those ideas to compare and explain how her pain seems to her. In the middle of Chapter two, Hazel says, “But even so, there’s a certain unpleasantness to drowning, particularly when it occurs over the course of several months”(Green 24). This quote is implying on the fact that Hazel’s lungs are filled with fluid when it brings up drowning.

The second way the author used water as a symbol was when Hazel was going to Amsterdam with her mother and Augustus. At Amsterdam, the group of three sees many canals, which apparently have to be drained out so the city does not go underwater. This situation relates to Hazel’s cancer. When she arrives at Amsterdam, Hazel states, “The land seemed sunk into the ocean, little rectangles of green surrounded on all sides by canals”(Green 155). That quote reveals how both Amsterdam and Hazel have the distress of “drowning”.

Lastly, the author, John Green, uses water as a way to incorporate Augustus Waters. Clearly Green chose his last name to show how big of a motif water is in this novel. Throughout the story, Augustus is always seen saying things that include concepts related to water. Near the end of the book, Waters wrote, “ A desert blessing, an ocean curse.” (Green 313). By this, Augustus is alluding to an abundance of water, which would be helpful for a desert but not for an ocean. This also hints at the fact that Hazel’s lungs have had an abundance of fluid before, which led to her condition.

As you can see, John Green used water as a symbol on many occasions in the novel, The Fault in Our Stars. John Green used this specific symbol in three different ways, a way to let the audience know about Hazel’s suffering, a way to correlate Hazel and Amsterdam, and an approach to bring the character Augustus Waters into the storyline. All of these ideas are key to making the story the way it is. In conclusion, this entire novel had an important motif used all throughout its plot. This significant motif was water.

Overview

Water, a vital resource that both the ecosystem and the society depend upon is never to be taken for granted. Unfortunately, the satisfaction of water resources isn’t only limited to any water we see; it has to be clean, safe, and reliable for drinking.

Also, water is the primary medium by which the overwhelming impact of climate change is felt. Yes, records show that water availability is coming to be less and less predictable; this includes many regions, increasing the contaminated water sources, sanitation procedures including erecting the facilities to be used, and destruction of water points.

From differing regions, droughts are immensely hitting water availability, and it has an impact on people’s health and productivity. While it is reliable that everyone has access to sustainable water and clean water, it is relevant to be able to identify the problem, though picking up solutions would make much sense to every sane person.

Other areas of need for water resources like agriculture, energy, manufacturing, navigation, recreation, and the product has to be suitable for the intended usage. Sadly, in meeting the global demand for this, unprecedented pressure has been mounted on water, and this pressure is likely to be exacerbated by climate change.

Right now, in some regions, most regions, climate change could be responsible for an increase in water demand and limiting the supply of water. You will agree with me that this isn’t a balance. This imbalance would no doubt set a challenge ahead for water managers to meet the demands of many communities, manufacturers, a sensitive ecosystem, energy producers, and farmers.

In sharp contrast, having a supply of less water will never be a big deal, but they have to wrestle with an increase; flooding, runoff, or an increase in sea level rise are significant challenges they would have to overcome. The result of these events would impact the quality of water, and disrupt the infrastructure used in the transporting and delivery of water.

To solve the problem of climate change, it is essential that you build climate change resilience via water management and ecosystems. As you read in this essay, always bear these:

• Climate resilience is being reinforced via good ecosystem services that are resting on the accurate-functioning river basins.
• Climate change leads to direct aftermath conflict and water security.

Climate change presents itself mainly via changes in the water cycle. Then, as climate changes, melting glaciers, sea-level rise, droughts, intensify storms, floods, and then do not leave behind unfortunate consequences.

An effective country-driven climate change adaptation technique must at all costs reflect the vitality of water management in limiting vulnerability and constructing climate resilience.

If climate change adaptation would be applied to acquire Sustainable Development Goals, building climate resilience is paramount.

This real issue is that water and water which serve as the fragile balance that exists between precipitation and evaporation is the main cycle via climate change is experienced. At present, just 3% of the planet’s water is freshwater, and in fact, two-thirds is being seen in both polar ice and glaciers. Worse yet, ensuring the safety of water for the global population has a higher that is highly demanding since it is set to get to about 10 billion by the end of 2050.

