One of the reviewed projects is about the intention of Saudi Arabia to build an entertainment city. The project has all characteristic features. First of all, it has a stated timeline. The project is to begin in 2018 and is going to finish in 2022. Secondly, the desired outcome is outlined. Thus, it is expected that this city will become a notable cultural sight and contribute to various needs of the kingdom and its citizens. Finally, its unique character includes plans for building a safari and a theme park. Moreover, it is going to be one of the biggest similar facilities.
The second project involves the launch of the Dubai Bellevue Towers residential project in Dubai. The features that make it a project are as follows. The estimated time of completion is 2019. The desired outcome includes the exact number of one, two, and three-bedroom apartments together with penthouses. Its unique character is in a big area that will be occupied (67,000 square meters) with a children’s playground and pool.
The following part presents the scope management of the entertainment city project in Saudi Arabia.
Project Objective
The project objective includes building an entertainment city with an area of 334 square kilometers not far from Riyadh, the capital city. The place will provide facilities for recreation, culture, and sport. Moreover, it will include a safari and Six Flag theme park.
Major Deliverables
A business plan with clearly stated finance part.
A transportation scheme should be developed since the facilities will be located outside the city.
The implementation timeline for every part of the project should be designed.
Significant Milestones
The project is a part of Vision 2030 provided by the Kingdom.
The project will provide not only entertainment as the majority of similar parks do. It will facilitate sports and recreation activities, thus contributing to the general well-being of the citizens.
The project is going to reduce the dependence of Saudi Arabia on oil and become another source of income for the country. The entertainment sector is not well developed in the country and thus provides broad perspectives.
Such facilities will provide new jobs for citizens.
Limits or Exclusions to the Scope
Previously theme parks such as Six Flags were mainly aimed at children. Thus such a big facility can lack visitors.
Since the country is an Islamic kingdom with strict gender segregation and social code, the possible interest of the adult population in the theme park should be carefully assessed.
A religious component should be considered. In a conservative religious country such as Saudi Arabia, an entertainment park cannot be accepted by the religious population.
Major Stakeholder
A major stakeholder on this project is going to be the kingdom’s Public Investment Fund. The Fund is planning to invest in the project together with other local and foreign investors.
Concerns that Stakeholders Might Discuss in a Scope Review Meeting
The concerns to discuss at the Scope Review Meeting include the following. First of all, the potential of the rising entertainment industry should be evaluated. It will give a picture of perspectives of a new entertainment city. Secondly, the stakeholders should discuss their participation in the project investment. Finally, it is necessary to review the implementation timetable and get fixed dates for the launch of every stage of the project.
Achieving market strategic advantage is a fundamental objective of a business organisation, it is by expanding business horizon, and gaining more customers that a business can achieve its fundamental objectives of increasing annual revenues and be able to enhance shareholders’ value. Information Technology (IT) is noted to be an effective tool to achieve competitive advantage for a business organisation. Basically, IT has replaced manual system of conducting system, many businesses have realised the disadvantages of conducting businesses using manual method compare to automated methods of conducting businesses.
For example, using manual method for accounting purpose may lead to financial errors, and this can lead to error in management decision. Manual inventory may lead to delay in processing customers orders. Typically, automated business using IT has been noted to remove all problems from manual methods of business transactions.
Purpose of this document is to present proposed automated system to R & S Entertainment Services in order to improve R & S business advantages.
Convincing the management of R&S Entertainment on the choice of the proposed system requirements requires presentation on the purpose of the purpose of automated computer system.
Purpose
The proposed automated system is Relational Database Management System (RDMS). Many businesses have chosen RDMS to improve their market competitive advantages. (Hellerstein1, Stonebraker and Hamilton, 2007). The purpose of purpose of RDMS is to serve as an effective tool for R& S Entertainment in launching online business, the system will improve R&S inventory, and its financial records using RDMS. In addition, customers of R&S will find it easier to order from R&S website, be assured that their orders will be processed on time. Using RDMS will enhance the efficiencies of R&S management decisions. Using RDMS will also eliminate many other management problems such as forecasting machine use, when to order new machines, when to upgrade and service existing machines, and when to replace outdated machines with new ones.
With proposed EDMS, R&S will be able to manage its current inventory at each location, be able to manage accounting, information on each machine, which include cost, current value, and depreciations. This will help Mr Lewis and other management of R&S to effectively manage customers’ needs.
Will overall purpose of the propose system, there is scope for this document.
Scope
This document contains proposed RDMS for R&S Entertainment. Due to the importance of this document to the management of R&S, this document will only be used by the management of R&S Entertainment, System developer, software developer, Database management, and IT consultant.
Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations
This subsection provides the definitions of all terms, acronyms, and abbreviations required to properly interpret the document.
RDMS: Relational Database Management System.
IT: Information Technology.
Literature Used and Citation
References provide a complete list of all documents, books, publications that have been referred to either within this document or used as reference material to compile this document. This paper uses Harvard reference style. Complete list of references are provided in the last page of this document
Document Overview
This subsection provides overall structure of this document. This document is structure as follows.
First section of this document provides purpose of proposed system, which include introduction to system requirements, specification and analysis.
This section also provides scope of the document, who will use this document, and how the document will be used. The other document in this section is Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations used in this document.
Section two provides system overview, which details the description of proposed system, and examine whether the system meets organisational goals. In addition, there will be description of scoping models in this section, and this includes justification for choosing the system.
Section three provides context level diagram that include details of all sub-processes, their inputs and output data flows, and data stores,
Section 4 contains system requirements, which include description of system requirements; this section also contains constraints on this system. The document will also contain advice on the anticipated system failures.
Final section provides advice on how the R&S management can guide on against system failure.
System Overview
As discussed in section one, the proposed system is R&S Entertainment is Relational Database Management System (RDMS). In RDBMS, computer can provide 24 hour online transaction, where credit card can be processed automatically, and this will help R&S to meet customer’s need. Information fed into the computer on each inventory can be searched automatically with assigned filed number, and wastage will be eliminated. The RDMS has been widely used for many varieties of management purpose, and it has been found to be applicable to varieties of world’s application infrastructure such as billing, payroll, supply management, e-commerce, automated record keepings to mention a few. Typically, relational systems serve as effective system for all online transaction and can be managed by management team. (Hellerstein1, Stonebraker and Hamilton, 2007).
