In the twenty-first century, global environmental problems, such as global warming, loss of biodiversity, destruction of tropical forests, and others, are worsening. They pose a threat to the foundation of life and development opportunities for both present and future generations. The scale of world production and consumption has led to a catastrophic imbalance of natural and social systems. It has exceeded the ability of the environment to cope with human activity (Wijkman and Rockström 1). In this way, humans deplore nature and the planet as a whole, making it bankrupt.
The 2008 financial crisis and the need for new improvements in production efficiency as well as energy security have put forward the challenge of reviewing state and international environmental policies. In this regard, it is possible to talk about the beginning of a new development stage of the world community environmentally-oriented growth. Even though so far, a little amount of the population takes a responsible attitude towards environmental problems and introduces new technologies for nature protection into its economy, the beginning has been established. Thanks to such actions, the balance sheet for the planet is possible.
An example of a business that is close to balancing with nature is Apple, the famous technology company. The majority of their products are made of recycled materials, as the company independently processes more than 70% of served gadgets and computers (Environment). Specifically, for this purpose, they developed a trade-in program that allows exchanging the old users device for credit to purchase a new one. It is also possible to pay attention to such a part as packaging devices, which become smaller and more practical. It means that more boxes of phones can be loaded on a plane, and fewer flights will be required to carry them.
Thus, considering the fact that most environmental problems occur much later than the causes, the quality of the environment will deteriorate for many years to come. It is particularly relevant for the acute and long-term problems of climate change and the depletion of the Earths ozone layer. However, there is also a growing awareness of the seriousness of these issues, both in developed and developing countries, which gives hope for improving the situation.
The issue of human activities impact on the environment has become particularly topical in the 21st century. Simultaneously, the detrimental impact of industries is on the increase, consisting of air pollution, carbon emissions, and irresponsible handling of waste. Construction is one of the areas, which demonstrate significant growth while negatively affecting the environment. This sectors impact is caused by the large-scale extraction of raw materials, extreme energy consumption, and high waste production (Braga et al. 529). The situation is particularly grave in developing countries, where construction rates are extremely high (Akan 1195). Simultaneously, modern society demonstrates an increased demand for green initiatives, as the detrimental effect of humanity on climate and the environment becomes apparent. Amid the pursuit of sustainability, the construction industry devotes increasing attention to environmentally friendly practices.
The construction industry utilizes large amounts of resources and energy supplies. While it appears impossible to ensure the proper functioning of the sector without such resources, the process must be organized efficiently. Modern technological advancements propose a range of solutions, which would allow for a gradual transition toward environmentally aware practices. Concrete materials serve as the cornerstone of construction, being actively used worldwide. Accordingly, the most effective green initiatives would consider the lower impact of concrete production, use, and maintenance to be a matter of high priority. Indeed, this material surrounds people in the modern urban setting, hence the concept of the concrete jungle. It is used to construct residential buildings, skyscrapers, factories, and sidewalks, which is why effective green initiatives related to concrete will positively affect humanity in general.
Technical Section
Concrete Production Cycle
Concrete production is a complex process, which involves several particular steps. Each stage is important to the overall procedure, ensuring the quality of the construction material and the durability of the product. First of all, cement is the primary element of concrete, meaning that it accounts for the first major stage of its production. Figure 1 describes each step, from raw materials to the final product. Limestone and clay serve as the main sources of cement in modern practice. In order to be used, they must be extracted, and this stage poses considerable ecological threats. While these materials are abundant on Earth, their extraction damages the environment. Large-scale extraction leaves colossal empty spaces in the soil, and the amount of waste left after the procedure might reach critical levels. As a result, entire ecosystems are affected, while structural damage to the soil entails sinkholes and landslides.
Figure 1. Concrete Production Cycle (Cement Production and Concrete Production).
Once limestone and clay are extracted, they are mixed and turned into cement via heating and grinding. This process happens at specialized factories, which serves as the primary source of carbon dioxide emissions. Accordingly, the second stage of cement production is also detrimental from an ecological point of view. When cement is prepared and packed, it is possible to turn it into the concrete. In fact, as shown in Figure 1, it only amounts to fifteen percent of the product. Gravel and sand serve as the main ingredients mixed with water in a special device on-site. This stage accounts for increased water consumption, while energy is widely used across all steps of the process. Therefore, concrete production has both a direct and indirect impact on the environment, which is why potential solutions should encompass all stages. At the same time, cement and concrete are widely used by modern industries, which is why it is important to consider the options, which will not negatively affect the economy and workers jobs. In addition, the durability of each structure built of green concrete cannot be compromised, as it would endanger peoples lives.
Relevant Resources for Structural Engineers
Multiple industries have been searching for ways to optimize their operations within the framework of green initiatives. The construction sector has followed the global tendency, devoting considerable attention to the discussed issue. The Construction and Building Materials periodical has seen an increase in relevant publications, which explore the possibilities of sustainable practices in the industry. The article by Wang et al. follows the general trend and discusses the issue of recycled materials in the context of their durability and quality. Resources, Conservation, and Recycling does not specialize in construction, as it is an ecological journal, most of all. However, its issues contain interesting findings related to the objective of this research, such as the article by Omran et al. It authors propose a list of alternative materials consisting of fly ash, Haydite lightweight aggregate, and Portland limestone cement. These periodicals are well-respected, peer-reviewed journals, providing valid insight into the nature of the problem, and confirming its relevance in todays landscape.
Recently, there has been a surge in the popularity of specialized publications. Journal of Cleaner Production is an excellent example of such a periodical, providing scientific evidence to the importance of environmental concrete production and utilization. As this problem is global in nature, the particular value of this journal is justified by the international perspective it provides. Journal of Cleaner Production provides its readers with the global experience of green concrete product use through the prism of peer-reviewed research. The journal contains promising research concerning high technology materials, such as the ultra-high performance concrete examined by Shi et al. The proposed material reduces the industrys impact on the environment while being durable and crack-resistant. Overall, the amount of research dedicated to green construction industry operation is on a steady increase, providing a range of opportunities for structural engineers aspiring to achieve environmental efficiency.
