Category: Electric Cars

Origins of Vehicle Innovation

Over the years, many people have been credited with the making of a vehicle that propels itself and does not have to be pulled by animals. In the 15th century, Leonardo da Vinci had ideas for a self-propelled car. He never built a model for this idea. Some scientists proposed the idea of putting windmills on cars. Some inventors mentioned the idea of clockwork in cars. The air engine originated in the 17th century, and an air engine was patented in England.

Nicholas-Joseph Cugnot is credited with constructing the first steam-powered vehicle in 1769. This vehicle had three wheels and could travel up to 2.25 miles an hour. Cugnot was an artillery officer, and he contributed some aspects of a canon bore in his vehicle.

The electric car is another type of car that is powered by electricity. This car was made in the late 1800s and early 1900s. One electric car went up to 60 miles an hour. The invention of the battery made electric cars possible. This was made by Gaston Plante in 1859. People first built three-wheeled electric cars. This car didn’t ever catch on because there weren’t enough charging stations, and the cars were not convenient.

Dawn of Propulsion Innovations

Karl Benz invented a car that had an internal combustion engine in Germany. Although the credit for inventing the car can go to many people, Karl Benz was the first person to make a vehicle with a gasoline-powered engine. This invention by Karl Benz had a single-cylinder gasoline engine.

Many other inventors and scientists created aspects and components that Karl Benz used in his gas-powered vehicle. Karl Benz tested this vehicle in Daimler, Germany. The car had three wheels. Karl Benz tested this invention at his factory. He took laps in his car around a track at his factory. He sold his first car in 1888 to Emile Roger. He said, “My first customer was a lunatic. My second had a death wish.” Benz began work on a four-wheeled car in 1893.

Enter the Electric Era

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach both worked on improving the internal combustion engine. They built a four-wheeled carriage with a one-cylinder engine. This was the beginning of the automobile era. Gottlieb Daimler once said, “The best or nothing at all.”
The credit for the invention of the first American gasoline automobile goes to Charles Duryea and Frank Duryea. Their vehicle had a one-cylinder gas engine.

Advancements and Transformations

Many different forms of the automobile were created in America. An inventor in Pennsylvania named Henry Nadig made a car. Ransom Eli Olds researched the gasoline engine in the 1890s. Henry Ford, an American car maker, made many different models of cars. He said, “The only real mistake is the one from which we learn nothing.” He invented the Model T. This vehicle and many other vehicles he made revolutionized America. These vehicles were cheap and reliable.

After the United States started to use cars more and more, European companies started to manufacture cars, and the use of the cars spread all across the world. Over hundreds of years, the car was shaped and molded to become such a reliable vehicle. Inventors took other people’s ideas and built upon them to make the car such a complex vehicle.

References:

1. Da Vinci, L. (15th Century). Self-Propelled Car Ideas.
2. Cugnot, N.J. (1769). The First Steam Powered Vehicle.
3. Plante, G. (1859). Invention of the Battery and Early Electric Cars.
4. Benz, K. (1885). Gasoline Powered Vehicle with Internal Combustion Engine.
5. Duryea, C. & Duryea, F. (Late 19th Century). The First American Gasoline Automobile.

Introduction:

Electric vehicles have recently been recognized as being key in technology in helping reduce future emissions and the amount of energy or power used. However, this may come as a surprise, but the electric vehicle has been around for more than a century. It is difficult to pinpoint the invention of the electric car to one inventor or country.

Pioneering the Electric Vehicle:

Early Innovations:

There was a series of breakthroughs in the 1800s that led to the invention of the electric car, including the battery and the electric motor. It was at the beginning of the 18th century that innovators in Hungary, the Netherlands, and the United States started to toy with the idea of a battery-powered vehicle, including a blacksmith born in Williamsburg, Vermont . His name was Thomas Davenport, born in 1802 and lived to the age of 48. He created the 1st American DC Electric engine in 1834. About 50 years later, an Englishman by the name of Thoman Parker built the first practical, production electric car in London in 1884. The term electric vehicle is commonly used to refer to three main types of electric automobiles: the Battery Electric vehicle, the Hybrid-Electric vehicle, and the Plug-in Hybrid Electric vehicle.

