Category: Environmental Issues

Since the dawn of time, Water has been the most essential commodity in human life. Nowadays, in certain areas of the world, various amounts of people have very little access to the natural resource. While in other areas of the world, they have a seemingly endless source of water. 1 million people die every year because of lack of safe drinkable water. It is imperative that everyone in this world has the opportunity to continue living by being provided by the most basic, but most important natural resource, water to help put an end to a global crisis.

Water.org is an organization that is dedicated to providing clean, drinkable water to people in different parts of the world that don’t have the ability to get clean and safe water. Water.org has not only helped save multiple lives around the world, they have empowered more than 25 million people around the world and changed their lives through safe water and sanitation. It is very hard to get people to donate to your organization because of trust issues and most charities are able to get donations by the help of celebrities. A huge part of the way that Water.org was able to grow to its level now is because of the reputation of the founder and celebrity Matt Damon who wanted to realize the dream of helping end the global water crisis which, according to the United Nations, is “insufficient water supply to satisfy basic human needs and growing demands on the world’s water resources to meet human, commercial and agricultural needs.”(United Nations). This means that Matt Damon is trying to end the global water crisis and help those people of less fortunate circumstances continue prospering.Matt Damon’s full name is Matthew Paige Damon and he is an American actor, film producer and screenwriter. And according to wikipedia, “He is ranked among Forbes magazine’s most bankable stars and is one of the highest-grossing actors of all time.”(Wikipedia). The following is an inspection of Water.org and the persuasive strategies they employ to have people help out others in any way and whether the actor Matt Damon brings a positive and effective change or whether he has a negative impact on the organization and the people who are in dire need. In addition, discussing the large numbers of people whose lives are affected because of the global water crisis.

Water.org is a global organization that was founded in 2009 by Matt Damon and Gary White in order to end the global water crisis. Water.org helps raise awareness to provide safe water and sanitation to people around the world. Water.org helps many Latin, Asian, and African countries such as, according to Water.org, “Brazil, Honduras, Peru, Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya. Tanzania, and Uganda.”(Water.org). This means they help people from four continents and 13 countries. Not only that, according to Water.org, “Today more than 25 million people around the world can turn on a tap and safely use a toilet because small, affordable loans empowered them to get access to safe water and sanitation at home. There’s more to be done. With programs and people working in 13 countries, we’re scaling and exploring new markets and solutions to help end the global water crisis.” This means that they are helping people get safe water in which they don’t drink contaminated water with no nutrients, sanitation in which can help to decrease disease, and helping end the global water crisis. And because celebrities support their causes, Matt Damon, who supports the cause of Water.org, will go to great lengths to realize their goals.

Matt Damon is an actor who is renowned for his movies such as The Martian, Jason Bourne, and Good Will Hunting.(Rotten Tomatoes). Matt Damon has been a part of Water.org since he started the organization back in 2009. He founded this organization for the purpose of providing safe water and sanitation through affordable financing with small loans. He was influenced into creating the organization because, according to Water.org, he “witnessed what life was like for a community living in the global water crisis. While filming a movie in Sub-Saharan Africa, Matt spent time with families in a Zambian village. They lacked access to water and toilets. Matt’s exposure to their daily lives inspired a commitment to helping solve the global water crisis. In 2006 he founded H20 Africa Foundation to raise awareness about safe water initiatives on the continent.” His popularity and celebrity status are a blessing for Water.org because he draws major attention to this global crisis and his fans and even normal people are willing to listen and see why the global water crisis is worth ending because of the public service announcements that he has been in.

The public service announcement being analyzed in this essay is “The Power of Water.” The public service announcement “The Power of Water” uses various persuasive strategies to get the average viewer to donate for a good cause. Water.org uses persuasive strategies such the 15 Basic Appeals, impact of the colors used, and the words and phrases used to employ pathos towards the people in need. Water.org uses Basic Appeal #4 of the 15 Basic Appeals, need for guidance, because Matt Damon is someone with millions of fans and his fans are willing to hear him out when he speaks about certain topics just like the global water crisis. People who revere him and his craft are capable of being influenced by him. Basic Appeal #12, need to feel safe, is being used to make people feel the need to help those in other countries who aren’t safe because they don’t have safe water and sanitation which causes diseases and kills numerous amounts of people worldwide. The colors of the organization’s logo are different shades of blue relates to water. Not only that, but light blue is associated with health and healing. People require water to maintain their health and are able to heal from diseases. Dark blue is associated with seriousness and that means that the global water crisis that Water.org is facing is a serious issue which needs to be dealt with. Water.org also uses words and phrases in the public service announcement to employ pathos for those people in need of safe water and sanitation. One phrase which really stands out to a viewer of the public service announcement “The Power of Water” is “And too many die, over 4,000 kids every day.”(Water.org) This is significant because this goes to show how big of a problem the global water crisis is and it is meant to invoke pathos because a lot of kids are dying everyday to a problem which can be ended as long as the effort is put in to provide safe water and sanitation.

Matt Damon has a positive and effective impact on the organization Water.org because he actually believes in what he’s doing so he doesn’t overshadow the organization when he’s doing a public service announcement. In the PSA “The Power of Water,” he shows up only once and is instead narrating throughout the public service announcement. Since he is also the founder of Water.org, it shows that he’s not in it for the money, he just believes in the cause of ending the global water crisis. Not only that but the numbers show that he has been effective in the means of providing safe and improved sanitation to people around the world because, as stated in Water.org, they have empowered over 25 million people with safe water and improved sanitation.

There are according to worldvision.org, “844 million people lack basic drinking water access, more than 1 of every 10 people on the planet.”(Worldvision.org). This means that 844 million people lack access to the most important basic natural resource. As stated previously, 1 million people die every year because of diseases which are caused by the lack of clean, drinkable water. Not only that but according to Water.org, 2 billion people are living in a situation where they don’t have access to improved sanitation. This is insane because sometimes those more fortunate forget about the fact that they are wasting water while there are those in places around the world that don’t even have access to safe water.

Overall, being able to end the global water crisis is a difficult but achievable goal. I chose this cause because I believe that everyone has the right to safe water and improved sanitation and to be able to live a life that is better than a disease-filled one. It is vital that everyone should have the ability because we are all equal and we all live and share the same earth. I think it is possible to help the situation by donating more money to organizations like Water.org who are reliable and will show transparency when dealing with statistics and reports they have to do. Since we all live and share the same earth tell me why should others be more privileged in comparison to other people?

The movie entitled wall E is talked about the robot in earth, his name is wall E he was the last and only robot that has been stayed on earth. He has to collect the last different garbage everyday, Collecting garbage is his Duty in his Everyday life, as he collected the garbage he press them in a shape of box then put the boxes of garbage together and Ready to shape on earth. The Garbage that has been collected of Robot wall E had pilled up into Towers which represent that the garbage on earth are able to form a tower Due to the amount of waste in the world.

In this Movie it also shows that in 29′ century, in the galaxy, the earth surface is ittered with a lot of domestic waste because of the irresponsible action of human that living in the earth. The air is filled of dust and pollution that coming from smoke and the different vehicles, at a glance, the high scrapers in the past are now towers of garbage boxes. In the Video it shows that the city is still retain traces of human life, but super markets and squares are empty, there is no ones shadow. Furthermore, when human are still living on earth, it monopolized every industry on the earth, as a result, the ecological environment on the earth had been greatly deteriorated. In this video it convey that human survival was facing a threat, in this movie they planned to build a to lot of robots to deal with garbage. The robot they made was Instructed cleaned up the earth Environments in the use of spaceship to transport in the garbage in batches into space and discard them by robots. But the earth shows that the original plans has already failed because as year passed by the street are still littered with garbage.

In this video the mysterious spaceship lands near wall- E’s house, this spaceship on the ground puts and active a White robot named Eve. Eve is just woken up by the spaceship and start to scan the Environments, she seem to look something. But after searching for a long time she still got nothing. Eve are being sent to earth ahead of time by humans to look for green plants that are capable of photosynthesis due to the fact that plants survival which prove the environment on earth can maintain the human survival of human. The magnificent scene in the Cabin shows that every human lies in a suspended chair, the clothing, food, housing and transformation are all served by robots. People inside the spaceship communicate with the used of tablets and they also reply on the front of the Communication due to the fact that they have not done exercise in a space for a long time. This lead to severe osteoporosis in human. Human are living in the spaceship are already so obese that they can’t take care of themselves, In the spaceship these are two kinds of robots the serve robots and the machine guard. The machine guard was Instructed to take an action when there is an danger while the robots are Instructed to take care the human inside the spaceship, human inside the spaceship just need to lie down and live. The Scenario that shown in the movie indicated that if we continue to be an responsible individuals to our environment, the scenario in the movie it might be happen in the near future in real life situation. Where in the Earth that we live in will be filled of garbage because of our being imresponsibility, we just throw our garbage anywhere, we created chans towards the earth without noticing it.

In conclusion, the movie entitled Wall-E convey how we can maintain our survival by the help of green plants which prove that the environment of the earth is able to maintain the survival of human. It simply represent that without the environment of the earth we are not able to survive. Furthermore it shows the important of environmental in our life, which give us support for our survival, we are very dependent to the environment, without the environment we are nothing. By the help of the environment we are able to survive. As an individual who are dependent to the environment we should take care our environment and be responsible to our actions by promoting proper waste management within our selves, and do other activities that will help our environment such as tree planting to maintain the green plants to achieve our survival. However, if we continue to be an irresponsible individuals, the environment will demolish in the near future and it will affect us. We should be careful to our actions because the consequence will reflect on us, that is why we should take care our environment in order for us to survive and have quality life.

In addition, the video also shows how individuals are dependent to technology, where in everything we do the help of technology is always present. With the help of technology everything will be easy to do, some of us believed that as long as there is a technology everything will be fine, without knowing that it can lead to severe osteoporosis of human because of lack of exercise because we used machine for easy way, we used mobile phone to communicate. Furthermore, the Video convey that even though that we are supported by the technology, we still need the environment for our survival. I learned from the video is that no matter what happened we should always preserve and conserve our environment to maintain our survival and attain quality life. We can used technology for the growth and development of our environment so that we can maintain our survival. With the use of technology we are able to be innovate and find out new ideas and technique to preserve our environment. I realized from this video is that any various type of technology to clean up the environment it will not be successful, it will only be successful if we begin to change our selves from being irresponsible to responsible individuals to our environment.