Implementation of Environmentally Friendly Concrete
The essence of environmentally friendly concrete production methods consists of encompassing all stages of the process, as the detrimental impact is observed at each point. In most cases, such recycled materials, as fly ash, are used during the first stages of the process, reducing demand for limestone and clay will decrease. Therefore, it will not be necessary to extract it in such large quantities, damaging the environment, and leaving waste. Secondly, the production rate of cement factories and plants will also be lower, meaning that carbon dioxide emissions will be reduced, as well. Shi et al. propose ultra-high performance concrete, which is less resource-consuming than traditional materials. However, such sophisticated solutions often require considerable expenses, and not all organizations can afford them. The alternative material use discussed by Omran et al. seems to be a viable option, as it allows producers to replace some cement components with recycled materials. In this case, cost-efficiency can be optimal on the condition that the structural engineers decisions do not compromise the quality and durability of concrete. As important as environmental protection is, safety must remain the cornerstone of all human activities.
At the same time, the process does not end with the implementation of environmentally friendly concrete products. Accordingly, the maintenance will be an important aspect of engineers work, as well. In the process, it is vital to observe the structural durability of concrete, as well as its reaction to extreme loads and weather conditions. If the characteristics of the chosen material are not on par with regular concrete, policymakers may see its implementation as an inefficient initiative. Consequently, all efforts aimed at environmentally responsible operation may end in failure, once more impeding the positive development in this area.
Conclusion and Recommendations
The thoughtful implementation of environmentally friendly concrete products will benefit the Earth while meeting the needs of the construction industry and its clients. The effectiveness of prior green initiatives is proved, but these efforts did not suffice (Reis et al.) Common alternatives include the use of recycled materials in order to optimize the consumption of concrete. Nevertheless, most of them are associated with poorer characteristics of the construction material, thus entailing higher maintenance costs. Modern advancements allow structural engineers to conduct comprehensive research and opt for an efficient, innovative solution. The success of the green concrete product implementation will be determined by careful analysis. Structural engineers should begin by using recycled material in concrete production. However, the proportions must be carefully examined to preserve the products durability. If the organization can afford significant expenditures, it is possible to test ultra-high performance options, utilizing modern high-tech solutions. Overall, environmentally aware concrete production will be a significant step toward eradicating the ecological problems, which is a priority of the 21st century.
Akan, Mahmure Ö. A., et al. Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Construction Industry: An Analysis and Evaluation of a Concrete Supply Chain. Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 167, 2017, pp. 1195-1207.
Braga, Anna M., et al. Compared Environmental and Economic Impact from Cradle to Gate of Concrete with Natural and Recycled Coarse Aggregates. Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 162, 2017, pp. 529-543.
Omran, Behzad A., et al. Comparison of Data Mining Techniques for Predicting Compressive Strength of Environmentally Friendly Concrete. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, vol. 30, no. 6, 2016.
Reis, Daniel C., et al. Influence of Cement Strength Class on Environmental Impact of Concrete. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 163, 2020.
Shi, Ye, et al. Design and Preparation of Ultra-High Performance Concrete with Low Environmental Impact. Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 214, 2019, pp. 633-643.
Wang, Liang, et al. An Environmentally Friendly Method to Improve the Quality of Recycled Concrete Aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, vol. 144, 2017, pp. 432-441.
Wangari Maathai and Norman Ernest Borlaug are famous Nobel Peace Prize winners for their humanitarian contributions in promoting a sustainable world and eliminating poverty. Maathai attained her first degree in Biological Sciences in America at Mount St. Scholastica College (The Green Belt Movement, n.d.). She continued with her education until she earned a doctorate at the University of Nairobi. Specifically, Maathai is renowned for establishing the Green Belt Movement and becoming the first African female to win the Nobel Peace Prize for inspiring people to plant trees to prevent environmental degradation. On his part, Borlaug is an American scientist commonly referred to as the Father of the Green Revolution for his agricultural advancement works to lessen starvation (American Academy of Achievement, 2020). He achieved his Ph.D. in plant pathology at the University of Minnesota. Although Maathai and Borlaug pursued different professions, the Green Revolutions ideology inspired them to use unique approaches based on their specializations to promote sustainability across the globe through strengthening food security.
First, the two humanitarians used the Green Revolution ideas to enhance a sustainable world by creating a cohesive and equitable society. As a father of the Green Revolution, Borlaug used his skills in plant pathology to develop crop species, such as wheat, leading to sufficient yields to meet the food demand of the ever-growing population. In his argument, the world could only sustain the increased population size by increasing production (American Academy of Achievement, 2020). Therefore, he collaborated with the Rockefeller Foundation in Mexico to develop disease-resistant wheat varieties to help the impoverished farmers, struggling with low yields owing to low-producing and diseased crops (American Academy of Achievement, 2020). Similarly, Maathai campaigned for the protection of the environment by planting trees to strengthen the ecological system. In her view, turning the world green through sufficient forest cover would maintain favorable climatic conditions, which would increase agricultural production and avoid desertification.
However, Maathai and Borlaug utilized two distinctive methods to attain sustainable food production and eliminate poverty. While the former possibly borrowed the idea of starting the Green Belt Movement from the latters Green Revolutions idea, they seem to disagree on the appropriate methods to promote environmental sustainability. One of Maathais famous quotes is, The Generation that destroys the environment is not the generation that pays the price (Hoornweg, 2016, p. 41). She meant that people must adopt measures, which safeguard future generations safety and welfare. She believed that increasing the forest cover is the most suitable method because it is ecologically friendly. On his part, Borlaug is famous for the statement that, The only way that the world can keep up with food production is by the improvement of science and technology (American Academy of Achievement, 2020, para. 1). Consequently, he focused mainly on increasing agricultural production while ignoring the modern farming approaches environmental effects. Indeed, environmentalists criticized his use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides, which led to soil deterioration (American Academy of Achievement, 2020). Nevertheless, Borlaug emphasized that technology and science were inevitable instruments in alleviating starvation.
Borlaug concentrated on his scientist work throughout his life while Maathai engaged in different endeavors, including politics. According to the Green Belt Movement (n.d.), Maathai was also an advocate for womens issues, human rights, and AIDs prevention. She often raised concerns relating to the abuse of womens rights in the UNs General Assembly. Besides, Maathai played an indispensable role as a parliamentarian and assistant minister of natural resources, wildlife, and the environment in her country, Kenya. She led women through her Green Belt Movement to demonstrate their qualities in leadership and environmental conservation. Maathai also wrote various books such as The Challenge for Africa and Replenishing the Earth, which she used to communicate her philosophies in creating a sustainable world by helping the oppressed communities, especially in Africa (The Green Belt Movement, n.d.). On his part, Borlaug remained focused on agricultural development through technology to reinforce food security. He collaborated with scientists and organizations from different continents, including America, Asia, and Africa, to assist the less privileged society members in improving their production levels while encouraging the use of machinery among large-scale farmers.