Types of Electric Cars:

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs):

The Hybrid Electric Vehicle has a 2-part drive system, a normal, conventional fuel engine, and an electric drive. HEVs are a combination of both electric vehicles and internal combustion engines. They include an internal combustion engine, fuel tank, transmission, as well as a battery pack and electric motor. Some HEVs only have a smaller size electric motor and battery system, enough to allow the vehicle to move at low speeds. Depending on the level of hybridization of these two engines, these vehicles are referred to as micro-hybrids, mild hybrids, or full hybrids.

In all hybrid electric vehicles, the only source of energy comes from fuel; the electrical energy that the car also uses is generated secondarily from the car’s alternator and/or through regenerative braking. Regenerative braking is a process where the electric motor helps to slow the vehicle and uses some of the energy normally converted to heat by the brakes. HEVs start off using the electric motor, and then the ICE engine cuts in as the weight in the car increases or as the driver begins to speed up. The two motors are controlled by an internal computer, which ensures the best economy for the driving conditions. The hybrid vehicle has been around for almost 20 years now.

Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (pHEVs):

The Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) is a ‘true’ electric vehicle in that the only source of propulsion is electrical energy, and it does not have a petrol engine, fuel tank, or exhaust pipe (EnerGuide). Its greatest asset is that it produces zero emissions. BEVs are also known as ‘plug-in’ E.V.s, as they use an external electrical charging outlet to charge the battery. BEVs can also recharge their batteries if they are low through regenerative braking (Demuro). Battery Electric Vehicles store their electricity with high-capacity battery packs. This battery power is used to run the entire car, all electronics, as well as the motor or motors. Battery electric cars’ electricity is sourced externally, meaning an electrical outlet or BEV charging station is used to recharge the battery.

Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) are very similar to hybrid electric vehicles, except that pHEVs rely mainly on electricity to power the vehicle, not fuel. The PHEV has more battery storage capacity and larger electrical drives than the HEVs. They are also equipped with a smaller internal combustion engine, which is used when the battery starts to run low or to take the place of the electric drivetrain when more power is necessary. Since the PHEVs are rechargeable from an electrical outlet, they are able to be driven completely on electrical power. Comparing the PHEV with the standard hybrid, the rechargeable hybrid increases comfort, and their emissions are far lower, that is, only if you drive it properly and use the electric engine as much as possible.

Advantages and Challenges of Electric Vehicles:

While I’ve already stated many advantages to owning an electric vehicle, here are some more to consider and some of the disadvantages as well. The cost of gasoline heavily depends on the current political situation and our dwindling supplies of oil, which some expect to last us around 50 years. On the other hand, the cost of electricity is stable across the country, and improved sources of renewable power are in active development by some of the largest tech companies in the world. Performing basic calculations, the average electric vehicle can save a driver who drives 15,000 miles in a year about $850 annually on fuel. Adding that together with various tax breaks and government subsidies means that virtually all electric vehicles start to pay for themselves a while before they reach the end of their expected lifespans, leaving the purchaser with significant savings over time.

One overlooked advantage of electric vehicles is the ability to charge them at home or in a parking lot (Morelo). People who live in family houses can simply plug in their vehicles after they return home from work and leave the next morning with batteries fully charged. Fleet vehicles can be charged using smart E.V. charging systems that offer maximum cost savings thanks to advanced energy management tools (Morelo). Currently, the fastest method of charging electric vehicles is known as DC Fast Charging. With it, most electric vehicles reach about 80% of charge in 30 minutes. E.V. owners can also pair home charging stations with solar panels, achieving true zero-carbon driving. But even without a home charging station, it’s becoming easier than ever to charge an E.V. at a public station.

The Obama Administration unlocked up to $4.5 billion in loan guarantees to support the commercial-scale deployment of innovative electric vehicle charging facilities, and Tesla wants to expand their network of Superchargers to cover all well-traveled highways and major city centers.

Noise pollution is detrimental to human health, and the engines of gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles are among its most significant sources. According to a study published by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, “Tens of millions of Americans suffer from a range of adverse health outcomes due to noise exposure, including heart disease and hearing loss.” The same study claims that “nearly 100 million people in the United States (about 50% of the population) had annual exposures to traffic noise that were high enough to be harmful to health.”At 65 mph, the average interior noise of a car with an internal combustion engine is around 70 dB. Electric vehicles, on the other hand, are almost whisper-quiet.