Knowing why it is vital is highly essential. Because currently, there exist a lot of stakes. In a 2015 verification of world crisis by The World Economic Forum, as to what disaster would have the most significant impact of damaging both economic and social implications with no country nor sector out of the forecast, the Water crisis tops this list- It can’t be more alarming than it is. If we have to live with the rapid changing of the climate, it would also translate to us battling with the impact on water. Regardless of the size, large or small. Also, it will have an expanded impact on how labile communities and economies are.

For a discussion of water security in this essay, we will see how the direct impact has meant sad consequences on freshwater resources. Going to current research that 4.8 billion people will be at risk of water stress before the end of 2050. The effort of water management is appreciated because it has assisted in driving transboundary cooperation, which entails one of the prominent aspects, water resilience. Also, it has expanded its coast by limiting the risk of a dispute between the countries that are being affected by the situation.

However, regardless of how dangerous and evil the consequences could be. There are varying ways that could be rendered. This essay will address options that will make the community better equipped in wrestling with disasters and any shock that will emanate from them. Solutions like a nature-based solution, where the use of mangroves, to prevent shorelines from running into storms, resist flooding plans to retain excess runoff, to disable lakes from storing large water supplies, will be discussed as you read on.

Climate resilience, which is another exciting part to help strengthen the healthy ecosystem will be explained too. We will see the four components, diversity, knowledge, learning, capital, innovation, and self-organization will not escape my mention.

Lastly, as you read, you will come to see how water plays an adorable role in how the world at large carries out mitigation, and how it adapts to the effect. Although, there you will also see an integrated way of limiting the risk which would protect us from some of the grievous challenges.

To begin with, the water cycle and water demand are going to be the next sub-heading; how the water cycle is being impacted by climate change. Can’t wait to start reading? Okay, let’s the journey down.

Water Demand And Water Cycle.

As previously briefed, the water cycle is a fragile balance of precipitation, evaporation, and all the processes in between it. And with the advent of climate change which leads to warmer temperatures increases the speed of vaporization of water back into the atmosphere. This hold to suggest that there will be more water in the atmosphere since the capacity of the atmosphere has been increased. This will mean to opposite thing for regions existing. Some will experience excess precipitation while for some, there will be drought.

The water cycle is an important phenomenon that enables water to circulate via the planet’s atmosphere and all available waterways which will reduce the quest of struggling with life and instead makes stability and growth on earth possible and beautiful.

The changes in the rate of rainfall during storms provide undeniable evidence that the water cycle is drastically changing. In the United States, for example, more than half a decade ago, the rate of precipitation increased the number of rainfall events. Even in the Upper Great Plains, Midwest, and Northeast, there experience an increase. Additionally, warming temperature has also led to more precipitation falling in the form of rain instead of dropping like snow. Moreover, the rising heat has led to storms starting to melt more rapidly in the first quarter of the year. And what does this result into? It impacts the timing of streamflow that occurs in rivers whose origin streams from the mountainous region.

With this temperature increase, the demand for water and animals becomes more demanding; it is needed for maintaining good health and for sustenance. Several economic activities require water. But sadly, the amount of water available may be reduced as the earth warms and the demand becomes more excessive.

Furthermore, science-proven often that climate change impacts every part of the ecosystem, and the water cycle is no exemption. Why? It is merely because every single step is highly reliant on temperature, and any slight change in one cuts across all others. As the world’s temperature own progressively increased at their rates many thousands of years ago. This is majorly affecting water vapor concentrations, stream flow patterns, clouds, and precipitation patterns – all these are part of the water cycle.

But you might want to know in what long ways has climate change impacted the water cycle. Water evaporates from the land and sea and will find its way back to earth in two forms, rain, and snow. The rapid changes in the climates alter this process, the cycle, even further. The air temperature increases and leads to more and more evaporation of water into the air. As more vapor is being held in the atmosphere, warmer air would, therefore, lead to more rainstorms leading to flooding in coastal communities around the entire globe.

More to the point. This change results in different areas of experiences from stronger regions. Aside from the rain and drought explained earlier, there will be changes regarding dry air in some parts and stronger storms in some areas.

