Category: Environment 1339

Hazardous wastes include products that can be discussed as harmful to people and the environment because of chemicals and specific substances they contain. As a result, these wastes need to be disposed of while following certain measures and guidelines. The reason is that the substances contained in these items, which cannot be discarded following regular measures, are poisonous, and they contribute to environmental pollution (Hinga et al., 2005). The purpose of this discussion is to identify household items that should be disposed of as hazardous wastes, to describe approaches to discarding these products adopted in the community, and to analyze the communitys efforts regarding the organization of hazardous waste collection days.

Typical household hazardous wastes which can be found in a house of any person include the following items: Compact Fluorescent Light (CFL) bulbs, aerosol cans, glue, motor oil, antifreeze, gasoline, batteries, non-working cell phones, thermometers with mercury, medications, and household cleaners and laundry products, including oven cleaners and fabric softeners. Thus, these items can be categorized as chemical cleaners, automotive products, and electronic items among other types (Hinga et al., 2005). These items should be put in a list of products that cannot be discarded with other trash, and they should be disposed of as hazardous wastes (Hinga et al., 2005). In this list, there are no items related to garden products and pesticides because they are not used by the family on a regular basis, and currently, there are no such products included in a home inventory.

In Middletown, Ohio, household hazardous wastes are usually disposed of with the help of Rumpke, Inc., the company specializing in recycling and disposing of trash and different types of wastes. All community members sort and prepare hazardous items to discard and then follow Rumpkes instructions regarding their disposal while using weekly services of transporting hazardous wastes. Community members choose to bring those hazardous wastes which can be discarded independently to the companys location or use the transportation services available on Thursdays during the summer and autumn months. The disposal of household hazardous wastes during the winter and spring months is organized according to the additional schedule approved by the companys leaders and the City Hall in Middletown.

Household hazardous waste collection days are organized in many communities in Ohio. These events are not held in Middletown as monthly ones because of the authorities efforts to guarantee the ongoing collection of hazardous wastes. This approach can be discussed as most effective to guarantee the protection of environments and sustainability in the community (Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute, 2017; McDonough, 2005). Thus, hazardous wastes are disposed of by Rumpkes specialists each Thursday, and other trash is collected weekly according to the schedule developed for all households in Middletown. Those items which are classified as hazardous wastes are disposed of at Rumpkes special facilities. Certain types of trash are recycled at recycling facilities in different states, and other trash is buried at landfill sites located in Ohio.

Efficient disposal of household hazardous wastes is important to protect the health of community members and contribute to environmental protection. The analysis of the situation in Middletown, Ohio, demonstrates that the communitys authorities have paid much attention to addressing the problem of discarding specific wastes. As a result, household hazardous waste collection days are regularly organized in the city.

References

Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute. (2017). Past events 2016. Web.

Hinga, K. R., Batchelor, A., Ahmed, M. T., Osibanjo, O., Lewis, N., & Pilson, M. (2005). Waste processing and detoxification. Web.

McDonough, W. (2005). Cradle to cradle design [Video file]. Web.

Introduction

Dan Fagins book, A Story of Science and Salvation brings out the effects of environmental degradation and its analysis reveals the danger that toxic substances pose to human beings and the environment. The book portrays the challenging side of science, particularly when laws and policies governing the use of industrial chemicals are not formulated and implemented. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of science to the natural world with specific reference to the aspect of environmental pollution as brought out by Fagin. The objective of the paper is to measure the extent to which human beings are responsible for the many negative environmental and health outcomes the world is experiencing as man continues to interact with science and make scientific discoveries. The paper seeks to establish whether all humanity is to blame for the environmental challenges brought about by science or some institutions are responsible for the destruction with focus on specific evidence of the nature of the environmental destruction. Fagin authoritatively describes how chemistry as a field of study plays a big part in the destruction of the important coastland of New Jersey and more specifically on Ciba. The workers serving in the potential toxicogenic factory and the inhabitants of New Jersey especially along Toms River are affected by pollution. Health is equated to life and a healthy community portrays a living nation. In New Jersey, Fagin depicts how endangered its inhabitants are especially when it comes to exposure to carcinogenic agents. An example of the danger is highlighted through the workers of Ciba who are practically consuming aniline dyes embedded in cold tar. Cancer is evident in the community of Ciba as it affects children and kills them. Technology is presented as powerful in that it can be self-destructive. In as much as technology has a positive dimension in the society, it can also propagate dangerous economic, social and demographic changes. Science alongside technology harness massive adverse mutagens, carcinogens or dermatogens with their effects being manifested in the youthful progeny. Third-world countries are negatively affected by bad governance and their populations are seen to suffer from carcinogenic substances. This fact is evident when bureaucrats in New Jersey obscure evidence of pollution in Toms River after discovery of clusters of calcium.

Cancer

Toms River, a coastal city found in New Jersey, USA, had a history of cancer. The Chop oncology ward was a classical example of what cancer could do especially to the youthful generation and too few children in particular. Lisa Boorhazian clearly exposed the ent of this sensational ward. She noted how the hospital fraternity was bringing together the staff that included the nurses, the patients, and their families. Lisa describes the nurses as having been part of her family and that anything that affected the patients also affected the nurses. This fact was evident in the case of a funeral where she was compelled to mourn just like the bereaved family. Cancers of the bone were highlighted in the story where the most common ones included osteosarcoma and Erwins sarcoma among others. Lisa could sympathize with the parents who witnessed their children undergo pain and cancer-associated syndromes like decreased mobility, swelling, weight loss, fatigue, and fever. The entire experience of Lisa underscored a bitter undertaking. Blood cancer subjects were believed to be the highest survivors but the treatments for the said types of cancers were painful and expensive. Chemotherapy was a challenging curative option for the different types of cancers. Chemotherapy may have worked in mitigating pain and the consequent prolongation of life for the cancer victims but it was described as having adverse health effects because it involved the use of radiations and electromagnetic waves. Certain rays emitted during treatment through chemotherapy deeply penetrated through the flesh and organs of the patients affecting the most vital organs and hence causing destruction of the cells. Stem cell transplant was expensive in New Jersey; not only in cost but also in status as well. There were many criteria to be addressed before a given patients body system was pronounced appropriate for a cell transplant. The process of recuperation was also presented in the book, A Story of Science and Salvation to be a difficult one and time-consuming. Lisa was able to recognize the emotional distance that existed between the caregivers and the patients. Even though the nurses like Lisa were emotionally attached to the cancer patients, the majority of them were not bold enough to stand and accept the situations as they were. Death of patients was a common occurrence and most of the nurses were not ready to accept it. The aspect of long shifts for the nurses and other hospital workers served to demonstrate the diligence with which the hospital staff served their clients. However, when the emotions between the caregivers and the patients became overwhelming, the parents and relatives of the patients had to fill the gaps. Mothers had to keep a close vigil on their children as fathers had to spend sleepless nights oblivious of the danger that their children were facing. The pediatric ward as Lisa described was a sensitive department to work in due to the kind of patients that were admitted to it and only the spirited and willful workers like her were able to withstand the trauma of working in the department.