Scoping Models
This section provides the analysis of the system and justification for using the system. Justification for using RDMS is to manage online business transaction, which R&S Entertainment intends to launch. It should be noted that R&S intends to create website to accept order online, using RDMS will enhance business advantages of R &S, and Mr Lewis will be able to met customers’ needs. Typically, the tools to analyse the system is whether it has been able to meet R&S objectives, and the system will be analysed based on the level it has been bale to manage all the overall management needs, and whether the system can be easily managed effectively by R&S management team. Next section provides the context level diagram.
Context level diagram.Level 0 DFD.
System Requirements
The system requirements are multi processing system, where the computer process 24 hour credit transaction. The computer processing is done immediately a customer feeds data into the computer, and upon customer submit his information and credit card details, the order processing is done automatically, and fund transfer is done automatically. (Digital Desk 2009), (XS4All Internet, 2008). This system is also very good during the time of high sales, when business is very busy., and the processing can be done online, and customer data will be encrypt and secure.(Instabill Merchant Account, 2000, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, 2005).
The system also reduces enormous paper work of accounting, and inventory work load. With the automated system P&S can be able to track revenue performances of individual machines, and this will help management to make forecast on machines, and make decision on when to replace old machines with new one. Moreover, with this system, all data in the inventory can be updated where each machine is assigned file numbers, and supply manager can easily locate each machine by input a machine file number, and this will help the management to location and analyse quality and type of machines in service, its installation history. This will also help Mr Lewis to save enormous amount of money. Despite the advantages that this system can provide, there are still some non functional requirements with the system.
Non-Functional Requirements
There are some non-functional requirements of the system. The system can not retrieve data that it has not stored. It can only retrieve, update, and process information that has been input into the system. In addition, the system needs database and computer experts to manage the system. This system can not manage itself, unless being managed by trained computer experts.
System constraints
There are constraints on the system. The system can be attacked by virus if not properly managed.
Additionally, computer hacker can burst into the system and valuable data can be collected if adequate securities are not provided for the system.
Finally, during online processing, server can go down, which make online processing to be slow.
Advice on System Success
To guide against these failures, management must adequately provides antivirus, which guide against virus attack.
To guide against hackers, management should provide software called Fire Walls that prevent the system from computer hacker. Management should always use back up file to guide against data loss.
Finally, management should subscribe from internet service provider that can guarantee non break down of server.
References
Digital Desk (2009), Types of Operating System, Neath Port Talbot CBC.
Hellerstein1, J, M, Stonebraker2,M, and Hamilton, J, (2007), Architecture of a Database System, Foundations and Trends in Databases, 1, ( 2) pp 141–259.
InstabillTM Merchant Account, (2000), Real-time Processing, Instabill UK: London House.
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, (2005), What is Real Time Processing, IEEE Explore.
Note on Case Study for R&S Entertainment.
Document on Data Flow Diagram.
XS4All Internet, (2008), Types of Computer Operation, 4F Computer Studies Voor algemene vragen over XS4ALL.
The idea of flying cars is not new. It can be traced back to the early twentieth century, when the Wright Brother first discovered the aircraft and people realised that they could fly, ever since they have been chasing the dream of a flying cars. Flying cars, also known as road able aircrafts, is an airplane which would not necessarily be drivable on the roads but also in the airspace. Several different efforts have been made to sum the merits of a vertical takeoff and landing craft with that of a high-speed and responsive craft. Even in the eightieth century there was an effort to build a gliding horse cart, which, however did not succeed. In United States Patent and Trademark Office, there are almost eighty patents that have been filed for the several forms of flying cars. Some of these have in reality taken off, but many did or have not.
Early experiments of the flying car can be traced back in the 1910s, a decade after the Wright Brothers’ first flight. The first functioning (although still argued) road able aircraft, called the Curtiss Auto plane, was developed in 1917 by Glenn Curtis, who is considered the father of the flying car. It was a small plane with three wings, which spanned about twenty seven feet and could carry a load of 710 pounds and used the vehicle’s motor to drive a four-bladed propeller attached at the back of the vehicle. At that time, the thought of a car with wings was an exciting advancement, and Curtiss had a dream of making it the best personal mode transport of everyone who could pay a price for it. However, the Aerobile never actually took off though it made a few hops (Duller, 1982).
In 1933, the U.S. Air Commerce Bureau made a call to airplane makers to develop an airplane model, which could be sold for lesser than US$700. The Flivver competition, as it was known, managed to produce several flying car models, among them was the Aerobile developed Waldo Waterman, who was a naval aviator on North Island, San Diego Bay. The funny-looking three wheeled vehicle performed better than a vehicle and than its predecessor, with a typical 100-horsepower Studebaker engine motor below the top, steering wheel in the cockpit and propeller at the back car. Unfortunately, since it was initiated at the time of the Great Depression, the Aerobile was met with many challenges, although it could take off, it never wedged on. Nevertheless, Waterman worked on and improved the model, but it never got flight certifications. (Anufriyev, 2008)
In the 1946, Robert Fulton built the Airphibian basing his idea on adapting a plane for the road rather than adapting a car for flying. The plane could be easily converted to a car by removing the wings and tail hood of the plane to fit on the road and the propellers could be kept in the craft’s fuselage. The Airphibian was the first flying car to get a certification by the Civil Aviation Authority, the antecedent of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). It featured a 150 hp, six-cylinder engine, lightweight fibreglass body, four passenger seats, four removable wings and tail and flew at 120 mph and drive at 50 mph. Although the model was the best then, the maker was faced with financial constraints and some technicalities.
Then in 1947 Consolidated-Vultee built the Convaircar that was featured with a detachable airplane unit, lightweight fibreglass shell and could accommodate four people. The flying car offered one hour of flight and a gas mileage of 45 miles/gallon.
In 1949, Molt Taylor, inspired by the Airphibian and Robert Fulton, designed the Aerocar perhaps the most famous road able aircraft car. The Aerocar was designed to drive, fly and then drive again with consistency. The car had a fibreglass body, a 3 meter long drive shaft connected with the engine to the propellers. It cruised at 120 m/h in the air and was the second and last flying car to get the FAA’s certification. In fact in 1970, Ford Motor Co. made efforts to market the car but its plans were disrupted by the then looming oil crises.