Finally, both humanitarians had a passion for educating the world about the need to solve various persisting problems, mainly poverty. Hoornweg (2016) argues that Borlaug organized youth activities to educate them on the necessity to embrace science principles to uplift people trapped in poverty. He trained them on appropriate cultivation techniques that guarantee high production and financial profits. Borlaug also engaged other experts, including leaders, in constructive discussions on alleviating hunger across the globe. Similarly, Maathai used her Green Belt Movement to train women and other people to preserve the environment. She assisted to protect river sources and the Congo forests, which dictate central and south Africas climate. For instance, Maathai was a co-chair of a Norwegian and British governments initiative commonly known as the Congo Basin Fund. She was also a key pillar in inspiring global support towards realizing the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
Borlaug and Maathai will remain respectable for their contributions in promoting food sustainability across the globe. The modern world requires experts to use their knowledge in transforming the lives of the people to ensure a unified and sustainable society. Both humanitarians used their expertise to improve their communities welfare and enlightened individuals to adopt Green Revolutions ideology to solve their environmental and food insecurity challenges. As Maathai demonstrated, individuals should engage in environmental conservation to meet their present needs and safeguard the welfare of future generations. Equally, Borlaugs achievements in food production help people embrace technology creatively to address the impoverished populations anguishes. Undeniably, they deserved the Nobel Peace Prize, and their efforts in promoting sustainability lay a foundation for both current and future generations.
References
American Academy of Achievement. (2020). Norman E. Borlaug, Ph.D. | The father of the Green Revolution. Web.
Hoornweg, D. (2016). Cities and sustainability: A new approach (1st ed.). Taylor & Francis.
The Green Belt Movement (n.d.). Wangari Maathai: Biography. Greenbeltmovement.org. Web.
Weather changes and specific constituents impacting it have always interested researchers, meteorological observers, and people living in places that are at risk for the occurrence of natural disasters. The ability to predict atmospheric conditions is essential in environmental science, agriculture, navigation, aviation, and daily life. The interrelation of air pressure and the wind is the key to understanding fluctuating weather, and one should grasp these concepts to gain competence in the subject.
Air pressure and wind directly influence atmospheric conditions, and their characteristics depend on several factors. Firstly, according to the ideal gas law, pressure succumbs to the alterations in temperature, elevation, and latitude ( Air Pressure and Wind ). It significantly decreases in high altitudes; thus, the air becomes colder. As all areas on the planet are not equally subject to the Sun, regions with low and high-pressure systems arise. Secondly, wind moves toward the low pressure, which causes directional divergence and together with condensed vapor may lead to precipitation and a drop in temperature ( The Highs and Lows of Air Pressure ). Conversely, high-pressure areas are associated with calm and cloudless weather, but they often suffer from heat and drought. The impact of the Earth rotation is more applicable to winds rather than air pressure. Due to the Coriolis effect, winds in the Northern Hemisphere alter the course to the right, and those in the Southern deviate to the left ( Air Pressure and Wind ). Nonetheless, they will be inclined to blow straight according to Newtons first law of motion. Air pressure and wind are inextricably connected with weather formation.
The two basic components that create favorable or contrary weather should be of top priority when forecasting. Areas with high or low air pressure are prone to clear and turbulent circumstances respectively. Winds contribute to clouds and rains; they can slightly change their direction because of the Earths rotation. The existing knowledge must be supplemented with further research to improve weather prediction and prevent disasters.
Technology is not standing still, and humanity is faced with innovative products that can change the quality of life every month. If breakthrough solutions have the right characteristics for everyday use, they become part of life. Nevertheless, there is a downside to inventions, such as the one with plastic. Indeed, plastic products have become an integral part of everyday life as packages, bags, or containers. However, plastics use poses a significant environmental threat the formation of microplastic particles that harm the health of the biosphere.
The above statement can explain the choice of microplastic contaminants as a topic for an informative essay. There is a whole range of problems that occur when large plastic particles are split into the smallest fragments that are not visible to the naked eye. Microplastics have the potential to transmit through trophic levels, becoming a threat not only to individual species but to the entire biosphere (Moore 1). This essay should be written in a descriptive format, as there are no comparisons with other environmental issues. On the contrary, emphasis should be placed on an overview of the problem, as the systematization of negative factors will provide an overall picture of the threat. Further research could be aimed at a more in-depth study of the impact of microplastics on the biosphere.
Reference
Moore, Rhiannon. Microplastics in Beluga Whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the Eastern Beaufort Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 150, 2020, pp. 1-7.
In the contemporary world, land use planning is an essential concept that has to determine whether society should stay focused on preserving the environment or promote the economic growth of the cities. For this reason, planners continually face both opportunities and challenges at work. While having a chance to deliver sustainable development and livable communities , they have to deal with severe conflicts regarding the means and processes of modern urban planning (Godschalk, 2004, p. 5). Since the success of land use planning depends on how the problems are resolved and how the decisions are implemented, it is crucial to gain more understanding about this topic. Therefore, the following paper will discuss two distinct planning visions, compare them, and explore the conflicts they have to resolve.
The two planning concepts that will be discussed in this essay are the sustainability/livability prism and the triangular model. The first approach was created by Godschalk (2004) by adding livability to the triangle of sustainable development. It was proved that the use of the three primary values known as equity, economy, and ecology is not sufficient enough; hence, livability joined the prism (Godschalk, 2004). This vision represents a constant interaction between the essential qualities and offers a structure for identifying and dealing with value conflicts (Godschalk, 2004, p. 8). At the same time, the triangular model proposed by Campbell (1996) provides an easier approach to land use planning. It consists of three vital points, such as the environment, the economy, and equity (Campbell, 1996). The triangular shape of the model is critical for its conceptual simplicity and a clear understanding of the social conflicts in the current environmental disputes (Campbell, 1996). Thus, the two concepts are both established around particular values and aim at dealing with specific conflicts.
The sustainability/livability prism and the triangular model are different; nevertheless, they also complement each other. The most apparent difference between these two visions is that the first model includes one more necessary point which is referred to as livability. While both approaches see the city as a place of production, a resource for consumers, and an area of conflict between the distribution of services, goods, and opportunities, the first prism includes livability as a determinant of a communitys quality of life (Godschalk, 2004). Consequently, it can be noted that the models are distinct and complement each other. Since the triangular model gives a possibility to see detailed interactions between the environment, the economy, and equity, the second prism shows tensions between livability and the three mentioned concepts.