To simplify your understanding of how climate change impacts the water cycle, I’m going to break down the process into four stages.

• Stage I: The increased temperature will lead to more evaporation from both the sea and land into the atmosphere.
• Stage II: This makes the air gets warmer, letting it hold more vapor, leading to more intense rainstorms.
• Stage III: In the third stage, the increase in rainstorms heightens the occurrence of flooding. Then, water runs into streams and rivers making it not do dampen soil the sufficiently way.
• Stage IV: All these combined, increase the risk of drought.

Although little has been said about how climate change influences water demand, there is still much to be discussed about the topic. Let’s understand this from water demand management’s perspective.

Water demand is understood as the demand for several services which include drinking water, navigation, protection in case of storms, and irrigation. In a nutshell, the basic idea of water management is water security. The stress of a country as regards water demand is when the per capita water availability is below 1,000m3 per year based on actual runoff. And this figure entails the water needed for drinking, food production, and industry. Although, regrettably, the population in this category ranges from 1.4 billion to 2.1 billion.

But, water demand management itself can be explained and described as any practical method either through the adoption of institutional, financial, economic, or technical to accomplish these simple water demand tasks:

1. Limit the quantity or quality of water demanded to achieve a specific task
2. Alter the timing of use from peak to off-peak period.
3. Adjust the nature of the job so much water will not be used and lower quality water will be used.
4. Ensuring that there will be enough what for the member of the public to use when the water is available in little supply.
5. Limit the quality and quantity of water significantly as it flows from the source through the use of disposal.

Currently, several tools and strategies are being employed in enabling water-use efficiency, equitable, sustainable practices, and policies used although this would mean a restructuring in the way water is being used from varying angles, especially in the areas of agriculture.

Water demand in a sense is an efficient way to meet up with the current challenge of water demand that leads to water scarcity and with the continual impact of the climate, it will become more intensified. Water demand management also improves the resilience of society and how preparations are made in combating the problem.

Some of the water demand management is to ensure that campaigns for water economy at the both industrial and household level, include economy in water use, pricing, and some restrictions on users. It doesn’t exclude some limits. For example, some farmers might be restricted to a particular form of irrigation employed.

Summarily, water demand and the water cycle are being severely affected by climate change, but the provision of water demand management would assist in curbing some of water demand’s issues, thereby restoring the natural water cycle.

Since the demand for water is affected by climate change, the water supply will undoubtedly suffer this same thing. Other analyses, which will be discussed further indicate that the alteration in the groundwater would be higher than the changes in the precipitation.

Take, for instance, areas where there exists annual rainfall that has a 20% increase due to climate change; there is the likelihood that at 40% the groundwater (water available in the ground) would have again. Alternatively, the reduction in rainfall will have more impact on the underground. For example, a 20% decrease in precipitation will result in a 70% decrease in the amount of water recharging local aquifers. Will this not mean a devastating blow in both arid and semi-arid regions? It will.

However, it should be noted, that some conditions will play their part, and though complex they are essential factors. Take, for example; they include the type of soil, the type of vegetation, and the duration and timing of rainfall events. Thereby there will be a need for a more comprehensive study in each location since no two places will have similar problems or conditions.

Abstract

The aim of the experiment was to determine the concentration of nitrate ions in raw and potable water. Gravimetric analysis and spectrophotometer analysis was employed in the methodology techniques. General laboratory glassware, hot plate, UV spectrophotometer, potable water, and standard reagents namely; NaOH (25% WV), C7H5NaO3 (0.5% WV), concentrated H2SO4 and NO-3 standard solution used. The sample was analyzed on the UV-visible spectrophotometer. The graph of absorbance of nitrate versus concentration was plotted with software then concentration was calculated. Results from the experiment are 41.14 mg or 41.14 ppm revealing that the concentration of nitrates in raw and potable water is above the normal standard as prescribed by local standard authority (MBs) which is 10 ppm. Portable water is not recommended for consumption by infants and pregnant women according to the results since it has statistical significance.