Ever since several models have been put to test including the Advanced Vehicle Engineers (AVE) Mizar, The Moller Skycar, with the latest one being the Terrafugia Transition. The Terrafugia is featured with a two seating capacity and folding wings. The makers plan to release its batch in the market by 2011. Although, these pioneers did not actually manage to build a viable road able aircraft, and some even died testing their ideas, they showed to the world that a vehicle could be developed to fly and enthused a new group of flying car enthusiasts. “With advances in lightweight material, computer modelling and computer-aided airplane, the dream is almost realised”.
Advantages of technology development
More developments have been done in areas of technology fields whereby machines have been developed that are used to assist humans. The discovery of airplanes brought a great impact in the transport industry as the stake holders were able to define the best mechanisms of dealing with different transport issues that arose as time went by. As a result of technology, mass aircraft-car production was experienced as aircraft–car production machines were automated meaning limited time would be used to come up with high production. This high production translated to faster economic growth and made a country more stable economically. It is this that led European countries and the USA to start rivaling one another as a way of trying to be seen in the face of the whole world as being more developed than the other.
In addition computers have made transport gadgets more convenient with the incorporation of the internet and other sophisticated communication gadgets. A bulk of information is loaded into a computer and compressed into a smaller unit then stored where it can be retrieved easily for use at a convenient time. More so they are used in programming by various transportation programmes making it easier to follow an outlined series of events without the need of manual guidance. Communication gadgets also have reduced communication distance between different transport agencies as one can deliver a message to a distance person within a very short period of time. (Bourne, 1995)
Vehicle- aircrafts and other automobile machines have made transport faster and the same time saving time and energy that would have been used while travelling by road. The development of e-learning has improved the system of education greatly as learners grow to have the skills and experience on how to use the flying car while incorporating modern technology and at the same time relieving them the burden of carrying books. As a result, globalization is being encouraged worldwide for all countries to be members in the project, and the main driving force behind the achievement of this goal is technology. This sees the entire nation working together on the economic market to improve their transportation sector.
Disadvantages of technology development
As much as it holds credit in the lives of many people, technology has had a great negative impact. The most outstanding of all this is the resulting of unemployment to many people as machines have taken over what used to be done by humans leaving them jobless. This has contributed to a rise in poverty as only few people who are experienced are the ones able to secure employment to work with the machines. Another thing to note is the increase in mortality as a result of accidents from the automobile machines; also some people have been reported to have lost their lives in factories while working with the flying car project. Global warming is as a result of technology as emissions which are harmful to environment are released into the ecosystem untreated.
In addition long exposure to the radioactive materials or fossil fuels used in the manufacture of the automobiles when not well regulated has led to eye problems which are long term. Maintenance of the automobiles machines and all other machines are very expensive thereby placing a financial burden on people when they break down.
In conclusion road able aircrafts is an idea whose time has come, it may have been little more of a dream for the past century, things may be turning around, which will see the invention to be realised. Being a technological advancement like no other, there are pros and cons, but it is evident that they are more of an advantage and efforts should be made to see the idea come to pass. The main challenges to road able aircrafts have technically been the weight of the materials, the controllability, and the lack of infrastructure to sustain the many vehicles flying around (Franklin)
Because of new, lighter, stronger materials, the challenges about weight have been greatly reduced. And because of computer modelling and computer-aided systems that can automate a large part of the flight, that challenge has been addressed. However, infrastructure has not been put in place which can sustain everyone to fly rather than drive. For now, treating flying cars as aircrafts which can also be driven may seem to be the way out. Pilots will still require a license to drive them, and the cars will have to be subjected to the same FAA considerations as small aircrafts.
Reference List
Anufriyev, A. (2008) Flying Car. Moscow: Aleksandr Anufriyev.
Bourne, JR. (1995). The influence of technology on engineering education. Florida: CRC Press.
Duller, HJ. (1982). Development technology: International library of anthropology. London: Routledge.
Franklin, U. “Real World of Technology“. House of Anansi Press. Web.
The media are key tools that shape ethics of modern society. Therefore, it is important to be aware of what kind of message a media bears in any of its issue.
The phenomenon of homosexuality is a fairly common theme in our time. The theme of sexual orientation is widely and hotly debated in all mass media: in everyday news, TV shows, movies, books, magazines, radio and the Internet.
Public attitude toward homosexuals is not equal. Although, many people believe that gays and lesbians do not differ much from other people in society, they still think that homosexuality is immoral. Different views on this issue generate different views on sexual minorities and stereotypes. People – consciously or unconsciously – learn a certain attitude towards homosexuals through the mass media.
Thematic magazines, aimed at gay and lesbian audience, are usually issued by the gay and lesbian. That is why study of these periodicals is so important to understand their psychology. In the Western Europe and America there is a great deal of different magazines for gay men, and they also give different points of view on the gays.
Thus, the magazines Out and Instinct create the impression that gay men are only interested in sex, style and money. Stereotypes, which are generated in such periodicals, create the impression that gays are concerned only about the satisfaction of sexual needs. On the other hand, there is another image of the gay men in some Western magazines.
For example, Genre and The Advocate is more focused on common themes: career, culture, relationships, gadgets, health, travel, etc. Although, the target audience of Genre and The Advocate are gay men, these magazines are interesting also for heterosexuals. Through the Genre and The Advocate gays position themselves as intelligent people.
All of these periodicals have the common theme, but they differ also in the points of view on the appearance of a gay man. For example, a famous American gay magazine BEAR is totally devoted to bears subculture.
Gay culture of bears was born in the late 1970s and early 1980s in the U.S. (primarily California) as a response to traditional public stereotyping of homosexuals and showing them as effeminate men. “If most gay people felt isolated, shunned or in the closet in the 80’s, the masculine gay man was the shadow in the corner. For whatever reason, the style of shaven male bodies became the norm” (Wolfe 10).
Many gays of United States did not want to correspond to these stereotypes. Such a social protest against womanliness was connected with the spread of fashion on fitness centers, bodybuilding and trends to increase of muscles with the help of steroids that make the body more masculine. It was especially popular fashion in Los Angeles with its strong influence of Hollywood.
So called straight-acting or homolook moved to the first place among the desirable features of gay culture and greatly superseded the traditional “effeminate” gay perception, although it was not completely eliminated. Effete, effeminate gay men were forced to outline the new borders of their own subcultures with their own attributes, as many gays of the LGBT community were actively engaged in the process of active masculinization at that time.