Overcoming Limitations and Shaping the Future:

Range Anxiety and Technological Improvements:

One of the biggest disadvantages that comes to mind of battery electric cars is their limited range, which leads to what is known as range anxiety. “To give an example, the 2016 Nissan Leaf can travel up to 107 miles on a single charge. The thought of only being able to drive 100 miles on a charge worries a lot of potential customers, who think that the somewhat limited range of electric vehicles isn’t enough to meet their needs” (Demuro). The truth is that electric cars can handle 87% of trips made by gasoline vehicles, according to a study released by MIT(Demuro). That is a number higher than most would have guessed, and it will only get higher as the technology improves and more charging stations are installed across the U.S.

Electric vehicles usually cost more upfront than their gasoline- or diesel-powered counterparts, but they are expected to be cheaper than conventional vehicles by 2022, even if the conventional cars improve their fuel efficiency by 3.5% a year (Demuro). Even though we still have a few years until we get there, most electric vehicles start to pay for themselves a long time before they reach the end of their lifespans, thanks to fuel savings, lower maintenance costs, and government subsidies.

The current state of charging infrastructure leaves a lot to be desired, but the situation is improving very swiftly. A new E.V. Charging Infrastructure report by IHS predicts E.V. charging stations across the world to expand from more than 1 million units in 2014 to more than 12.7 million units in 2020 (Mierlo). And it’s not just the sheer number of charging stations that’s improving, either. Fast charging stations capable of providing 80 miles of electric range per 30-minute charge are now more affordable than ever.

According to a report in 2014 by Navigant Research, more than 3 percent of new vehicle sales are electric and could grow to 7 percent, or 6.6 million worldwide, by 2020. If we swapped all the light-duty vehicles in the U.S. to electric vehicles using our current technology, we could reduce our dependence on foreign oil by 30-60 percent while lowering carbon pollution by as much as 20 percent.

More recent breakthroughs in electric vehicles have been made by Tesla, a car company that has based its business completely on battery-powered cars. Tesla was founded in 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tappening and later joined by Elon Musk, Ian Wright, and J.B. Straubel. This group of engineers wanted to prove to people that they didn’t need to compromise when driving an electric car. The founders were influenced to start the company after G.M. destroyed the EV1 electric cars.

In March 2000, G.M. recalled all the electric Gen I EV1s, and in 2003, the company canceled the EV1 program; then, they reclaimed the vehicles and brought them all to be scrapped (Evolution). They released the Tesla Roadster in 2008, the first Tesla vehicle available for customers. One of their newer models is the Model X, which is one of the safest SUVs ever- providing the lowest probability of occupant injury. It also has the most storage room of any SUV in its class, comfortable seating for up to seven adults, and the capability to tow up to 5,000 pounds. Falcon Wing doors are equipped with sensors to monitor the proximity of surroundings and can open in even the tightest parking spaces.

Conclusion:

It’s hard to tell where the future will take electric vehicles, but it’s clear they hold a lot of potential for creating a more sustainable future. The future for electric cars seems a bit brighter today as protecting our environment has become an even bigger issue. However, only time and technological advances will tell if electric vehicles will stick around for good this time.

References:

1. Burden of History. (n.d.). In Energy.gov. https://www.energy.gov/eere/electricvehicles/burden-history
2. U.S. Dept. of Energy. (n.d.). In Energy.gov. https://www.energy.gov/
3. Demuro, D. (n.d.). How Do Hybrid Electric Cars Work? In Car and Driver. https://www.caranddriver.com/research/a32826192/how-do-hybrid-electric-cars-work/
4. Energuide. (n.d.). In Natural Resources Canada. https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-transportation/personal-vehicles/buying/7447
5. Ergon Energy. (n.d.). In Ergon Energy. https://www.ergon.com.au/network/manage-your-energy/electric-vehicles
6. Morelo, F. (n.d.). 10 Benefits of Electric Vehicles. In Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0711/10-benefits-of-electric-cars.aspx
7. Un-Noor, F. (n.d.). Fuel Efficiency Improvement in Conventional Spark-Ignition Engines: Synergy Effects of Valve Timing and Spark Plug Gap. Energies, 9(9), 753. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9090753
8. Mierlo, J. V. (n.d.). The Future of Electric Vehicles in Europe and Beyond. In Sustainability. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/11/3068
9. Energy. (n.d.). In Navigant Research. https://www.navigantresearch.com/
10. Tesla. (n.d.). In Tesla. https://www.tesla.com/
11. Evolution. (n.d.). In Evolution of the Electric Car. https://www.electricvehiclewiki.com/evwiki/index.php/Evolution_of_the_Electric_Car