There is no doubt that the food industry is one of the world’s biggest industries. There are some interesting factors at play in this space, such as rising labour costs, which make it uncertain how profitable food companies will continue to be. This report will go into further analysis on PESTEL, specifically the elements such as environmental, political and sociological. (Refer to Appendix one as an example of a PESTEL framework of all elements). It will also provide key findings on how food distributors might be affected by current trends as this is an arising issue linked with the sociocultural element, and the changing of people’s ethical values.

The food industry plays a big part in contributing to environmental issues such as ocean plastic, global warming and deforestation. ’Food systems contribute 21% to 37% of global greenhouse gases, and are significant contributors to deforestation, biodiversity loss and declining water tables.” (the guardian,2019). In response, the food industry has had to adapt to be more environmentally friendly but it still remains a major issue.

Although sustainability is not a new concept, global attention to this topic has soared, especially after the launch of the UN Sustainability Development Goals in 2015, a global framework to guide the transition towards a more sustainable future by 2030 (Passport Euromonitor,2019).

Political elements put in place due to environmental issues affected by the food industry

A new tax which has been created ‘applies to plastic packaging produced in or imported into the UK that does not contain at least 30% recycled plastic’ (gov.uk,2020). This is encouraging companies in the industry to use less plastic. ‘The tax will provide a clear economic incentive for businesses to use recycled material in the production of plastic packaging, which will create greater demand for this material and in turn stimulate increased levels of recycling and collection of plastic waste, diverting it away from landfill or incineration’ (Gov.uk,2020). This is a political element of PESTEL and a positive step lead by the government in order to reduce waste and build up and urging companies to become eco friendly in relation to their packaging of products. Plastic brands will have to change their packaging in order for it to be recyclable.

A straw legislation has been introduced by the UK so no plastic straws are allowed in the UK anymore from October 2020. This will be further environmental legislation connected with food and companies will have to alter their packaging to abide by the new straw legislation which has been put in place. From 2021, EU law will ban single-use plastic products. However, retailers and brands should be making changes now and “73% of European grocery shoppers agree that grocery retailers use too much plastic in their packaging” (Mintel, 2018).

Worldwide treaty on climate change, works on a 5-year cycle where countries must submit plans for nationally determined contributions, which revolve around things like reducing greenhouse gas emissions (UNCC, 2020). Farming and food waste are responsible for roughly 13 of global greenhouse gas emissions. “The world’s food systems produced about 16bn tonnes a year of CO2 from 2012 to 2017.” (The guardian, 2020). This evidence shows the detrimental effect that the food industry is having on the environment and the role they play in contributing to environmental issues.

The influence Sociological elements have on the Food Industry

Consumers are becoming more knowledgeable about their individual dietary requirements and in addition are building a much clearer understanding of what kinds of foods are and are not safe. On behalf of those who work in the food industry, this has contributed to customers demanding greater transparency. This isn’t inherently a negative thing, but it means that to keep consumers happy, the food industry will have to make adjustments. The sociocultural behaviour aspect of PESTEL is what triggers that behaviour of how swiftly we are all moving as consumers to select brands, choose companies and choose to buy from companies which reflect our values and what we believe ethically is right for us. Social behaviour is changing with ethical and environmental conscious decisions being prioritised.

Vegetarian and veganism are quickly entering the mainstream and was the “fastest growing food trend of 2018”. Food chains are having to meet this new demand and adapt their menus (Warc, 2019). Companies need to be aware of new trends so that their company is successful and popular with consumers.

The ways in which the food industry contribute towards Environmental issues

Pollution has a major effect on how consumers view an organisation. These days an environmentally aware’ company is likely to be more popular than one that is not. ‘With concerns over pollution and waste rising globally, and threatening public health, there are opportunities for companies to reduce their air emissions beyond business as usual, and to move towards organic agriculture’ (Passport Euromonitor,2019).Therefore, there are ways in which the food industry can reduce their contribution to global warming by making alterations and create the threat of the environmental issues into an opportunity, making the industry strong instead of weak. Increased pollution has already had effects on the fast-food market. ‘McDonald’s in the UK, for example, substituted paper alternatives for plastic straws in May 2018 in a bid to reduce plastic waste pollution’ (Mintel,2019) and in response to consumer demands for a more ‘environmentally friendly’ packaging. This makes up an important part of the ‘service’ element of the fast-food market; consumers receive the peace of mind that the product they are eating has had minimal effect on the environment. There is a massive pressure on food companies to change packaging to be recyclable and eco-friendly with it becoming both a need and a want from many consumers.

When looking at a product we must consider the anatomy of the product (Jobber and Ellis-Chadwick). The packaging used is important in creating a tangible product that aligns with the target consumers values. It is essential to have nutritional information clearly stated on the back of the packaging, therefore anyone with dietary requirements such as allergies or whether they are vegetarian are aware of the ingredient’s in the products. It is important that the paper of the packaging is sustainably sourced and recyclable. This has become a very popular trend in which people like to buy and use products which are environmentally friendly. A threat which could be changed to an opportunity in relation to packaging would be to use alternative material in packaging. ‘On July 2020, Frugalpac revealed a wine bottle made from 94% recyclable paperboard….the frugal bottle can allow wine producers to cut the carbon footprint of each bottle by up to 84% and reduce emissions from transporting bottles’ (food packaging forum,2020). This could be a massive opportunity for many food and beverage companies turning threats into opportunities and reducing emissions which are leading to other environmental issues such as climate change.

The election of Joe Biden as president of the US could reduce global heating by about 0.1C, bringing the goals of the Paris agreement “within striking distance”, if his plans are fulfilled’ (The Guardian,2020) This is a positive step forward for climate change and one that is necessary in order to minimise the impact food industries are having on the environment.

Palm oil is speeding up climate change. It contributes to deforestation and a lot of food companies use it in their products such as the brand Nestle. Palm oil can be extracted from sustainable sources which would turn a threat into an opportunity for Nestle. The Biggest Palm oil producer is Indonesia and they are reliant on palm oil for their economy, it would be a detrimental effect if there was no palm oil in that country, therefore a law cannot be put in place against palm oil as it would create more environmental issues such as poverty in Indonesia.

From an environmental standpoint, one especially troublesome food category is meat. Meat processing, especially red meat, uses enormous quantities of water and produces a large carbon footprint. Vast quantities of forest are being torn down by the meat industry to build new land for farms. The effect of this is that more and more people are transitioning to diets based on plants, and governments are increasingly taking an interest. The COVID19 pandemic did not help with this environmental issue, instead it just fuelled the fire. ‘Travel restrictions allowed illegal deforestation to flourish in Indonesia – and government plans to cut environmental protections raise fears for the future’ (Climate change news, 2020).

Swot Analysis on companies and sectors in the food industry

Iceland foods is particularly strong and they are very proactive in terms of ensuring that they recognise opportunities to their brand. They are very active and use sustainability in context. A weakness in the food sector would be Nestle as they are consistently contributing to problems, particularly with regards to water and also deforestation. ‘Nestle’s membership was suspended at the end of June as it failed to submit a report detailing how it would ensure the use of certified sustainable palm oil’(Gale General OneFile,2018).In terms of their marketers being proactive and active, in terms of using all these areas in context in the decision-making process they rarely do it, they just ignore it completely. They are a very weak company, whereby Nestle are relatively inactive. Reacting to a competitor in the market who is benefiting and seeing marketing growth, because of their stance and their promotional activity, or change of packaging is an example of a reactive company. Lidl is a reactive company, who is reacting to Iceland. Iceland very quickly put forward their strengths in this sustainability area and have utilised it to their advantage through promotion. For example, the rang tan advertisement which ‘featured the story of a baby orangutan to tell the story of rainforest destruction caused as a result of palm oil production’ (Mintel,2019). ‘It was deemed a political campaign…..however, as a result of not being permitted to show the advert on TV, it subsequently went viral online generating plenty of outrage that a message of deforestation should be banned from by the authorities’ (Mintel,2019). Iceland also continue to promote and use PR to support their sustainability ethical values as a brand. Lidl have now stepped in from seeing that Iceland is gaining in terms of their market share so now Lidl have incorporated within their promotion more sustainability elements. An opportunity of the supermarket company Aldi is ‘trialling re-usable bags for fruit and vegetables’ (Mintel,2020). As a result, marketers are changing a threat to an opportunity.

Evaluating the marketing decision process with relation to relevant theories

The Boston Consulting Group looks at existing products, services and businesses that form an organisation. An example of this could be ‘Unilever’ whereby, under this company they have many different food products. It looks at the market growth and market share. The BCG looks at the relative market shares as well as the market growth rate, in terms of how fast its growing year on year. It positions the products into different areas, using visuals such as star, question mark, cow and dog. The market growth on the vertical axis is very established in terms of low growth and in new markets they might arise due to new opportunities coming in from PESTEL. Through the environment bill and the environment target set by the government by 2030 emissions in the UK have to be reduced. This means that there is a new market opening as a result of this. As a consequence, those marketers who are being very proactive in this area, the lights of ‘Walkers’ ‘Popular crisp manufacturer Walkers has adopted a technique it says will slash CO2 emissions from its manufacturing process by 70 per cent’ (Independent,2020).Walkers are spending high amounts of cash usage on the vertical axis, a lot of cash being pumped into promotion to generate any sort of market share. Developing the brand in the minds of the consumers. Those consumers who have shifted already and their sociocultural behaviour has changed, as a result are buying products which are sustainable, Therefore ‘Walkers’ are capitalising on this market year on year, The aim of BCG is to show that marketers take full advantage of opportunities in the market by which the opportunities have been derived from the swot analysis. The aim is to ensure that the products are positioned, that they can grow market share at a much faster rate. Overall, the analysis reduces any risks, it highlights and demonstrates that there is a growing market. As well as that, it identifies opportunities for marketers to adapt and change the marketing P’s. For example, they change the promotion, or they change the packaging, they change the content of the product and this is based upon the context.