Each point of both visions represents various interests; thus, this tendency contributes to the emergence of fundamental conflicts between them. There are three problems indicated by each of the models, such as the property, the resource, and the development issues (Campbell, 1996; Godschalk, 2004). In addition, the sustainability/livability prism represents three other conflicts connected to the relationship between the main dimensions (Godschalk, 2004). These struggles include tensions between livability and economy, livability and ecology, and livability and equity (Godschalk, 2004). The emergence of all these six identified conflicts is caused by constant competition between the values and the interdependence of the points (Campbell, 1996; Godschalk, 2004). Hence, the nature of problems lies in the opposition and cooperation of values.
It is clear that the nature of the mentioned issues does not let land use planners address them quickly and effectively, and the development and the livability versus ecology conflicts seem to be the most difficult to resolve. As mentioned by Campbell (1996), the development problem is the most challenging because this point of the triangle aims at increasing social equity and protecting the environment at the same time. Therefore, while it focuses on two concepts, it is harder to create solutions to the issue. Moreover, the conflict between livability and ecology is severe since it arises from the subjective beliefs about the importance of nature and the built environment (Godschalk, 2004). Both ideas prove to be necessary, therefore, it can be hard to find an agreement.
Land use planners can help resolve the mentioned conflicts by taking advantage of the conceptual tools and identifying the necessary processes that contribute to advancement. Campbell (1996) concluded that sustainability is an essential concept that can help specialists create the long-term planning goal of a social-environmental system in balance which is a critical part of the procedure of land use planning (p. 302). Therefore, their role in the process will be to control the situation and be aware of the possible complications that may arise.
Overall, land use planning is vital in contemporary society because it helps the population understand whether preserving the environment is more crucial than ensuring economic growth. The process can face various problems that have to be resolved quickly and efficiently. For this reason, researchers develop their planning visions and identify fundamental values, conflicts, and relationships. Consequently, the presented paper explored the sustainability/livability prism and the triangular model, contrasted them, and discussed problems that they identify.
Despite its indisputable beneficial functions for the Earth, carbon dioxide (CO2) appears to be causing more harm due to human activity. The NASA Climate graph demonstrates that CO concentration has been increasing since 2005, unevenly but steadily, jumping about 36 parts per million (NASA Climate, n.d.b). The corresponding map shows CO2s global distribution, and all countries seem to be affected by carbon dioxides increase, especially Russia and China (NASA Climate, n.d.b). The overall picture implies dire consequences for the world if nothing changes.
Recent Events
Although nature is partially responsible for influencing the level of carbon dioxide, it also possesses the means to control it. They are called natural carbon sinks, which include plants and the ocean (Met Office, n.d.). However, recently, their CO2 absorbing abilities have weakened, leading to a more considerable increase in carbon dioxide levels (Met Office, n.d.). Such weakening could be temporary, but at the current rate, the natural sinks are unlikely to overtake human activity (Met Office, n.d.). Therefore, instead of relying on natures mechanisms to resolve the issue, governments should develop specific measures to combat it.
Categories
The NASA Climate and Met Office websites offer additional information on climate change, and some elements of its organization coincide. The former has such categories as evidence for climate change, causes and effects of it, scientific consensus on climate change, vital signs, and questions, all falling under the Facts sections. Both websites share the causes and effects sections, as well as one with the scientific ground (Met Office, n.d.; NASA Climate, n.d.a). NASAs evidence and vital signs sections partially correspond to Met Offices What is climate change webpage, while the formers FAQ category has no counterpart (Met Office, n.d.; NASA Climate, n.d.b). Meanwhile, the British website has data on the local climate and a segment with reports, although some informational pages on the NASA website reflect the climate in the US (Met Office, n.d.; NASA Climate, n.d.a). Altogether, there is a general agreement between the supporting units on the websites, but NASA Climate also had a developed FAQ section while Met Office offers an insight into the UKs climate.
Effects
Climate change, perhaps, would not be an issue if it did not lead to potentially devastating effects. Those include a rise in temperature, sea level, and precipitation (NASA Climate, n.d.a). On the other hand, the amount of ice in the Arctic Ocean will decrease, affecting climate change as a whole and leading to the loss of freshwater resources (NASA Climate, n.d.a). Additionally, there will be an increase in natural disasters such as droughts, hurricanes, wildfires, and floods (NASA Climate, n.d.a). It will put many lives at risk and render localities that already experience those issues on a regular basis uninhabitable.
How Can Economic Growth Become Part of the Solution?
Negative Impact and the Biggest Threat to Biodiversity
The impact of economic growth on nature can be described as ambiguous, but it is important to highlight its negative sides. It leads to higher consumption of resources, which include fossil fuels, plants, and animals, and more pressure on natural environments, although stagnation appears to increase the risks (The Economist, 2013). Particularly, increased demand for land, which is based on more specific needs, may threaten biodiversity the most, as it causes habitat loss (The Economist, 2013). As a result, species may even go extinct, which directly affects the rate of the said diversity (The Economist, 2013). Thus, economic growth and stagnation have negatively impacted the environment, reducing the number of habitats and, consequently, biodiversity.
Positive Impact of Economic Growth
As mentioned previously, economic growth is not inherently harmful to the planet despite having a pronounced detrimental effect. Those countries that reached a certain level of development shifted their attention to environmental issues (The Economist, 2013). Using legislation, those governments aim to halt poaching and improve conservation measures for endangered species (The Economist, 2013). Moreover, richer countries promote better sanitation and pesticide regulation, as well as allocate subsidies for habitat restoration (The Economist, 2013). Other measures are also being implemented, and the general trend is helping the environment recover from the negative effects of human intervention (The Economist, 2013). Perhaps, it will require more effort to compensate for the harm caused to the planet, but once all countries achieve a high developmental level, such measures may focus on improving rather than fixing the situation.
Summary
In conclusion, economic growth directly impacts climate change, although it does in many ways, not all of which are detrimental. First of all, industrial buildings, vehicles, and increased consumption of resources lead to the constantly rising carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere, which hastens climate change. Then, economic growth requires more land use, which causes the loss of natural habitats and, in the worst-case scenario, prompts species to go extinct. As a result, biodiversity declines, although more prosperous and developed countries strive to improve the situation with conservation measures and habitat restoration programs. Ultimately, while economic growth brought much harm to the environment, it also provides the grounds for initiating and implementing improvements in the ecological field.