Electric Cars: Revolutionizing Mobility in India

Automobile manufacturers in India are fast advancing in the manufacture of electric vehicles. The introduction of electric vehicles will reduce the fuel burden on the common man and also reduce pollution. Now, let us learn about eight types of electric cars available in India.

Storm R3: The Compact and Versatile Electric Car

This Storm R3 electric car has two doors and two seats. This electric car is equipped with a full air conditioner. There will also be a driver seat that can be used in 12 different ways. The Storm R3 features a climate control air conditioner, a 7-inch high-brightness touchscreen display, a 4G collection, and on-board navigation. This car also comes with a sunroof. This electric car travels with a top speed of 80 mph, depending on the specifications. The Storm R3 electric car is powered by a 15 KW pick power motor. Also, this motor is powered by a lithium-ion battery. This battery can travel up to 200 km on a single charge. Battery charging time is 3 hours. Storm R3 EX Showroom Price.

Mahindra everito

Mahindra severity electric car is India’s first electric sudden. Looking at the future of this car, it travels with a top speed of 80 mph. This car is powered by a 31KW motor. The motor is powered by a 21.2KWH lithium-ion battery. This electric car can go up to 180 km on a single charge. Mahindra Everito ‘sEverito charging time is 1:45 minutes fast charging and 8:45 minutes slow charging.

Tata Tigor EV

This car has five seats looking future. It is very useful for getting around in the City. This electric car has a top speed of 80 mph. This electric car is powered by a 30 KW pick power motor. The motor is also powered by a 21.5 KWH lithium-ion battery. This car can go up to 213 km on a single charge. Tata Tigor EX Showroom Price. Ten lacks.

Mercedes-Benz EQC

This electric car falls under the luxury electric car segment. Mercedes-Benz EQC futures go with a top speed of 180 mph. It is powered by a 105KW pick power motor. The motor is powered by an 80 KWH lithium-ion battery. This car can go up to 450 km on a single charge. Mercedes-Benz EQC charging time 1:30 minutes Fast charging, 21:00 hours Slow charging. Mercedes-Benz EQC EX Showroom Price. 99,30,000 This car comes from the luxury electric car segment. This car goes with a top speed of 200 mph if you look at the future.

The JAGUAR I-PACE electric car is powered by a 264 KW pick power motor. The motor is powered by a 90KWH lithium-ion battery. This car can go up to 470 km on a single charge. This car can be charged for 45:00 minutes, fast charging, and 13:00 hours of slow charging.  JAGUAR I-PACE Car EX Showroom Price. 1crore 6 lacks rupeesHyundai Kona EVIt is a long-range electric car launched in India. Looking at the future of this car, it goes with a top speed of 167 mph. This electric car is powered by a 100KW pick power motor. The motor is powered by a 39.2 KWH lithium-ion battery. This car can go up to 452 km on a single charge. It takes 57 minutes to charge this car fast and 6:10 minutes to charge slowly. Hyundai Kona EV Car EX Showroom Price 23,79,000Mg Zs EV

This car is India’s first internet electric car. Looking at the future of this car, it can go with a top speed of 140 mph, which is powered by an electric car with the help of a 105 KW pick power motor. The motor is powered by a 44.5 KWH lithium-ion battery. It takes 1:00 to charge this car fast and 6:50 minutes to charge slowly. This car can go up to 419 km on a single charge.
Mg Zs EV Car EX Showroom Price. 21 lacks

Tata nexon EVTata nexon EV

This electric car has topped the top ten list with the highest sales in the past. This electric car goes at a top speed of 120 mph if you look at the future. Powered by 95KW pick power motor. The motor is powered by a 35.2 kWh lithium-ion battery. It takes 1:00 to charge the car at speed and 8:50 minutes to charge slowly.