In 1987, there was founded a new magazine, BEAR, that defined the new subculture within the scope of the greater LGBT community. It was the founder of the BEAR Magazine, Richard Bulger, who gave the name to this new subculture.
So, let’s consider how BEAR Magazine portrays the representatives of the gay culture.
There is no consensus on how a true “bear” should look like, what he should wear and how he should behave. Different opinions about the “bears” exist in the bear clubs, but there are some common characteristics and features that allow defining a bear.
The BEAR Magazine portrays a bear as a man (by the way, not necessarily gay) with big (not fat) body, with a beard and mustache or hair on the body: hairy chest, abdomen, back, arms and legs. One could see it very well on the cover of the 75th issue of the magazine. Bears are brutal men, with natural appearance and no signs of affectation. Today the bears are quite an old subculture that has already developed stereotypes, as well as a set of attributes, social and sexual roles.
Depending on the social role, age and build, a bear gay culture distinguishes several major types of gay appearance: bear, wolf, cub, chaser, chubby, daddy and silver (polar) bear. Bears and their admirers are the target audience of the BEAR Magazine. Steven Wolfe, publisher and editor-in-chief of the magazine, writes in his article: “As we celebrate our landmark 75th issue, it’s clear that the sine qua non of bear culture over the past couple of decades focused on the unapologetic appreciation of the natural masculine, bearded man” (Wolfe 4).
The editor-in-chief shows also his positive attitude to all the types of the bears, he says that BEAR Magazine was founded for entertainment, it also covers problems of the modern bear community and it doesn’t matter for him what kind of “bear” reads the magazine. The magazine is full of articles, pictures and advertisements featuring photographs of masculine men. The periodical contains the best exclusive photographs made by professional photographers and stylists, and features professional models.
It shows that the magazine is a reputable source of information for gay community. The pictures are mostly erotic and made to increase the bears’ identity. There one could find a lot of photographs devoted to the fashion. They are mostly the advertisements of underwear brands. Stories of the magazine cover all the themes that could be interesting to the bears and their fans. There is a personals section, which is intended to help readers to find long-distance or regional connections.
Further on, there are the stories devoted to the bear culture: the reviews of the bear performances, the bands and artists that have some attitude to the culture or could be interesting to a reader. Every issue of the magazine covers political and sport themes, as well as fashion and sport events. Most of the articles are devoted to sex, relations and psychology. They are written in a rather free style, blended with humor, but the content is written very skillfully. The language of the magazine shows a quite high level of the audience education.
In general, one could refer to the audience of the magazine sufficiently intelligent and mature, interested in culture and self-confident men. The articles also tell about the great personalities meaningful to the gay culture. So, the 75th issue of the BEAR Magazine contains an interesting article devoted to porn star and “AIDS hero” Richard Locke and features his erotic photographs.
For all the 24 years of activity, the BEAR Magazine has been exerting great influence over the gay community. It actually shows the example of a “bear” man and forms taste and ideals of the whole generation of “bears”. “We cannot feature everyone’s fantasies in every issue. But we can direct people to special interest groups and resources which might be able to address their libidos”, writes the founder and the original editor of BEAR Magazine, Richard Bulger, in response to a reader’s letter BEAR, issue #15, 1991(Bugler 32).
Analysis of the representation of sexual minorities by the media shows that in our society there are opposing views on issues related to homosexuality. There is a tendency for tolerance toward homosexuality, but the most of the American media conduce to the creation of negative stereotypes of homosexuals, rather than objective coverage of the facts. Most of the media publishes materials about homosexuality or the sensational news that are mainly materials of a bad taste.
Images of gays and lesbians created by the media are characterized by stereotyping and caricature traits. Quite different point of views on the gays and lesbians lead to the question about finding or developing of a correct and adequate representation of the culture. The BEAR Magazine and other serious and reputable periodicals devoted to gay culture make a great contribution to development of a right image of the subculture, but several media are not enough for solution of the problem.
However, due to the large differences between gay communities, it seems impossible to release a single strict representation. It means that one should strive to overcome the stereotypes imposed by various mass media and learn to see, first and foremost, a human and his or her inner world in any representative of sexual minority.
Works Cited
Bulger, Richard. “The Fundamental Bear”. BEAR MAGAZINE. Issue 75, (2011): 32-36. Print.
Wolfe, Steven. “A Bear…is a Bear…is a Beard!” BEAR MAGAZINE. Issue 75, (2011): 4-36. Print.
Resources’ availability and the absence of factors that might contribute to the discomfort of an individual are essential conditions needed to sustain one’s health and preventing health concerns from developing. Specifically, healthcare facilities located in close proximity to a patient represent a critical requirement, especially for aging patients that are likely to have difficulties accessing the provided healthcare options. Due to the multiple opportunities for patient access to required services that the local infrastructure provides, the target community can be described as rich in health management resources for the target population.
The opportunity for accessing a local wellness center is one of the main advantages that the infrastructure of the local community has. Specifically, the Wellcare Senior Center remains open to aging patients in need for support, providing its clients not only with essential nursing services but also with dining options. Specifically, breakfast, lunch, and dinner are offered at the center, with respective menus reflecting various dietary needs of the target population. The specified approach toward managing patients’ issues is remarkably sensible since aging people require specific dieting options that need to support their treatment and provide opportunities for receiving the required amount of nutrients (Bonder & Dal Bello-Haas, 2017). Therefore, the specified approach reflects the sensibility and care of the organization’s managers and leaders.
Additionally, the provision of aid with nursing assessments, as well as other procedures and routine actions, proves that the target community is completely aware of the challenges faced by aging people and the strategies that should be utilized to assist the target demographic. Namely, due to the problems in physical functioning and cognitive abilities, aging patents require more thorough monitoring of their compliance with the prescribed therapy and treatment, particularly, the intake of medication (Nafradi et al., 207). In turn, the Wellcare Senior Center staff’s focus on monitoring patients following the recommended treatment options represents a reasonable and sensible addition to the concept of care. Similarly, the monitoring of patients’ key health issues, such as the levels of blood glucose, represent the vital element of care that allows maintaining the target population’s health status (Bonder & Dal Bello-Haas, 2017). Therefore, the quality of care can be described a quite impressive.