Conclusion

Overall, I think that the food industry plays a massive role in contributing to environmental issues. Marketers need to make decisions which are beneficial to their brand. They need to consider their demographic and understand that environmental changes have an influence on society.

The consumer has become so much more aware of the make up of a product and how environmentally friendly it has been in both production and packaging that a failure to react to this will have serious consequences. The subject of the environment is becoming stronger by the day and companies need to make compliance in this area one of their highest priorities.

As we realize that travel industry makes heaps of occupations for various individuals in various age gatherings and can carry cash to the economy. Be that as it may, with the positive side, it has a negative side too, the significant negative part of the travel industry is the consumption of characteristic assets, for example, water. Contamination, for example, litter, sewage, and air contamination are on the whole concerns. The greater part of the traveler is making a trip to know and see about the widely varied vegetation, social legacy, customary angle, nourishments and drinks, and so on. (Buckley, 2019). To comprehend the connection that exists among the travel industry and the earth it is important to comprehend the intricacy of the travel industry. The travel industry isn’t simply something that happens in the earth of goals abroad however is an element of the cooperation of various factors in contemporary society (Holden, ‘Tourism Relationship with Environment’, 2000).

Since the start of industrialization, the grouping of carbon dioxide has quickly expanded by 30%. As per the announcement from the World Resources Institute in 2005, Around one-fourth of the world’s winged animal populaces have been compelled to eradication. Another serious issue is the fast development of the populace, because of the quick development of the populace, the individuals are discovering places for asylum and chopping down trees and result in deforestation. With a similar issue of high populace, the administration needs to discover spots and things to take care of their kin which is an extraordinary test for the legislature to discover zones for agriculture (Shodhganga, 2016).

The fast development sought after for worldwide the travel industry experienced in the second 50% of the twentieth century has brought about the raising of moral worries over how the way of life and physical conditions of goals are utilized. The dependence of the travel industry upon the regular and social assets of the earth gives a thought regarding its improvement instigates change which can either be sure or negative. These days there is a developing enthusiasm for the natural impacts of the travel industry from governments, non-legislative associations, the private part, scholastics, and general society. This intrigue is intelligent of a checked change in mentalities to our cooperation with the condition that has happened during the second 50% of the twentieth century (Holden, ‘Tourism Relationship with Environment’, 2000, p. 64). A worldwide temperature alteration related with the consuming of the world’s carbon stocks for the vitality and the related arrival of carbon dioxide had become a significant concern and which makes the consequence of consumption of the ozone layer. The consumption of the ozone layer and expanded raise of temperature can bring about skin malignant growth which makes an incredible issue for the traveler just as mankind (Holden, ‘Environment and Tourism’, 2000). A great deal of voyagers has demonstrated disappointment with the territories that were seen as being overdeveloped or having lost their unique engaging quality. Brake and France in 1996 have expressed on the issues confronting the travel industry in the Costa del Sol area of Spain, “Environmental rot and poor picture have joined with the congestion and low wellbeing and cleanliness gauges, together with the fame of less expensive types of convenience and providing food, to diminish the apparent allure of the local” (Holden, ‘Tourism’s Relationship with Environment’, 2000).

The vacationer is making a ton of negative effect on nature if the visitor streams are expanded it might cause the ecological unsettling influences, may possibility of changes in the conduct of creatures and the loss of the nature of the earth. As the progression of voyagers there ought to be created also, for example, inns, eateries, and so on, it might influence the earth like clog and congestion in that traveler goal, and the provincial region will before long change to the urban-type course of action which will make issues to the neighborhood individuals. Another fundamental issue is the making of recreational exercises like an event congregation to appreciate the visitor, which may bring about the aggravation in the natural life and unsettling influence in the widely varied vegetation because of the production of the structure, trails and the streets. The traveler attempts to take care of creatures in the side of the road while they are voyaging that may bring about the conduct changes of the creatures. Visitor is utilizing vehicles for movement which bring about the expansion of ozone harming substance discharge and the debasement of the dirt and vegetables. The vacationer gathers normal assets for their recollections which make steady consumption of the regular assets and aggravation in the characteristic procedure. Traveler association presents new sorts of outlandish plants and creatures to draw in visitor which bring about the disturbance of the characteristic natural way of life and open disarray (Benny, 2018).

Air pollution nowadays is considered one of the greatest global environmental problems and this has an impact on the development of tourism. In some regions, air pollution gives out manifests itself by acidic and photochemical smog, undesirable doors, and acid rain. This air pollution is one of the major reasons for the greenhouse effect which results in the loss of stratospheric ozone and excess levels of toxic tropospheric ozone (Rzetala, ‘Global Environment Problems’, 2017). The time when the tourists start their travel includes the start of air pollution, i.e., they may use the mode of transport like air travel, train service, bus or car, which emit smoke and create air pollution. Now according to the research 60% of pollution is from the air. Some of the buses or cars are using air-conditioned vehicles for the satisfaction of their tourists (Lan, 2017). The means of transportation produce a wide range of carbon dioxide, which results in the major cause of global warming, and the emission of sulfur dioxide is one of the other major chemicals which result in acid rain and which destroys forests and historic monuments. Air pollution is also dealt with the construction of airports in different places for tourists and other travelers. This construction of airports results in health issues like respiratory problems, and stress caused by the emissions and sounds from the aircraft and the car. Dust produced during the construction of tourist establishments contributes to air pollution (Andrew Holden, 2000).

Another main problem environmental problem in tourism is the usage of water. The tourism industry is the only industry that uses plenty of water every day for hotels, swimming pools, golf courses, and personal use of water by tourists. So, this leads to shortages of water resources and create more wastewater. If in a tourist place which a May 4 star or 5-star hotels, the local people are denied access to the water resources. In some places, hotels were built directly on the beach, damaging the dunes and human wastewater was placed directly into the water without treatment Adding untreated wastewater into the water results in nutrient enrichment or eutrophication, which stimulates algae growth. Health, causing diseases ranging from mild stomach upset to typhoid by intake of faecal water, human wastewater also causes water eutrophication. The water containing waste will go under the earth’s surface and get mix with the rivers, lakes, and seas. Other sources of water pollution are motorized activities such as speed boat, powerboating, etc. can make the water pollute. The tourists use sunburn oil or cream while they are going to the beach and they start to swim in the water and which eventually makes the water pollute (Holden, ‘Environment and Tourism’, 2000).

The other main issue is noise pollution which is now treated as the major problem of tourism. This pollution affects millions of people daily. There are a lot of health issues arising due to noise pollution such as noise-induced hearing loss, high blood pressure, heart disease, sleep disturbances, and stress. A high range of noise pollution can harm wildlife as well. According to Mycoskie, the most common problem arising with tourism is the noise from the air traffic. Noise pollution is a big problem for the people who are living near to the airports. Some of the places where noise pollution arises due to tourist are, the pubs which will ace noise whole night, the sounds from the place where the buildings are made for the tourist and the sounds from the road transport system (Holden, ‘Tourism’s Relationship with Environment’, 2000). All age group is affecting health issues due to noise pollution, especially children who are living near to the busy airports or streets are found to suffer from stress and other problems, such as impairments in memory, attention level, and reading skill (National Geography, 2019).

There are a lot of resources that gradually become pollution, such as them are artificial snowmaking equipment that makes more use of man-made snow cannon which results in more use of water and gradually it becomes waste. This man-made snow cannon consumes more energy to work and make large decibels of noise pollution. This man-made snowmaking equipment is created by using some kind of additives to aid crystallization of the water into snow leading to make the soil pollute. Another problem is that the rapid growth of technological development in the tourist destination such as the building of roads for transport goods and tourist as well as the hydroelectric plants for electricity and other purposes, this can cause the transformation of the land-use and result in making of noise and air pollution more levels of salination will affect the flora of that destination. The next problem faced by the tourist destination is the rapid growth of the superstructure development of tourist infrastructure which is very necessary for the tourist. Such as building hotels, restaurants, and other usual amenities such as a coffee shop, cafes bars, and so on. For this, the main problem is the over usage of land and will cause air pollution, water pollution as well as noise pollution at the time of construction. Another main problem with these modern infrastructures is they make a lot of waste day by day and it seems very difficult to dispose of this waste and this makes a huge problem in the environment. Another main environmental problem is by human begin towards the wildlife. Lots of animals and specials are killed or destroyed by the human begin.

So, the fact that tourism has a negative impact on the environment is obvious. Many resources are overused or destroyed by mankind. Pollution is increasing day by day due to tourism. The negative impact of tourism on the environment destroys both the physical and cultural aspects of this destination.

Tourism is growing faster and faster and then become one of the most potential majors in the world. For instance, data from UNWTO (2017) showed that the number of tourists all over the world has dramatically increased in recent years. The main factor that contributes to the development of tourism is the environment. It is divided into three aspects: nature, social-culture, and economy. Tourism activities are not only the exploitation of natural resources such as heritages, sea, and land but also make the artificial environment includes amusement park or museum. Therefore, tourism has many different effects on the environment.

It is undeniable that tourism brings many advantages to the environment. First thing is the certain impact of tourism on nature. Thanks to tourism, the government can conserve and protect many world heritage sites. Because they are the most attractive destinations for tourist. People also maintain the biodiversity and create plenty of fascinating artificial things such as a lake, waterfall or garden to fulfill the demand of developed tourist areas. The specific example of the successful artificial island in Dubai, which is one of the most attractive destinations. Moreover, it plays a positive role to remodel the scenery around the tourism site. For example, a lot of abandoned land is used to build parks, botanical gardens or buildings. The infrastructure is improved such as toilet public and waste treatment factory are increase and the coastal area become sea tourism to develop tourism.