To understand the crucial distinction between structural and non-structural mitigation, it seems reasonable to provide the following statement. The determination of the mentioned concepts is founded on the fact that the measures of structural mitigation are mostly technological. For instance, these may be the building of a flood levee, as well as the design or enhancing the actual constructions in order to make them more imperviable to hazards. Meanwhile, non-structural mitigation involves generally policy undertakings. For example, these might be the passing of a land use ordinance that restricts the building of residencies in a flood-prone area or the requirement to provide hazard insurances for constructions vulnerable to a hurricane. It might be assumed that the primary difference between the described concepts is that structural mitigation seems to require more costs than the non-structural one. However, the former implies an advanced level of protection, while the latter involves fewer expenses and is aimed at removing or reducing human activities in hazard-prone areas.
At this point, it is essential to give an in-depth depiction of the concepts so that the above arguments would be more comprehensive and convincing. The critical aspect regarding structural mitigation is that it works against forces of nature by constructing facilities such as a dam, levee, or other buildings that reduce the impact of nature. It should be emphasized that structural mitigation provides a city with the opportunity to be created near or along waterways, as well as a coastal area. For instance, the storm-water mitigation system in LA implies considerable costs both for its development and maintenance, but it saved a plethora of lives and prevented substantial property damage (LAWPD, n.d.). Such mitigation might be characterized as environmentally unfriendly, but appropriate management could and should operate without inevitable outcomes for nature and offer balanced mitigation plans. This kind of mitigation protects premises, makes it possible to develop a hazard area, and makes people feel secure. Nevertheless, it should be admitted that structural mitigation has a negative influence on the environment; it implies considerable expenses and at times cannot protect structures from full-scale nature hazards.
In turn, the key feature of non-structural mitigation is that it works in conjunction with the forces of nature and harms the latter to a fewer extent. This approach implies the acquisition and relocation of citizens from recognized hazard areas. These actions are accompanied by related governmental rulings and provisions, such as appropriate zoning or subdividing ordinances that align with relevant legislation. Thus, it seems apparent that the core intention of non-structural mitigation is to remove citizens and constructions from hazards. This nullifies threats before they become issues to society the character of such mitigation is mostly preventive. The cases of non-structural mitigation have become quite spread in the insurance market. For example, this industry tends to set rates founded on the hazard risk evaluation that reduces the activities of people within hazard areas. Another notable case is the supplement of sand to the natural process of beach erosions. Such an action nourishments of additional sand that reduces the quantity of the eroded one contributes to the maintenance of the natural equilibrium of the eco-systems of a coast. Hence, it provides long-standing unobtrusive measures that protect both communities and coastal nature.
FEMAs five categories of mitigation are prevention, property protection, public education and awareness, natural resource protection, structural projects (FEMA, n.d.). It might be suggested that such a division results in a comprehensive and coherent mitigation process as there are structured and systemized plans of action and preparation for them. The category of prevention implies non-structural measures generally of a legislative and political character that aim to deal with hazards before they become a serious problem to a community. Then, public education and awareness mean that the related educational and governmental structures provide programs that improve the citizens knowledge about what to do during a disaster and how to behave properly.
Property protection exists mostly in the form of FEMAs recommendations on how to protect ones home from earthquakes, hurricanes, windstorms, dams, as well as on building safe spaces within the scope of building science and safe rooms (FEMA, 2020). In the framework of FEMAs activity, natural resource protection actions integrate Federal assets and capabilities to help State and Tribal governments and communities address long-term environmental and cultural resource recovery needs after large-scale and catastrophic incidents (FEMA, 2011, p. 1). National parks, historic properties, and other cultural resources fall under the mentioned category.
Finally, structural projects involve the most expensive and resource-taking measures to protect people from various natural hazards. This type of mitigation is sponsored at the governmental level and supported by local communities. The construction of levees and many disaster-preventive programs harm the environment to an exact extent but protect people and result in plenty of saved properties and facilities. It should be claimed that the described categories also may be related to the ones that are established in Canada, as they have a number of common features.
The related categories in Canada are as follows but it should be mentioned that these categories are named the elements of this countrys national disaster mitigation strategy. These are leadership and coordination; public awareness, education, and outreach; knowledge and research; FTP cost-shared mitigation investments (Public Safety Canada, 2018). The visible common point is that in both countries, the importance of public education and awareness is emphasized and recognized. However, in Canada, more attention is paid to governmental regulation, support, and guidance in terms of mitigation, while in the US, the categories reflect mostly directions for the practical implementation of this mitigation. This may be caused due to a considerable number of states that have some distinctive traits of mitigation policy. It would be inappropriate to create stringent regulations that cannon allow these states to adopt policies to an exact extent if it is necessary.
Thus, it may be concluded that FEMA provides an exhaustive list of mitigation measures that protect communities from many natural disasters. Structural mitigation and the non-structural one were discussed, and it was found that despite the former being more effective, it implies more costs and environmental harm. Then, FEMAs five main mitigation categories were explored, as well as related to Canadas ones. It was figured out that the common feature here is that the significance of public education and awareness is emphasized. It seems rational to state that the governmental state of the art is reflected in the extent to which a program against natural hazards is developed. It is clear that both the US and Canada give prominent and significant examples in this regard.
References
FEMA. (2011). National Disaster Recovery Framework. Web.
The Australian Great Barrier Reef is an ecosystem exhibiting the greatest heritage of natural resources and diversity of organisms on planet earth. The Great Barrier Reef exists along the northeastern coast of Australia and extends above the approximated distance of 2300 kilometers (Richards, p. 2). It has a wide variety of plants and animals that exist within its boundaries. Some of the species found therein include 2000 sponge species, and not less than 300 species of mollusk (Richards, p. 2). Moreover, there are 14 sea snake species, 630 echinoderm species, 500 algae species, and many other species (Richards, p. 2). The diversity in the ecosystem makes it outstanding in the whole world since no other environment possesses such kind of characteristic that matches the Great Barrier Reefs attributes. Owing to the importance of the environment has on the sustenance of organisms lives, the main objective of the Great Barrier Reef protection plans is to conserve the diverse species in this region (Richards, p. 2). This paper discusses the coral reefs in the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. Special emphasis is put on corals and reefs, and the impact of climate on the Great Barrier Reefs ecosystem.
