Category: Effective Communication

Communication Essay 1 (100 words)

Communication is the essence of human interaction, allowing us to exchange ideas, emotions, and information. It serves as the foundation of society, enabling collaboration, understanding, and empathy. Through spoken language, gestures, and technology, we bridge distances and connect minds across cultures and borders. Effective communication fosters strong relationships, resolves conflicts, and promotes personal and professional growth. It empowers individuals to express themselves and be heard, while also being attentive and receptive to others. By mastering the art of communication, we cultivate a harmonious world where mutual respect and cooperation thrive, fostering a brighter future for all.

Communication Essay 2 (200 words)

Communication, an indispensable facet of human existence, serves as the bedrock upon which our society thrives. It is the thread that weaves together individuals, communities, and nations, facilitating understanding, empathy, and progress. The essence of communication lies not solely in words spoken or messages conveyed but in the profound connection it forges between human beings.

At its core, communication is a dynamic dance of listening and expressing. Listening, often overlooked, is the catalyst that sparks true understanding. When we lend our ears to others without prejudice, we open ourselves to a world of perspectives, fostering a rich tapestry of ideas. Simultaneously, expressing ourselves authentically grants others access to our inner worlds, instilling trust and fostering emotional bonds.

Moreover, effective communication transcends language barriers, encompassing non-verbal cues like body language and facial expressions that reveal unspoken emotions and intentions. The power of touch, a warm embrace, can communicate more compassion than a thousand words ever could.

In conclusion, communication is a precious art form that merits constant nurturing and attention. By embracing active listening, authentic expression, and empathy, we unlock the true potential of communication to bridge divides, foster compassion, and pave the way for a harmonious world. Through communication, we enrich our lives and discover the profound interconnectedness that unites us all as human beings. Its impact is unparalleled, and it remains essential in an ever-changing world.

Communication Essay 3 (300 words)

Communication, the core of human interaction, weaves through our lives, connecting us in profound ways. It is not just words, but a dance of empathy that bridges differences and fosters progress. From ancient times to the digital age, its essence remains unchanged – to express, share, and connect.

Beyond words, communication encompasses body language, gestures, and silence. True understanding requires empathy, listening with an open heart, embracing others’ emotions and perspectives. This fosters collaboration, tapping into diverse ideas to spark innovation and growth.

In relationships, communication builds trust and intimacy. Transparent dialogue allows us to share joys and vulnerabilities, creating lasting bonds. The digital era brings opportunities, but we must balance virtual and real-world interactions to preserve genuine connections.

To harness communication’s potential, we must cultivate emotional intelligence. Knowing our emotions enables effective expression, preventing conflicts. Understanding others fosters compassionate responses.

In the workplace, communication is the driving force behind effective teamwork and productivity. Clear and open channels of communication lead to better problem-solving, reduced misunderstandings, and increased morale. Leaders who excel in communication inspire and motivate their teams, fostering a collaborative environment where ideas flow freely, and individuals feel valued.

Moreover, communication plays a pivotal role in resolving conflicts and overcoming societal challenges. When we communicate openly and respectfully, we build bridges rather than walls. It empowers us to embrace diversity, learn from one another, and find common ground to address complex issues.

Yet, amidst the wonders of modern technology, we must be cautious of its potential to impede authentic communication. While social media and messaging apps keep us connected, they can also foster superficial interactions and lead to misunderstandings due to the absence of non-verbal cues. To truly connect, we must make a conscious effort to engage in face-to-face conversations and active listening.

To summarize, communication is a deep skill of human existence that shapes relationships and propels collective progress. We can harness the power of empathy and collaboration to create a more peaceful society. Let us be better communicators, connecting hearts and minds with empathy and understanding. Let us use the gift of communication in the workplace and in society to create unity and growth, making our planet a more caring and vibrant place for all.

Communication Essay 4 (400 words)

Communication, the bridge that binds us all, serves as the cornerstone of human civilization. It transcends barriers, united minds, and propels progress. At its core, communication is an art, an ever-evolving dance of words, gestures, and expressions that molds our relationships and shapes our understanding of the world.

In its simplest form, communication is the exchange of information, ideas, and emotions between individuals. Yet, its significance goes far beyond mere transmission. It is through communication that we share our thoughts, express our desires, and build empathy. Whether conveyed through spoken language, written word, or non-verbal cues, communication forms the building blocks of social interactions, paving the way for understanding and cooperation.

Throughout history, the art of communication has played a pivotal role in shaping the fate of nations and civilizations. From the ancient cave paintings that conveyed stories and experiences to the eloquent speeches that ignited revolutions, the power of words has been harnessed to inspire, motivate, and unite people across time and space. Leaders who possessed the gift of communication could rally their followers with a vision, turning it into a reality that shaped the course of history.