The second thing is the positive impact on social-culture. Through traveling, they get international learning which is the integration between two different regions, help to learn new languages and raise the international unity and peace of countries. According to the research about Kerala in India, tourism activities with the cultural exchange are more sustainable than without it. Tourism preserves the tradition, local heritage site, and their culture. Richards G. said that 8 percent of all visitors who visit the main attraction of South Africa visit Soweto because they want to understand the local and experience the life there. That is the reason why tourism help tourists broaden their knowledge, relieve stress and easy access to new different and interesting cultures. Especially, it increases the marriage rate of people with different color and contributes to making the diverse species. Simultaneously, tourism activities help tourists understand more clearly about nature, history, and social-culture of countries so it promotes their love, pride, and responsibility for their countries and tourists are aware of the local heritage’s value to conserve them. Moreover, tourism attracts many entrepreneurs to invest their money on preserving and repairing historical monuments especial to the poor countries which cannot afford to do that.

Thirdly, tourism contributes to the dramatical development of the economy, reduces the unemployment rate significantly and opens more job opportunities for everyone especially for women. In Asia, women used to face up with unequal treatment. They even did not receive a good education like men. Thus, they just opted to do household chores, took care of their children as housekeepers and were not welcome to work outside. That is the reason why women mostly lived depend on their husband. The more tourism develops, the more need for labors increases. What’s more, tourism brings cultural exchange and the discrimination between the two genders does not almost exist anymore. Therefore, job opportunities for women are open wide. For instance, the total employment in tourism accounts for 5 percent of the total workforce in India. Nowadays, urbanization grows rapidly that brings many benefits. Crowded population in big cities causes overload while in rural areas and mountain areas, there is not enough labor force for the manufactured industry. The best solution is tourism. The population concentration is significantly decreased by the development of tourism. Because there are a lot of tourism resources in the countryside or mountainous areas, it is vital for many entrepreneurs to invest include transportation, communication, and social-culture that innovate the living of people there. Currently, domestic tourism is becoming more and more popular because of its price. Especially, souvenirs are one of the bestselling products that remind tourist to remember their tour with unforgettable memories. Meanwhile, many different forms of tourism are created to earn money such as all-inclusive tour or book tour online. Especially, ‘toxic tour’ allows tourist to take part in toxic destination include polluted areas and raises their awareness of the negative impact on local. For instance, Pezzullo P. told that while he had researched about a toxic tour, his cousin had been diagnosed with cancer. She died two years later although her doctor complimented that she was the healthiest person with cancer. Her death kept his motivated to find the linkages between toxic population and cancer. Then he discovered a toxic tour in San Francisco, California. Tourism is also an effective way to advertise the beauty of host countries, so it is very essential to make their tradition and history become eternal and unforgettable.

Along with its advantages, tourism also has its disadvantages. Especially, it plays a negative impact on the natural environment that has become a debatable issue for many years. It is noticeable that tourism causes water pollution. The more products are made, the more sewage from factories discharges to nature especially the sea. We can easily find plenty of trash on the beach due to the unaware of tourists. A key example of this is China. Secondly, the tourism industry makes emission that led to air pollution. Exhaust fume from vehicle, ship or factories is very harming to the ecosystem. Moreover, noise pollution which is caused by tourists and traffic brings stress and annoy to local people. Thirdly, overexploitation causes run out of natural resources and put wild and rare animals in danger or even are on the edge of extinction by poaching. People also cut down many forests and invade the habitat of animals to executive their project for ecotourism. Finally, people can take advantage of being tourists to smuggling or bring strange and uncured diseases that are very hard to detect. For example, Zika is an infectious disease which has effect seriously on tourists. The solution of these cases is having stringent regulation such as ban plastic bottles, hunting, throw garbage unconsciously, recycle used water and raise everyone’s awareness of protecting to the environment. If people do not follow the rule, they will be fined.

On the other hand, tourism brings significant drawbacks to the social-culture. It is an easy way that reactionary forces often use to propagate and provoke to undermine the social, economic, cultural and political of their enemy nations. Terrorists choose the safe cover as tourism to commit a crime. The assassination of Kim Jong Nam is a specific example. It also increases the crime rate of countries such as illegal trading or thieves that steal valuable antiques.

Another limitation is the negative impact of tourism on the economy. Many tourists are ripped-off by local. According to a report, Chinese tourists ripped-off and after sharing a photo of their receipt, the restaurant was fined 33 dollars. That is the reason why they should learn how to haggle and prepare everything carefully before traveling. Moreover, land for agriculture can be cut to use for tourism.

In conclusion, tourism brings many advantages to the environment that should be maintained and promoted. On the contrary, there are some major disadvantages that everyone must concern. Remember to understand totally and clearly the effect of tourism on the environment if you want to find the solution of these problems above.

Introduction to Globalization’s Impact

Globalization is the technique by which the planet, prior separated through physical and mechanical separation, turns out to be dynamically interconnected. It is finished by the ascent in the connection between people groups around the world that includes the sharing of ideas, societies, merchandise, administrations, and speculation. In the present time, globalization is a blessing in a few components of the planet. With all the decent and each one the advancement inside the world, their region unit still such a lot of issues identifying with globalization. some of the most issues identifying with globalization are worldwide environmental change, savagery, absence of instruction, and government defilement (Greenlaw, n.d.). In elective settings, globalization has brought worry of loss of employment and loss of monetary benefit that zone unit commonly spoke to as ‘the race to the base’. The most recent sixty years have seen a huge increment in globalization, anyway the improvement has been happening for any longer. a few nations stress for their societies are frail by that of the U.S, France could be a model. Others are concerned about the substitution of their societies for that of Western countries. Nations are conjointly concerned about the loss of national sway as they become a piece of worldwide entitles, much the same as the EC or the International reserve. But then, history shows that globalization has compared to higher national salaries and hyperbolic chances. Anyway, will these clashing perspectives be accommodated? during this paper, we are going to call attention to the greater part of the disadvantages and issues identified with globalization and along these lines the potential answers for the issues.

Technological Advancements and Globalization

It’s as a result of globalization that the trendy world that we live in is cheaper than it wants to be. In a paper (Williamson, 1998), globalization is in no way thanks to conquest, the supplies of most previous historical episodes wherever one financial system has command sway over a massive geographical parcel however instead the source lies within the development of technology. rather than a disadvantage, the price of transportation of travel and every one the price of human activity info has fallen dramatically in the post-war amount, nearly entirely as a result of the progress in technology. for example, within the early stages of communication, individuals had to pay a lot of cash for simply a 3-minute telephone call. But today, due to the trendy technology and globalization, we want to all square measure ready to connect with our idolized ones anytime and anyplace that we wish, albeit the worth of virtually everything within the world has jumped higher than at such a pace. there have been times when there have been no fax machines, email, internet, computers, or satellites of any kind however these days, it’s arduous to imagine one day of our lifestyle with none of those things. Today, we want to witness a phenomenon that no futurist unreal 0.5 centuries ago. This can be an incredible impact of globalization and the sharing of recent technology among all the individuals everywhere the globe that loves technology and needs to create the globe a more robust place. it’s the supply of low-cost, speedy, and reliable communications that allows such phenomena, even as this can be the key to the combination of the international capital market.

Economic Perspectives of Globalization

Similarly, in another article printed the in style “Forbes” (Collins, 2015), there’s absolute confidence that the economic process has been a decent issue for several developing countries WHO currently have the access to fashionable foreign markets and might export low-cost product. The economic process has conjointly been smart for several multinational companies however despite these smart points and execs, the economic process is often damn for not being smart for staff because it has a junction rectifier to the continuation of the deindustrialization of America. In different words, it conjointly provides poor countries, through foreign capital and technology with the possibility to develop economically and by spreading prosperity creates the conditions that thrive democracy and respect for human rights. This is often an Associate in Nursing ethereal goal that hasn’t been achieved in most countries. There’s currently a worldwide marketplace for firms and shoppers WHO have access to totally different merchandise from various countries. Bit by bit there’s a superpower that’s being created rather than compartmentalized power sectors. Politics is merging and selections that area unit being taken area unit useful for individuals everywhere the planet. This is often merely a romanticized read of what’s happening.

Cultural and Social Implications of Globalization

The economic process encompasses a large profit within the friendly relationship space between countries. It contributes to the rise of the inflow of knowledge between 2 or a lot of countries that don’t have something in common with them. Moreover, one country will find out about the cultures of different countries. Since they open their business in different countries, they will find out about the business standing, policies, shoppers’ behavior, and business ways of the opposite individual country, and conjointly since we share financial interests, corporations and governments are trying to sort out ecological problems for each other. This also contributes to the other fields as well, including changes in the behavior of being more open and tolerant towards each other and not considering the people who live in other countries as aliens. Most people see speedy travel, mass communications, and quick dissemination of information through the Internet as benefits of globalization. Another huge advantage of globalization is that laborers can move from one country to another to market their skills. Another point can be that sharing the advanced technology of a developed country with other that is not so developed will help them in their progress. Globalization helps transnational companies invest in installing plants in other countries to employ the people in those countries often getting them out of poverty. The final benefit that Forbes has included is that globalization promotes free trade between countries. Free trade is a wonderful way of trading between two countries that can help one country to get all the goods and services that it needs from the other respective country.