Coral Reef
Among the most diverse ecosystems in the marine environment are coral reefs. Multiple species of organisms living in the marine ecosystems depend on coral reefs for survival. The formation of coraoccursfs occur mostly in shallow ends of the ocean The events leading to the development of coral reefs are the death of corals and the welding of their polyps through the aggregation of calcium carbonate residues (Ainsworth et al, p. 338). Coral reefs bear pivotal roles that yield good surroundings for the living organisms in the sea or oceans. For instance, coral reefs provide suitable ecological niches for sea animals and plants. Different kinds of organisms, including the mollusks, crustaceans, algae, and diverse species of hard corals have their niches in the reefs. Furthermore, the coral reefs provide aesthetic value to the marine environment and coastal areas, thus, making them attractive to tourists. The corals also improve water quality for the well-being of all living organisms depending on it for survival. Through the absorption of toxic substances, the reefs refine industrial effluents and detoxify them (Ainsworth et al, p. 340). From the context of coral reefs benefits, it is conceivable that their existence provides for the sustainability of diverse species of living organisms.
Corals Found in the Great Barrier Reef
The growth of corals takes substantially long perperiodshe annual maximum increment of corals length is approximately 20 nanometres. It, therefore, implies that the development of coral reefs also exhibits a long-term basis to attain a recognizable size. The Great Barrier Reef comprises diverse coral species, especially the hard types. The hard corals and symbiotically associated with Zooxanthellae which are unicellular marine organisms. The Zooxanthellae process food through photosynthesis and supply 95 percent of it to the corals for the development of their polyps. On the other hand, Zooxanthellae benefits from inhabiting corals and utilization of their wastes as sources of nutrients (Stepien et al, p. 1168). As the corals grow, old ones die, and their polyps aggregate through the deposition of calcium carbonate. The progressive death and growth of old and new corals yield to the reefs. Owing to the symbiotic coexistence between corals and Zooxanthellae, a type of living system called hermatypic corals exist. The hermatypic corals are attributed to the specificity of survival temperature range, and clear water demands to allow sunlight penetrations for photosynthesis (Ainsworth et al, p. 339). Therefore, the ecological conditions at specific points in the marine environment would affect the integrity of developed corals.
Different types of corals exist leading to intense biodiversity exhibited by coral reefs. Consequently, the diversification of coral species produces results in the various kinds of coral reefs existing in the marine environment. The major types of coral reefs existing are fringing and the great barrier reefs. The fringing coral reefs are attributed to the sea or ocean regions close to the shore. Moreover, the narrow waters act as their distinctive boundaries. Most of the fringing corals are found at the Thailand seashores. On the other hand, the great barrier reefs are aligned parallel to the oceans shores, and are their boundaries are defined by the formation of lagoons. In addition, they are attributed to existence on the slightly deep sections of the oceans (Day, p. 69). The great barrier reefs form when the tides are on the low seasons, and results from the rise of new corals upon the dead ones. A typical example of the great barrier reef is the Australian shoreline and largest marine ecosystem called the Great Barrier Reef.
Effects of Climate Change on Coral Reefs
The changes in the climate that occur in this coastal region affect the Great Barrier Reef. Some of these climatic shifts include fluctuations of the environmental temperature, excessive weather conditions in the rchanges change in the chemistry of the ocean, and a rise in sea level and storms within this region. Sea temperatures affect the region by causing global warming that interferes with the cover of coral by a process called bleaching. Bleaching of coral cover results in a reduction of various species within the reef since high temperature greatly affects them. Adverse weather conditions such as high rainfall and drought also interfere with the species in the Great Barrier Reef (Ainsworth et al, p. 341). The adverse weather condition usually contaminates the sea and disposes of materials that are terrestrial to the sea that further interfere with the Great Barrier Reef.
Changes in the chemistry component of the ocean also affect the Great Barrier Reef ecosystem. The ocean has roughly absorbed a third of the carbon (IV) oxide that human beings emit when undertaking their various activities over the last 200 years. The amount of carbon (IV) oxide absorbed has highly affected the PH of the ocean in the Great Barrier Reef (Ainsworth et al, p. 340). It has resulted into the oceanic PH reduction by 0.1 units, making it to be extremely acidic forcorals survival. Moreover, the low PH interferes with the growth of the feeds in the ocean that are essential to the ecosystems survival. When the feed population is depleted, it becomes hard for different varieties of species to survive under the limited substrate quantities. Hence, the various species in the Great Barrier Reef are highly affected resulting in their reduction in number. From 1990, the sea level has been on the rise with a rate of 1 to 2 millimeters every year towards the projection of the model upper limit. The rise in the sea level is expected to interfere with the Great Barrier Reef ecosystem. It is because when the sea level is high then the storms are likely to increase in this region (Frade et al, p. 4). The storms come along with king tide and tropical cyclonic winds that put the life any creature in the Great Barrier Reef to risk. Further, it interferes with the industry and any infrastructural feature in the region.
Coral Reefs Bleaching in the Great Barrier Reef
Coral reefs of the Australian oceanic shores are suppressed by the extreme climatic conditions. Following the fluctuations in temperature, and other environmental parameters like the acidity of the water, depletion of coral reefs occur massively. Strategic plans and policies are being implemented to curb the current and prolonged deaths of the Great Barrier Reefs corals (Ainsworth et al, p. 339). Change in the climatic conditions of the Australian Great Barrier Reef is has subjected coral reefs into extreme bleaching side effects. Through biodiversity and ecological research, it has been determined that 93 percent of coral reefs in the Great Barrier Reef are highly impacted by temperature ranges above the optimum levels (Richards, p. 18). The attack on coral reefs by extreme and persistent temperatures on the reefs is heavily experienced in the northern parts of Port Douglas. Initial bleaching effects resulted in the death of almost half of the coral reefs in the same area. On the positive side, the southern part of the Great Barrier Reef has recorded the very low impact of reefs bleaching (Hoegh-Guldberg et al, p. 86). Approximately, less than one percent of the corals population is attacked by the shifts in climatic conditions.
The existence of corals and zooxanthellae in mutual relationship enhances the longevity of reefs ecosystem integrity. As the corals obtain energy resources from the unicellular marine organisms, a characteristic color is developed. However, the sensitivity of the association to adverse temperatures makes them susceptible to dissociation. At thermal conditions ranging between 1 and 2 degrees Celsius, the corals become suppressed (Stepien et al, p. 1176). As a result, the zooxanthellae is dislodged from the host, and polyps get exposed, thus, bleaching is said to have occurred. The extreme temperatures that persist for a long period of time foster a high rate of bleaching as corals die. Moreover, less impactful adverse conditions with recurrence frequency yield corals depletion or their reproduction impairment (Hoegh-Guldberg et al, p. 86). As a result, the growth of the young corals takes a slower pace leading to delay in ecological and biodiversity recovery. However, short durations of thermal fluctuations exhibit no impact on the corals, thus, no bleaching effects realized.