The environment

The environment can be said to be mans closest friend and foe at the same time. Proper use of the environment is necessary if humanity has to reap positive returns from it. Dan Fagin describes how important the coastland of New Jersey was to the inhabitants of the town but it was polluted by frequent raptures of the pipeline in the middle of the town. The powerful nations of Germany and Switzerland pioneered what experts would call tools of destruction. A focus on the Ciba-Geigy plant that dealt with fabric dyes and plastics will demonstrate the danger that toxins subject human beings to (Fagin, 12). Workers working at the factory were potential carriers of carcinogenic deposits. Underground leakage from the pipeline precipitated a chain of toxicogenic flow from Ciba to Toms River and eventually to the great ocean of Atlanta. The beach was transformed into a wasteland through a policy formulated by political leaders who did not care about the consequences of converting the beach into a dumping ground for waste. Even though the residents of New Jersey tried to speak out against pollution, the bureaucrats on the one hand concealed any evidence of pollution and even sabotaged investigations that were launched on the matter. This fact meant that solutions were not sought because of bureaucracy and lack of will on the part of the authorities.

Carcinogenesis

Carcinogenesis like mutagenesis is a challenging subject due to the health implications associated with it. Cancerous substances like cadmium are potentially pathogenic. Pollution as addressed in the book is linked to carcinogenesis. In Toms River, two important sources of pollution are discussed. One of them is the Ciba factory now known as Novartis and the other includes small businesses which collected waste from union car bate and damped it on an old egg farm. Ground water contamination also contributed to toxicity and proved to be carcinogenic. Both air and water pollution was major contributor to the spread of cancer. Lisa on her way to attend a funeral is described to have encountered the words, Do not drink the water and please do not breathe deeply. The words are evidence of the fact that the people of New Jersey lived in fear of carcinogenesis.

Prevention

Proper prevention of dangerous emissions into the environment and carcinogenic substances can only be brought about by good governance and like Dan Fagin says, The fall of a nation is manifested with a corrupt regime. The authorities bestowed with the power of safeguarding the environment must lay down structures and legislation to do so. The people of New Jersey suffered from pollution, health issues, and poverty because of the greed of their leaders. Bad leaders should not be voted into power as they would fail to safeguard the environment hence exposing it to global warming or greenhouse effects. Prevalence and incidences of cancer would go down if the world would have sound leaders. Children would live for many years because they would not suffer from deformities, malformations, or mutations which are all associated with bad environmental conditions. Information can empower a nation economically, politically, and even physiologically (Fagin, 34). This fact means that the public should be educated on how to conserve the environment through the media and the internet. A curriculum that teaches students on good environmental management practices should be introduced in schools and taught at all levels so that the concept of environmental conservation would be grasped by children from a tender age. The idea would make sure that the whole society is sensitized to the need to respect the environment.

References

Fagin, Dan. Toms River: a story of science and salvation, New York, USA: Bantam Books, 2013.Print.

The Circumstances under Which the Accident Occurred

It was on June 17, 1997, when a physicist who was working at the Nuclear Centre at Sarov, in the Federation of Russia was exposed to severe radiation of uranium. This physicist was the senior technician at this plant. This critical accident took place in an assembly of a highly enriched uranium plant. This technician was rushed to the hospital immediately after the exposure to get proper medical attention. However, it is reported that despite this prompt measure that was taken, the patient died after three days. This exposure caused a high dose of neutron radiation and the damage on this technician was fatal. This skilled technician was overexposed to this radiation and he succumbed to his illness only sixty-six hours after this exposure. The concerted effort by the intensive medical officers to rescue him from this effect was futile. Experts in this field have described this accident as being rare, not only because of the time it took to kill this technician but also because it defied all the medical attention that was given to this man in a timely manner.

This accident was one of the very first criticality accidents to be reported in this field. Another such accident took place at Tokaimura in Japan two years later in 1999. The IAEA has finally issued reports on these two accidents with the intention of preventing similar accidents in the future. The report is intended to create awareness about such accidents in order to ensure that technicians and other officers working at such plants are protected from any possible harm caused by these radiological substances.

It is reported that this accident occurred on 17 June 1997 in the morning hours when a male technician aged 41 years started his work at the assembly. The reports say that he was 1.80 meters in height and weighed about 81 kilograms. On this fateful morning, the technician is reported to have started to assemble a critical assembly that was consisting of a highly enriched uranium core. It was predominantly copper reflector, and reports have it that it was functioning previously and the technician was very familiar with it, a fact that made him relaxed during this risky process. This accident was considered strange because this technician was very experienced in this field. He had successfully carried out hundreds of criticality experiments before. Therefore, he was considered as one of the most qualified technicians for this task. Given this massive experience and knowledge in this field, it is reported that this technician was dealing with a system he knew so well, and was unlikely for him to experience any problems. This vast experience gave him the confidence to work alone in the experimental hall. This was a complete violation of the laid down requirements of what a technician should do experimental hall.

The reports say that it was at about in the mid morning when the construction of this assembly was in process that a particular component from the reflector slid from the hands of this technician. This component then fell on the lower parts of this assembly. The lower parts of the assembly contained the enriched uranium core because it had just been constructed. According to the set requirements at this assembly, and other assemblies in general, technicians are expected to wear gloves in order to be safe from the assemblys components while at work. It was at this point that the reports say the criticality point was exceeded. As a result, a sudden flash of light followed by a massive wave of heat emerged from the system. The reports say that this expelled the entire lower part of this assembly downwards into the lower parts of the stand. This technician, being an experienced person in this field, immediately came to the realization that what had just happened was actually criticality accident in this plant. He quickly left this experimental hall. He then managed to close doors leading to other rooms next to the hall.

It is reported that this victim was conscious for a few minutes following the incident, and even said that his exposure to radiation was critical. The radiation protection personnel conducted initial direct radiological survey of this technician immediately. This test confirmed that his body was emitting induced gamma radiation due to presence of radionuclides. The body dose was estimated to be about 10 Gy. This was above the level of 2Gy that needs timely action as per the emergency procedures. His personal dosimeter was immediate taken for assessment. He was then taken to a local hospital where the radiation emergency medical team was had been readied to attend to him. At about one oclock the same day, it was confirmed that there was form of contamination in the experimental hall except the assembly. The assembly was however, still a criticality state with massive emission of radioactive substances.

It is reported that of the detectors of neutron that were employed in measuring flux of neutron in this hall, those that negligible radioactive substances were only those that were at the furthest distance from the assembly. In order to screen changes in flux of neutron, the experts used another detector just to confirm the amount of radiation. This second check confirmed that flux of neutron was finally relative stability, an indication that there was regulation at the reaction chain. With the help of a periscope, it was possible for these experts to conduct a visual test of this hall enabling them to photograph it for further analysis. The test revealed that this assembly was in the lower part of its stand based on what was captured by photographs. This meant that the team of experts were not be in a position to change its configuration through normal process.