Challenges and Criticisms of Globalization

Globalization has heavenly edges. Moreover, it has some fundamental downsides that should be referenced besides. Or maybe, like each reason during this world, it furthermore accompanies numerous dim sides. A comparable article that Forbes printed the points of interest has furthermore referenced some crucial downsides. Per (Collins, 2015), the last analysis regarding globalization is that it’s made the made more extravagant though making the non-rich less fortunate. it’s glorious for administrators, mortgage holders, and financial specialists, anyway, hellfire on representatives and nature. Globalization is intended to push exchange in any place there are no obstructions to change between the nations. Anyway, this is not the setting in the blessing world as their territory unit is still 161 nations that have worth more assessment on imports that zone unit as high as 21.6% in Europe while the U.S doesn’t have the value more duty. Another monstrous issue for created nations is that occupations region unit lost and moved to bring down value nations. Conceding China’s most preferred country standing depleted away three.2 million employment, together with a couple of.4 million creating occupations. He pegs web misfortunes as a result of our shortfall with Japan ($78.3 billion out of 2013) at 896,000 occupations, besides a further 682,900 employments from the North American country – U.S. exchange deficiency run-up from 1994 through 2010. The greater part of the disadvantages of globalization is essentially tangled to works because it very appears the works territory unit has heaps of issues inferable from globalization. The workers inside the U.S face pay-cut requests from the businesses WHO take steps to send out occupations that have made social stress for a few white-collar class representatives WHO have a touch influence during this worldwide game. Detainees and the child representative’s territory units want to include cannibalism conditions. Wellbeing gauges territory unit fails to supply ease stock that as of now has influenced the lives of the numerous workers through structure falling, undesirable working environment, and extraordinary additional time working hours for the representatives. There’s furthermore an ascent in human dealing. Additionally, during this case, monster global organizations may abuse charges in various nations to abstain from covering the charge. Universal organizations that were prior confined to modern exercises, territory units increasingly impacting political choices. Numerous think there is a danger of organizations controlling the world since they are picking up power, because of globalization. Another symptom of globalization is that the way toward building items abroad like in China puts our advancements in danger of being duplicated or taken which truth be told, has occurred and is yet happening today to a considerable lot of worldwide organizations. The counter-globalists additionally guarantee that globalization isn’t working for the greater part of the world. During the latest time of quick development in worldwide exchange and venture, 1960 to 1998, imbalance intensified both globally and inside nations. The UN Development Program reports that the most extravagant 20 percent of the total populace devours 86 percent of the world’s assets while the least fortunate 80 percent expend only 14 percent. Changing the field, globalization has prompted some negative symptoms on the well-being side too. Since individuals travel far and wide, they likewise may convey a type of ailments that can end up being perilous since some significant maladies like HIV/AIDS have no fix. Social welfare plans or ‘security nets’ are feeling the squeeze in created nations as a result of shortfalls, work misfortunes, and other monetary consequences of globalization.

As we discussed the drawbacks of globalization, we now can’t overlook the very truth that we might want it in our reality. We can’t stop the financial procedure on account of its downsides because, as we want to reference, we want to wouldn’t have the globe that we have immediately while not monetary procedure. Along these lines, to proceed with the financial procedure, we must follow a few measures to execute this method. Per the book (Rauhvargers, 2002, pp. 7-8), basically, worldwide training isn’t solidified in the national instructional framework. The amount of such universal training providers in the UN office is either ‘worldwide’ or isn’t solidified in national instructional frameworks developing. New providers of upper training like universal partnerships, business homes, and net organizations appear in the area following the standard showing foundations UN office lack restraining infrastructure anymore. Data on the $64000} learning results behind a given capability is similarly significant, and once adjusting instructing to the prerequisites of work advertise, when creating possibilities to acknowledge encouraging capabilities through belly-to-tomb learning, and so on this is regularly an amazingly decent reason once it includes the division of training. In another specific situation (McRae, 2001), as a general guideline, the consequence of globalization is to broaden distinction at interims nations anyway decrease it between them. There are special cases: components of Sub-Saharan Africa could likewise be losing ground since they can’t make the item the world wants to search for, and not just considering debasement and fighting. Western banks and governments have furthermore been exceptionally dazed in attitude money to nations that wished to acquire anyway would constantly be probably not going to be prepared to reimburse. The issue is unequivocal to what degree globalization is responsible for extending differentials and to what degree diverse monetary changes have swelled the relative interest for abilities. Some of the clarification for holding down the significant wages of working people in made nations ought to be greater imports from lower-wage nations abroad. Anyway, all that we will do to raise abilities to be an undertaking admirably coordinated.

Conclusion: The Necessity of Globalization in a Modern World

Thus, as a conclusion to this essay, I can say that globalization is one of the most important parts of our lives. I can say that if we implement the proper measures for safer globalization, we can make the world a better place. Globalization has always been a good measure for everybody. Today we all can use advanced technology, and advanced services no matter where we are or which part of the world we live in. We are all able to run vehicles no matter whether our country is landlocked or not. We can use the internet whenever we want. People from one country can enjoy fashion brands from famous designers all over the world. People can learn about each other, see what they like and even impress them with their products. With all this, there’s no way that we can live without all this improvement in this world. We simply cannot stop all this. Everybody can enjoy the services that they deserve. There should not be any inequality or discrimination when it comes to services. So, in my view, I am with the world that supports globalization in every way possible. For me, the present world is a lot better where people even in poor countries can get as much help as needed. Globalization should always exist in our world if we want to keep making our world a better place to live.

References

1. Collins, M., 2015. Forbes. [Online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikecollins/2015/05/06/the-pros-and-cons-of-globalization/#681abea3ccce
2. Greenlaw, S., n.d. lumen learning. [Online] Available at: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-microeconomics/chapter/introduction-to-globalization/
3. McRae, H., 2001. Independent. [Online] Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/hamish-mcrae/three-ways-to-fix-globalisation-5364903.html
4. Rauhvargers, D., 2002. RESPONSE TO A CHALLENGE BROUGHT BY. In: Globalization and the market in Higher Education. s.l.:UNESCO Publishing & Economica, London-Paris-Geneve, pp. 7-8.
5. Williamson, J., 1998. PIIE. [Online] Available at: https://www.piie.com/commentary/speeches-papers/globalization-concept-causes-and-consequences

Traffic congestion is a major issue in cities that creates long commutes and contributes to a large amount of greenhouse gas emissions. The unpredictability of traffic patterns undermines the effectiveness of static traffic models which are unable to adapt to changes. Artificial intelligence and machine learning can be used to reduce traffic congestion by modifying the behavior of interconnected traffic signals because current traffic management systems are insufficient to tackle this growth of traffic on the road networks. First we discuss the problem that traffic congestion poses to cities and to the environment. Next we discuss previous methods that have been used in order to reduce traffic congestion as well as our approach of using artificial intelligence and machine learning to improve upon previous systems. Finally we explain the significance of our approach and the problem of traffic congestion.

Problem / Background

One of the major issues that large cities face is the problem of traffic congestion/build-up. This problem stems directly from the fact that there is an immense amount of people commuting in vehicles and public transportation, and the current traffic design system in place is ill-equipped to deal with the amount of congestion that can occur at any given time. This can lead to vehicles sitting idly at traffic lights, which in its own right contributes heavily to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. In fact, in an article written as recently as 2014, it was noted that the increasing severity and duration of traffic congestion have the potential to greatly increase pollutant emissions and to degrade air quality, particularly near large roadways [9]. Other detriments include increased fuel consumption, excessive delay due to time allocated by the traffic signals, and the overall decrease in safety and efficiency of the traffic. In addition to this, according to a 2009 Texas Transportation Institute report, highway travelers waste 4.8 billion hours a year stuck in congestion, which is nearly one full work week per traveler [5]. Based on wasted fuel and productivity, the overall cost reached 33 billion dollars for delays in truck operations and the total amount of fuel wasted opped 3.9 billion gallons [5].

Previous Methods

Modern management model uses the simplest transportation management method, a static time-of-day method with minimal real-time adjustments. [1] This method only works under little variability in the traffic flow patterns and has some limitations such high latency, lack of detection of accidents, and slow reaction.

Transportation System Management and Operations (TSM&O) is one of the most frequently used traffic management systems nowadays. TSM&O has a purpose of mitigating the effects of roadway events and managing short-term traffic. TSM&O is using an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), real-time information about highway conditions to implement control strategies and to monitor traffic. ITS control has many strategies: metering flows onto freeways, dynamically retiming traffic signals, managing traffic incidents, geometric improvements to roads & intersections (e.g. changing streets into one-way operations), and providing travelers with information about travel conditions. The TSM&O strategies are to increase traffic efficiency based on existing highways. Deploying TSM&O has shown to be highly cost-effective, but relying on this system is a limited approach because a sound base infrastructure must exist before TSM&O can be used. [10]

Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS) is a primary subfield within Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). It includes the basic categories of: traffic control, motorist information, incident management, and institutional coordination. [2] These elements operate in concert to maintain efficient flow on the roadway system (including both freeways and major surface arterials), balance flows between available facilities, and facilitate rapid recovery from breakdowns in traffic flow which are associated with either commute or incident caused congestion. However, ATMS has a lower accuracy and poor performance under a complex real-world case.

Decision-Tree-based Green Driving Suggestion System enhances the intersection throughputs and provides drivers the best-economic driving suggestions. Signal controllers will broadcast the signal countdown message and waiting queue information to the vehicles nearby the intersection. Then on-board units can determine the best economic driving speed and provide drivers’ suggestions while maintaining the max throughput within a cycle time. [3] Although it can reduce the carbon dioxide emission and boost the traffic flows, it cannot work under multi-intersections and requires all vehicles to have the same speed. Therefore, it has very limited application in the real world.

Another approach to the congestion problem is to manage the demand for highway travel. If we can include more people into fewer vehicles through utilizing public transportation, shift the time of travel through staggered work hours, and eliminate the need for travel through telecommuting, the congestion problem will greatly improve. Building more railway or bus transit systems will also achieve the same goal of reducing the amount of automobiles on highways, and thus improve traffic problems all together. The major drawback to this method is that it requires changes in the lifestyles of commuters and any individuals. [10]

Approach

In order to combat vehicle congestion and its detrimental effect, we propose the implementation of artificial intelligence in order to assist in implementing adaptive traffic lights and route suggestions, as well as to increase traffic data collection and interpretation as the push towards connected automated vehicles (CAVs) grows. Many cities already have sensors for traffic lights which activate a timing system when cars are stopped above them, however these sensors do not change lights predictively nor do they communicate between lights. We intend to utilize the infrastructure already in place by collecting data from these sensors running them through software which may process and analyze the data. The processed information serves both to train the artificial intelligence as well as to inform it of current congestion. From here, the system will control the traffic lights in such a manner as to find the most efficient method to pass all vehicles through all the lights in the least amount of time. Keeping in mind the need for swift emergency vehicle access, when a camera spots an active emergency, all lights may be turned red in order to halt all traffic in the direction of the vehicle.

