Category: Environmental Issues

Recycling is the process of reusing material, It is done by breaking down material and using it for something else, like aluminum, If people recycle then future populations will also have raw materials. The atmosphere is affected by not Recycling.

Recycling is the process of reusing material. For example, an aluminum can take only 60 days to be brought back onto the Supermarket shelf (What is Recycling?). Americans make about 4 pounds of garbage daily. When a person recycles, they can save energy as much as having a TV on for 3 hours straight. Something even more fascinating is that one ton of paper can save approximately seventeen trees, two barrels of oil (enough to run the average car for 1,260 miles),4,100 kilowatts of energy (enough to power the average home for six months), 3.2 Cubic-yards of a landfill, and sixty pounds of pollution (Beyond Recycling: Getting to ‘Zero Waste’). Aluminum foil can be recycled almost infinitely. Americans use an average of 100 million coffee cans, soup cans aluminum cans etc. daily. Studies show that people recycle around 334 pounds of paper and cardboard boxes, They can turn into Corrugated cardboard, magazines and newspaper, and office paper and poster boards. Flint glass makes up 60% of recycled glass. Amber glass makes up only 31% because it has colors in it that cannot be removed. People can help recycle by picking up trash in their neighborhood or surrounding neighborhoods.

Recycling is the process of reusing material. Although recycling was introduced in the 1970 environmental movement it has been around for thousands of years. For example, the Industrial Age, you couldn’t make goods quickly and cheaply so they recycled materials(Grabianowski, Ed. How Recycling Works). So basically everyone recycled some way. Let’s say water bottles go to a recycling center. They use their machines to sort them into a box shape. Then they get it shredded like paper and get rid of impurities. The shreds are then melted and formed into pellets. These pellets can then be made into other products. Recycling can also use less energy so its energy efficient. Like we can also use steel from an old building. Same thing they shred and melt them and reform them to make new buildings or cans for the Supermarket Shelf. Recycling is also important because It is a huge negative impact on our planet. Harmful things can get released like greenhouse gasses and harmful chemicals from landfill sites. Recycling helps reduce pollution caused by waste. Recycling reduces the need for Raw materials so our Rainforest can be preserved (Environmental Benefits of Recycling).

People Should recycle because, If we recycle now there will be enough raw material for future generations. When people recycle, material can turn into new products. Using recycled material can use less energy than non-recycled material. Recycling reduces the need for extracting, refining and processing raw materials all of which create air and water pollution. As recycling saves energy it also reduces greenhouse gas emissions, which helps to tackle climate change (Why Should We Recycle? Bryson Recycling). Saving just 1 ton of paper can save 17 trees and 17,000 gallons of Water. Studies say that one tree can remove 250 pounds of Carbon dioxide each year (15+ Awesome Reasons Why We Should Recycle More). Recycling just aluminum can save up to 95% of the energy used on non-recycled aluminum. 60-75% of landfills can be recycled. Averagely, every American produces about 1600 pounds of waste yearly. Up to 1100 pounds of that waste can be recycled. Recycling also creates 10 times more Job Opportunities than landfill waste management. Also, a big one recycled material is cheaper on people’s budget than non-recycled material. Recycling industries are ranking over 100 Billion in revenue Yearly. The Average American utilizes 2,500,000 plastic bottles each hour (15+ Awesome Reasons Why We Should Recycle More).

Things that are affected by recycling are Garbage piles up, more greenhouse gasses, Fossil fuels disappear faster, Natural Resources Diminish. The 2014 report states that residents produced 258 million short tons of solid waste, with recycled and composted materials making 34.6 percent of that amount or 89 million tons. About 33 million tons underwent combustion with energy recovery turning the waste into usable energy for fuel, heat and, electricity. A little more than half, or 136 million tons went to landfills. Without recycling and combustion with energy recovery, all 258 million tons would have filled landfills and begun to pile up (The Effects of Not Recycling). More Greenhouse gasses are bad for the environment because if the gasses and the sun heat get trapped into the Earth’s atmosphere it could warm up the planet and oceans. This could cause floods and droughts. So too many in the atmosphere could cause devastating effects worldwide. If people recycle more the need for fossil fuel will decrease so we can save it because we are running low on it everything on earth is a limited supply nothing is unlimited.

Recycling is the process of reusing material, It is done by breaking down material and using it for something else, like aluminum, If people recycle then future populations will also have raw materials. The atmosphere is affected by not Recycling. People can help the planet by recycling things that can be recycled, Like paper and bottles, People can also help recycle on Earth day, send out fliers to help or on social media. With all these signs for the need of recycling why do some people still not recycle?

The earth’s population is currently 7.7 billion and rising. Population levels are expected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050 and 11 billion by 2100 (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2019). The greatest population growth is occurring in developing countries where extreme poverty and a lack of the most basic needs exist. This coupled with excessive consumption in the developed countries puts enormous pressure on an already fragile environment. To sustain this rapid population growth, change is required in the area of agriculture.

The concept of sustainability was first coined in the 1980’s in the World Conservation Strategy although it failed to get full recognition at the time. This changed in 1987 when ‘Our Common Future’, commonly known as the Brundtland report was published by the World Commission on Environment and Development. The report highlighted the need to equalize wealth amongst the rich and poor and the need for regard for current and future generations. Sustainable development was defined in the Brundtland report as ‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ (WCED, 1987). Some thirty years later a set of reports have been published by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) called the Global Environment Outlook (GEO) reports. These aim to:

• Highlight the key challenges facing our planet
• Point out emerging environmental issues that require policy change
• Give recommendations for decision-makers to act

Each GEO report builds on the findings of its predecessor and draws from lessons learned. GEO-6, published in 2019, outlines the current state of the environment, demonstrates potential future environmental trends, and analyses the effectiveness of policies. It also emphasizes the need to take immediate action to achieve the 17 Sustainability Goals (United Nations Environment, 2019).