In our linked world, cross-cultural communication is more important than ever. Accepting cultural differences broadens our perspectives and develops a climate of mutual respect and tolerance. We acquire insights into the values, beliefs, and habits of others via open discourse, providing the framework for peaceful cohabitation in our global community.

Furthermore, communication serves as a driving force for advancement and innovation. Knowledge distribution has spurred social developments from the birth of the printing press to the digital era.

Nevertheless, communication is not without its difficulties. When messages are imprecise or misinterpreted, misinterpretations, and confrontations can occur.

In an era dominated by technology, the landscape of communication has undergone a paradigm shift. The advent of social media, instant messaging, and virtual conferencing has revolutionized how we connect with one another. While these innovations have accelerated the exchange of information, they also come with their challenges. The potential for miscommunication amplifies when the subtlety of non-verbal cues is lost in digital interactions. As we embrace technological advancements, it is vital to remember the value of face-to-face communication, where genuine connections are forged and emotions are tangibly felt.

In conclusion, communication is an art form that defines the essence of our humanity. It is through effective communication that we build relationships, foster understanding, and propel progress. As we navigate the complexities of the modern world, let us strive to refine this art, embracing empathy, active listening, and cultural sensitivity.

Communication Essay 5 (500 words)

Introduction

Communication is an essential aspect of human existence, forming the very foundation of our relationships, societies, and civilizations. It is a dynamic process that goes beyond mere exchange of words, encompassing an intricate web of thoughts, emotions, and expressions. In this essay, we will explore the various facets of communication, ranging from its different processes and types to its profound importance in shaping our lives.

The Different Processes of Communication

Communication can be understood through three fundamental processes: encoding, transmitting, and decoding. In the first stage, a sender encodes their intended message into words, gestures, or symbols. The message is then transmitted through various channels such as speech, writing, or body language. Finally, the receiver decodes the message, trying to comprehend the sender’s original intention. This cyclic process is ever-present in our daily interactions, making communication an indispensable part of human interaction.

Definition of Communication

In its simplest form, communication can be defined as the act of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, and feelings between individuals or groups. It is a bridge that connects diverse minds, fostering mutual understanding and cooperation. However, to fully grasp its significance, we must recognize that communication encompasses both verbal and non-verbal means of expression. It includes not only spoken and written words but also facial expressions, body language, and even silence.

Different Types Of Communication

Communication is a multidimensional concept, manifesting in various forms. Verbal communication is the most common type, involving direct spoken or written words. Non-verbal communication, on the other hand, relies on cues like facial expressions, eye contact, and gestures to convey emotions and intentions. Additionally, there is digital communication, which has gained prominence in the modern era, utilizing electronic devices and online platforms for interaction. Each type has its unique strengths, enabling us to navigate different situations and adapt to diverse audiences.

The Importance of Communication

The significance of communication cannot be overstated, as it serves as the bedrock of human connection and understanding. In personal relationships, effective communication fosters empathy and emotional intimacy, resolving conflicts and strengthening bonds. In the workplace, clear communication is vital for efficient teamwork, goal alignment, and smooth operations. Furthermore, on a societal level, effective communication is crucial for promoting social cohesion, disseminating information, and nurturing a sense of belonging within communities.

Beyond interpersonal interactions, communication plays a pivotal role in shaping the course of history. Throughout time, great leaders and influential figures have harnessed the power of persuasive communication to mobilize nations, inspire change, and drive progress.

Moreover, communication is an essential tool for the exchange of knowledge and ideas, propelling the advancement of science, technology, and culture.

Conclusion

Communication is humanity’s heartbeat, affecting every area of our existence. Its many processes and forms allow us to express ourselves, comprehend others, and establish empathy and connection bridges. We open ourselves up to a world of limitless possibilities when we grasp the deep value of successful communication. We can unlock the real potential of communication by cultivating openness, active listening, and respect in our relationships – a force that unifies, empowers, and drives us towards a brighter, more interconnected future.

Communication Essay 6 (1000 words)

Communication is found in everyday life situations. Though the definition of communication has multiple varieties, the concept of communicating remains the same. Communication consists of several components. It is a diverse area of study and has several views of its history. Today, the communication discipline has three major areas of study that have developed since it first became a formal discipline. Overall, communication is an ever-changing concept that demands analysis.