In addition to controlling traffic lights, we may connect the software to street cameras and highway information controls in order to understand current traffic congestion and patterns. By introducing this information to the system, adaptive routes which optimize commute time may be dispersed through current apps, such as google maps or waze. Furthermore, the collection and analysis of this data will provide a good base upon which CAVs may build. Already having a starting point and a system with which the CAVs may communicate will augment their already anticipated beneficial effects. Improvement of traffic regulation and control is dependent upon intelligent systems and such management will control traffic more efficiently and effectively than current infrastructure. [6][7]

Before implementing controlling algorithms, however, monitoring is a must. [8] We intend to both crowd source and approach companies already involved in machine learning and artificial intelligence in order to attain software which such capabilities. Once obtained, the software will gather information and analyze patterns and correlations for at least one year (in order to account for different weather patterns) in training without the ability to control light systems or best route manipulations. After the training period, the system will first be activated in low risk settings (i.e. suburban and rural towns) and move into cities. Once established, the system may target freeways and interstates by modulating signage for best routes and additional infrastructure may be built in order to better control traffic flow on these roads.

Significance

Using machine learning and artificial intelligence to control traffic signals has the potential to reduce commute times and greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, smart systems such as variable speed limits can help to increase safety during congestion. Studies have already shown that artificial intelligence has helped in this regard. For instance, the study in [4] which applied artificial intelligence to the streets in Lebanon found that their model had the ability to reduce queue lengths at traffic lights by 62.82% and queuing time by 56.37%.

Figure 1. U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector [5]

Using adaptive traffic control signaling also has the ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Referenced by [5] and according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (shown in Figure 1), the transportation sector is responsible for 28% of all emissions, and is tied for first with electricity production. Also, according to [5], “93% of the energy consumed in transportation currently comes from fossil fuels.” Traffic congestion leads to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions because traffic that is idling is not moving and only releasing gases. Additionally [5] also mentions other problems associated with congestion: “travel delays due to traffic congestion cause drivers to waste fuel, increase air and noise pollution, and be stuck in their cars for extra time, leading to lost productivity.” In conclusion, adaptive traffic control systems can be extremely significant in reducing traffic congestion as well as greenhouse gas emissions.

The largest city in the United States of America is New York City. The problems faced by this city have a significant impact on our country and other countries as well. Climate change has become an issue globally due to either organic or inorganic wastes emitted to the environment. For instance, emissions from buildings account for about 67% of the total emissions (Moore, R. A., 1997). This trend could leave us wondering if not checked, and these emissions could damage our environment. In this essay, we will go in detail and describe those related environmental issues that face this mammoth city. These issues are maintaining production and consumption of sustainable energy foods, transportation; poor water quality; and low production of organic food and disposal of food waste. Addressing these problems once and for goodwill marks the beginning of eliminating environmental issues since this will lay the foundation for other cities like Washington DC to follow suit.

Sustainable Energy

There is an ambitious plan from New York to eliminate greenhouse gasses by 2050 (Jung, & Villaran, 2017). Though the process is taking place at a slow pace, there is still some work to be done in eliminating the emissions of nitrogen from nitrogenous fertilizers use, reduction in the use of petroleum products, use of solar panels, and electricity from hydroelectric dams and geysers. All these efforts are in place, but they have not yielded the sustainable levels recognized by the United Nations Environmental Program based in Nairobi, Kenya. The 350NYC Sustainable Solutions, in collaboration with other stakeholders, got sponsorship from different sources to campaign and lobby for 100% renewable energy by 2030 (Thellufsen, Lund, Sorknæs, Østergaard, Chang, Drysdale, … & Sperling, 2020). According to a 350NYC Sustainable Solutions study in 2017, 98% of New York residents use electricity produced from either one or a mixture of: oil, gas, coal, hydroelectric, and nuclear power. The working group advocated for New York residents to use wind energy as part of the collective responsibility to reduce this problem.

Transport Problem

When we consider total omissions, the transport sector produces about 30% of New York’s overall deletions (Civerolo, Rattigan, Felton, & Schwab, 2016). Though New York City has low locomotive ownership, 83% of the omissions are produced by private vehicles. As part of the solution to this problem of congestion and emissions, train services have been introduced. Still, it has not been able to reduce a significant amount of vehicles from piling up in and around the city. New York City has endeavored to reduce vehicles’ emission by 55% by 2035 (Kheirbek, Haney, Douglas, Ito, & Matte, 2016). The reduction can be achieved by increasing telecommunication use, encouraging public transport to reduce reliance on driving vehicles.

Poor Water Quality

Fast foods such as wrappers, cosmetics, nonstick cookware items, and others usually contain PFOA and PFOS compounds, which are very harmful to human beings. These compounds do also exist in water, which is being supplied to New York City. According to an article released on 30th July 2020, public water will be required to slash and remove the level of these two harmful compounds (Post, 2020). The New York state has become the first state to reduce maximum contaminants limits for these compounds to 10 parts per trillion and reduce the maximum contaminants limit for 1, 4 dioxane to 1part per billion.

Food Waste

Rotting food waste emits methane gas that is intense and harmful to human beings and causes the universe’s greenhouse effect. According to Pei (2018) of the New York Times, the city disposes of about 14 million tons of waste. Disposal usually costs up to 400 million dollars annually. Of these wastes, 30% emanates from food wastes and pose a severe social issue, especially at this time of the Covid-19 pandemic, where many residents are going hungry.

Conclusion

To sum up this entire problem, we need to suggest the solutions that should be done to reduce the effects. First of all, to maintain a high level of renewable energy, which is sustainable, we should do thorough campaign and form lobby groups that urge the city dwellers to embrace wind power energy and use public means of transport. On the part of the state, it should be willing to increase the rail transport network that utilizes electric energy. New York City requires to be congratulated for its move to change the contaminant’s limits, but that will not make us jubilate unless action is followed to the later the water will remain contaminated. It is the responsibility if New York dwellers and civil society to wake up and try to push for the reforms to be followed to reduce the environmental pollution in New York. On the contrary, organic waste can be a blessing in disguise because it can be changed into a compost. People in homes can make composts useful in composting domestic scraps; restaurants should form sites to dispose of their food wastes only to compost the organic manure. This process is termed as recycling. Lastly, the state should expand the composting field to give rise to the older compost to be utilized while another part receives the waste.

References

1. Moore, R. A. (1997). Controlling Agriculture Nonpoint Source Pollution: The New York Experience. Drake L. Rev., 45, 103.
2. Jung, J., & Villaran, M. (2017). Optimal Planning and Design of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Microgrids. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75, 180-191.
3. Civerolo, K. L., Rattigan, O. V., Felton, H. D., & Schwab, J. J. (2016). Changes in Gas-Phase aAr Pollutants Across New York State, USA. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 17(1), 147-166.
4. Thellufsen, J. Z., Lund, H., Sorknæs, P., Østergaard, P. A., Chang, M., Drysdale, D., … & Sperling, K. (2020). Smart Energy Cities in a 100% Renewable Energy Context. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 129, 109922.
5. Kheirbek, I., Haney, J., Douglas, S., Ito, K., & Matte, T. (2016). The Contribution of Motor Vehicle Emissions to Ambient Nuanced Particulate Matter Public Health Impacts in New York City: A Health Burden Assessment. Environmental Health, 15(1), 89.
6. Pei, Y. (2018). Wastescape: Stitching the Process of Natural Decomposition Back into the Public Realm.
7. Post, G. B. (2020). Recent US State and Federal Drinking Water Guidelines for Per‐And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.

Globalization is when different nations come together through international trade, investments and technology as a way to interact with each other, forming allies as a way to enhance their resources including the economic rates. This way businesses all around the world can communicate with each other easily and also by doing this they are trying to help undeveloped territories by giving them a platform to showcase their goods and services in the market. From this, you can see that globalisation has a major impact on development. This can be shown through the relationships between nations and their influence, for example as shown in my thesis statement that a solid relationship comes with benefits like an increase in worldly resources. However, you also have to understand with such covenants also comes with disadvantages like exploitations of developing countries or nations getting too comfortable without realising how they may be impacting others around them. As you have seen I have explained what globalisation is in a brief description, how it would impact developing countries and the benefits and disadvantages. This essay will be discussing the economy, gender and the environment and globalisation itself in more detail to make you understand how deep it runs within nations. I will also be including other scholars and their views on how the effects of globalization are working in certain areas, for example, women, the economy and diversity. I will also be talking about my views and if I may or may not disagree with the scholars I have chosen to include.

‘Globalisation is imperialist and exploitative. What do you think this means? Through my eyes, I have this vision that globalisation not only helps developing countries economically, socially and politically but they also make the rich richer and the poor poorer. This being shown through the power of the US and how they seem to be taking over more than others. This does not help the people in the developing countries at all as its basic inequality. It seems to be shown more as a fictional idea than to be known as something that is contributing and actually making itself useful. It’s just putting ideas into our minds and not making any actions it’s promising. Not every nation is benefitting from globalisation as Africa is still known as one of the countries with the highest rate of poverty whereas India and China have been exceeding more than others globally and financially. Globalisation may be having a positive effect internationally but it’s not helping those within the countries. The most obvious point is that not all globalized forces are good, hence it being easier for terrorists and drug cartels to intervene and operate through their networks. With that being said, you are also putting many civilians in danger and you are also allowing others to infiltrate and slowly take over as I have said with drug cartels smuggling their product into other countries causing many deaths and for the environment itself becoming bad.

Economic globalisation is one of the best aspects of globalisation. This is because as said above it represents free trade which is the reason why people are given the opportunities of representing their cheap products within the markets, also creating more jobs and businesses expanding helping the unemployed in advance. However, with free trade, there are still many barriers that have not been taken care of such as VAT (Value Added Tax) and tariffs between the nations. Globalisation has allowed businesses from all over the world to come together as a way to unite and move forward as one also by doing this creating less poverty helping the undeveloped financially. By doing this, it has allowed developing countries to rely upon developed countries for resources like oil, food and raw materials which has a positive effect as this shows the relationship between the countries is really strong as they are showing their respect and trust through their trades, deals and negotiations. This is shown through the World Bank which also links to the environmental aspect of globalisation and its influence on development as the World Bank is still today providing financial help to developing countries by helping provide water and electricity and helping nations with building schools and health care centres. The cooperation of the World Bank has been amazingly wonderful for developing countries because, in my eyes, I am seeing a firm that is helping not only financially, but also environmentally as a way for people to get opportunities and make something of themselves to provide for their families.