The focus on leisure and the entertainment opportunities for the aging population is another aspect of the community environment worth discussing. While the options offered at the Wellcare Senior Center do not include anything spectacular, they do introduce rather versatile recreational options, ranging from games and gardening to karaoke and shopping trips. Therefore, the specified facility can be regarded as exceptionally useful in supporting aging patients and increasing the accessibility of care for them.
Additionally, when considering the local infrastructure, one should mention the condition of the sidewalks, which can be described as excellent. While the issue at hand could be regarded as insignificant, the presence of faulty sidewalks or the absence thereof, in general, represents quite significant danger for aging people. Specifically, the specified detail of the infrastructure defines the safety of pedestrians and, therefore, allows people to avoid accidents that can led to significant injuries. In turn, sidewalks with defects may cause aging people to face the threat of an accident and, therefore, lead to a major injury or, in the worst-case scenario, death (Cheng & Chang, 2017). Therefore, the presence of sidewalks that are kept in pristine and proper condition is vital for the well-being of the aging population. Specifically, the fact that the community in question has sidewalks clearly marked allows aging people with vision problems to identify safe areas to cross the street easily, leading to effective prevention of accidents (Bonder & Dal Bello-Haas, 2017). Therefore, the specified aspect of the community can also be seen as a major advantage that contributes to the well-being of the aging people living in it.
Arguably, some of the infrastructure issues, such as the accessibility of transportation to the aging people living in the community in question, could use certain improvements. While the services typically deemed as necessary are located quite close to the population in question, which does not necessitate the presence of multiple transportation options, the need to take long-distance travel may emerge. Therefore, options for accessing different transportation points and being able to travel long distance should also be provided to the community in question. Otherwise, the general assessment of the target environment indicates that it offers an excellent environment for the local aging population.
With multiple healthcare options for patients to consider located in the vicinity of the housing area, the community in question can be regarded as comfortable and safe from health management perspective. However, minor issues with the access of the store should be mentioned as the core issues with the specified infrastructure. Presently, it is recommended that the accessibility of the store for the patient could increase, which can be achieved by improving the design of the facility entrance so that aging people could use it easily. Otherwise, the community in question should be deemed as fairly safe in terms of healthcare service access.
Reference
Bonder, B. R., & Dal Bello-Haas, V. (2017). Functional performance in older adults. FA Davis.
The minstrel show is a type of stage performance that existed in the United States from the 1830s to the 1960s. While there were many versions of minstrelsy, its cornerstone was a comedic exaggeration of stereotypes of black Americans. The typical minstrel show act featured white performers in blackface acting out scenes depicting blacks as comically stupid, lazy, and infantile. Although intended as entertainment, these shows ended up reinforcing racist belief systems.
Main body
Minstrelsy relied on stock characters, the most famous of which was Jim Crow. This irreverent farmhand danced in a grotesquely exaggerated fashion and sang ditties such as “Jump Jim Crow.” The role’s inventor, Thomas D. Rice, claimed to model Jim Crow on a black slave. He and his successors borrowed significantly from black culture, appropriating songs, dances, and the African-American vernacular.
Like other minstrel show characters, Jim Crow embodied common beliefs about blacks as less intelligent, less responsible, and more carefree than whites. He acted like a racist variation on the classic buffoon, physically agile and charismatic but mentally deficient. Such performances hindered black progress in two ways: firstly, by depicting blacks as fundamentally less suitable for citizenship, and secondly, by dismissing their problems, from slavery to poverty.
The effect of minstrelsy on mainstream culture was amplified by its nature as a form of popular mass entertainment – the first of its kind to arise in the United States. Its primary audience consisted of poorer whites, who were both more receptive to lowbrow comedy and found it more affordable than theater. As a result, it had a strong impact on their attitudes, leading them to see blacks of similar economic status as inferiors.
Minstrel shows reached the height of their popularity around the middle of the 19th century. They began to be displaced by newer forms of entertainment such as vaudeville and variety shows after the Civil War. However, their accessibility enabled them to remain a staple of America’s popular culture well into the 20th century. They offered white audiences a means of escape in times of economic downturn.
Conclusion
While it seems unlikely that most minstrel shows were intended as racist propaganda meant to discredit black causes and racial solidarity, this was still their general effect. The same performances that were a genuinely popular form of entertainment for white audiences did great harm to black progress. They did this by exploiting racial stereotypes and grotesque exaggerations of black culture and experiences for comic effect.
The use of animals in entertainment has a long history, starting from the amphitheaters of the Roman Empire. At that time, along with gladiators’ combats, the entries of hunting and killing bears, bulls, and exotic African animals, were often presented to the public.
However, at present, the ethical issues in this field became the matter of utmost importance, perhaps due to mass character and an unprecedentedly wide variety of the ways the animals are used in the entertainment industry. It has been proven that the level of animals’ life in such circumstances is deplorable; apart from being withdrawn from their natural environment, they experience abuse and exploitation by people. Their basic needs, such as their natural habitat and appropriate alimentation, are not met, and they are affected physically and mentally. With this concern, the measures to be taken against it often become a matter of discussion, with the question of whether the use of animals for entertainment be continued.
In this paper, the position which denies the right to continue animals’ use for entertainment purpose is taken. First, the various methods of such use will be discussed. After that, there will be examined several aspects of the problem. It will include the arguments in support of this position, such as the impact of the unnatural environment on animals, and the forms of their exploitation and their correlation with ethical norms. In turn, the concern of moral rights will lead to the question about animals’ mental and cognitive abilities.
Methods of the Use of Animals in Entertainment
The first group of institutions of the entertainment industry includes zoos, aquaria, and animal parks. As argued by Scanes, two approaches might be considered here, in the mode of people’s interaction with the animals. The first, “noncaptive” wildlife tourism includes ecotourism, nature adventure, and photographic safari, while “captive” related to visiting zoos, animal parks, aquaria, i.e., the places where animals are in some way under observation and control, experiencing different levels of human intervention (Scanes).
Modern zoos were developed from public menageries, such as Tiergarten Schönbrunn in Vienna, established in 1752, and the Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes in Paris, which opened in 1793; later they were followed by the London Zoo and the Berlin Zoo. Initially, zoos were created for scientific purposes, as well as conservational as many of them contained endangered animals. Along with that, they served as a place for public education, where the visitors could explore the fragment of the wild nature and its inhabitants. At the same time, aquaria were constructed “for public enjoyment, profit, civic/national pride, and as anchors for economic development” (Scanes 227). As it could be observed, these institutions from the very beginning of their existence were expected to serve the purpose of humans, rather than animals.