Intensive agriculture has resulted in environmental impacts in several areas such as atmospheric changes, land degradation, water quality & quantity, and biodiversity. Global climate change is a major atmospheric challenge faced in today’s world. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the agricultural sector in Ireland account for 29.1% of the total national GHG emissions (Teagasc, 2011). Food Harvest 2020 is a strategy published in 2010 that sets ambitious targets in the Irish agricultural sector to be achieved by 2020. The dairy output target is to increase milk production by 50% based on average milk production outputs over the period 2007-2009. A 20% increase in the output value of the beef and sheep sector is outlined. While the output value of pig production is set to increase by 50%. (DAFM, 2011). Analysis of the targets set out in Food Harvest 2020 shows that if targets are met the sector could see an increase of 16,500 jobs (Miller et al, 2014) and an increased agricultural income of just over €1000 million (Teagasc, 2011). While this brings economic benefits to Ireland one of the downfalls that needs to be examined is the resulting environmental effects. In an analysis completed by Teagasc projections show that if the agricultural sector is to meet the targets set out in Food Harvest 2020, GHG emissions are projected to increase by c.3% compared to 2009 (Teagasc, 2011). This is primarily a result of an increase in the national dairy herd size. This will have implications for Ireland’s target to reduce overall GHG emissions by 20% by 2020 (relative to 2005 levels) as set out in the EU’s Effort Sharing Decision (Decision No 406/2009/EC) (EPA, 2019).

Sustainability in agriculture means to meet our current food needs without impacting future generations. Strategies employed to achieve sustainability include reducing soil erosion using agronomic measures, soil management, or mechanical methods. Soil erosion is a serious challenge in agriculture as it leads to the loss of productive soil in large quantities every year. Soil erosion is a natural process, and while its prevention is impossible, soil conservation strategies aim to reduce the rate at which it occurs. Agronomic measures involve the planting of vegetation to protect the land from erosion such as crop/livestock rotation, cover cropping, strip cropping, and mulching. Crop rotation is a method whereby erosion-prone crops and erosion-protective crops are grown on alternate years, for example alternating a row crop such as maize with a protection-effective crop such as legumes or grasses. Livestock rotation is practiced on grazing lands where livestock is moved to avoid overgrazing and the risk of erosion, or undergrazing and a loss of nutrition in the grass. In Ireland, overgrazing of land by sheep in commonages in upland areas of Donegal, Sligo, Leitrim, Mayo, Galway, Kerry, and Wicklow has resulted in increased rates of soil erosion due to the removal of vegetative cover and the compacting of soil. Economic incentives such as the EU’s Single Farm Payment Scheme and Ireland’s Commonage Framework Plan have been implemented to encourage better land management and reduce overstocking in areas of environmental concern.

An example of sustainable agriculture in Ireland can be seen in the Burren region in county Clare. Covering an area of approximately 360 km2, the Burren is internationally famous for its landscape, flora, and fauna. The Burren is a karst region, a limestone area formed millions of years ago and eroded by glaciers during the last ice age to form the unique landscape we see today. Home to three-quarters of Ireland’s plant species, the characteristic features of the Burren allow Mediterranean species to exist alongside alpine species (Burren Geopark, 2019). The Burren is also home to a wide array of land snails, butterflies, bats, and mammals such as the peregrine falcon. The continued existence of this unique area of such biodiversity would not be possible without the use of sustainable agriculture techniques. The Burren Programme is a pioneering agri-environmental program that aims to conserve and support the heritage, environment, and communities of the Burren region. The program’s objectives are:

• to ensure the sustainable agricultural management of high nature value farmland in the Burren
• contribute to the positive management of the Burren’s landscape and cultural heritage
• contribute to improvements in water quality and water usage efficiency in the Burren region (Burren Programme, 2015b).

The Burren Programme gives farmers financial incentives to undertake work that will improve the site’s conservation condition. The farmers are also rewarded for the results of their work based on a scoring system. The farmer’s land is assessed annually using a habitat health checklist and given a score from 1 to 10. The financial reward given is incremental based on this score. Some of the actions carried out under this program include scrub control, stone wall repair, water provision, installing new or upgrading existing access tracks, new gates, new livestock feeding systems, and habitat restoration (Burren Programme, 2015a). Scrub is a natural part of the Burren landscape, however, due to both anthropogenic factors and natural reasons this scrub is now spreading resulting in a loss of habitat. With support from the program, farmers have removed 35 hectares of scrub (Burren Programme, 2015a). To date nearly 1km of traditional stone walls have been repaired, alongside the addition of new gates this contributes to more targeted and efficient grazing of livestock (Burren Programme, 2015a). Additional drinking troughs and rainwater harvesters have been installed to reduce the pressure on insufficient water sources which were prone to pollution from overuse by livestock. 10km of new or upgraded access tracks were funded, these have been carefully planned to ensure the least possible damage to habitats and archaeology while providing benefits to farmers and visitors alike. Silage, when fed excessively, on grazing land in the Burren can cause water pollution and soil damage. The Burren LIFE project developed a new concentrate ration to meet the animal’s needs and reduce the dependence on silage. Alongside the Burren Programme’s funding to purchase feed silos and troughs has resulted in a 61% reduction in the amount of silage consumed (Teagasc, 2017). The program has also funded the control of non-native plant species, rubbish removal, and the cleaning out and walling-off of sensitive springs.

One of the more traditional sustainable farming methods in the Burren is a method of farming called transhumance. Livestock is moved from the lowlands to graze the uplands (called Winterages) in the winter months, this is the reverse of practices in areas outside the Burren. Livestock graze Winterages from approximately October to April. They remove the scrub and graze the grass short. When livestock is removed in Spring, before the first flowers start to emerge, the flora emerges without having to compete for space, light, and resources. The flora can then thrive until late autumn un-trampled and un-grazed.

To summarise, to cater to the increasing pressures placed on the environment from the agricultural sector a shift is required from intensive farming methods to more sustainable farming methods. As can be seen in the Burren this is possible using a multi-faceted approach involving financial incentives.