It was very necessary to get rid of some parts of this assembly in order to impede reaction. Given the high levels of radiation in the hall, its access was overruled because of the obvious danger it posed. The team of experts dealing with this issue was only left with the alternative of using overhead crane to ensure safety of those involved. This would be done through remote control system. The reports says that any attempt to move an object near this critical assembly could possibly heighten its reactivity making it emit more radiation and heat. This increased the complexity of dealing with this accident. The method that had to be used in disassembling the assembly had to evade any possibility of putting a substantial object close to it. The specialists formed a committee to discuss various approaches that could be used to deal with this critical situation. The committee came up with a number of proposals. Various models were designed by these experts to help investigate some of the promising ideas that were developed. This was done in an experimental hall near this facility, which had a similar critical assembly. The team would make separate calculations to these proposed models in order to ascertain their appropriateness. The models were also tested for their possibility to generate more heat and radiation.

The team of experts decided to remove from the hall, all nuclear substances that were not utilized in the construction of this assembly. These experts decided to undertake this process with the help of a robot. Upon successful completion of this process, these specialists set forth to alter the configuration of this assembly from a safe position in a remote manner. The team of experts used a robot to suspend suction instrument to hook cranes overhead to make this process a success. This suction device was connected to a hosepipe. This instrument was then used to wrap uranium core by putting it on the upper part of this assembly. When this was done, it is reported that this assemblys movement was amplified and this caused a rise in the flux of neutron resulting into a massive increase in temperatures on this assembly and the entire hall. However, this team pressed on with this process. Finally, this suction instrument was activated which then enabled the team of experts to alter assemblys initial configuration. This stopped the reaction resulting in gradual decrease in emission of neutron to the normal levels. The team then removed this assembly with the help of a crane. It was placed on a stand so that it could be dismantled later. The process of making this assembly safe was finally achieved after one week, at about 1320 hours.

Description of the impact on present and future public health

The critical accident at Aarov has been of great scientific interest because it is rare in nature. This high dosage of ionizing radiation is rare but lethal, and is always caused by exposure to neutrons. Such radiation has been reported to have immediate effect to those they are exposed. In this accident, the medical team of the patient did not have much problem in determining the kind of radiation the patient was exposed to because the accident was already known and prompt measures taken. It is reported that although there was an immediate medical attention given to the patient, the medical team, including the patient, had seen the likely fatal outcome. It was no surprise then when the patient finally passed on. However, it is reported that some sources at VNIIEFs safety center who wanted to remain anonymous, confirmed that this accident posed no health rise to the 92,000 of this city because it had been contained in a proper manner.

IAEA has been actively involved in the offering swift medical care geared towards saving the victims life. IAEA has given out the best health experts help in the management of victims health as required by the international bodies regulating radiations. This convention requires that this body provide the ministry of health of this country with various medical help to help the hospitals respond to emergency cases of radiological emissions. In the process of offering the patient a medical attention, it is reported that the patient showed signs of intoxications and distress. The report also shows that the patient developed multiple organ compromise in under 10 hours of post-exposure to the radioactive wave. The incident that led to the death of this nuclear technician is a rare occurrence because of seriousness of the exposure and the symptoms the patient had afterwards. However, this accident also involves a breach in the set policies that defines how technicians at such facilities should conduct their duties irrespective of their position or experience.

The cause of this particular criticality was the amount of uranium that was used. This caused a high level of levels of neutron energy, which came out in form of heat. Various Russian authorities have been blamed for this accident despite the violation of the set protocols by this technician, because these authorities field implementation of relevant policies and ensuring adequate safety of this facility.

It is reported that the Russian authorities had more than 3,400 firefighters who were charged with the responsibility of keeping fire from possibly spreading to other parts of town. The authorities severally stated that wildfires did not pose any threat to nuclear facilities. They announced that they had successfully eliminated all the explosive and radioactive materials from this site. However, reports say that the authorities later returned these radioactive materials

Suggested of steps that can be taken avert such an accident in future

Radiation safety

This accident proved that it is not enough to avoid accident by simply developing policies and control measures for the engineers who are working in such environment. It is important for the leadership to foster a culture within the organization that will help in developing a positive attitude of self-protection and protection of others within such a plant. This culture will also discourage complacency. It is also important for the management of this facility to prepare and implement relevant policies that will enhance safety of everyone within the plant. The policies should categorically specify responsibilities of all the relevant officers including that of the managers.

It is important to have detailed safety assessments procedure in such plants as this in order to verify the possible degree of accidents that can possibly occur and to come up with procedures that can lessen consequences they come with or just prevent their occurrence in totality. It is complex to prevent any possible breach of the set procedures as stated in the policies. For this reason, areas where such serious accidents can occur should have effective engineering controls. Given the risk associated critical assembly experiments, it would be better if the process were automated.

It is important to have technicians undergo regular training on radiation protection in order to keep them alert on hazards they face when undertaking their duties, and the need to follow procedures.

Accident dosimetry

When a radiation accident has occurred, it is important to retain any materials such as clothes or objects that could be used in assessing doses, because this helps the medical team when offering treatment to a person exposed to radiation. Anyone working in such an environment should know the importance of retaining such materials.

When an accident in such a plant takes place, it is important to take a record of all details such as the location of the victim at the specific time of such accident.

Clear instruction should be given to staff on how to handle or label materials after the accident. Orientation of items or samples should be stressed when giving such instructions.

In order to have an accurate evaluating of doses neutron, it is necessary to have detailed data of induced activity and then use it to make comparison with a referenced data. Health experts say that evaluating of victims blood helps in giving an estimate of the radiations dose, while evaluating of actuation in the tissues of hair gives information on the possible spatial spread of these doses.

The medical community

It is important to ensure that there are a number of medical specialists when managing victims of radiation because there are always chances that various organs such as skin, lung, and the envious system among others will be damaged during this accident. Managing a radiation patient can be a complex process because the response of the organ systems may differ, a fact that is said to bring a series of various radiation disorders. For this reason, it is important for authorities to ensure that hospitals that are supposed to manage such patients have well-trained and medical personnel to deal with the situation.

Although delayed prodromal symptoms may be an indication that the exposure is expressly lethal, this accident ascertained that high radiation doses could possibly result into clinical signs at very early stages. For this reason, it is important to note that prodromal symptoms can be considered as reliable only when assessing severity of the exposure based on positive indications. Absence of these early prodromal signs cannot be construed to mean a less severe accident. This particular case has clearly established the possible effect of radiation on various organ systems of a person. It illustrates that an individuals ability to live when exposed to serious radiological emissions depends on his or her blood quality.

It is important to note that interstitial pneumonitis would develop if the doses were above eight. This may result into the death of the victim after a period of about one year. In this particular case, the serious injury on the lungs and oedema was experienced instantly during this massive exposure of the radiological emissions. When one has a high exposure to radiation, his or her survival will always be based on the ability of the affected body tissues to respond to medication. When various tissues and organs are exposed in varying levels of radiological emission, it becomes very complex to ascertain the exact cause of death. In this particular accident, the patient developed mild gastrointestinal radiation syndrome, which was fatal, especially due to the high dosage in the abdominal tissues and organs. This particular case shows that if an individual has an exposure to high radiation levels, which kill the cells extensively, cytogenetic dosimetry may not be appropriate the dosage that will be estimated from the process would not be accurate. This is so because any form of cell damage or its death makes white blood cells to be eliminated from blood of the victim. This makes it very complex to find out the true culture of the white blood cells in order to assist in dose assessment.