Introduction

Water is essential for human development and other living things in the world. Mineral salts such as nitrates dissolve in water and they are colorless in water these salt when reacting with sodium salicylate or salicylic acid form the sodium salt of nitro complex compound. Nitrate ions occur naturally from the nitrogen cycle where nitrogen combines with oxygen. Sometimes nitrates can be reduced to form nitrite ion that contains an unstable oxidation state. Nitrite can also be formed chemically during supply from water tanks plant to the consumer through nitrosomonas bacteria on galvanizing pipes or if residual chlorine is present or the system is not well controlled by the supplier of the water (ICAIR Life system, inc, 1987). Nitrate occurs naturally in surface and groundwater for exactly 1-2 ppm. The presence of natural nitrate has no effect on human health because of the below amount of standard (Oregon Health Authority, 2010) In humans like infants and pregnant women are often vulnerable to health problems from drinking water that has an excess concentration of nitrates above 10 ppm or 10 mg because in many cases it interferes the ability of the blood to transport oxygen throughout the target organs in the body of these groups and these conditions can cause the blue baby syndrome. According to the united states environment protection states that the recommended concentration of nitrates for infants and pregnant women is 3ppm or 3 mg. Infants consuming excess nitrite and nitrates has also other adverse implications for their health such as gastrointestinal disorders. A high intake of nitrite has another effect on the thyroid because it inhibits the intake of iodine since they have similar anions. (WHO, 2010). The presence of excess nitrates or nitrite ions in portable water shows the pollution of the water that is not supposed to consume before treatment.raw water can be used in agricultural industries for irrigation purposes.raw water is the primary source of nitrogen for plants and animals. In most cases excess concentrations of nitrites and nitrates are influenced by human activities such as sewage, disposal of untreated effluents from factories, and use of commercial fertilizers that contain nitrogen like N: P: K. To get lead from this people can reduce nitrate intake by use of distillation process, infants and pregnant should be allowed to consume water that has excess nitrates salts. Sometimes raw water can be used only for bathing, washing clothes, and cleaning dishes (Daniels & Mesner, 2010). The aim of the experiment is to determine the concentration of nitrates ions in the raw and potable water

Materials

A hot plate, UVvisible spectrophotometer, 50 ml measuring cylinder, stoppers, 100 ml Pyrex beakers, pipette filler, 25 ml pipette, micro burette, and reagents were used.

Procedures

The standard solution of nitrate solution was prepared from a standard stock solution of nitrate(500 μgNO-3) by using serial dilution with 10 ml of the solution onto a 100 ml volumetric flask and water was added up to 100 ml mark. The solution was diluted again to produce standard solution B of nitrate solution that has a lower concentration than before, exactly 2.5 g of sodium hydroxide pellets were measured and dissolved with 70 ml of distilled water when cooled the solution was diluted to 100 ml with distilled water in the volumetric flask. Exactly 0.00 ml, 1.00 ml,2.00 ml, 5.00 ml, and 10.00 ml of standard nitrate solution were measured onto 100 ml Pyrex beakers accordingly and exactly of 2. o ml of sodium salicylate solution (0.5% wv ) were added by the pipette. The five Pyrex beakers that contained with the solution were shaken and evaporated on the hot plate. After evaporation, exactly an amount of 1.00 ml volume of concentrated sulphuric acid was added by using a pipette. The beakers were allowed to stand for 10 minutes. Exactly 50.00 ml of distilled water was added to all beakers. Sodium hydroxide (25% wv) mount of 10.00 ml was measured by measuring cylinder onto the five beakers and was mixed thoroughly and allowed to cool down. The solution from five beakers was quantitatively transferred to a 100 ml volumetric flask and diluted with distilled water then the flask was covered by the stoppers and marked according to the volume of nitrates that was added before. The solution was put on the spectrophotometer and the absorbance was measured at a wavelength of 410 nm and the reading was recorded. Excel was used to plot graphs.

Discussions

Nitrate compound occurs naturally from nitrogen element. Nitrogen dissolves in water in form of nitrates or nitrite and it has neither taste nor smell in the water. Nitrates have some benefits to human health when consumed in portable drinking water. The presence of excess nitrates in water beyond the required amounts as instructed by the local standard organization has short or long-term adverse impacts on human health (MBs, 2011). The recommended concentration of nitrates in water for human consumption is about 10.0 mg and above that, it has an adverse effect on pregnant women and young ones, above 40.0 gl has some effects on adults (faculty of materials science and technology in Trnava, 2012).