The second group contains circuses, animal TV shows and movies, animal riding, or racing (using dogs, horses, camels, or pigeons). The shows are often organized in the form of competition; thus, the USA state fair usually includes livestock, poultry, horse, and rabbit competitions; dog show is one of the most common and publically appreciated practices. In this group, pleasure carriages may also be considered, which are horse-driven vehicles for tourist entertainment.
The third group includes “consumptive” (Scanes) types of entertainment, such as hunting, shooting, and fishing. A famous example is fox hunting in the UK, which is a matter of extensive discussion, considering the question of animal ethics. In addition, some less common, exotic types of entertainment with animals involved, could be named, such as bullfighting. It can be found in Spain, Venezuela, Peru, Columbia, Mexico, and Ecuador. In many countries or provinces, it is banned now, which tells about raising awareness of moral issues in this regard.
The Impact of the Artificial Environment on Animals
The most obvious case of changing the natural environment and its implementation in animals’ welfare is the zoo. Though many zoos, mostly in major cities, well-founded and caring for their prestige, claim to be able to create the conditions as close as possible to the natural habitat of animals, it is possible only to some extent. Unfortunately, many of them are not due to the inevitable limitations of the resources but due to the lack of awareness and ethical concern of the staff. The following case study, described by Berkoff, will illustrate it.
The Smithsonian National Zoo in Washington decided to double the number of animals without the preparation for the space allocated for the new animals. As there were no exhibit slots for them, the newly acquired animals were placed together with previous exponents, often mixing them. In this way, the hornbill birds were put in the wallaby exhibit,
which stressed the wallaby and made him bloody his nose as he tries to run away. Thus, the results of this campaign were tragic, and many animals got injured or died.
As Berkoff (98) further discusses, zoos take primary care of animals, which are “fed and watered,” but the problem is that all their life activities are scheduled by people. They are fed “at set times,” their “social grouping are manipulated,” even “deaths are scheduled and orchestrated by veterinarians” (Berkoff 98). In such circumstances, the instincts of animals fail to find stimuli, and it causes a change in behavior, which alters their biological system.
Berkoff (106) asks: “What do zooed animals want?” if they seem to be adequately fed and maintained. The answer is, “they want to live in a setting in which they can engage the repertoire of evolved behaviors that define them as a species” (106). Moreover, created for the purpose of public education, zoos, in fact, cannot provide it as the human-made environment is far from the authentic habitat (Malamud 397). It indicates that the zoo, even when providing comfort, cannot fulfill the basic need of animals; therefore, it is an argument against its existence.
The Forms of Exploitation of Animals in Entertainment
In the history use of animals in the entertainment industry, different kinds of cruelty, abuse, and exploitation were observed. It includes deliberate abuse, such as shooting, stabbing, and beating, torturing, or setting on fire. They can also be neglected to be provided with necessary food or veterinary care, which should include not only disease treatment, but also prophylactic and prevention measures. Overall, it may be observed that human interests are mostly considered more than those of animals.
It is interesting to mention scientists’ observations on the connection between animal cruelty and criminal violence; a large number of criminals are observed to commit acts of animal cruelty before, especially in their childhood (Scane 241). Thus, animals become the subjects for expression the aggression, anger, as they are those who cannot reply to human actions and, along with that, are supposed not to be conscious, which is the matter of the section of the discussion.
The Question of Animal Cognition
The matter of presence on animals’ cognitive abilities is long discussed among scientists problem. The process of cognition refers to “mental processes that are presumed to occur within animals, but which cannot be observed directly” (Benz-Schwarzburg 15). Cognition, in turn, is defined as an ability of “manipulation of explicit knowledge” (Benz-Schwarzburg 15), which results in some kinds of social interaction, problem-solving, and language.
At present many scientists find proof of the presence of these phenomena in animals; however, the issue needs further investigation. In light of this, the ethical concern about animal treatment becomes more distinct. The presence of thought and feeling in animals makes it closer to humans, eliminating the borderline between them (Fischer) and making reconsider the difference in human and animal law (Kelch). As a result of this reconsideration, the use of animals without concern about their rights becomes incompatible with the norms of the moral community.
Conclusion
In this paper, the problem of the use of animals in entertainment was investigated from the position that it is contradictory to the ethical norms of modern society. Methods of such use, as well as entertainment institutions, are considered with the benefit and interests of humans, rather than animals. As a result, cruelty and exploitation of animals become common practices. However, considering the modern scientific theory about the presence of cognitive abilities in animals, this practice has to be eradicated according to the norms of society based on moral principles and law.
Works Cited
Bekoff, Mark, and Jessica Pierce. The Animals’ Agenda: Freedom, Compassion, and Coexistence in the Human Age. Beacon Press, 2017.
Fischer, Bob. The Routledge Handbook of Animal Ethics. Routledge, 2019.
Kelch, Thomas G. Globalization and Animal Law: Comparative Law, International Law and International Trade. 2nd ed., Wolters Kluwer, 2017.
Malamud, Randy. “The problem with Zoos.” The Oxford Handbook of Animal Studies, edited by Linda Kalof, Oxford University Press, 2017, pp. 297-410.
Scanes, Colin. “Animals in Entertainment.” Animals and Human Society, edited by Colin G. Scanes and Samia Toukhsati, Academic Press, 2017, pp. 225–255.
Animals are widely used for sports and entertainment purposes. For example, killer whales (Orcas) held in captivity have been used for entertainment purposes for a long time. Use of killer whales in sports and entertainment industries has been overlooked and this has encouraged the practice (Farnham par3). My research validates the claim that killer whales are widely used in the sports and entertainment industries.
My research question will focus on determining whether the use of killer whales for entertainment is ethical. My research question is: should killer whales be used for sports and entertainment? This practice should be illegalized because it exposes orcas to injuries, mistreatment, and poor living conditions. In addition, it exposes trainers to injuries and even death. This research undertaking seeks to reach out to proprietors of circuses and other sporting events that use killer whales for amusement. In addition, it intends to reach out to animal rights activists who have done little to address the issue.