Introduction: The Concept of Global Warming

The notion of global warming implies a complex environmental procedure, which evolves as a natural consequence of the harmful greenhouse gas emissions. The activity is inflicted by human activities. Specifically, the gasses are produced by the machinery and electricity processes.

According to the assessment of environmental problems in America, burning gasses and fuels accounts for 30% of power production in the country. The extensive use of automobiles, trucks, and the other machinery, which comes from diesel and gasoline, accounts for 27% of emissions.

Moreover, such factors as heavy industry reactions, residential, commercial, and land employment emissions ensure 40% of greenhouse gas utilization (Sources of greenhouse gas emissions, 2010).

The Environmental Impacts of Global Warming

The problem of greenhouse emissions predetermined the tendencies of climate change. Mainly, the troubling tendency ensures rapid enhancements of temperatures. According to the scientists, the average temperature increased by 1% during the years 1996-2005 (Guoguang, 2010).

Due to the growth of the technology, the amounts of fuel emissions and industry resources get up annually, which accelerates the rates of temperature increase. The crisis of climate alteration inflicts a number of subsidiary nature catastrophes (Lehrer, 2010).

Specifically, it ensures droughts, violent storms, and high heat waves. One of the most threatening dangers, which is introduced by global warming, refers to glaciers melting. According to temperature growth, which is quite perceptible in the Arctic, serves as a precondition of basement water enlargement.

Moreover, it is acknowledged that the northern regions, which are characterized by broad ice congregations, possess their peculiar flora and fauna resources. The unique species disappear in the aftermath of global warming, which devastates the diversity of natural storages. The differences in meteorological conditions in separate areas can be perceived through the observations of sea level.

For example, it was proved that the impact of global warming on South Pacific Ocean and North Atlantic Ocean is considerably contrasting. It is ensured by the fact that an increase in water level in the latter is accomplished through glacioeustasy, and the growth of water in the former stems from man-made activities as well as the emergence of land (Vongvisessomjai, 2009).

The Effects of Global Warming on Health

The quality of human health is often hindered by global warming growth. Since the human organism is accustomed to stable environmental conditions, any alterations in the weather, which reach beyond the normal extends, can inflict some grave consequences for humanity.

First of all, extreme heat, which lasts for a long time, causes extensive perspiration. The experts claim that hyperhidrosis is connected with some serious health complications such as endocrine, cancer, and disreflexia. The rise of average temperatures creates a harmful environment, which is susceptible to allergen spreading.

Mainly, high temperatures stimulate the growth of many exotic plants, which produce an allergenic influence on some individuals. Disease spread is connected with the crisis of global warming through the water temperature change. The problem hinders the quality of food as well as contributes to the appearance of multiple bacteria, which can result in sudden outbreaks of cholera (Climate hot map, 2014).

Global Warming and Social Justice

The leading governments of the world, which are concerned with the issue of global warming, think about the problem in the context of social distribution. The tendency especially refers to such wealthy countries as the USA and Germany.

Thus, the experts claim that the crisis of temperature increase applies to the global citizens of the whole world. Therefore, it might be useful to start solving the crisis through the application of joint recovery programs. It is claimed that some countries do not have the financial resources so that to launch the projections of greenhouse gas emissions elimination.

Nevertheless, it does not mean that the citizens of these states have to be abandoned and vulnerable to warming effects. Consequently, the politicians suggest that the successful economies could direct some costs to the poor countries so that they were used for environmental improvements.

After all, the follow-ups of the individual greenhouse gas treatments inflict the consequences on the other states. The strategy is known under the name of social justice program and was first offered by the ecologists from the USA (Posner & Sunstein, 2013).

Despite the general efficiency of the project, its implementation faces some considerate limitations. Mainly, some experts doubt the actual expenditures of transferred allocations. They claim that such poor countries as, for instance, India or Egypt fight some other top-priority problems that have much more severe implications than global warming.

These are, for example, AIDS/HIV and cancer treatment. Therefore, it would seem appropriate for the governments of the poor countries to find some optimal application of allocated costs rather than haunt the ecological problem that seems quite minor for them.

Moreover, it is suggested that separate countries do not have any interest in the program, for the effects of global warming might bring some actual benefits to their agriculture, which primarily concerns Russian Federation. Therefore, it is still a significant challenge for the global authorities to develop an all fit initiative, which might neutralize the threats of temperature increase.

Global Warming Prevention

The strategies of fighting the temperature increase have been long developed by the scientists from all over the world. The eradication of the crisis is connected with the decrease of energy and fossil fuels burning since they inflict the allocations of harmful carbon dioxide. One differentiates several lines of both personal and global behavior, which constitute a fundament of preventive projections.

First, it is recommended to switch to the usage of renewable energy such as the wind and solar power. Moreover, buying carbon offsets accounts for providing a consistent recompense for the fossil foils disruption. Second, one needs to call the global initiative so that to address the issue on the level of individual governments.

Specifically, it may be beneficial for the society groups to direct the petitions to the officials with the aim of encouraging them to implement the policies of carbon dioxide cap.

Third, the careful treatment of carbon dioxide control refers to the issue of smart driving. Thus, it is acknowledged that if the drivers keep their tires inflated and switch to purchasing high-automobiles, the harmful consequences of greenhouse gas production may fall down.

Fourth, the monitoring of carbon dioxide allocation is conducted through the sustainability of ones housing conditions.

Mainly, the employment of facilities, which demonstrate energy efficiency, as well as changing the harmful light bulbs for neutral fluorescent sources of lights, may refer to the prerequisites of environmental effectiveness.

Finally, a human factor plays a critical role in the process of global warming reduction. Thus, if people would take an orientation on giving preference to walking over driving, the harmfulness of gas allocation might be reduced.

References

Climate hot map. (2014).

Guoguang, Z. (2010, Sept. 12). Observed climate changes and their causes. China Today, 59(12), 14-17.

Lehrer, E. (2010). A practical approach to climate change.

Posner, E., & Sunstein, C. (2013). Global warming and social justice.

Sources of greenhouse gas emissions. (2010).

Vongvisessomjai, S. (2009). Effect of global warming in Thailand. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 32(4), 431-444.

The second chapter in Rachel Carsons book, Silent Spring, is named The Obligation to Endure. It discusses the indiscriminate usage of pesticides in the United States, which Carson (1962) declares to be inefficient and dangerous as well as the result of poor planning. The writer highlights the dangers of using pesticides excessively, poisoning people and desirable wildlife while also leading to the emergence of immune pest species, forcing the development of new, more powerful poisons. She also claims that the emergence of dangerous and highly damaging insect species is the result of human planning, which ignores natural diversity to create fields and rows of uniform plants. Such an environment is ideal for the dedicated predators of these plants, which is compounded by their lack of natural enemies in the case that they are imported species.