Conclusion

According to the experimental results, the experiment was successful and it has been found that the concentration of nitrates ions in portable water and raw water is above the recommended standard of nitrate intake for women that have pregnancies and 3 months baby or younger because it can cause blue baby syndrome and death in some cases. The recommended value should below 10 ppm but the sample that was collected is about 41.14 ppm which is high than required (WHO, 2010). Samples should collect for not more than two sites for proper confirmation of the significant figures in the next laboratory session. The local authority should enforce the water supply companies, industries and other companies that dispose of `wastes into water bodies to follow the quality standards of treatments and disposal of wastes.

Fitzgerald wrote The Great Gatsby as a parody that remarks on the American standards during the 1920s. He shows the lack of regard for everybody during the time by depicting them in two communities East Egg and West Egg. One theme that we see here is the concept of isolation. The concept of isolation is theoretically defined as a state in which an individual experiences a reduction in the level of normal sensory and social input with possible involuntary limitations on physical space or movement. (As told by the US National Library of Medicine) Three characters that show themselves being isolated are Jay Gatsby, Nick Carraway, and Daisy Buchanan.

Jay Gatsby’s isolation was very different than the rest of the characters. He was socially isolated. In the book, we say that he is portrayed as a lonely, isolated man. In the opening chapter of the book, we see Gatsby being satisfied with being alone, in fact, we see the narrator, Nick, describing how Gatsby was looking into the dark water describing how Gatsby was looking at “a single green light, minute and far away, that might have been the end of a dock.” This is the first time we see the “green light” being shown in the book. Upon further reading, we realize that it is a symbol of Gatsby’s love for Daisy, money, and the American Dream. The narrator tells us that he was stretching out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way which The narrator tells us that he was stretching out his arms toward the dark water in curious way which shows how individuals are continually making progress toward something that is superior to anything that reality can furnish them with, and since Gatsby demands living inside this obscure, optimistic dream, he falls prey to finish social confinement. The residence of Gatsby was located in West Egg, Long Island. Gatsby was socially isolated from the community of East Egg which prides itself on its residents having respect, custom, and stature. Another example of his loneliness is his mansion. Gatsby always wanted people in his house. He frequently threw lavish parties which entertained hundreds of guests, all with the intent that hopefully, Daisy would come to one of his parties. We learn that Gatsby is the sole resident of his mansion, showing that he is socially isolated and loneliness hits him each night when he stands on the dock, looking at the green light on Daisy’s dock, longing to share his wealth with the woman he loved. It was the sole reason he accumulated his money, to make up for the five years that they were separated. A final way we see Gatsby being socially isolated is at the end of his life. Gatsby Due to a misunderstanding, Gatsby was shot by George Wilson who thought that Gatsby killed his wife Myrtle. Gatsby dying in a pool shows a sort of baptism. In a certain sense, it shows that he is cleansed of all his wrongdoings throughout his life and is alleviated by all stress. At Gatsby’s funeral, Nick couldn’t get people to come because nearly all the people who knew Gatsby were people who simply used him for their benefit.