Duck and McMahan (2018) attempt to define communication as the transactional use of symbols, influenced, guided, and understood in the context of relationships. Communication is more than just the exchange of a message. Communication is described as having seven key characteristics: symbolic, requires meaning, cultural, relational, involves frames, presentational and representational, and is a transaction (Duck and McMahan, 2018). All communication is characterized using symbols which is an arbitrary representations of something else such as an object, an idea, a place, a person, or a relationship (Duck and McMahan, 2018). Communication requires that symbols convey meaning. Culture influences communication and communication creates and reinforces these cultural influences (Duck and McMahan, 2018). Relationships are assumed each time you communicate with someone (Duck and McMahan, 2018). An additional characteristic of communication is that it involves frames. The use of frames helps people make sense of matters. A communication frame draws a boundary around the conversation and pulls our attention toward certain things and away from others (Duck and McMahan, 2018). Communication can also describe facts or convey information or give one person’s version of the facts of events. Lastly, communication is an action, interaction, and transaction (Duck and McMahan, 2018).

Communication research and theory development and change as scholars labor in their studies (Duck and McMahan, 2018). In modern times, the communication discipline was formalized for academic study out of studies of rhetoric, elocution, and speech (Duck and McMahan, 2018). Communication later became a discipline devoted to the study of public speaking (Duck and McMahan, 2018). Communication focuses on how people use messages to generate meanings within and across various contexts and is the discipline that studies all forms, modes, media, and consequences of communication through humanistic, social scientific, and aesthetic inquiry (What is Communication, 2019). Communication cuts across contexts and situations; it is the relational and collaborative force that strategically constructs the social world. Knowledge and understanding of communication and strong communication skills allow people to create and maintain interpersonal relationships; employers in all sectors seek employees with strong communication skills; and society needs effective communicators to support productive civic activity in communities (What is Communication, 2019).

There are many approaches to the study of communication, but there are three with the most influence: social scientific, interpretivism, and critical (Duck and McMahan, 2018). Scholars frequently engage in more than one approach. The social scientific approach views the world as objective, casual, and predictable. Those who use this approach seek to describe communication activities and discover connections between phenomena or casual patterns (Duck and McMahan, 2018). Social scientific methods often involve quantitative data collection and research approaches such as surveys and experiments. From this perspective, intercultural communication is seen as a pattern of interaction, and we seek to explain and understand these patterns through clear measurement and identification of key independent variables (Oetzel, Pant, and Rao, 2016). The interpretive approach views communication as creative, uncertain, and unpredictable, and thus rejects the idea that a single reality exists or can be discovered. Those who use this approach primarily seek to understand and describe communication experience (Duck and McMahan, 2018). Interpretive methods often involve qualitative data collection and research approaches such as interviews and ethnographic observation. From this perspective, intercultural communication and meaning are created through interaction, and we seek to understand these meanings by exploring the perspectives of people who participate as members of cultural communities (Oetzel, Pant, and Rao, 2016). Lastly, the critical approach seeks to identify the hidden but formidable symbolic structures and practices that create or uphold the disadvantage, inequity, or oppression of some groups in favor of others (Duck and McMahan, 2018). Critical methods often involve qualitative data collection and research approaches such as interviews and textual critique. From this perspective, intercultural communication involves inequalities that can be attributed to power and distortions created from (mis)use of this power. Critical scholars seek to unmask domination and inequality (Oetzel, Pant, and Rao, 2016).

Though a combination and variation of these approaches are used by scholars and researchers, each approach has advantages and disadvantages. To begin, the social scientific approach lays an easy foundation for studies to be conducted. Also, different types of social scientists often strongly agree about the way in which assessments can be made of behavior. Lastly, this approach can explain patterns of observations theoretically and derive new predictions from previous works. Contrary to being predictive, one disadvantage is that this approach is often challenged stating that human behavior is in fact, not predictable (Duck and McMahan, 2018). There are multiple variables involved with the social scientific approach making it difficult to find identifiable variables. This type of research is also culturally insensitive as dominant social views are privileged over others (Duck and McMahan, 2018). The interpretive approach provides a deep understanding of communication that cannot be gained through other perspectives. Another advantage is that communication is more likely to be studied in a natural context. This approach also claims that scholars can never be truly objective as all observers have their own biases and interpretive styles (Duck and McMahan, 2018). Disadvantages of the interpretive approach include a limited scope of understanding, questioning of the researcher’s accuracy and perspective, and methods that are often time-consuming (Duck and McMahan, 2018). The critical approach has proven important in redirecting the thinking of scholars toward the awareness of inequities in society at large. These theorists have made it their goal to identify imbalances and remove them. Some have argued that this approach gives itself power and the right to identify the nature of inequity and how it may be challenged (Duck and McMahan, 2018). The challenge of critical scholars is dealing with the question of how the public knows they are correct (Duck and McMahan, 2018).