Many countries, including large nations like the USA, in the status quo rely largely on energy from nonrenewable sources. For example, coal, petroleum, and natural gas from fossil fuels. These fossil fuels generate about 85% of the world’s energy. This brings about two issues. Firstly, nonrenewable energy is finite and will run out if our consumption of this energy is more than the amount of nonrenewable energy that can be replenished naturally by the Earth. Research shows that at the rate at which we are consuming energy, oil will run out in 53 years, natural gas in 54 years, and coal in 110 years if we do not do anything about the current situation. This is dangerous because these statistics only prove that the consequences of our negligence to the environment can cause large damage to mankind within the span of a lifetime. Furthermore, If work is not done to improve the development and accessibility to renewable energy, within 100 years, mankind would seemingly perish seeing how we are becoming increasingly reliant on such energy to operate and go on with our daily lives.

The shortage of energy would mean that any modern development and technological advancement would have to be halted, throwing mankind back into the past where energy had not been found and used. Secondly, nonrenewable energy which we heavily rely on is proven to result in extensive harm to our Earth’s environment as it is a contributor to global warming. Many of these fossil fuels, when used, produce carbon dioxide which pollutes the environment. For example, in 2014, 78% of the USA’s global warming emissions of carbon dioxide were energy-related. If the global warming situation worsens, the world will become a dangerous place to live in as the climate changes drastically. For example, the wildfires in California which have displaced many families, to the extreme droughts in Somalia which have starved many.

These problems all prompt us to take action by slowly easing our world into one that can be sustained by renewable energy, such as the use of solar power, wind power, and hydropower, which do not pollute the environment or cause any health-related problems to humans.

Individual country’s stance on the issue. Currently, Fiji is very supportive of the idea of using renewable energy and wishes to partner with countries that will help increase its renewable energy capacity. She would also like to increase accessibility to such energy sources to poorer and more rural parts of Fiji as nearly 20% of people living in rural areas of Fiji, as well as 4% of people living in Urban areas. Furthermore, she is in full support of the global effort to address climate change. This support can be seen in Fiji organizing the United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2017 to discuss environmental issues. Fiji is a country in the South Pacific made of about 300 islands and has a population of about 912,241 people. Fiji heavily relies on fossil fuels that are imported from other countries since it does not have any natural fossil fuel resources or any nuclear power stations. For example, in 2008, about 80% of Fiji’s import spending was on fossil fuel imports, highlighting the extent to which Fiji invests in imported energy which impacts Fiji’s energy security adversely. Furthermore, Fiji faces many challenges as a nation in the energy sector. This is because there is a lack of coordination and management between public energy institutions across the islands of Fiji. Furthermore, there is a lack of encouragement for private energy sectors as there is no clear framework and information that is disclosed to the public. Hence, Fiji aims to achieve 100% renewable energy by 2030, having renewable resources of energy such as solar, wind, hydro, and biomass. However, this can only be achieved with stricter National Energy policies and the bringing in of foreign energy sectors that can help set up and sustain renewable energy in Fiji. Fiji has also been working on policies to bring off-grid generation to rural areas, such as solar-powered water supply for schools and clinics.

Problems of the issue, as well as recommendations for solutions. The main problem is that renewable forms of energy are still relatively new and are hence still expensive for incumbent state power companies to invest in. Additionally, the power purchase agreement of Fiji is not conducive for investors to invest in renewable projects. This is because firstly, it does not have enough incentives to attract investors and secondly, it does not outline a plan that they can stay committed to so investors do not want to put their trust in investing in Fiji. Certain ways to improve the public-private energy sector partnership to increase the growth of renewable energy in Fiji. This ensures that all relevant agencies facilitate and support renewable energy investments through legislation and regulation to ensure the feasibility and financial viability of renewable energy. With the government’s support, private investors will be more comfortable with putting their money into the project. Secondly, risk mitigation facilities have to be set up since renewable energy is a new technology and is still high risk in its usage and benefit. Fiji is still a developing nation that is exposed to natural disasters. Thus, risks can be mitigated with the implementation of insurance where foreign investors will feel more secure when putting their money into developing renewable energy in Fiji. Thirdly, a credible feed-in-tariff system for independent power producers need to be put in place by the government of Fiji. In the status quo, there is no feed-in-tariff system in Fiji. Fourthly, to reduce future maintenance costs and future projects, locally-owned businesses are encouraged to invest in renewable energy, maintenance, and equipment replacement. Education focusing on the development and maintenance of renewable energy provided for locals will also provide a good platform for locals to help sustain the future of renewable energy.

Introduction

“A Shark in the Mind of One Contemplating Wilderness” is an intriguing essay by Terry Tempest Williams that delves into the interconnectedness between nature, the human mind, and the concept of wilderness. Williams takes readers on a thought-provoking journey through her personal experiences and reflections, inviting us to reconsider our relationship with the natural world. In this literary criticism essay, we will analyze the key themes and literary devices employed by Williams in her exploration of wilderness.

The Concept of Wilderness

Williams examines the notion of wilderness as both an external landscape and an internal state of mind. She argues that wilderness is not solely confined to untouched landscapes but is also a part of our consciousness. Through vivid descriptions of her encounters with nature, she conveys the idea that wilderness represents a space for contemplation, self-discovery, and connection with the larger natural world.

Nature as a Source of Transformation

Central to Williams’ essay is the transformative power of nature. She suggests that immersing oneself in the wild can evoke a profound shift in perspective and understanding. Williams uses evocative language and rich imagery to depict her encounters with various natural elements, such as the shark, the desert, and the labyrinth of canyons. These encounters symbolize the challenges and revelations that one can experience when confronting the untamed forces of nature.

Reflections on Human Impact

While celebrating the beauty and significance of wilderness, Williams also acknowledges the human impact on the environment. She grapples with the ethical dilemma of seeking solace in untouched landscapes while recognizing the destruction caused by human intervention. Williams highlights the importance of conservation and the responsibility to protect and preserve the natural world for future generations.

Literary Devices

In her essay, Williams employs several literary devices to convey her ideas effectively. She employs metaphor and symbolism to imbue the natural world with deeper meaning. For instance, the shark represents the mysterious and primal aspects of nature, while the labyrinth symbolizes the intricate and interconnected nature of existence. Williams’ use of vivid descriptions and sensory imagery brings the wilderness to life, engaging the reader’s imagination and evoking a visceral response.