Nick Carraway, is a young man from Minnesota who goes to New York City to learn about the bond business. He resides in a community of new wealth, West Egg. Nick’s isolation is different than of Gatsby’s. Jay Gatsby was socially isolated whereas, Nick was constantly isolated by his rich friends. The main reason he is isolated is that he is not of the upper-class standard that his friends are. To understand Nick properly, we must first understand how Nick’s character changed. After visiting his cousin and meeting a professional golfer, Jordan Baker, she convinced him that he should attend one of Gatsby’s parties. When he met Gatsby at his party he instantly became a more confident person. Gatsby’s approachable demeanor paved way for Nick to take initiative in the conversation. Nick continued to attend Gatsby’s parties and eventually became very close to him. Before Nick became close to Gatsby, he followed certain guidelines, but afterward, he began to live a carefree lifestyle. The lavish and sumptuous life that at first seemed enticing, was the cause of Nick’s downfall. He also saw that the people he surrounded himself with had the same money-centered mindset as Gatsby. On one side of the coin, he saw Gatsby who presented himself as a polite and considerate person. On the other side of the coin, he saw Tom and Daisy who embraced themselves as invincible human beings. because of their wealth, having no sense of compassion or understanding. Nick was a pawn on Gatsby’s checkboard. He used Nick to get closer to Daisy. While Gatsby is ‘watching’ Daisy, Nick narrates that “…Gatsby was clutching at some last hope and [he] couldn’t bare to shake him free.” At the end of the book, we see Nick frantically trying to get people to attend Gatsby’s funeral. , but no one wanted to come. This makes him realize that he is alone in appreciating Gatsby’s hope and character. “I found myself on Gatsby’s side, and alone…it grew upon me that I was responsible because no one else was interested…” Gatsby’s death gives Nick a chance to isolate himself, which is foreshadowed by the quote mentioned. A surprising thing is that Nick is happy when he is alone, in solitary.

Jay Gatsby, Nick Carraway, and Daisy Buchanan are never alone but always isolated. From the beginning, Daisy has virtually been alone. Even being surrounded by wealth and two wealthy men who long for her commitment, she is still emotionally isolated. During her daughter, Pammy’s birth, her husband Tom, was not even present. She was very isolated from Tom at that point. She is mentally weak to forsake Tom’s wealth and leave him. She uses attention as a way to cope with her affair with Gatsby. We see this when she kisses Gatsby in her husband’s house, having no sense of honor or respect towards him. She needs to know that someone is going to give and receive her attention. An ironic thing is that she had a fear of being physically isolated but she ended up being emotionally isolated. ended up being emotionally isolated. At a party Daisy makes a certain remark saying that she hopes her daughter will be a “beautiful little fool” because that’s the best thing a girl can be in this world. This comment shows us that her isolation seems to extend to her daughter as well.

The ‘dream’ to be wealthy, live lavishly, and be in the glamour of the city will not always have the foreseen outcome, as shown by these characters. Jay, Nick, and Daisy realize their isolation, and hold on to their pasts, making no effort to remediate the situation. Isolation in The Great Gatsby could have been avoided for the most part if some of the characters let go of their past. Their inability to live in the present world led to their downfall of them.

“The loneliest moment in someone’s life is when they are watching their whole world fall apart, and all they can do is stare blankly.” – F. Scott Fitzgerald

Where is the Water?

People often move to cities due to their numerous benefits, including the possibility of economic success and a higher quality of life. Yet, in our analysis of modern cities, it is obligatory to acknowledge that rapid, unplanned urbanization has adverse effects on the lives of citizens. While many low-income individuals move to cities in third-world countries due to their hopes of advancement, they often find themselves gravitating towards slums that proliferate across megacities. In many third-world countries, urban growth weakens the government’s ability to provide citizens with necessities such as water. The scarcity of water creates international conflict between nations and regions that struggle with accessing fresh water. The water crisis and the rise in water conflicts in third-world countries illustrate that many countries are unable to cope with recent population growth and urbanization.

Water is a fundamental need, yet it is becoming increasingly inaccessible for people in third-world countries. Surprisingly, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports that less than one percent of all water on Earth is usable and accessible. People in the United States generally do not face water scarcity. According to the EPA, the average American family uses more than 300 gallons of water per day. As a result, we do not understand the gravity of water scarcity on a first-hand basis like those that live in Nepal, Nigeria, or Ethiopia, where average families consume about twenty times less water daily. The massive discrepancy in water consumption between third-world and first-world countries is due to poor water management and the lack of a proper sewage treatment system. Additionally, third-world countries lack the necessary capital to fund water programs that would alleviate the pressure of water scarcity on most but not all of their citizens. Furthermore, the United Nations confirms that more investment in these programs would ensure a more regular supply of fresh water in the long term for third-world countries.