According to Sylvia Chant, author of the book Gender, Generation and poverty, she has this theory known as the ‘’feminisation of poverty’’ (Chant, 2007:1) which makes me have this image and belief that what Chant is trying to say here is that women are still suffering more than men but in terms of poverty and that women face more barriers than men when trying to get out of poverty. That being said I do agree with Chant’s views or how she may be interpreting her beliefs, however, I also believe that women are rising next to men and that they are being shown as more equal as time surpasses. From what I have read, and have seen with my own eyes, globalisation may be increasing employment for both men and women but in terms of wages, women are getting lower-income even, working longer hours with their rights being abused. Equality is nowhere seen in this case and honestly, it’s disgusting how even the opportunities that are open to women now are still being exploited and treated in terrible conditions. Do you agree with Chant or do you believe women in developing countries should be treated the same as men in everything including work? Also with that being said globalization has not only brought states together it has also brought different races, cultures and genders together reducing gender issues, as money and poverty have become a prior concern allowing gender inequality to strengthen and show the world that they need to be given the same rights as everyone else while the main focus is on class and other factors of importance including the environment and economy of other countries. My concern is that if globalisation has the ability, the power and the control to help foresee a future where poverty is becoming less, gender issues are being less prioritised and helping build developing countries like their own, what is the point of it all if one way or another exploitation is still occurring whether that be with women or whether the intrusion of globalisation is allowing certain businesses to go to developing countries and get the poor to work for them with the wrong treatment, condition and cheap labour. This is where policies and rules need to be taken into account so the priority is the people’s rights and that man, woman or any gender people claim themselves as to be respected as this way not only will you strengthen the ties between those issues that have been occurring but you will also be making a huge impact influencing change.

Overall, as a whole, I believe globalization has influenced development through the use of unity, trade currency and relation. This is because the treaties that have been made through globalization have allowed different countries and people to strengthen their bonds, therefore, decreasing the risks of poverty or undeveloped countries crashing down. That being said globalisation, in other words, is like a saviour of some kind to most nations. This is because it not only increases awareness around the world but it also has the advantage of making others see certain issues that you may not have found as soon as you do now. Like the issue of climate change. It’s a way for other cultures to experience and live in other people’s shoes on how they have been living. It’s causing more competition, therefore, business expansion as I have said before therefore more jobs. However, some like myself will say that globalization may have the benefits but realistically who is it affecting more, the wealthy or the poor? From my point of view, it seems that it’s causing issues in certain aspects for example diversity. This is because people from other parts of the world may come together but the downfall of that is that others may start to feel threatened of others coming into their countries and starting to take over in general cases their lifestyle, their jobs etc. and what they may be good at, others may start to feel that the outsiders are becoming more successful than them. This could either cause good competition or and bad rivalry which could cause a problem with the agreements that are being made. Due to jealousy, it could cause a hindrance within the states therefore something terrible could happen and could end up having a long term effect on them. Its major core link is politics as politics is the reason why so many nations are even considering the help of others as it has forced them to let go of rivalries and come together because this is the only way their countries will survive and flourish and if they don’t have trust or a civil relationship at least then all countries including the people will diminish and everything will fall and there will be more of an increase in poverty and homelessness which is what we don’t want.

Globalization has impacted femininity, the environment and the economy widely but several changes still need to be made because not everything is at it seems. Despite promoting peace and prosperity, negative effects remain like injustice, starvation, and poverty. Some people are still suffering more than others and issues that need to be dealt with are being tossed to the side. It does not matter whether you are poor or rich or if you are doing favours for others, you must make sure that everyone is being treated equally. This is also where you need to be aware and careful because the majority of the poor people may feel blessed to be getting this support but they also might start to worry that with any luck this is not a secret agenda to enforce obedience upon them as the way they cannot speak their truth because they may feel like they owe them and if they do speak out of line, everything that has been given to them, could also be taken away which is where the idea of inequality and fear has also been stricken with. Is it a means of dominance or is it the need to control? The fear of being replaced by the rich or the fear of having to go through more trials and slave labour.

Like Chant’s statement, I also believe that women need to be heard and people need to see that globalization may be giving us solutions but it is causing discrimination greatly especially with women being at the hands of it. There is so much that needs to be prioritised however it seems that it is more about markets growing and businesses expanding and partnerships. The rapid growth of the world economy has been overflown with the vast development of technology. Everything has risen so quickly it is quite shocking to see just how much influence globalization has been in terms of productivity. These are important to the economies but there needs to be more assurance for the people’s rights. Globalization may have the aims of spreading wealth equally to all countries but are they?

Abstract

The word “environment” has been an illusion within many people in societies from years to years, especially media and policy directions extending its wrong understanding all over and making it difficult for measures on environmental protection to hold effective and efficient grounds like efforts to fight against climate change, land degradation, and desertification. This paper drew some insights from the dictionary and Wikipedia as the basic point and uses different research works to argue that the environment is a “state” of the earth’s surface within ecosystems, which changes with time. It reviews research studies from many landscape monitoring assessments of Ecosystem Services (ES) to justify that soil. water, air, plant, animals, and humans are agents of the earth’s surface within ecosystems that interact to determine the state known as the environment, through this process transformations take place to form the different materials and substances that we found on the earth’s surface.

This means for measures of environmental protection, there is the need to balance the multi-agents interacting on the earth’s surface within ecosystems by examining categories of outcome functions that humans directly benefit from them known as ES. They may be improving or antagonizing the environment (state). If the categories of the outcome functions are in a sink, then there will be environmental degradation, which could result in climate change or desertification, and other catastrophes. But understanding really what the environment is will lead to the provision of measures that continuously support the environmental balancing of the multi-agents on the earth’s surface with ecosystems and promoting sustainable consumption. These will support that targets for environmental protection, and the fight against climate change, land degradation, and desertification are being achieved.

But efforts to achieve sustainable consumption will also require a proper understanding of the natural environment and its functionalities based on the ES within ecosystems to design sustainable eco-patterns for the transformation of the multi-agent interactions on the earth’s surface to meet human needs. This requires the support of research studies on bioprospecting. Bioprospecting will lead to the discovery of new organisms, substances, and materials to support human needs, thereby paving the way to more eco-production and cycle economies for sustainability. Therefore, to encourage environmental sustainability, the functional relationships of multi-agent interactions within ecosystems have to be well-known for effective and efficient protection measures requiring proper knowledge of the connections between the earth’s surface and the environment (state).

The aim of this work is to seek cooperation with different natural science researchers to open up research development projects on bioprospecting on different ecosystems based on a deep understanding of our environment that can be beneficiary to society in terms of supporting sustainable consumption and policy frameworks for environmental protection.

Keywords: Multi agents, interactions, ecosystems, ecosystem services (ES), bioprospecting

1. Introduction

What is really the environment? Cambridge University Press (2005) presents it as “the conditions that you live or work in and the way they influence how you feel or how effectively you can work” or “air, water, and land in or on which people, animals, and plants live”. While Wikipedia’s review presents it as “everything that is around us”. It can be living or non-living things. It includes physical, chemical, and other natural forces. Living things live in their environment. They constantly interact with it and adapt themselves to conditions in their environment. In the environment, there are different interactions between animals, plants, soil, water, and other living and non-living things (https:// simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment).

However, when one asks people the simple question “what is the environment?”, there are usually no clearly defined answers and many people are only playing with words because they do not understand that it is multi-agents in a system that interacts (natural or artificial) to determine a “state” (environment) on the earth surface. That is, our environment is a “state” of the interaction and interdependences of everything that can be found around us on the earth’s surface, in which soil, water, air, plants, animals, and humans are agents (humans, animals, and nature interact with the other agents on the earth surface within ecosystems to transform them to the different materials, organisms, and substances).

Therefore, the environment is only a state of the totality of multi-agent interactions on the earth’s surface at a place (ecosystem) and time (a few or many years based on observation of a transition) to determine the nature of a landscape or water body (earth surface). In other words, the inputs of multi-agents on the earth’s surface within ecosystems that determine the outputs of a “state” is known as the environment. Since everything is part of the environment of something else, the word environment is used to talk about many things. People in different fields of knowledge use the word environment differently (https:// simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment). The electromagnetic environment is radio waves and other electromagnetic radiation and magnetic fields, which it is simply referring to the state of something.

Many efforts towards environmental protection, especially efforts to fight against climate change, land degradation, and desertification are not achieving great results because many people do not actually understand that the environment is only a “state” of interaction within multi-agents in a system (earth surface) as inputs to determine the outputs (state). Therefore, efforts for environmental protection need to focus on the multi-agents on the earth’s surface as an integrated process and determine the root causes of environmental damages based on sinks in ES. This is with respect to the totality of multi-agent interactions within particular ecosystems that can lead to control measures (input and output) in order to balance them for environmental improvement performances. ES benefits mankind from the functionalities of the natural ecosystems that are distributed on the earth’s surface (MEA, 2005). This means environmental impact assessment should examine the multi-agent interactions on the earth’s surface as an integrated process and determine the impact categories based on their interdependences. This requires an indicator system that ES has been assessed and justified as an appropriate indicator for environmental impact assessment (Fongwa, Fongwa, 2012a, and 2012b). A review of the results of monitoring observation studies of ecosystems carried out within my research framework from protected and none protected areas, urban and none urban areas, and other areas explains the situation.