Carson does not necessarily call for abolishing the use of pesticides, as she recognizes their importance in safeguarding crops and protecting people from infections. However, she makes the case that the obsession with the elimination of insects should be avoided, as it is dangerous and ineffective. Instead, the writer recommends using methods that are more in accord with nature. Diversifying crops and decorative plants is one approach that can be used to minimize the threat of predatory species. Stricter quarantine measures should be enforced when introducing new plants to avoid bringing dangerous insects along with them. Ultimately, Carson (1962) calls on the United States and the world to listen to ecologists, who have trained to solve the issue and developed responses, more. She concludes the chapter with the statement that citizens, who are under an obligation to endure industrial producers environmental abuses, also have the right to know the facts.

Reference

Carson, R. (1962). Silent spring. Crest Books.

With the deterioration of the environmental situation in cities, especially in metropolises, the preservation and improvement of the Green Belt play an essential role from the ecological, sanitary-hygienic, and aesthetic sides. The Green Belt is an area of forests, agricultural and unused land, specially preserved in the cities territories. In the postwar period, they were created in various countries to stop urban sprawl, protect the environment and provide comfortable living conditions. The Green Belt around megalopolises is the way to a new quality of life in cities.

The concept of Green Belts was first applied in Great Britain. Urban planners in many countries believed that the best way to stop environmental degradation was to rigidly separate rural spaces from downtown development (Vernet & Coste, 2017).

Firstly, it should contain the process of urban sprawl  the uncontrolled territorial expansion of the city through the growth of low-rise suburbs, as it happened in the United States. Secondly, the Green Belt was to preserve forests and agricultural land. Thirdly, it was supposed to provide urban dwellers with access to recreational areas and spaces of unspoiled nature. Fourth, the mission of the Green Belt was to protect the historical heritage of Londons satellite cities and prevent them from merging with the metropolis. In addition, this policy was to improve the ecological situation: purify the air, and water, and regenerate the land.

However, the artificial restriction of Londons development created many social, environmental, and economic problems and also showed its ineffectiveness. Its results were a significant increase in housing prices caused by limited land supply and the uncontrolled sprawl of satellite cities, whose residents are forced to commute to work in the metropolis. Therefore, in recent decades, the concept of the Green Belt has been heavily criticized and is no longer seen as the only solution to urbanization problems.

An important aspect is the possibility of incorporating the Green Belt concept into U.S. legislation. However, given the adverse effects, this should be done with some changes. First, to avoid a housing crisis, green space planning should identify areas where growth is possible and areas where it is strictly forbidden. Second, special attention should be paid to the development of suburban transport. Thirdly, instead of creating only Green Belts that severely limit the growth of cities, it can be considered the concept of Green Wedges, following the example of the Scandinavian countries. They allow for more efficient urban transportation infrastructure, do not alter the space for town expansion, and do not contribute to higher housing prices.

In todays rapidly developing metropolises, creating green areas, parks, and squares takes center stage in solving a livable ecological situation. The primary function of correcting this kind of problem of the city environment in modern urban planning is assigned to the Green Belts. It is necessary to conduct a site analysis to determine the overall structure of the immediate suburbs so that a program of development in Green Belt areas in the United States can be implemented. Cities and their suburbs need to develop; they cannot be permanently confined to a particular line. The law should provide for the possibility of changing the boundaries to the exclusion of some territories, with mandatory compensation at the expense of the inclusion of others. This policy should be flexible and adapted to the infrastructure of the town and the needs of its inhabitants.

Reference

Vernet, N., & Coste, A. (2017). Garden cities of the 21st century: A sustainable path to suburban reform. Urban Planning, 2(4), 45-60. Web.

Introduction

The threat of global warming and carbon emissions is omnipresent in todays society. One of the most important challenges today is finding a clean-energy, sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. A solution that is becoming increasingly popular in politics and business is hydrogen, widely touted as the fuel of the future because it emits almost no greenhouse gases. Much research is currently being conducted to find the best ways to yield and store the material. Hydrogen can potentially become a vital component of a carbon-free, climate-friendly future.

The Production of Hydrogen

A variety of home resources can be used to manufacture hydrogen. Natural gas is the primary source of hydrogen in the United States today. Hydrogen production is now being done using electricity, either from the meter or from renewable sources like solar, geothermal, wind, or biomass (Okolie et al. 8889). Hydrogen production can be fueled directly or indirectly through solar power, but sunlight is only available for a short period each day. The wind is a plentiful yet erratic source of energy. At the current moment, hydrogen is produced from natural gas through electricity, but renewable sources such as solar or wind power present some challenges.

Potential Benefits and Opportunities of Hydrogen-Based Fuels

Hydrogen fuel presents an opportunity to diversify power and energy sources and reduce global dependency on fossil fuels. Its benefits include the absence of contaminants or greenhouse gas emissions during use since water and heat are the only byproducts. It is still possible to considerably cut emissions by using hydrogen-based fuel cells to generate electricity from fossil fuels (Hordeski 89). These fuel cells are very reliable and flexible in installation and operation. Furthermore, hydrogen offers a political advantage since it decreases dependence on foreign oil. Hydrogen fuel is beneficial because it has no adverse effects on the environment.

Storage and Distribution of Hydrogen

There are a variety of ways to store and distribute hydrogen. The most widely accepted way of storing it is in the form of compressed gas in high-pressure tanks or Dewars at -253°C (Jankowski and MirosBaw 60). Furthermore, hydrogen can become a solid either by absorption or reaction with metals and chemical compounds and transferred by ships, aircraft, and trucks over long distances. Pipelines can be employed as pressure storage systems for regions with substantial hydrogen demand. It can then be distributed through subterranean pipes from the site of production to the point of use. Hydrogen is usually stored in high-pressure tanks or Dewars and distributed through pipelines.

Potential Industrial Uses of Hydrogen

Hydrogen has many industrial applications due to its chemical makeup and conductivity. Firstly, it is involved in the commercial extraction of tungsten ore. Welding refractory metals with tungsten can be accomplished by atomic hydrogen welding. Secondly, hydraulic cracking is a typical method for producing petroleum products, such as gasoline and diesel, from hydrogen. The Haber process to produce ammonia also requires hydrogen (Hordeski 89). Secondly, saturated oils and fats are made from unsaturated fats by utilizing a hydrogen shielded arc over two tungsten electrodes. Thirdly, hydrogen is used in the production of semiconductors, displays, LEDs, photovoltaic modules, and other electronic components as an effective reducing and oxidizing agent. Hydrogen can be used in food, metallurgy, consumer electronics, oil refinement, and chemical treatment.

The Advantages of Hydrogen Technology

Hydrogen fuel cell technology has many advantages over internal combustion engines running on gasoline. While the latter emits carbon monoxide that can potentially become deadly without proper ventilation, hydrogen fuel cells do not emit any carbon dioxide during their operation or production (Al-Baghdadi 2020). Using hydrogen as a power source is virtually energy-neutral since the amount of energy required to manufacture it equals the amount of energy it generates. Furthermore, hydrogen fuel cells are twice as efficient as internal combustion engines and require merely three minutes to recharge. Hydrogen technology is highly advantageous because of its energy-neutral, low-emissions production and highly efficient, fast-filling fuel cells.