Ecocriticism and Environmental Consciousness

Williams’ essay aligns with the principles of ecocriticism, a literary theory that examines the relationship between literature and the environment. Through her writing, she raises awareness about the importance of ecological preservation and the need for humans to forge a more harmonious relationship with the natural world. Williams challenges the notion of wilderness as a mere backdrop for human exploration and emphasizes its intrinsic value independent of human influence.

Conclusion

“A Shark in the Mind of One Contemplating Wilderness” is a captivating essay that explores the complex relationship between humanity and the natural world. Through her personal reflections, Williams invites readers to contemplate their own connection to wilderness and encourages a deeper understanding of the interconnectedness of all living beings. By employing literary devices, she brings the wilderness to life on the page, enabling readers to embark on their own contemplative journeys. Williams’ essay serves as a reminder of the power of nature to transform our perspectives, inspire awe and reverence, and ignite a sense of responsibility towards the preservation of our wild spaces.

Introduction

The Baobab tree, scientifically known as Adansonia, is a remarkable species renowned for its unique physical characteristics and remarkable ability to adapt to its environment. This essay explores the fascinating adaptations of the Baobab tree, highlighting its strategies for survival in challenging and diverse ecosystems.

Morphological Adaptations

The Baobab tree exhibits numerous morphological adaptations that enable it to thrive in harsh environments. Firstly, its massive trunk stores vast amounts of water, which allows the tree to withstand long periods of drought. Additionally, the tree’s distinctive bottle-shaped trunk serves as a reservoir for storing water during the rainy season. This adaptation allows the Baobab to endure extended periods of aridity and survive in water-scarce regions.

Leaf Adaptations

The Baobab tree has adapted its leaves to cope with extreme temperatures and conserve water. The tree sheds its leaves during the dry season, minimizing water loss through transpiration. This adaptation helps to reduce moisture requirements and allows the tree to conserve valuable resources in arid climates. Moreover, the Baobab’s compound leaves are composed of small leaflets, which further reduce the surface area exposed to the sun, limiting water loss and protecting the tree from excessive heat.

Reproductive Adaptations

Baobab trees have evolved unique reproductive adaptations that ensure their survival and propagation. The trees produce large, showy flowers that open at night, attracting pollinators such as bats and nocturnal insects. This strategy increases the chances of successful pollination in low-light conditions and enhances the tree’s reproductive success. The Baobab’s flowers eventually develop into large, woody fruits that contain numerous seeds. These fruits serve as a vital source of food for a variety of animals, which aids in seed dispersal and increases the chances of successful germination in different locations.

Adaptations to Fire

Fire is a common occurrence in many ecosystems where Baobab trees thrive. Remarkably, the Baobab has evolved adaptations to survive and recover from fire damage. The tree’s thick, fire-resistant bark provides a protective shield, shielding the inner tissue from intense heat. Furthermore, the Baobab has the ability to resprout rapidly after a fire, regenerating its foliage and recovering from the burn damage. This resilience enables the tree to persist and maintain its population in fire-prone environments.

Adaptations for Wildlife Interaction

The Baobab tree has a mutualistic relationship with various animal species. It provides shelter and nesting sites for birds, bats, and insects within its hollow trunk and branches. These organisms, in turn, aid in pollination and seed dispersal, ensuring the tree’s reproductive success. Additionally, the tree’s fruits serve as a vital food source for numerous animal species during periods of scarcity, fostering interdependence and promoting biodiversity within its ecosystem.

Conclusion

The Baobab tree’s remarkable adaptations allow it to thrive in some of the harshest and most diverse environments on Earth. From its water storage capabilities and leaf modifications to its reproductive strategies and fire resistance, the Baobab exemplifies nature’s ingenuity in adapting to challenging conditions. Understanding and appreciating these adaptations not only deepen our knowledge of this remarkable tree but also highlight the importance of preserving and conserving its habitats for future generations. The Baobab tree stands as a testament to the resilience and adaptability of the natural world, reminding us of the interconnectedness and fragility of our planet’s ecosystems.

Below habitat loss, the invasive plants and animals are identified as the second significant danger to the biodiversity in Yukon. Yukon refers to the Canadian territory that lies in North America. In other North American leadership, a lot of invasive plants are held accountable for habitat destruction, the loss of sustenance resources, and lastly economic damage. Invasive species are referred to as different non-endemic living things such as animals, plants, fungi, or bacteria which also hold contradictory repercussions to their region’s environment, social life, the economy, and the overall public well-being, (national ocean services) however not all species that are made known of are invasive. This essay will look at one specific invasive species that is referred to as Kudzu, with the scientific name Pueraria Montana. Pueraria montana is specified as a species of plant within the biological group of Fabaceae. ( The Earth Institute, Columbia University) The species Kudzu is found in the whole of Asia specifically speaking of Japan and most of its neighboring countries as well as other island countries that are below Japan in the Pacific Oceans. With the Philippines being a prime example it is safe to say that this particular species is widely spread out in Asia. The species is also endemic to some countries in the South Pacific region like Tonga, Fiji, Vanuatu, and containing Australia as well. America was first made known of the vine Kudzu at a Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 which was the first world official fair, where the plant was identified to be beneficial to soil erosion this is why the plant is most typically found within the South America varying between north and west from New York to Texas. Kudzu is frequently known as the “plant that ate the south” and “a mile-minute” considering its rapid overtake of other areas and lands. The semi-wood plant Kudzu has unique properties such as its agile growing tendencies and solid root structure which make it quite an engaging appliance for gardeners, farmers, and managers of the ecosystem.

There have been investigations and analyses through different research to get a wide range of information as to what the actual distinctive uses for Kudzu are. More to the uses other than erosion control, are that Kudzu is a factor in the making of baskets or paper as well as livestock feed. The vine has been recently discovered to contain medical possessions and has been put into effect for battling infections and irritations, along aside other similar conditions. (Invasive Species Initiatives, 2016) Some characteristics of how the plant evolves include growing primarily in the summer season to a foot per day. They then tend to surround trees, houses, and other things found in their environment due to their “structural parasite” characteristics. The kudzu vine is known as a dominant plant that outshines other plants due to its receptiveness to both the drought and the frost. Due to its rapid growth and characteristics of smothering plants and other surroundings, it would take approximately 2 or 3 years for the forests to be fully covered which would destroy the biodiversity efficiency.