Review of sources
I have reviewed literature from several textbooks and current articles from the internet that address the issue. Sources reviewed to support the proposition that killer whales should not be used for entertainment and sports. According to Hile (77), the use of killer whales in entertainment should be illegalized because their rights are violated. He explains that the rights of killer whales are violated during capture and training. In addition, conditions under which they live are unfavorable because they are different from conditions found in their natural habitats. Atkinson and Young (65) argue that animals are severely mistreated and mishandled.
Animal welfare is an important aspect for consideration. This argument is advanced by Webster (84) who argues that the use of animals in sports and entertainment goes against the promotion of their welfare. Killer whales are removed from their natural habitats and transferred to artificial environments. This affects their growth and well-being. Information from online sources explores this topic deeply. According to Harris, transfer of whales form natural habitats, and bullying during training are reasons why they kill their trainers (par6).
The source discusses how killer whales are treated during training and explains why they develop aggressive behaviors towards trainers. Killer whales have killed several trainers in the past few years. Removing them from their natural habitats affects their behaviors. The author also discusses the reasons why whales should not be used for entertainment. These reasons include reduced lifespan, attacks on trainers, collapse of dorsal fins, pregnancy complications, and aggressive behaviors.
A plan to collect information
Sources reviewed contain sufficient information to address the research topic. However, I need to do additional research from sources that support the use of killer whales for sports and entertainment. In addition, I plan to interview a proprietor of one of the establishments where killer whales are held in captivity and used for entertainment.
Overview of challenges
One of the challenges is how to book an appointment with a sport proprietor because they are usually busy and unavailable. In addition, I expect some resistance from them because these events are their source of income and will do anything to stop anyone who opposes them. This could be overcome by seeking help from animal rights activists who will help me to secure an interview with one of the proprietors.
Conclusion
I hope that the reader will be able to address the issue realistically and realize that killer whales have rights that should be respected. It is important to treat them with respect because like humans, they have rights too. I understand that my readers might be fans of circuses and animal sporting events. However, I believe that I will successfully present my case and persuade them to join hands in illegalizing use of killer whales for entertainment. This work is important because the use of whales for entertainment has been ignored and needs to be addressed.
Works Cited
Atkinson, Michael, and Young, Kevin. Deviance and Social Control in Sport. New York: Human Kinetics, 2008. Print.
Farnham, Rebecca. Animals in Sport Entertainment. 2012. Web.
Although mankind did coexist with wildlife since time immemorial there has been change in trend in how the two associate. There are cases in which animals from the wild have been captured and trained for entertainment purposes (Kregerk 93).
It is worth noting that despite the fact that people feel entertained by circuses that entail animals especially elephants, they know very little or completely nothing about the suffering the animal under go during captivity and training. This paper thus seeks to critically bring forth how they are captured from the wild and the impact of cruel treatment they receive and the deplorable condition in which they inhabit.
Training of elephants in circus and their effects
It is worth noting that majority of elephants taken for training is juveniles who are taken from the wild. Shockingly, poachers go to an extent of killing their mothers so that they can have control of these young majestic animals. Having in mind that these animals have strong social bound, effective communication systems, ability to mourn their dead and a wide habitat range, confining them to small cages is inhuman and cruel to such animals.
The physical beating, shocking and whipping elephants receive during training so that they perform during circus are inflicted with unbearable pain (Alward 124) There are cases where young elephants and physically disabled or even die from injuries associated with the beatings.
Additionally being restricted in confined cages denies elephants the opportunity to exercise their roaming freedom. On the same note, in captivity they are not allowed to mingle with other. Being highly social animals, this make them stressed up. Interestingly, when individual elephants are separated for long, their family ties are torn apart.
In cases where some are given birth to while in captivity, there are limited chances of them being released back to the wild; and if that could happen individual would definitely have very limited chances of surviving in the wild. According to Alward 79 there are also chances that individuals in captivity will interbreed.
The negative implication of this scenario is that the population in the long run will lack genetic diversity and may be serious impacted in future. For instance bring forth individuals that are not well suited in coping with the existing conditions. Lastly, the deplorable conditions which they are subjected to such as being left in the sun, sleeping on their waste make them prone to suffering from diseases such as foot and mouth, joint diseases causing premature deaths of those in captivity.
Ethos and Logos
On the other hand, there are individuals who see nothing wrong when using animals especially elephants in entertaining people. It is claimed that their culture is what makes them do what they are doing. Additionally, such activities they say help them mark certain important historical event in their lives. It is actually a form of cultural identity.
Another argument in support of elephant in circus is that it helps in enhancing the conservation of the endangered species. However, considering the treatment they receive, opponents are left with unanswered question with regards to conservation initiatives (Jaynes par. 4). The amount of money generated from such entertainment shows as circus in which elephants are used to perform certain unusual tricks have also been used to justify the case.
Conclusion
From the review of elephants in circus, there are indeed issues of concern that need to be addressed. Asian elephants that are used in such entertainment activities are in fact threatened and their population declining at a pace that replenishing cannot match.
The brutal treatment they are subjected to as well as confinement work against efforts of conserving these majestic social animals. Although culture and monetary value derived from the activity can be used to justify the while thing, there is need for Americans to rethink their views on such wild animals.
Works Cited
Alward, Lori. Why circuses are unsuited to elephants. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. Print.
Jaynes, Mike. How Circus Elephants Are Abused by Their Trainers, 2011. Web.
Kregerk, Michael. Canvas to concrete: Elephants and the circus-zoo relationship. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. Print.
Sexual content in the media which is at times awfully explicit and insulting has been around for along period of time. It is worth mentioning that major occurrences in the world are controlled by the media. Sexual content in various media sources such as print and electronic has increased over the years and decency has become a style of the past.
Take an example of a half dressed female musician during performances. Such an individual is respected by teens as evident in several revelations that highlight the role model status attained by such musicians. The image of such a person is synonymous to the thoughts of our country’s general populace and that of people across the world.
A high percentage of such sexual content portrayed all over the media mostly affects the female population. An illustration is evident in the pressure exerted on women especially the young girls through advertisements, movies among others avenues. This is to encourage them to be attractive sexually and ultimately achieve the status of sexually activity.
The National Eating Disorder Association has conducted research on the effects of the media on women. It reports that in every four television commercials, one will send a message on attractiveness and this communicate to the viewers that one thing is attractive and another is not in a definite manner (Vivian 2009).