The Disadvantages of Hydrogen Technology

However, hydrogen has several disadvantages which must be acknowledged before it is hailed as the solution to the worlds energy crisis. Although it is the most abundant element on the planet, it is frequently mixed with other elements and must be extracted before using it as an energy source. Since solar and wind power are unreliable sources of electricity, the standard extraction method is natural gas reforming. This is a carbon-intensive process that contradicts the concept of emissions-free energy. Furthermore, it is very expensive compared to other kinds of energy because of the intricacy of the hydrogen generation process. Another contributing factor to its expense is the high combustibility of hydrogen, which makes it difficult to store safely. Metals can become brittle and breakable if hydrogen gas is improperly stored and escapes from confinement (Dahake and Malkhede 16). The drawbacks of hydrogen include its complicated extraction and combustibility, which means considerable investment is required to organize the proper infrastructure for hydrogen fuel cells.

Conclusion

In conclusion, hydrogen technology is widely seen as the fuel of the future, but it still presents some challenges that remain to be solved. Hydrogen is the smallest, lightest, and most common element in the universe. Hydrogen fuel cells can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions since water and heat are the only byproducts during operation. They are more efficient than internal combustion engines and have a filling time of merely three minutes. However, mass adoption has been hindered due to the costliness of the hydrogen extraction process and the technical difficulties associated with its storage.

Works Cited

Al-Baghdadi, Maher. An Overview of Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel. Encyclopedia, 2020, Web.

Dahake, M.R., and D.N. Malkhede. Experimental investigation of performance and emissions of CRDI diesel engine in dual fuel mode by hydrogen induction and diesel injection coupled with exhaust gas recirculation. Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 46, 2021, pp. 14-19.

Hordeski, Michael F. Alternative Fuel Sources. Hydrogen & Fuel Cells: Advances in Transportation and Power, 2020, pp. 75-109.

Jankowski, Antoni, and MirosBaw Kowalski. Alternative fuel in the combustion process of combustion engines. Journal of KONBiN, vol. 48, no. 1, 2018, pp. 55-81.

Okolie, Jude A., et al. Futuristic applications of hydrogen in energy, biorefining, aerospace, pharmaceuticals and metallurgy. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 46, no. 13, 2021, pp. 8885-8905.

Pandey, Bhoopendra, et al. Recent progress in thermochemical techniques to produce hydrogen gas from biomass: A state of the art review. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 44, no. 47, 2019, pp. 384-415.

Peschel, A. Industrial Perspective on Hydrogen Purification, Compression, Storage, and Distribution. Fuel Cells, vol. 20, no. 4, 2020, pp. 385-393.

The Importance of Beaches: Essay Introduction

Beaches are the landforms that exist along large water bodies and they are made up of various materials that might include sand, gravel, or rock. Haller states that the term beach is widely defined as the zone of loose or unconsolidated material extending from the mean low water line to a point landward where the topography abruptly changes or permanent vegetation appears (71). These landforms are a natural habitat to many flora and fauna and they play a crucial role in human life. There are wide ranges of benefits obtained from beaches.

The Benefits of the Beach

The most important economic benefit of beaches is that they serve as a tourist attraction site. Tourism is the largest economic activity in the world and it not only earns countries foreign revenue, but also acts as a large employer for the local population. Frampton notes that the primary importance of a beach to a local community is providing amenity and associated economic income from tourists (1112). While tourists travel to foreign destinations for various reasons, beaches are the most popular tourist destinations. Pleasant sandy beaches are popular with tourists who use these spaces for recreational purposes. A study by Haller indicates that most visitors regularly name beaches as their main reason to visit coastal regions (72).

The presence of a beach therefore benefits the country by attracting foreign tourists. These tourists spend millions of dollars during their visits thus boosting the economy. In addition to this, tourists promote the growth of businesses that emerge to provide goods or services for the tourism industry.

Beaches assist in the protection of coastal structures from destruction from storms. Proximity to the sea or ocean is considered an advantage by many businesses. For this reason, many urban settlements all over the world are found along the coast. Diverse buildings and infrastructure characterize these settlements. Natural and artificial structures present along the coast are at risk of damage from storm surges and high tides that might occur at certain times of the month. Wide beaches help to protect the coastal structures by creating enough space for the ocean current energy to dissipate.

The beach also protects the upland structures by forming storm bars, which prevent storms from breaking into the upland. Coastal structures and infrastructures are therefore protected by the beach since the water from the ocean does not reach them. Speybroeck confirms that without expansive beaches, coastal property would be exposed to the destructive effects of storms, such as hurricanes and tsunamis (172). Beaches therefore safeguard property from damage.

Beaches play an important role in providing recreation avenues for humans. This recreation role is especially significant for people who live in urban areas. Beaches all around the world are becoming increasingly urbanized and human access to sandy shores is increasing. Beaches play a major role in recreation for the world population living within 50 km of the coast. Beaches provide a wide range of recreational opportunities including swimming, sunbathing, volleyball, walking, and beachcombing. Speybroeck explains that in many parts of the world, beaches have been highly developed for recreational purposes (171). The beaches provide an opportunity for people to not only relax but also exercise and socialize in a beautiful environment.

In addition to benefiting humans, the beach contributes to the sustenance of flora and fauna. Beaches are a habitat for a number of plant and animal species. The beach ecosystem sustains plant life that relies on the nutrients present in the sand to thrive. A number of these species require the beach for their survival. Sea turtles make use of the beach to hatch their eggs and therefore ensure the survival of their species. Crabs also live in the various parts of the beach. Many bird species rely on the beach for their continuity. While most of the birds find their food in the ocean, the beach is the place where they breed and reproduce. According to Meager, Schlacher and Nielsen, sandy beaches are important nesting and roosting habitats for birds (295). Shorebirds rely on beaches and a decline in this habitat due to natural factors such as erosion has led to the decline and endangerment of many shorebird species.

The Importance of Beaches: Essay Conclusion

Beach resources play an important role in the social and economic prosperity of humans. This paper set out to highlight the various benefits that are obtained from the beaches. It began by defining the beach landform and proceeded to highlight the various benefits obtained from this feature. The paper has noted that beaches are beneficial to humans and wildlife. However, the important beach resources are at risk due to climate change and erosion, which have caused shrinkage of this vital resource. The many benefits of beaches have led to local governments increasing their beach management activities. These activities involve maintaining or improving a beach to ensure that it remains a recreational resource and a means of coast protection. By doing this, the benefit of beaches can continue to be enjoyed by both human beings and wildlife into the distant future.

Works Cited

Frampton, Alan. A Review of Amenity Beach Management. Journal of Coastal Research 26.6 (2010): 1112-1122. Web.

Haller, Inga. Will Beaches be enough? Future Changes for Coastal Tourism at the German Baltic Sea. Journal of Coastal Research 61.1 (2011): 70-80. Web.