Water scarcity is not only a humanitarian crisis but also the cause of multiple international conflicts. Speaking to the United States Senate about global water scarcity, General Anthony Zinni, a former commander of the U.S. Central Command, said: “We have seen fuel wars; we’re about to see water wars.” While not commonly seen in the daily news, water wars are a significant concern to the United States government. Water scarcity forces nations and people to put themselves before others, intensifying tensions among neighboring regions or countries. Dr. Peter Gleick wrote that this competition for limited resources would lead to nations seeing water scarcity as a matter of national security. These water conflicts are not merely conceptual; in Nigeria, in 2014, over a thousand people were killed due to violence between farmers and herders who fought over access to water resources. The Pacific Institute’s online water conflict chronology illustrates many similar disputes that have arisen primarily in regions such as East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia.

Water conflicts are being caused by haphazard urbanization and the massive population growth within urbanizing third-world countries. Since 2010, the Pacific Institute has reported 500 instances of conflict across the globe. Compared to 200 from 2000-2009 and 175 from 1990-1999, this marked increase in water conflicts is intriguing, not to mention statistically significant. The relationship between time and water conflict is meaningful since, in the last two decades, the Earth’s population has risen by two billion people. As Dr. Gleick and General Zinni illustrated in their reports, conflicts arise as more people compete for scarce resources. Since no clear plan has been put forth to solve water issues in East Africa, the Middle East, or Southeast Asia, where many water conflicts occur already, we can expect these water conflicts to worsen. Continued haphazard urbanization will only lead to more people competing for fewer resources in these troubled areas.

One country that clearly demonstrates the connection between urbanization, water scarcity, and water conflict is India. In 2013, a water shortage in the Ahmednagar district, of Maharashtra, India, led to fights among the locals when the town was on the brink of a significant water crisis. Additionally, in 2019, shortages in Madhya Pradesh, India intensified during a heatwave, which led to violence among Indian civilians over water from a water tank truck. There are more than thirty other examples that seem to prove that most regions of India are on the brink of major water scarcity and have no viable long-term replenishable water resources. There are already 160 million people without a consistent water supply in India. Given the clear correlation between population growth and water scarcity and the expected rise of the Indian population to 1.6 billion by 2050, it is clear India’s water problems will only become direr.

In observing the water scarcity phenomena, it is imperative for us as a society to take action. While many first-world countries have stepped up and provided funds to third-world countries to set up water programs, there has not been enough action to diminish the current humanitarian crisis. Water scarcity should not be a problem that a country must face on its own. It is my understanding that international cooperation is necessary to ensure that third-world countries are healthy and peaceful communities. Although the United States cannot control how many people move to megacities and how greatly the population rises, we can control how much aid we give. Yes, the support given by first-world countries will still not satisfy all the increased demand for water, but it will point third-world countries, on the brink of water scarcity, in the right direction.

Water scarcity is one of the problems of urbanization. As more people come to a city that cannot handle massive increases in population, health conditions deteriorate. A country like India has shown that more city dwellers mean more people living in poverty without access to necessities such as fresh water. As freshwater becomes more scarce, conflicts will continue to erupt between countries and regions. Given that many wars have been fought over natural resources in the past, it would not be surprising for water to be a leading source of confrontation in future conflicts. Although not in the daily news, water conflicts are real and stem back to increases in urban populations. While the process of urbanization cannot be stopped, more aid can be given, and more countries can take an active role. If assistance is not provided, we will have failed as a society, and we will observe a catastrophic but preventable humanitarian crisis.

Works Cited

1. “Avoiding Water Wars: Water Scarcity and Central Asia’s Growing Importance for Stability in Afghanistan and Pakistan.” The United States Senate, 2011, www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Senate%20Print%20112-10%20Avoiding%20Water%20Wars%20Water%20Scarcity%20and%20Central%20Asia%20Afgahnistan%20and%20Pakistan.pdf
2. Express News Service. “NHRC Asks Maharashtra to Probe into Riot, Death Due to Water Shortage.” The New Indian Express, 13 May 2013, https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2013/may/13/NHRC-asks-Maharashtra-to-probe-into-riot-death-due-to-water-shortage-476737.html#.UztU8vldWSo
3. “Financing water.” The United Nations, 2014, www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/financing.shtml
4. “How We Use Water.” EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, 5 Feb. 2018, www.epa.gov/watersense/how-we-use-water
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