To conclude, managing the growth of the plant is not a straightforward answer, however, there is a way of effectively eradicating it from a specific place which would be to demolish its root structure. However many states have attempted to use herbicides that arose with variable results. This means that to permanently get rid of a kudzu vine can take a long time, approximately taking up to 10 years. The control efforts towards the kudzu plant included both mechanical and chemical ways which were both put into effect ahead of time as early as in 1953 by interest of the US government. As early as 1970, the US government asserted the kudzu plant as a weed due to persistence in its relentless production (Southeast Exotic Pest Plant Council). Although there are control efforts in order towards the issue of the kudzu plants, they’ve only developed from that point due to how kudzu surpasses and covers the endemic plants which then kick off a chain reaction that weakens the ecosystem in the procedure. Kudzu disorganizes the edible chain by menacing the vegetation that the endemic animals value for their habit and sustenance. Furthermore, this species´s particular root structure influences the quantity of water present in the soil, evidently leading to the ecosystem overall.

As we have clearly stated, the vine Kudzu can surpass and overcome other endemic plants, leading to disruption in the overall forested areas. Although this invasive species is largely overrun in South America there are measurements and other limitations in action to help manage the growth of it throughout other places like Indiana. About Purdue University, the increase and persistence in actions such as mowing and gazing towards the pair of castles & goats work as a way of controlling this invasive species, this is because they feed off the kudzu vine, meaning that it would make the plant lose its strengths and gain dominance over the plant. There are certain precautions that one should take while mowing patches of the kudzu plants as they are quite solid tangled vines that obscure different types of hazards. As we adapted before, kudzu evolves quite rapidly, as fast as 30 or 61 centimeters per day. (phys.org 2016) Once the kudzu shapes a cover over the trees and lands, light is blocked from getting through the targeted places so most if not by far of the fundamental plants and trees inevitably perish, unlike only the strong plants and land structures can endure the stifling impacts of a kudzu invasion. Taking into account that, now we can only imagine the amount of harm a kudzu plant can do to sustenance or a simple timber crop. The forest economist Coleman Dangerfield, gauges that for each section of land of timber that kudzu plants overtake, the matching landowner becomes deprived of $48 per section of land every year. Based on plant ecologist James Miller´s calculations, who states that electricity sources invest about 1.5 million dollars each year to control the kudzu plant and retain it from electrical cables and utility posts. That being sufficiently unnerving, there is also the weight of the vine that eradicates the trees and lifts the plant from simple irritation to a genuine wellspring of risk.

Working towards managing the kudzu plants, there is also a wide variety of herbicides that are used in the process whose results would alter from the place of activity and applications. According to Indiana´s Department Of Natural Resources, they propose that the herbicides are to be put into action in the late summer because it’s when the plants are greatly prone to convert the chemicals into storage making it more competent. Going back to the chemical approaches to control the kudzu plant, there has been a study that has concluded how long it would take for the herbicides to fully control the vine which is up to 10 years. Furthermore, other ways to kill the roots of the plan include soil solarization which happens in the process of solar heating. Despite the cost, this alternative is very valuable as it sways away from the chemicals used in other options which unintentionally influence its surrounding species. Nevertheless, the most sufficient means of managing the production of the kudzu plant is natural, with wild goats and sheep that devour the vine. The extension of this vine has spread more immensely in the US than in Asia and has taken up to 150,000 lan units every year which means that the growth of this vine in the US is irrepressible. However, there is no evidence leading towards the same struggle for the ecosystem in Asia which would mean that the ecosystem in Asia has been able to get the vine under control.  

Introduction:

Japanese knotweed is a significant alien plant species found across mostly economically developed countries. Invasive species are well-fitted to the UK’s environment and, having limited to no control methods, multiply quickly and cause social, environmental, or economic issues in many places. They spread very easily due to human and natural disturbances, such as floods or something as simple as a person breaking part of the plant and dropping it into a river where it then gets washed up and starts growing at another riverbank. The spreading can also be sped up by low-standard control methods and the dumping of soil polluted with knotweed rhizome (Jones et al, 2018). Japanese knotweed causes massive disturbance to natural and managed areas and the effects of the failure to control it are huge, yearly costing hundreds of millions of pounds in the UK alone.

It is a perennial plant that outcompetes other plants, forming dense tall stands that can harbor vermin, collect litter, block drainage channels, and die back to an unpleasant mass of dead stems in winter. Invading shoots displace channel protection systems and erosion control materials. They can penetrate footpaths and paved surfaces with their strong roots (Llywodraeth Cymru Welsh Government, 2014).

Why biological control is needed:

The aim is not to remove Japanese Knotweed completely from the UK but to lower the overall population to an appropriate point. Biological control will not be a solution for sites that are completely overrun by knotweed. The forceful behavior of knotweed means that it can revive from rhizome fragments as tiny as 0.7 g, demonstrating the sheer trickiness it can to get rid of it entirely from an overrun site (Kurose et al, 2006 cited in Payne, 2012).

The thick weed presents a big danger to flood management for two reasons. It can harm the river sides when its shoots start to die off in autumn time and they enter the waterway which in consequence, lowers its ability to sustain the amount of flood water. It can also be destroyed by spreading into concrete or other construction materials which is attributed to flood defences. This creates the hassle of having to make sure that the land is 100% free of weeds before the construction of flood defense schemes is begun (Shaw,2009). This comes with a large cost however the cost would be much greater if the weed is left to expand over time.

Possible control methods:

Most of the control methods aren’t 100% effective as there is still a chance the weed could come back however; they do reduce the chances considerably. The lack of natural enemies in the UK makes it almost impossible to eradicate the weed naturally, compared to Japan where the populations are kept in check. Currently, samples of these enemies (e.g. fungi and insects) are under detainment being examined for use, however, if they were introduced into the UK then they could pose a threat to native plants as well as Japanese Knotweed (Shaw, 2009).