Meager, Justine, Thomas Schlacher and Tara Nielsen. Humans alter habitat selection of birds on ocean-exposed sandy beaches. Diversity & Distributions 18.3(2012): 294-306. Web.

Speybroeck, Jeroen. The Belgian sandy beach ecosystem: a review. Marine Ecology 29.1 (2008): 171-185. Web.

Introduction

As a student of this University and as a resident of Mother Earth, I must propose measures for environment preservation, and be one of the leading environmentalists. Its time schools, universities, communities, and everyone is concerned about the worsening condition in the world.

We have to adopt a most comprehensive method of environmental care. We will begin in our backyard. Environmental preservation is a priority because we might not have enough time to save our Mother Earth and  to be specific  us. If the planet we are in will dissolve and destruct due to our own making, we are going with it.

The Problem

Recently, Agence France-Presse reported that: There could be no ice at the North Pole this summer. (Inquirer.net, 2008) This was commented on by Mark Serreze, a scientist with the National Snow and Ice Data Center in Boulder, Colorado.

The report further stated that this was yet another indication of the environmental changes taking place because of global warming. Climate change and global warming are a reality.

Our project of environment preservation is a contingency to fight global warming. We are in the eleventh hour, so to speak. Its time we move, or therell be no other time.

The Solution

The student populations throughout campuses should be spearheading this activity, to wake up all peoples, organizations, countries, and governments. We have to start first in our school and adjacent community. We also have to reach out to the young population who can be easily tapped for humanitarian activities and other projects for environmental awareness.

We recommend the following activities:

1. Segregation
2. Recycling
3. Restricting hazardous substances,
4. Reducing the manufacture of electronic and electrical equipment.

If they are now in effect, these activities should be pushed through religiously and without let up.

A massive information campaign will have to start right away. Inside our campus  and other school campuses  we will tap school organizations and administrations to donate manpower, time, and resources to fight environmental abuse and require their suggestions for environment preservation. Seminars and symposia on the hazards of irresponsible waste disposal, exposing environmental abuse will dominate school activities.

We will use the internet, print and broadcast media, television satellite and cable television, and tap all other sources of communication and organizations for this purpose.

We will inform all concerned about the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol should be enforced and binding including the United States of America. At present, this is binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These amount to an average of five percent against 1990 levels over the five years 2008-2012. (UNFCC)

An information campaign on environmental safeguards, such as the Kyoto Protocol is one of our recommendations. This is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), whose signatory countries commit to reducing their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases, or engaging in emissions trading if they maintain or increase emissions of these greenhouse gases. This should be on industrialized countries including the United States.

Costs

Funding may come from donations and grants from government and private organizations. Donations may be in cash or the form of leaflets, streamers, reading materials, and advertisements and commercials in different mass media.

Conclusion

The students and the young have a primary responsibility of protecting the environment, especially inside campuses and the adjacent communities.

A full collaboration from the different sectors can provide an effective implementation of environment preservation. Businesses, governments, and all organizations should be one in this undertaking of fighting climate change and global warming.

References

Inquirer.net (2008). Web.

UNFCC Kyoto Protocol. Web.

Introduction

Purification procedure efficiency is not validated readily by examination of the equipments only. Based on this fact, purification procedures ought to be authenticated prior to utilization of the equipments or masses purified. The functioning of the formula is regularly checked and the apparatus serviced often. There are methods used to ascertain if a purifier can perform the required functions and produce the desired results. These are examining the operations of equipments systematically, prior verifications done during the assembly stages following release from manufacturers, ongoing confirmation and occasionally after the procedure of purification process. After duration of use, examinations are necessary prior to returning the purifier for checking and adjustment. One such procedure is the vapor quality examination and presence of gas leakages in the purifier component (London:HMSO 1994 )

Vapor that is pressurized is used as a means for purifying in the porous purifier. The heat coupled with high pressure works to kill the microbes in the equipments. However, any air detected in the equipment should be sucked out of the disinfectant cavity prior to the purification process. This will increase the efficacy of the purifier with better results. Remaining air can stop express linking of the vapor and the equipments to be purified. Valuable gas elimination phase is necessary to exhume all the gas from the chambers with products that are covered, unfilled or piped. The best purifiers have mechanisms that are capable of sensing remaining gas and gas seeps into the hollow although in space. If the air is left undetected, it will interfere with the purification process as the gas may contain impurities such as germs and other microbes (London:HMSO 1994 )

Laboratory purifiers utilizing increased temperature vapor to purify permeable masses are used for absorbent products such as fabrics and medical apparatus covered in absorbent fabric. The purification is determined by straight infiltration of concentrated vapor into the mass items at degrees of 134 centigrade. The absorbent masses capture gas and vapor from the surroundings requiring an effective gas elimination process. The presence of gases in the purifier will affect the cleansing process as the composition of the air may have tints of microbes and other chemicals that may infect the masses (London:HMSO 1994 )

The porous purifier uses the heated vapor to disinfect the masses and the presence of gases especially when the masses are exposed will lead to renewed contaminations. Gases in the atmosphere harbor numerous forms of microbes that cannot be detected by mere observation. Therefore, precautions should be taken to ascertain the purity required is achieved by avoiding re-infections occurring due to exposure to air. Within the chambers, presence of gases will increase the need for prolonged purification durations to work on the microbe density (Isopharm Sentry Limited 2009)

Fundamental day after day examinations involve an ignition to activate the purifier, mechanical running prove of the purifier cycle and the system of vapor diffusion scrutiny. These scores should be documented on a detached log and information stored. These data pieces are used for future consultations. Vapor diffusion assessment verifies that gas exit phase is successful, and that remnant gas does not inhibit the purification procedure. The investigations are carried out with the vapor diffusion examining gadget in the compartment. The presence of other foreign bodies in the compartment will upset the investigations resulting in an interfered outcome. Definite examination packs are recommended for the investigations depending on the purifier suppliers directive (Isopharm Sentry Limited 2009)

Investigations to determine gases seep out, establish the mechanical gas sensing arrangement in the purifier, mechanized run trials on the purifier and spotting gas diffusion are recommended on a weekly basis. Annual and periodical examinations by technical persons are also suggested for the purifier maintenance (Isopharm Sentry Limited 2009)

This ongoing examination of the operations of the purifier will ensure that the processes are carried out successfully with desired outcomes. It is obvious that the presence of impurities in the porous purifier compartments will hinder the results of the process. It is vital for all the gases be eliminated from the chambers of the purifier to ensure a process of disinfection. Successful disinfection of re-usable medical equipments that are reused requires a dependable process. There has been a surge in the number of screening procedures in the clinics and finding a system that works for disinfecting the medical apparatus is paramount. Increase in microbes that are infectious and uneasiness of the body compels the need for valuable disinfection systems. (Isopharm Sentry Limited 2009)There are many methods of cleaning these medical equipments. One of this is the use of an ultrasonic cleaner. This is a device that is widely gaining popularity due to its ability to clean delicate apparatus without damaging them. The device uses ultrasound and an effective cleaning agent for it to function properly. Both the ultrasound and the cleaning agent work hand in hand to produce an effective result. (Carr 2008)