Despite which approach is primarily used, communication remains important. Knowledge and understanding of communication and strong communication skills allow people to create and maintain interpersonal relationships.

References

1. Duck, S., & McMahan, D. T. (2018). Communication in everyday life: a survey of communication (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks,, California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
2. Oetzel, J., Pant, S., & Rao, N. (2016). Methods for Intercultural Communication Research. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.202
3. What is Communication? (2019, March 21). Retrieved from https://www.natcom.org/about-nca/what-communication.

Language is an instrumental apparatus that serves a multiplicity of purposes; however, many, if not the majority of people do not fully understand, nor comprehend the importance of language. Many people view this vital tool as trivial and simple; a frivolous convenience. Nevertheless, in reality, in actuality, language is an entirely important device. The art of communication is as beautiful and incredibly useful as it is crucial and indispensable. The idea of different tongues and how we use them in a world of a dominating lingua franca is something that I, personally, am quite interested in and believe others should at least grasp the significance of in tandem with an appreciation of language as a whole.The simple fact is that language is the only reason the world has come as far as it has; our society, our culture, it’s all contingent on language.

I am wholly inclined to believe that language outside of English is just as, if not more, important than this global lingua franca. Though I was lucky enough to have English as my first language, most of the world isn’t. The majority of the civilized, the developed world is forced into learning English out of some mandated requirement, but still knows at least one other language, likely their native tongue. So after realizing how sheltered a life I have lived, only ever being required to know English, I have taken it upon myself to step out of the average American stance and learn multiple languages. I refuse to only learn the “orthodox” languages like Spanish, no, I am learning Russian and Bulgarian and Ukrainan and A.S.L. I want to learn Greek and Arabic and Portuguese and Italian. I want to be a linguist and further explore this particular interest of mine and help others understand the importance of language along the way. We use it everyday, it is entirely essential, but so many don’t pay any mind to it.

I was born in America, Virginia specifically, and as such, clearly, my mother language is English. Both of my parents speak English as their first language as well as my brother. My mother and father both briefly studied Spanish throughout their high school and university years, but never even reached the level of semi-fluency and retained little of it after the fact. Despite this, my dad, having a great appreciation for language, was determined to have his children to be bilingual. From the age of three my dad began teaching me Spanish. He implemented the language into our daily lives and made sure that every word or phrase or saying or sentence that I learned was actually tangential to my life at my given age. He taught me the word “escuela” and when he would drop me off at school in the morning he would ask me where we were. He taught me words regarding foods I would eat routinely, and taught me how to tell someone that I only spoke a little bit of spanish, I learned how to count in Spanish and the Spanish alphabet song and so much else that I still know to this day. This provided me with the foundation that virtually no other kid in my classes had when we became of age to learn Spanish through the school system. Additionally, it served as a catalyst for my love and appreciation of languages. When I moved here and began school in Loudoun County I joined American Sign Language Club, in middle school I continued to excel in Spanish, and after watching a t.v. show with a Russian protagonist I decided to take Russian language my freshman year of high school. Upon taking this course I discovered I had a natural propensity and affinity for learning language. I blossomed into someone who is now a polyglot. I’ve done so well that I began learning Bulgarian and Ukrainian without the aid or backing of a school teacher, but entirely autonomously. I ventured to other language families and looked at tongues of Greek and Arabic. In the midst of all this learning, what became clear to me is that the way in which we as individuals communicate is as fascinating as it is important. Due to my abilities as a polyglot, I have been able to help so many individuals who don’t speak or understand English; on top of that, when you speak someone else’s language it provides a special connection that is near impossible to put into words.

Upon interviewing a Russian language teacher, Svetlana Spencer, at Heritage High school my views on language and moreover, the knowledge of more than just English, were confirmed with her saying, “When I first moved here all I could speak was english. There was no one who knew my language, no one who could really truly relate to me because the way I spoke was different. I didn’t always understand the jokes or sayings that those around me were making and vice versa. I felt somewhat isolated from the people around me” (Spencer) and as sad as that all is she went on to say, “About two years after moving to America I met someone else who spoke Russian and the connection was instant” (Spencer). Mrs. Spencer struggled because she had no one who knew her native tongue, but coming across someone who did allowed for a feeling of familiarity and joy

A smart man once said, “Language is the blood of the soul into which thoughts run and out they grow” (Holmes). Language is a crucial device when it comes to discourse and communication. It is not merely a means to expressing thoughts and beliefs and ideas and theories, but also emotion. Language has the propensity to set the foundation for friendships and camaraderie and relationships and even cultural ties; really all manner of bonds. Without language, what would we have? A language shapes the way people perceive the world to be and it also helps to define a culture of any society, isolated or global regardless of civility.