Nature of Controversy
It has become a common thing in video games to see the characters dressed scantly, others barring breasts, cleavage while others expose their stomachs, thighs and midriffs. In advertizing, provocative images of women who are half naked or just naked is no longer an issue. A number of entities and individuals in their defense argue that these pictures grab their customers’ attention and in the process increase the volume of sales.
What most do not realize however is that by linking naked women to products, an impression that women are sexual objects is achieved. For example, a media activist Jean Kilbourne notes that bearing women’s bodies in parts gives the impression that women are not human beings but objects.
It is not everyone who views the sexual content in the media negatively. A number of researchers indicate that such sexual exposure of women can grant them the much needed liberation. An example is how Laurie Abraham of Elle magazine views the controversy. She says that one of the biggest problems with most women magazine is lying about sex.
She says that such lies keep on cultivating the idea that the sexuality of women is there to serve men. Nicole Krassas conducted a study on the playboy and cosmopolitan magazine and found that both the male and female magazines depict a woman’s sexuality to serve the purpose of satisfying men sexually therefore attracting them (Cope & Kunkel n. d).
In such modern days it is very saddening and disturbing to see the amount of misinformation and media stereotypes available to every one including the teens. Research has shown that a lot of teens turn to the media to teach them about sexuality and sexual relationships.
Another controversial issue that relates to sexuality is the over representation of unbelievably thin women in the media as physically and sexually attractive. Messages like how to lose weight in ten days or get the body of a goddess and keep your man are on the rise as evident in several magazines.
It is not surprising to find a movie which is not even rated showing men and women making out. This is not an exceptional situation but is taking the form of a norm. Some researchers are recommending that instead of condemning sexual content in the media and the media houses responsible for such an action, people should encourage the youth to first find their own authentic and unique sexuality and not portray sex as sinful.
It is not only women who are affected by the sexual content in media but also men. Masculinity has become a hot spot in today’s entertainment industry. The media has portrayed and shaped different and mostly wrong attitudes concerning masculinity in men.
The media has also portrayed various male stereotypes that most growing young men want to emulate. Stereotypes like the joker are common scenarios in the television. There are various consequences both positive and negative associated with this type of stereotype. An example is seen when teens assume that men should not portray emotions.
Another very common stereotype is the big shot. This can be both misleading and advantageous as it portrays the man as a powerful both economically and socially. It portrays that a real man has to be successful in both aspects to earn respect from fellow men and adoration by women (Brown & Keller 2000).
Sexual Content used in the Media and the difference it would make if such content was eliminated.
Most educators are not free to talk about contents that are sexually explicit to their students. What they do not understand is that many advertisers only understand the language of making sales and in their understanding, sex sales.
They believe that displaying their products with a little sexiness makes their products sale like hot cakes. For example music videos without half naked girls barring open their breasts and backsides would not sale as much the ones with such girls also movies with sex scenes, sale much faster than those without (Brown & Keller 2000).
Therefore most entertainment industry investors use sexuality as a marketing strategy for their products and most believe that this is the only strategy strong enough to make them enough profits (Vivian 2009). Most religious groups and parents associations are against the use of sexual material as a way to promote products.
They feel that other marketing strategies can do the trick and that in the absence of sexually explicit materials in the media less teens would not be mislead. A lot of people will agree with the fact that most materials about sex found in the media can be helpful and educating. But the question is are the teens understanding the message in these materials in the right way, is the message in the material correct, or is there any information left out?
Mass Media Messages on the Controversy
Different sources give different views concerning sexual content in today’s entertainment industry. For example different schools have resulted in forming lessons plans to teach and introduce kids to the prevalence and the use of sexuality in the entertainment industry.
For example students are taught that in the marketing world sex and sexuality sells and also making sure that the students understand what sex is. The educators explain sex in different aspects like sex as a biological aspect, as a spiritual and also as an emotional or physical aspect (Vivian 2009).
In doing this the educator seeks to make the students understand the different aspects of sexuality, the students are also able to understand the different ways in which the media uses sexuality as a marketing strategy to sell their products and finally the students are taught about the value systems underlying the sexualized messages (Connie 2009). Other sources have different views on the sexual content in the media. Some view the media including television, magazines and movies as vital parts of sex education.
Though the media is seldom concerned with the effects of their ‘sexual lessons’, and are only concentrate on profit margins some researchers argue that they still contribute to attaining important information on sexuality and sex.
Though they do this irresponsibly, the researchers suggest that the media are important sex educators today and that the situation is not likely to change in the future. Unlike the schools and parent associations, researchers suggest that the media remains to be the best source of sexual material and that the media should be shaped to offer better and well informed messages on sexuality (Brown & Keller 2000).
Another source suggests that sex, showing nude scenes and pictures does not portray films positively to the viewers. In short, sex does not impress viewers neither does it lead to an increase in the volume of sales. This is a different way of viewing things. It does not conform to the old cliché that sex in film sells. The study shows that the most fetching movies contained very little sex scenes like Shrek 2, the lord of the rings among others.
Craig Detweiler a director of entertainment at Pepperdine University says that the audience has seen everything and nothing has been left for their imagination (Raezler 2009). Things that would have stirred big controversies like Madonna kissing Britney do not stir any kind of shock to the audience. These things have become the norm and no one is willing to pay an extra cent go an extra mile to see anything ‘normal’.
New Technology and how it affects News and Advertising
With the eruption of new technology like internet, blogs, my space, face book and other online services, the process of advertising has become easier. The advertisers can put their messages all over these provisions making it easier for a number of teens and young adults to access the messages.
It is now easier for viewers to access sexual contents and information online since mobile phones are designed to access the internet. More and more viewers are being exposed to this information regardless of their location. It has become normal and actually a fashion to access such contents. It is argued that the up surge of the new technology is not making situations any better. This is actually giving viewers a way to access such contents freely (Vivian 2009).
References
Brown, D. & Keller, S. (2000). Forum: Can the Mass Media Be Healthy Sex Educators? Family Planning Perspectives 32. Number 5.
Cope, K. & Kunkel D. (n. d) Sexual messages in teens’ favorite prime-time programs, in: Brown, J., Steele, J. & Walsh-Childers, K. eds., Sexual Teens, Sexual Media, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum (in press).
Connie, L. (2009). Sex in Advertising. Media Awareness Network. Web.
Raezler, C. (2009). Graphic depictions have negative effect on ticket Sales and award show accolades. Culture and Media Institute.
Vivian, J. (2009). The Media of Mass Communication. (9th Ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