2. Reviews of Outcomes from Ecosystem Monitoring Research Projects

The research works started with the examination of value created from the natural ecosystem for business development to protect the environment and climate change mitigation strategies based on the goods and services offered by the environment to mankind (Fongwa and Gnauck, 2009a; Fongwa, 2012a). Analysis of business development for preserving ES was carried out with an emission trading scheme as one of the markets considered to show that they are one option for balancing measures for achieving environmental protection and climate change mitigation targets (Fongwa, 2012a; Fongwa et al., 2011b).

Also, the analysis uses economic arguments to justify the need for inventory systems to estimate and balance ES, which payment schemes for them based on different economic and business models were considered for financing ecosystem developments (Fongwa and Gnauck, 2009b; Fongwa et al., 2011b; Fongwa, 2012a). This has led to further investigation of the relationships between ES and human activities on the landscape for appropriate payment schemes and management support systems. For instance, the impact of soil from waste to landfill for degraded landscapes and contamination of the earth’s surfaces (Fongwa, 2011), shows how legal provisions and policies can encourage actions for soil, water, air, and biodiversity protection based on a proper understanding of the linkages within the different multi agents’ interactions in ecosystems of consideration.

More so, changes in landscapes due to human activities were also examined. For instance, figure 1 shows the sequence of land use changes leading to degradation and desertification in the Sahel region requiring appropriate measures and technological implications based on the understanding of the different multi-agents interactions on the ecosystems involved in balancing ES (Fongwa and Gnauck, 2010). Many of these relationships were investigated and justified using different studies (Fongwa and Gnauck, 2010; Fongwa et al., 2010a; Fongwa et al., 2011b, Fongwa and Islam, 2012; Gnauck and Fongwa, 2012; Fongwa, 2012a; Fongwa, 2019).

Furthermore, estimates from protected and none protected areas, urban and none urban areas, and other areas (Fongwa, 2010; Fongwa, 2015; Fongwa, 2012a; Fongwa, 2012b; Fongwa, 2019, Fongwa and Islam, 2012; Fongwa et al., 2010b; Gnauck and Fongwa, 2012; Fongwa et al., 2011a), show the need to describe the interaction within the multi-agents on ecosystems for determine different scenarios of the environment. Therefore, to describe the relationships of multi-agent interactions within ecosystems, models were used that provided a more understanding (Fongwa, 2012a; Fongwa et al., 2010c; Fongwa et al., 2012, Fongwa, 2019). For instance, description of the formation of algae growth in a natural ecosystem of the environment. Figure 2 below presents algae growth as a result of water temperature, nutrients, substrate, and radiation in an interaction known as multi-resource kinetic modeled with Petri net (Fongwa, 2012a; Fongwa, 2019).

However, modeling requires consideration of different background knowledge and data pools (Gnauck and Fongwa, 2012; Fongwa, 2012a; Fongwa, 2012c) that were integrated into the research to determine the quality of the modeling framework. In this regard, a sustainability assessment project was initiated with many invited scientists from around the world that participated in the discussion platforms (think tank) and contributed manuscripts that were published (Fongwa, 2012c). The think tank project provided different scientific information and data pools for properly understanding and describing the systems in consideration. The different interdisciplinary results on ecosystems protection, targets for fighting climate change, and sustainable development strategies as well as socio-economic and cultural implications from the discussions and some selected manuscripts that were published also showed that there are continuous environmental challenges requiring more understanding of the multi-agent interactions on the earth surface within ecosystems that can be essential for policy support measures on environmental protection, land degradation climate change mitigation and desertification.

In addition, a review of future energy supply and target for climate change to justify that ES has the potential of regulating the environment through environmental balancing measures as an aggregate of interactions with multi-agents to provide services. That is their combinations will form a state, which is the environment (Fongwa et al., 2011c). Therefore, ES was evaluated within the criteria for selecting tools for Strategic Environment Assessment (SEA) to justify that they are an appropriate indicator for weighting policy options on environmental protection, especially climate change mitigation policies (Fongwa, 2012b). This clearly showed the connection of ES and multi-agents within ecosystems for understanding impact classes for their categories for different environmental scenario considerations. All the approaches considered in the research have shown that ES are essential indicators for the assessment of multi-agents on ecosystems for policy guides in the achievement of environment protection targets, which require further appropriate information and analytic models for knowledge development.

Nevertheless, over the past years, there have been driven innovations in technological and digitalization development to provide solutions to environmental protection and climate change problems. This is based on policy implications due to practical observations of negative impact scenarios. But there is the continuous occurrence of serious climate change scenarios with increasing temperature observations, desertification, and environmental degradations. For instance, figure 3 provides a projection of the world energy supply from 1980 to 2030 that envisaged the energy market domination with none renewable supply in different merit order of generation as could be seen on the curves (if everything remains constant from the projection period, which it is not possible).

However, over time till now in 2019, there has been a huge increase in the supply of energy generation influenced by a drastic increase in population and changes from manual processes to electrical (automatization), but the merit order of sources of energy generation is almost the same as the 1980 projection (none renewable energy dominating) meaning the level of environmental depletion has also hugely increased. Also, many countries are trying to meet their huge energy demands by encouraging more dangerous sources of energy supplies like nuclear and atomic which could be very challenging for environmental sustainability. Even though the rate of energy generating from renewable energy has increased, none renewable energy supply still dominates the market, which in real them increases negative environmental impacts. Our adaptive sustainability appraisal matrix (Fongwa, 2012b; Fongwa, 2015) is to evaluate technological and digitalization implications and analyze trade-offs between climate change and sustainability for sustainable consumption scenarios. Two examples of energy-material flows-mobility-urbanization and food/fibers-Industrial production-habitation-social economy scenarios are presented to give more explanations of the problems.

The method employs a sustainability impact assessment approach and makes use of an adaptive sustainability appraisal matrix. The results show that the foundation and ethics of sustainability (invention to action) for environmental protection and climate change action scenarios are still not understood to moderate the technological developments towards sustainability solutions requiring more scientific intervention in the politics of sustainable development. For instance, making a more detailed study of our analysis, it was found that there are many scenarios of technological changes like change to electrical cars without a complete life cycle assessment and analysis. Therefore, strategies and policies are being put in place to encourage electric cars in urban areas. While huge environmental damages are taking place in the rural areas for huge energy productions from none renewable sources to meet up with the increases in electricity demand as a result of more utilization of electric cars (change of process) in that region (the urban areas). That is creating zero environmental impact (input and output balances) in urban areas and greater negative environmental impacts in rural areas, which must be seen as bad strategies for achieving environmental protection targets. Also, resources are being depleted and losses in the process of energy conversion to electricity as well as other societal impacts of charging stations and parking in urban areas that may be a challenge for efficiency and effectiveness as well. This will result in only none sustainable impact scenarios, which it is recently revealing themselves through the constant variation in weather and climatic conditions.

Another scenario is food/fibres-Industrial production-habitation-social economy where a lot of transformation is going on (especially in more resilient ecosystems found in rural areas) without appropriate measures on environmental balancing and sustainable consumption as well as healthy living. This is influenced by a lack of policy direction on appropriate environmental protection based on no appropriate understanding of the connection of deriving goods and services (ES) within the natural ecosystem of the environment. This requires a lot of studies on bioprospecting within the natural ecosystems based on the fact that “our environment is all the things around us” (https:// simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment), which are transformed based on interactions. Bioprospecting is the search for new organisms and substances for societal needs, which are available in our natural ecosystems as plants, animals, and organisms known as provision ES (Fongwa, 2012a). They can be enhancing (service-providing units) or deteriorating (service-antagonizing units) the environment. For instance, one of the functions of plants, animals, and organisms in the ecosystems is to provide substances and products as well as bacteria and pathogens that are interesting for agriculture, medicine, processing, manufacturing, and tertiary industries such as foods, drinks, cosmetics, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, lubricants, remediations, public safety (medical) and sanitation, energy industrials, and many more uses. Therefore, a proper understanding of societies of ES will foster more eco-production and design for the environment. But there are scarcities of substances and resources for those production needs requiring bioprospecting of ecosystems and sustainable consumption measures to support cycle economy conceptions based on an understanding of our environment.

The research in this area takes an inter-generation learning approach based on information gathering on the use of different substances from ecosystems in natural and traditional environments from different knowledge pools using a think tank and investigations in protected areas and none protected areas.

That is preliminary research are been carried out on agricultural, agroforest, and dryland ecosystems to understand the linkages between the use of different materials, organisms, and substances from those natural environments by different intergeneration for sourcing bioprospecting scenarios. This can enable collaboration and cooperation for exploration research on the substances from different ecosystems for different societal uses requiring the involvement of different natural science researchers. Also, it can open up different interests for investments in re-greening ecosystems as an effort to support the fight against land degradation, climate change, and desertification, thereby environmental protection.

3. Conclusions

This paper has clarified the question of what is the environment by presenting it as a “state” of the interactions between multi-agents on the earth’s surface within ecosystems. The different interactions in the ecosystems lead to different functions that provide goods and services that humans benefit from them as ES. Therefore, land degradation, climate change, and desertification are the results of nature, animal, and human interactions with the other multi-agents within the ecosystem, which is the output of a state (environment). This means environmental impact assessment for measures of protection should focus on the multi-agent interactions using ES as an indicator based on an understanding of the environment and fostering sustainable consumption patterns.

Studies based on landscape monitoring assessments reviewed in this paper show that a proper understanding of the multi-agent interaction within ecosystems on the earth’s surfaces and their transformation will determine their “state” or “output” (environment), which ES is an appropriate indicator that can be used to foster sustainability consumption patterns. This is based on the goods and services as a function of the natural ecosystems that humans benefit from them, which require bioprospecting to exploit the potential for sustainable consumption to protect the environment and sustainability of the earth’s surface demanding further research work in this area using different interdisciplinary natural research scientists. Therefore, bioprospecting has the great potential of contributing enormously to environmental protection, and the fight against land degradation, climate change, and desertification due to its strength to drive forward eco-patterns and cycle economies using ES as indicators. This will also foster sustainable consumption and healthy living patterns requiring a proper and deep understanding of making use of the different interactions with the multi-agents on ecosystems (inputs) and their transformations that determine the state of the earth’s surface (environment).

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