Japanese knotweed is one of the many non-native species that cannot be composted as it is very persistent, will survive the composting course, and most likely infiltrate the area where the compost is situated. To stop the weed from spreading to surrounding areas, herbicides can be used to spray directly onto it however this is a long process and generally takes 3 years for the underground rhizomes to become inactive. Usually, herbicides are used along with mechanical control as it is much more effective and reduces the chances of the weed returning to the area once removed. This method is expensive as a lot of herbicides are required along with people needed to use the machinery. If a faster method is required, you can bury Japanese Knotweed at a depth of at least 5 meters if the plant remains are covered with a substance that does not allow the plant to grow (identified as a root barrier membrane layer) and other types of waste are not buried with it. The soil that is contaminated by the weed mustn’t be dumped/sold somewhere else unless it has been treated in the location where they were produced (Environment Agency,2018).

Burning the weed is another option however this comes with environmental impacts such as releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The fire will not just burn Japanese Knotweed though, most of the biodiversity in the area will be affected so is a very destructive method. It is not completely effective either as some Japanese Knotweed crowns and rhizomes could survive the burning and then continue to develop again which will make the burning process never-ending. To prevent this the site should be inspected thoroughly after burning and any remaining plant material should be disposed of. Even the smallest piece of plant material not removed could lead to the weed taking over the site again, they may be hard to spot as they are underground, but the area could be dug up afterward as a secondary precaution.

Factors used to determine which control method to use:

The control method that is used for a specific site is dependent on several matters. It needs to be suitable for the site so that it can be as effective as possible. Other issues concerning the owner of the land such as budget will also affect which method can be used as herbicides and mechanical action cannot be used if they do not have the funds. The first factor to take into consideration is whether the Japanese Knotweed is near a watercourse or other vegetation that needs to be protected or is precious in one way or another. This is because some methods such as burning would be destructive to the surroundings as well as the weed and so wouldn’t be suitable for a significant surrounding area.

Another factor would be whether the weed is well-established in the area or if it has recently arrived (Environment Agency,2018). This would determine the extent of the invasion and so how much effort needs to be put into removing it. If construction is planned for the land containing Japanese Knotweed, then this will determine the timescale in which the method is needed to eradicate the weed. It also needs to make sure the weed is completely gone if some is still left after construction begins then it could cause serious expense to the construction process. Lastly, whether it is intended to establish grass, trees, or shrubs in the area once the weed is removed. This requires there to still be fertile soil once the process is finished and so would require a less destructive method such as mechanical control.

Conclusion:

To conclude, several solutions can be implemented at a local level in the UK which could demonstrate make a positive difference in successfully controlling the Japanese Knotweed population. It is already recognized as an issue and operations are taking place to keep the problem from getting any more critical, however, more could be done in terms of incentives to encourage people to help rid their local communities of this relentless weed.

References:

1. CENTRE FOR AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSCIENCE INTERNATIONAL (CABI)., 2010. Japanese knotweed is one of the most high-profile and damaging invasive weeds in Europe and North America. CABI. Accessed on: 9/11/19. Available from: https://www.cabi.org/japaneseknotweedalliance/
2. COTTET, M., PIOLA, F., LE LAY, Y., ROUIFED, S. & RIVIERE-HONEGGER, A. 2015, ‘How environmental managers perceive and approach the issue of invasive species: the case of Japanese knotweed (Rhone River, France)’, Biological Invasions, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 3433-3453. Accessed on: 9/11/19. Available from: https://search-proquest-com.gcu.idm.oclc.org/docview/1732837947?accountid=15977&rfr_id=info%3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo
3. ENVIRONMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT FOR ENVIRONMENT, FOOD & RURAL AFFAIRS, AND NATURAL ENGLAND., 2018. How to identify, prevent spread, and dispose of Japanese knotweed. Environment agency. Accessed on: 9/11/19. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/prevent-japanese-knotweed-from-spreading#contents
4. JONES, D., BRUCE, G., FOWLER, M., LAW-COOPER, R., GRAHAM, I., ABEL, A., STREET-PERROTT, F. & EASTWOOD, D., 2018. Optimizing physiochemical control of invasive Japanese knotweed. Biological Invasions. 20(8), pp.2091-2105. Accessed on: 9/11/19. Available from: https://doi-org.gcu.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s10530-018-1684-5
5. JONES, D. & EASTWOOD, D., 2019. Sustainable Control of Japanese Knotweed. Outlooks on Pest Management. 30(5), pp.195-200. Accessed on: 9/11/19. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-biological-control-of-japanese-knotweed
6. PAYNE, T., HOXLEY, M., 2014. UK Japanese knotweed in the UK-built environment. Volume 30, pages 24-42. Accessed on: 9/11/19. Available from: www.emeraldinsight.com/0263-080X.htm
7. SHAW, R.H., BRYNER, S. & TANNER, R. The life history and host range of the Japanese knotweed psyllid, Aphalara itadori Shinji: Potentially the first classical biological weed control agent for the European Union., 2009. Biological Control. Accessed on: 9/11/19. Available from: https://www-sciencedirect-com.gcu.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S1049964409000371?via%3Dihub

The “law of unintended consequences” has applications in all of academia, which is not necessarily a good thing. Its general application in multiple fields has confined it to an abstract idea, rather than an applicable theory. Its concrete use has applications that could be beneficial to the economy, legislation, and regulation. To prove its worth as an applicable theory, it will be used as a method to analyze the unintended consequences of humans, through how they bring over invasive species. This method is based on Robert K. Merton’s thorough analysis of unintended consequences. In his article “The Unanticipated Consequences of Purposive Social Action,” he identifies the five causes of unintended consequences, as well as some of the effects, and the categories they fall into; these consequences and effects are the consistencies of the theory. Each cause and effect Merton identified will be explained, and related to invasive species to analyze their consequences. With that said, the focus will be the unintended consequences of humans, and how they bring over the invasive species.