The process of ultrasonic cleaning incorporates a generator that produces high frequency signals. This signal activates a transducer attached to the ultrasonic cleaner tank. The transducer causes firmness waves in the liquid tearing it apart. This creates space cavities that enlarge and lessen as the waves go on. At a certain level the waves crumble emitting high temperature and spurts of plasma. This process appears as minute suds in the instruments immersed in the tank. These suds are what expel any particles. This process can be more effective if a detergent is added in to the cleaning liquid. Ultrasonic cleaners need to be maintained on a regular basis to make them more effective. (Clara, 2009)

Ultrasonic cleaners may be used individually in what is called stand alone or may be used with a Washer Disinfector (WD). Majority of ultrasonic cleaners do not have a stage for disinfection but are only used for cleaning. A later stage that involves cleaning and disinfection is performed later on. Compared to other means of cleaning, ultrasonic cleaner has been found to be more reliable. One of the major advantages is that it cleans a surface without leaving scratches to the surface being cleaned. This is useful since some medical equipment is delicate and need to be handled with utmost care. It also takes a short time to clean appliances making it able to clean many appliances in a short period of time. (Clara, 2009)

The cleaning system using ultrasonic can be made automatic making it more efficient. The other methods are manual and hence they become unpopular with users. Ultrasonic transforms a rather unpleasant process of cleaning medical supplies in to a pleasant exercise due to its nature of application. Ultrasonic is also friendly to the ecosystem unlike other solvents that destroy the ozone layer. This makes it even more feasible considering that use of ozone depleting substances have increased in the recent past with undesirable effects to the environment. (Carr 2008)

On a simple scale ultrasonic cleaning takes ten minutes to complete. This is by far a shorter time than the other methods. The clean up is consistent and produces high standard results. Its ability to reach areas that other methods would not reach makes it even more favored than other means. This is due to the fact that it uses microscopic foam coming from the ultrasonic. (Carr 2008) Medical instruments are complicated in nature and require an effective method of cleaning them. This is where ultrasonic comes in handy.

Ultrasonic cleaning though has its own limitations. One of the more pronounced limitations is that though it is the most effective in cleaning of apparatus it does not disinfect them. Its known that medical apparatus are prone to attack by bacteria hence require complete sterilization to make them safe. This limitation rules out ultrasonic cleaning as the best method in sterilizing of these equipments. In order for ultrasonic to work out effectively it requires other solvents for it to be able to perform its work best. (Christopher 2004)This makes it cumbersome to use as it requires professionals to mix the solvents in the right proportion.

Another major limitation is that while ultrasonic is a good and effective method of cleaning apparatus, it does not remove heavy stains like paint or grease. This is necessary especially where one of the apparatus comes in to contact with one of this stains. Overall the advantages of ultrasonic cleaning far outweigh the limitations making it one of the most effective means of medical apparatus cleaning or any other appliance for that matter. (Christopher 2004)

Medical equipment that serves multiple patients gets contaminated when in use. There has to be a sure method of disinfecting them to avoid cross-contamination between patients and the staff. Ultrasonic cleaning among other types of cleaning is not without errors in disinfecting medical equipments. These calls for the need of biological and chemical indicators in providing assurance of sterility for a porous load steam sterilization process. Chemical and biological pointers ought to be utilized on a daily basis on an empty compartment to ascertain the efficiency of gas elimination and vapor infiltration prior to the purification process (Young 2006)

Element pointers enable the sensing of possible purification setbacks that would have stemmed from erroneous wrapping, inaccurate stacking of the purifier, or break down of the purifier. An example is the interior element pointer that scrutinizes the interior situations of unit stacks to establish that the purifier has infiltrated to the position of the surgical equipments. The element pointers are put into individual stacks, case or fixed purification vessel structure to be purified. If there is a detection of purification setback, the accounts can be used to track individual stacks via the position of examination management to the particular purification phase. (Hurrell 1998) An outer elements pointer recognizes progressed surgical equipments apart from those that have not undergone progress. These pointers are placed on the outer parts of every stack except if the inner pointer is noticeable. Therefore, the function of the outer pointer is to distinguish among the two types of equipments and not to ascertain if the limits for sufficient purifications were reached (Young 2006)

Organic pointers are used to check the procedure of ingredients discharge on the basis of outcome of a process challenge devise famously known as a test pack. These packs are unique and care should be observed when handling them. The organic pointers are unique in that they show a straight compute of the deadly nature of the procedure. Due to their nature they tend to detect the situations much more readily. The pointers ought to be kept warm in agreement with the suppliers directives. (Hurrell 1998)

The organic nature of the pointers shows they are prone to damage from environmental factors such as heat and light. Strict observation of care must be practiced when handling the organic pointers. Utilization of a single packed organic pointer with a short duration for regular purification efficiency examination enables demarcating of all stacks awaiting outcomes. This applies to the ones with embedment (Young 2006)

The pointers direct with precision as compared to the manual pointers. Since they are of organic nature, they are much more sensitive to difference in variations between loads and equipments. The pointers help in the purification procedures as the outcome of the exercise is accurately monitored. These pointers offer the purification process a platform to ascertain accuracy compared to manual processes. (Young 2006)

Most mistakes of infections outbreak are due to human error and followed by equipment challenges. It is believed that the organic pointers give a more reliable result that can be used to quarantine specific batches of equipment for close monitoring. This would be difficult if dependency was attached to the manual procedures solely. A comprehensive purification examination system involves both manual and organic pointers to give a more focused analysis. The trend needs to be practiced for a safer analysis of the equipments for medical and surgical use (Hurrell 1998)

Conclusion

The purification procedure is an integral part in any laboratory and should be handled with care. Most accidents in the laboratory due to infections arise from neglect in following procedures for purification. The statistics show that human error is leading in the causes. Purifiers have helped combat new unexpected infectious diseases from breaking out. They should be continued for a better outcome in the medical practices. Patients have gone to hospitals for treatment only to contract another ailment. This should be addressed and it is hoped practice use of purifiers will help curb the threats. There is also need for an efficient cleaning system for medical appliances. Ultrasonic cleaning has been found to be an effective means of cleaning these appliances and hence should be used by all.

List of References

Brancroft, R 2009, what are the classes of chemical indicators and why are they important?  Web.

Clara, S 2009, Precision Ultrasonic Cleaning Systems. Web.

Carr, J 2008, Documentation of re-usable Medical Devises Policy. Web.

Christopher, K 2004, Ultrasonic cleaning and atomizing probe, United States patent 6799729.

Hurrell, D.J 1998, Sterilization: Recent Development in sterilization technology. Web.

Isopharm Sentry Limited 2009, Testing Sterilizers (Porous Loads). Web.

London: HMSO 1994, Health Technical Memorandum 2010: Management policy. Web.

MDA DB 1998, The Validation and periodic testing of benchtop vacuum sterilizers. Web.

Young, M 2006,Quality Control of Table-Top Steam Sterilizers. Web.