The Vision of Electric Flying Cars for Urban Mobility

A flying car, or driving airplane, is a vehicle built to be attuned for not only driving on land but also taking off in vertical flight. Ideally, this automobile would be completely electric. The purpose of flying cars is to be able to facilitate the decongestion of traffic—particularly in large metropolitan cities and countries that suffer from overcrowding. It would allow people to avoid traffic jams and ease the over-usage of freeways and roads.

It would reduce commuting times and simplify traffic on the ground. These vehicles could act as personal aerial cars, which would allow passengers to travel door-to-door by any means. Theoretically, flying cars would be able to easily morph between car and plane form. Navigation would be facilitated through the same GPS satellites that digital maps use. They would be able to drive and fly themselves. The only task the passenger would have would be to enter the destination they wish to get to.

Technological Advancements and Challenges in Aerial Transportation

This new technology is changing the aviation industry. It is forcing aerospace engineers to think of new technologies that fly in unconventional ways. In order to develop flying cars, engineers are forced to come up with new solutions, such as advanced aeronautical propulsion systems, improved stability and control models, and new reconsiderations of the different types of situations and flight patterns that these cars might inevitably face in the sky. “It’s time to rethink a lot about aviation,” says René Landry, an aviation systems researcher at ETS, a technical university in Montreal.

“The avionics we use now are based on a general architecture that was developed during World War II.  The development of flying cars is forcing the aerospace industry to evolve and grow beyond the same defense weapons they are conditioned to make. Flying cars is a chance for an industry full of old, white men to reconsider the same old science they have been utilizing for the past decades into a new technology that is not only exciting and innovative but also has an ever-growing need for in a world facing overpopulation and intense crowding.

Flying cars are often perceived as a faraway concept, something more likely to pop up in our Hollywood movies than to be seen on our freeways. This, however, is a preconceived misconception. All the technology required to achieve this automobile is present and being further developed by startups and large companies. The idea is more faraway than the actual product is. Another way of thinking of it is that these are actually just driving planes.

Among such companies working on flying cars are Terrafugia and Bell. Terrafugia already has orders and is scheduled to start releasing them this year. Another company working extensively on aerial car technology is Uber. Uber announced that it would release UberAir in 2023. This product would be an electric car that would lift off and land vertically. Uber argues that this vertical lift-off automobile is the best design for flying cars. But they are more seeking to establish a flying taxi service. For example, Uber is working on an “Elevate” concept, which allows people to ride a flying car next to a very high tower, and It would take them up the tower. This flying car would be electrically powered, quieter, and cheaper than the use of helicopters.

More and more aerospace startups are popping up throughout the country—and even the world. For example, startups like Karem are working to develop electric propulsion for flying cars. They are working on RPM rotors, which adjust their power output depending on the situation. For short flights, such as a trip a typical commuter would take, can easily be powered by the electric propulsion technology available today.

Companies Shaping the Future of Aerial Mobility

Companies working on flying cars, like Uber, are trying to implement electric propulsion in their vehicles. Electric propulsion is cleaner and more reliable than combustion engines, which are used for our present-day cars on land. Electric propulsion would be an easy technology to control because it is simpler than other types of propulsion. In fact, there is research currently being done at USC on how to increase battery energy to allow aircraft to fly, fully functioning from electric propulsion. A car would need even less than what an aircraft would need, so this would be a good choice of automobile to test electric propulsion on before implementing it eventually in commercial aircraft.

Among the companies working on these aerial taxis, Uber is the most notable in that it is working to redefine the way passengers travel by adding aerial vehicles as one of the possible and viable modes of transportation to the everyday passenger/commuter. The company plans on launching this taxi service in major metropolitan cities like Los Angeles and Dallas by 2023. In the beginning, these flying taxis would be flown by pilots, but eventually, they would be completely self-autonomous vehicles.

Terrafugia is working on the TF-2, a flying car that you would see in the movies, the vertical takeoff and landing car, which is also electrically powered. They claim that it is capable of flying 1,000 pounds of cargo over a 200-mile range at a speed of 125 mph. This would come out to about $30 for every 10 minutes of flight. The TF-2 would ideally be able to take passengers from county to county, house to house, or to a nearby airport.