As a prospective move into the protection of the rich coral reefs ecosystem in the Great Barrier Reef, the implementation of policies should be put in place to overturn climatic changes. Knowing that extreme temperatures stem from greenhouse effect, circumventing the has to do with carbon (IV) oxide levels reduction. Moreover, pollution control has to be established to diminish the chances of industrial effluent dissemination into the oceans. The application of technology to drive in energy renewing and wastes recycling is, therefore, a requisite to reconstruct atmospheric conditions (Frade et al, p. 6). Australia should, therefore, be on the frontline towards terminating the global warming impacts on the worlds ecosystems. Otherwise, the bleaching effects of high temperatures will elevate in terms of the intensity and the great icon natural beauty and resources will be completely damaged.
References
Ainsworth, Tracy D., et al. Climate Change Disables Coral Bleaching Protection on the Great Barrier Reef. Science, vol. 352, no. 6283, 2016, pp. 338-342.
Day, Jon. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park The Grandfather of Modern MPAs. Chapter 5 in Big, Bold and Blue: Lessons from Australias Marine Protected Areas, edited by Fitzsimons, James and Wescott, Geoff, CSIRO Publishing, 2016, pp. 65-97.
Frade, Pedro R., et al. Deep Reefs of the Great Barrier Reef Offer Limited Thermal Refuge During Mass Coral Bleaching. Nature Communications, vol. 9, no.1, 2018, pp. 1-8.
Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove, et al. Commentary: Reconstructing Four Centuries of Temperature-Induced Coral Bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef. Frontiers in Marine Science, vol. 6, 2019, p. 86.
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The earths temperature has been steadily increasing since the advent of the industrial revolution due to a natural process called greenhouse effect. When light passes through the atmosphere, some of the infrared radiation is trapped by the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere around the earth and this keeps the planet warm to sustain life of all kinds (CE, 2007). However, with the advent of industrialization and advanced transportation methods, more number of gases are being released into the earth atmosphere, the most notable among them being gases such as chlorofluorocarbons, which get added to naturally occurring greenhouse gases and heat up the earth slowly. It has been noted scientifically that the temperature of the planet is slowly on the rise and can lead to ecological disasters. It is predicted that global warming can cause melting of polar ice which in turn would lead to rise in sea levels and coastal flooding, cause problems to drinking water supplies. It is widely feared that such global warming can cause dramatic changes in agricultural practices due to climate change, destruction of naturally fertile land, increased occurrence of more natural hazards and tropical diseases (CE, 2007). Global warming is said to be precipitated by combustion of various fuels, cutting of trees, increased cattle production and use of fossil fuels. The UN Conference on Climate Change, held in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997 sought to save the world from global warming by cooperation of developed countries in reducing GHG emissions. Though the Kyoto Protocol was not universally accepted by the developed countries, it provided the first framework for fighting global warming.
Significance of the Original Kyoto protocol
As the worlds most developed country, the United States, with its innumerably factories and automobiles was found to be the main contributor towards greenhouse gases producing about one fourth of the worlds total production. Developed countries such as the United States were listed as Annex I countries and according to the Kyoto Protocol, Annex I countries had to agree to reduce their total GHG emissions relative to their emissions in 1990. To be more precise, they had to reduce their total GHG emissions by about 5% on an average for the period 2008-20012. Annex I countries include the US, Eastern and Western Europe, Russia and the Ukraine, Japan, Australia, New Zealand and Canada. The Kyoto Protocol took place during the time of President Clinton who agreed to steps to curb greenhouse gas emissions. The Kyoto Protocol is very significant because it paved the way for an international treaty to fight global warming, which came into force in 2005 after ratification by more than 125 nations.
US President Bushs rejection of Kyoto proposal and his own know how proposal
The Kyoto Protocol was signed during the period of President Clinton. But President Bush was deeply sceptical about the Kyoto Protocol and expressed his protest to it even during his 2000 Presidential election campaign. He talked about the inherent weaknesses in the Kyoto protocol such as its failure to recognize the pollution caused by developing countries such as China and India. However, the public were more in support of the Kyoto protocol as they felt it was pro-environmental and against global warming. Since the public supported the Kyoto Protocol, candidate Bush was forced to compromise his position on the issue and he pledged that if he was elected he would label carbon dioxide as a power plant pollutant. He also talked about global warming as a serious environmental issue that must be tackled in the national television debate in October 2000. This shows that politically, it was always advantageous to be in support of the Kyoto Protocol.
President Bush and Kyoto Protocol
When President Bush assumed office, he decided to take action immediately and set limits on greenhouse gas emissions. This was announced in the Senate through EPA administrator Christine Todd Whitman in February 2001. But Republican senators such as Helms opposed the setting of such limits. In March 2001, Bush openly expressed his disapproval of the Kyoto Protocol despite the fact he understood the seriousness of global warming. He wrote that he was basically against government controlling power plants by imposing restrictions on them. By making his position clear on the issue, President Bush raised the issue into an international legal context. He was widely criticized for his opposition to the Kyoto Protocol. In July 2001, at the global warming conference in Bonn, major blocs such as the European Union and Japan came together and signed the Bonn Agreement to take steps to reduce global warming (Tiefer, 2004). These countries were shocked by the stance of President George Bush.
President Bush formulated a new domestic plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that was based on carbon intensity of the economy instead of being based directly on the level of emissions. He asked generators of carbon dioxide to reduce their emissions increase to one third the rate of economic growth and thus he linked voluntary emission reductions to economic output (Rabe, 2004, p. 14). Many observers felt this proposal did not have much meaning as the amount of greenhouse gases generated in proportion to one unit of economic activity had been steadily decreasingly since the mid nineteenth century and there was no need of any government support to keep it declining. However, President Bush made some changes to existing voluntary and incentive programs to reduce GHG emissions. He excluded carbon dioxide from a related proposal aimed at reduction of conventional pollutants. According to Bushs energy plan there would be expansion of using coal energy in power generation plants, intensification of oil exploration and likely increase in use of fossil fuel to maintain standards of motor vehicle fuel efficiency. Hence, the Bush plan tried to mitigate the possibility of federal efforts to reduce GHG emissions in the near future (Rabe, 2004).