A single flap of a butterfly wing in Australia produces a slight puff of air that causes a hurricane in the Caribbean. With the slippery slope fallacy inherent in this idea, this concept seems illogical and at best absurd. However, many people have entertained this notion, known as the butterfly effect. Contrary to its expression in popular culture, this theory was never meant to exaggerate the unintended consequences of minute occurrences. Lorenze, a professor who worked at MIT, intended to emphasize the unpredictability of the universe (Vernon). Rather, his ideas were taken too literally, with some people becoming obsessed over every little action they took. However, his ideas did inspire new applications of the general unpredictability of the universe, and how this leads to unintended consequences.

The “law of unintended” consequences is defined as: “… [the] actions of people, and especially of governments, always have effects that are unanticipated or ‘unintended’” (Norton). Having been applied to a diverse array of contexts, the idea of unintended consequences has been perceived as a general concept. It has been recognized in legislation and regulation and notably affects the economy. It has been stripped of the recognition of a concrete scientific law, having been primarily understood through social concepts, feelings, and ethical obligations (ideas that cannot be quantified). Robert K. Merton, an American sociologist, attempted to change its perception in academia. He identified consistencies within the “law of unintended” consequences that could make it a concrete applicable theory (Merton). The irony remains that ignoring this theory has unintended consequences. For example: after the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989, many coastal states quickly reacted to the situation and placed full liability on tank operators. Rather than accomplishing their intended effect of preventing oil spills, they worsened the problem. Oil specialists were afraid of the potential consequences of a spill, so companies hired independent ships that were less apt to transport oil; Thus, damages, costs, and the need for new laws increased. Coastal states acted without considering the unintended consequences of their course of action (Norton). Having a better understanding of the “law of unintended” consequences can help prevent unfavorable results.

The five sources of unintended consequences Merton identifies will be used to analyze the unintended, yet possibly anticipated, consequential nature of invasive species (Merton). The only constructive approach to proving the necessity of this law is to demonstrate its real-life application in a scientific problem that contains quantifiable results. The consequential and scientific nature of invasive species is crucial to this objective: they have various social, economic, and environmental effects. In Africa, the fall armyworm has the potential to cause 4.6 billion US dollars in damage, by affecting maize yield. In Asia, the common rice black bug, one of the many invasive bug species, has affected the food supply and income of 474 million people; to understand the severity of this statistic, this damage is equivalent to 55 million US dollars (“Explore”).

The fifth source of unintended consequences is the “self-defeating prediction” (Merton). This factor occurs when one predicts something and the act of predicting that thing changes their original prediction (Merton). For example: a country predicts a famine in five years, so they focus on their agriculture and food production. In turn, the original prediction becomes false, because the steps they took to prepare for the famine prevented it from ensuing (Norton).

With the prediction that survival was not an issue, humans have influenced their ecosystems and environment, as well as developmental devices to reduce work. While this progress has led to positive breakthroughs benefitting the Earth and its species, the negative effects are overlooked.

One negative effect is the rapid depletion of natural resources. With this, humans then predicted that there would be a lack of available resources in the future. People were unsure of how the environment would adapt to their ways of living. As a result, invasive species, animals as well as plants, are becoming a larger issue every year. The common thread in these issues is human involvement: they cause the constant increase of invasive species (“Read”). The “self-defeating prediction” is clear: after humans predicted that their survival would be uncomplicated, they used resources as if they were unlimited. This in turn caused a depletion of resources and made the original prediction false.

The fourth source of unintended consequences Merton claims is “basic values.” To explain basic values, Merton references Weber’s study on the Protestant work ethic (Morton). In summation, a Protestant lives by values of hard work and self-discipline, resulting in wealth and possessions. However, these new superficial aspects of their life lead them to abandon their original (Norton). Similar, to ignorance and “short-term interest,” “certain actions enjoined by certain fundamental values” led the Protestants to ignore the consequences of their actions (Morton).

The first source of unintended consequences and one Merton argues is possibly the most unfavorable, is ignorance. In general, when people make urgent decisions in their daily lives, they ignore practical reasoning and act on their instincts and opinions. This ignorance of the facts can result in unintended consequences, simply because one ignores possible outcomes (Merton).

The third source of unintended consequences is the “imperious immediacy of interest” (Merton). Also referred to as “short-term interest,” it is a subsection of ignorance. It is when one desires an intended consequence so strongly, they choose to ignore the unintended consequences.

Like ignorance, the consequences are ignored. However, there is a significant distinction between ignorance and “short-term interest.” In the former, action is motivated by urgency, whereas in the latter, action is motivated by desire. This divergence in motives is significant because the placement of fault differs. In the case of ignorance, an actor may feel forced to act with a sense of urgency, and cannot consider other possible outcomes. Thus, they could be held less responsible for being in a bind. Whereas in “short-term interest,” the actor is acting on personal desires with the hypothetical option of being able to consider possible alternative courses of action (Merton). Thus, they could be held more responsible. This distinction would not hold well in a court of law, since the court is required to consider consequences more strongly than motives. Instead, this becomes a moral distinction based on Kantian ethics, where the intention becomes more important than the consequences.

“Imperious Immediacy of Interest” explains why Humans’ strong desire and attempts to advance their world have caused a multitude of unintended consequences. As humans continue to live on this Earth they find better ways to live. However, the advanced world that humans so desire is taking a toll on the environment and the species living in it. Some of the major unintended consequences caused by humans include climate change, damaged ecosystems, displacement of native species, and the depletion of available resources.

Humans unintentionally cause harm to their environment and ecosystem every day. Animals’ homes are being destroyed and displaced in large numbers; humans are building housing and stores right on top of species’ homes forcing them to go into civilization and disturb residents. This is especially present in central Florida where monkeys are becoming regular visitors to people’s front doors. Bears have also made their appearances across the city, concerning many people living in nearby neighborhoods who are concerned for their safety.

Another reason animals are being forced into highly populated areas is because of predator control. In areas where a certain species is too large, a predator is introduced to try and regulate the population of that animal. This is causing a threat to biodiversity and even the extinction of some species. The issue is that the predators start to repopulate and eventually take over that area as an invasive species themselves. Local species in Florida such as the pig, python, and lionfish are all non-native animals that have caused a real threat to their ecosystem and other species (“Florida”). These animals were introduced to try and control other populations of animals but have become a threat of their own. The pigs destroy natural environments, the python consumes species people need to help the ecosystem, and the lionfish destroy reefs along the coast. It is becoming more and more difficult to get rid of these invasive species though because of Florida’s hospitable environment, making the land a perfect home for them (Bates).