Navigating Regulation and Paving the Way for Urban Air Mobility

It is impractical to assume that the people operating these cars are pilots. Similarly, it would be impractical to assume that these pilots could control multiple rotors at once while simultaneously maintaining an acute awareness of navigation and communications. Hence, the best solution for these flying cars is for them to be controlled by computers. This simplifies the operation of managing the car and turns drivers into passengers. The autonomous technology utilized by the military for drones can easily be implemented into commercial flying cars. For example, software for flight planning will need to be developed for the different situations that flying cars might face in the skies.

A network will need to be developed. Flying cars will not need people to be licensed pilots at all, for they will be autonomous vehicles. There are many autonomous aviation systems, so having these flying cars be self-flying is a very valid possibility since all the technology is there. To earn one’s driver’s license in California, for example, INSERT NUMBER of hours are required prior to the driver’s test. In contrast, only 20 hours of flight are needed to earn a Light-Sport license. So, it wouldn’t take much for people to pursue this license, which would help the market grow.

The equipment that in the past only airliners used to be able to afford is now easily found at any store—like altimeters or GPS navigation. Sensors are being developed to be more reliable and cheaper to manufacture, as are automated control systems. There is a concern that these flying cars would be too loud and cause too much noise constantly. There is a technology that Uber is working on a noise reduction aircraft in which the car’s noise blends in with that noise already existing in the city.

Uber argues that “argues that a reduction of 15 decibels will bring aircraft clatter down to acceptable levels, both in terms of sheer volume as well as its general detectability in urban environments.”. Among some of the solutions to noisy flying vehicles is to tinker with the speeds of rotors. Since the faster the rotors move, the more they approach supersonic speeds, the louder they get. Adding blades to the tips of the rotors would achieve the same lift but at a lower speed.

Then there is the issue of manufacturing these flying cars. If technology is set to be achievable, the one concert left in the development of these cars is the manufacturing of them. There needs to be a demand for them to force companies to find ways to manufacture them cheaper and faster. Thousands need to be produced and flown in order to sustain the industry of flying cars. Integrating composite materials, modern manufacturing machinery, and large-scale manufacturing techniques is required for this technology to kick off.

All these technologies, when applied together, can make flying cars easily integrable and, within a couple of years, affordable and ANOTHER WORD FOR PRACTICAL for the public. While this technology may seem like a story of the future, it is, in reality, all within our scope. “There is a degree of inevitability to this whole thing,” German says. “All these technologies are continuing to converge and mature. Even things like public perception can be overcome once people become aware of what the tech can do in their lives. Eventually, it becomes a cultural phenomenon, where people suddenly rewire their lives around it.”
An example of flying cars is the Terrafugia,

These companies all share one thing in common—they are strategically avoiding the conversation of how these flying cars will be implemented and integrated into the airspace. This includes getting approval from the Federal Aviation Administration to integrate these flying cars into the airspace. It will take a lot of time and money for the FAA to approve them. As Terrafugia’s Dietrich said, technology will likely move faster than regulators. Governmental processes can take a long time, and unforeseen problems will most likely appear. John-Paul Clarke, a senior member of the panel on the National Academy of Science and a professor at Georgia Tech, suggested “having private air traffic controllers handle aircraft in crowded urban areas, leaving the FAA to regulate commercial aviation, similar to setups in Canada and the United Kingdom.”

He also articulated his belief that the FAA will eventually be driven to establish standards for the autonomous systems in flying cars, and in turn, each county or state will have its own added standards to ensure that cars will have some sort of “safe mode” if under a dangerous situation. “Once you start thinking about each city, why should Dallas worry about what LA is doing?” he said. “The FAA has to come and say, ‘Here are the basic rules and regulations to enforce,’ so that people can come to Dallas and say, ‘I have a solution.’ Congress will have to establish laws that safeguard passengers. The fear is that this government intervention hinders the development of this industry.

References:

1. Terrafugia. Company website. URL: https://www.terrafugia.com/
2. Company website. URL: https://www.uber.com/us/en/elevate/
3. Karem Aircraft. Company website. URL: http://karemaircraft.com/
4. University of Southern California. Research findings. URL: https://www.usc.edu/
5. National Academy of Sciences. Panel report. URL: https://www.nationalacademies.org/
6. Flight Safety Foundation. Report on regulations and autonomous systems. URL: https://flightsafety.org/