Russian approach
After the US which accounted for the maximum of 25% of greenhouse gas emissions, it was found that Russia was the second highest contributor of GHG emissions at 17%. When the US withdrew from the treaty, the fate of the Kyoto Protocol became dependent on Russia and the Russian vote assumed a high level of significance in the absence of the United States. The European Union tried to pressurize Russia to sign the treaty. A minimum of 55 country signatures was needed from the states responsible for 55 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions in 1990. (Tulder and Zwart, 2006, p. 321). Russia ratified the Kyoto Protocol on 22 October 2004 and it came into effect officially on 16 February 2005 involving 128 countries though it was delayed by seven years and did not include the US. Putin and Russia are considered as saviours of the Kyoto Protocol (Tulder and Zwart, 2006).
China and India
Under the Kyoto Protocol, industries in the United States were required to have limits to their emissions of gases such as mercury, sulphur dioxide and nitrous oxide. However, limiting GHG emissions is not an easy job and studies show that it can be very expensive and time consuming. Moreover, the US opposed the Kyoto Protocol for various reasons. The Kyoto Protocol was signed by countries that had high emission levels in 1990 and did not include developing countries like China, India, Indonesia, Brazil and Nigeria which are projected to increase their share of global greenhouse gas emissions in the near future. These countries were not under any obligation to reduce their GHG emissions by the Kyoto Protocol and they did not voluntary accept to reduce their GHG emissions. This irked the US. The fact that developing countries have been exempted from the Kyoto Protocol raised the fear that American companies might soon suffer a competitive disadvantage in the realm of businesses. Though GHG emissions might lead to environmental gains, such gains may be offset by economic disadvantages and emissions by developing countries (Kowalski, 2004). President Bush mentioned the exclusion of these countries as one of the reasons why he opposed the Kyoto Protocol. While this accusation may sound justified, it is important to take into account the fact that in these countries, the per capita carbon dioxide emission is very small compared to those in the US. The GHG emissions in the US are ten times that of China and 25 times that of India and their aggregate contributions to the problem is less that that of the US. Statistically speaking, China and Indias combined carbon dioxide emissions were 9% of the global total compared with the USs 30 percent (Vig and Faure, 2004, p. 264). Some figures show that China has been able to reduce its GHG emissions in the late 1990s based on its own awareness of the problem. Hence it is not right of President Bush to blame poor countries for greenhouse gas pollutions.
Montreal conference 2005
The 2005 Montreal conference was held over a period of two weeks and focused on climate change. It was anticipated that such discussions would resolve the conflicts involving China and India. Other issues addressed in the conference included helping poorer countries achieve their development goals, ways to adapt to climate changes, using technology to develop solutions and exploring market based opportunities (Shah, 2005). The main strengths of the Montreal conference have been that it included developing country commitments such as India and China. The conference emphasized that the Kyoto Protocol will continue with or without the support of the United States and launched a four track approach under the Kyoto Protocol and under the UNFCCC to be implemented after 2012. The Montreal Conference also ensured that the Marrakech Accords were adopted in full making it possible for the key actions of the Kyoto Protocol to progress further (Morgan, 2006). The COP/MOP approved and adopted methods for compliance on fair grounds by setting up compliance bodies with elected members (Morgan, 2006). The Eleventh Conference of Parties created a five year programme for informing developing and least developed countries about the impact and problems of global warming and about what can be done to protect the environment (Morgan, 2006). The weakness of this program was that there were no specific adaptation activities on the ground to protect the livelihoods of the local people. One of the serious disappointments of the Montreal conference was that the United States was a reluctant participant at the meeting and moreover, its delegates tried to disrupt the talks on future emission reductions. But the Montreal Conference can said to have ended successfully as it facilitated the Kyoto Protocol from becoming fully operational. An additional success factor was that the participant nations promised collaborate on setting and meeting targets and to set urther controls beyond 2012 after negotiations.
Discussion of solutions
The solutions make a lot of sense from the scientific, political and environmental sustainability point of view. The meeting has signalled an international awareness of the problem of global warming and it has paved a way to counter the problem. If the political and industrial worlds trusted the scientific findings they would cooperate and work together with commitment and planning. The Kyoto Protocol and the Montreal Conference have encouraged a huge amount of study, planning, collaboration and concern even in the private sector. Many countries in Europe and elsewhere are now aware of the dangers of global warming and are planning to reduce emissions even beyond what is required of them through the Kyoto Protocol. Scientifically speaking to hold temperature change this century to less than additional 2o F, total global CO2 output must decrease by half before 2050 and then that level must be maintained even if there is growth in the population. Politically, as most of the CO2 comes from the developed countries, it is important for them to accept responsibility while permitting lesser developed countries to raise their standards of living. The Kyoto approach of ranking the worlds nations according to their population, economy and carbon emissions is not the only possible model for cutting down GHG emissions. There can be other models such as the contraction and convergence model which allows all nations to contribute equally to the solution. By estimating the amount of GHG that would be a safe level in the atmosphere, nations must move towards it based on equal distribution of emissions per person (Braasch, 2009). The research paper titled Environmental Sustainability and Analysis By Michael K. Ewert (2006), Johnson Space Center discusses efforts that can be taken by companies to prevent global warming and promote environmental sustainability. According to Ewert, natural resources such as air, water and food are becoming in short supply and there is a lot of waste being produced by businesses. He suggests that by combining heat- and power-generation systems for supply of electricity and heat, there would be less waste implying less number of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and hence lesser heat retention. By increasing efficiency of refrigerators and freezers, it is possible to protect the ozone layers. Ewert also suggests using fuel cells and solar panel for power generation (Ewert, 2006). Alisa Gravitz in her article in Yes! Magazine titled 12-Step Program to Stop Climate Change (2007) lists a framework to avoid the perils of global warming: construct new buildings that are specially designed to have zero emissions; ban cutting of forest trees and plant tree saplings; control soil erosion; use conventional farming techniques; harness wind and solar power; increase the efficiency of existing coal plants and avoid building new ones; store CO2 underground; promote use of zero-emission vehicles, etc. (Gravitz, 2007).
Conclusion
The environmental protection has so far been the prerogative of international meetings and government agencies. There have been many national and international laws passed to protect environment in many ways. However, all the regulations have not stopped the world from facing global crises such as inadequate water, impure air, destroyed ozone layer and diminishing fuel resources. Now, the time has come when there needs to be a joint effort to protect the land in such a way that the dangers of global warming are thwarted without causing danger to businesses the world over. This is possible only if companies the world over, develop long term sustainable environmental strategies that can provide economic profit, social welfare and a great public image.
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