This is causing many of them to migrate to richer environmental areas and even invade urban communities. The National Academies Press states that human societies adapt to their environments as well as influence them; human values tend to promote behavior consistent with adaptation; and values and social organization affect the way humans respond to global change, which may be by changing social organizations, values, or the environment itself.  

Think about this question for a moment, how much plastic are you using? Whether it’s the zip lock bags you carry your lunch in, the glad wrap you use for a sandwich, or the plastic bags you put your shopping in, most of us are using plastic every single day. But none of us are thinking of the negative effect plastic has on the ocean. Did you know that almost 2 million plastic bags are used globally every minute? And, of those 2 million plastic bags more than half of them end up in the ocean. Plastic has caused death for many marine creatures, has destroyed ecosystems and it never fully breaks down. We need to stop this pollution, we need to cut down on our use of plastic if we want to see magical majestic, marine creatures in the future.

Entangled

Every year roughly 8 million tons of plastic end up in the ocean. 100,000 marine creatures a year die from plastic entanglement or digestion and these are only the ones found. When animals swallow plastic it blocks their digestive system. They then cannot swallow proper food as their digestive system is blocked. Eventually, they starve to death. Turtles sea lions, fish, whales, and dolphins are the most affected by plastic. If these animals were to become extinct it would destroy the food chain. Is this really what you want to happen, if not you need to not use lots of plastic, and if you do make sure to dispose of it correctly.

Plastic takes ages to break down

Secondly soft plastic never breaks down. Although people say it breaks down after 500 years this isn’t true. What happens is, it breaks down into smaller pieces known as microplastics that contain many toxic chemicals and will never biodegrade.

This means that once it is in the ocean after 10-1000 years the plastic will turn into microplastics. Although marine animals cannot suffocate from microplastics they can still digest it and die from the toxic chemicals. Also, have you thought about what happens when fish and other marine animals accidentally swallow these microplastics, it’s not like they can just vomit it up, it stays in their bodies? Now, you might be thinking ‘Why should I care it’s not harming us’. However, when these marine animals get caught and then cooked for us for dinner the microplastics are still in their bodies. We eat these microplastics without even knowing, which is not good for our health. Eating microplastics can cause skin diseases, types of cancer, lung dysfunction, and many other illnesses. This shows that no plastic is fantastic.

Destroying Ecosystems

Lastly, it is destroying ecosystems. Many marine animals do not have a home anymore due to plastic. Scientists have discovered that there are 200 areas of the ocean where absolutely no living cells will be able to live. One of these main areas is the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. Many currents have pushed lots of plastic into one area known as the great Pacific garbage patch. It covers more than 1.6 kilometers square. Another place closer to us that is being affected by plastic waste is the Great Barrier Reef. Chemicals from microplastics (tiny bits of plastic) have gone into the coral and have caused it to die. Animals have then had to leave their homes and move somewhere else. How would you like it if the whole of Sydney collapsed and we all had to move somewhere else but everywhere else was full?

So to conclude we must cut down on our use of plastic as it is so bad for the oceans. It is killing animals, and destroying ecosystems, and not only is it bad for them it is also bad for us. If everyone in this world used one less plastic straw or one less plastic bag we would be improving. And just remember The greatest threat to our planet is the belief that someone else will save it.  

Joan Didion’s essay “Holy Water” is a powerful exploration of the complex relationship between water and the human experience. In this critical essay, we will delve into the key themes and ideas presented by Didion, analyzing her writing style and the impact of her observations.

The essay begins with a vivid description of the author’s childhood experiences with water, particularly her time spent swimming in the Sacramento River. Didion masterfully weaves her personal narrative with broader reflections on the symbolism and significance of water in our lives. She explores the allure of water as a source of escape, a place of solace, and a site of transformation.

One of the central themes in “Holy Water” is the dichotomy between the purity and the potential dangers of water. Didion notes that water can both sustain life and become a destructive force, as seen in the devastating floods that can occur. She draws parallels between water’s dual nature and the human condition, highlighting our capacity for both creation and destruction. This theme of duality is further emphasized through Didion’s examination of the spiritual and religious connotations associated with water, as exemplified by the concept of holy water.

Didion’s writing style is characterized by her meticulous attention to detail and her ability to evoke a sense of place. Through her vivid descriptions, she transports readers to the landscapes she explores, from the rivers of her childhood to the vast reservoirs that serve as sources of water supply. Her keen observations and sensory imagery create a rich and immersive reading experience, allowing readers to connect with the profound impact water has on our lives.

Another significant aspect of “Holy Water” is the underlying commentary on human vulnerability and our constant search for meaning and transcendence. Didion reflects on the human desire to find solace in water, to seek spiritual cleansing and renewal. She explores the role of water in rituals and religious practices, emphasizing the human need for connection and the quest for transcendence.

Furthermore, Didion intertwines her personal experiences with larger societal and environmental issues. She addresses the challenges of water scarcity, the impact of human activity on water resources, and the potential consequences of climate change. By connecting her personal reflections to broader environmental concerns, Didion underscores the urgent need for responsible stewardship of our natural resources.

In “Holy Water,” Didion employs a critical lens to examine the ways in which water shapes our lives and influences our collective consciousness. She invites readers to question their own relationship with water and to consider the broader implications of our interactions with the natural world. Through her thought-provoking analysis, Didion prompts us to reflect on our responsibilities as individuals and as a society in ensuring the sustainable and equitable use of water resources.

In conclusion, Joan Didion’s essay “Holy Water” is a captivating exploration of the multifaceted role of water in our lives. Through her skillful blending of personal narrative, social commentary, and environmental awareness, Didion invites readers to delve into the complexities of our relationship with water. Her critical examination of the symbolism, risks, and spiritual dimensions associated with water prompts us to reevaluate our own perspectives and responsibilities. “Holy Water” serves as a poignant reminder of the profound influence water has on our existence and calls us to be more mindful of its significance in our lives and the world around us.