It is a truly remarkable gift of God. In fact, Aristotle once said, “Man is a rational animal and that is what sets him apart, what raises him above the animals, is that he has the ability to reason, and it is very clear that he cannot reason without language” (Aristotle). He believed that the intention and meaning behind the words said were no less essential to the fundamentality of language itself. The great Greek philosopher also made mention of this rudimentary fact: “The relationship between written and spoken words are conventional, as is the relationship between spoken words and the mental state evoked by these words”. His final consensus was that language is necessary in order for man to be classified as a “rational animal” and that we as a species are more valuable as a whole because man alone possess coherent speech.

For this reason, it shouldn’t be too far of a stretch to say that language is what made the development of civilizations feasible. Because language is the only true means to forming and storing notions — or really any cognitive process — keeping record of reality ,or even fantasy, and exchanging them in the sometimes chaotic process of human discourse, it would make sense that it is and was the baseline for the formation of civilized advancement . In addition, language is inherently social in its essence and hence completely and utterly intertwined and connected with people, users and creators just the same. It expands and evolves together with the maturing of a society and as Yosef Stalin once stated, “It arises and develops with the rise and development of a society. It dies when society dies. Apart from society there is no language.” (Stalin). Comparatively, another important Russian figure, Vladamir Lenin viewed language as such: ‘Language is the most important means of human intercourse. Unity of language and it’s unimpeded development form one of the most important conditions for genuinely free and extensive commercial intercourse appropriate to modern capitalism, for a free and broad grouping of the population in all its separate classes” (Lenin).

Furthermore, when language is considered as a means of definition and conveyance, any sound which surpasses the lips gains great importance, given it is able to be comprehended by persons outside of the person uttering the words themselves. In this case, the individual then is decidedly the chief variable in the development of language. Upon further research, I discovered R.L. Varshney, and in his book An Introduction Text book of Linguistics and Phonetics he defined language in this way: “Language is the ‘species-specific’ and ‘species-uniform’ possession of man” (Varshney 13). He too went on to regard it as God’s “special gift to mankind” (Varshney). The art of tongues is omnipresent. It is ever present in ideas and ideals, in hopes and dreams, in prayers and hymns, in relation and communication, in ceremonies and rituals. Aside from the fact that language is able to be used as a sort of storage unit of comprehension, it is a device of cognition in addition to happiness. Language quells excess, useless, timorous verve in a few, governs movement in the alternate, and passess knowledge from one individual to the next, and tangentially, from one generation to the following.

All intricacies of language are in possession of a specific system of arrangement. The symbols of the homosapien language are limited, but they have the ability to be arranged and rearranged endlessly. This would mean that humans can create an infinite set of sentences with only a finite set of “rules”. Language is the structured configuration and categorization of linguistic elements which allow for the correlation of words and their meanings. Each tongue, as a result, can be said to be a unique system suitable for conveying communications within its own framework and consequently, definition having very little direct physical relation to the meaning or functions which it entails.

This concept became overwhelmingly clear when venturing into other languages outside of English. Though this idea is still evident in our modern day lingua franca, for me, as someone who grew up on English, I couldn’t have truly appreciated it without comparing against other languages. The means by which we express ourselves may be tied to a single word or phrase or sentence, but the meaning behind what we’re saying can, and often does surpass what that word or those words could possibly entail.

This in grand summation, is the simple reason why the instrumental tool of language is so vital. We as humans are all naturally inclined to attempt to leave are mark or share our sorrows or tell funny stories or any number of seemingly trivial or even grandiose things we may do, but without the use of language any efforts to do our miniscule or grand tasks would be futile. Sure, we may not yet have a way to fully convey the entirety of what we feel, though with language at least the door is open. We have some sort of means.

In a world with quite literally billions upon billions of people, we are required to not only have, but value language… I believe that if it were taken away tomorrow, the human race wouldn’t last more than a couple months. We would revert to being primitive, mass anarchy would ensue, countries would collapse, and mania would become a daunting reality.

We have been blessed with a gift and we would do well to appreciate it. We have a responsibility to appreciate it, because as we all know- things that are taken for granted often have a habit of causing issues down the road. We have a responsibility to future generations to have record of us now for the same reasons we wanted records of ancient Egypt and Rome and Greece. We have a responsibility to ourselves at the end of the day. Imagine having your voice forever silenced – that is what absence of language would look and feel like. A horror no man, no woman, no person should have to endure.

The importance, or even love of language is not white or black or even gray. Language is solidary. It is not a rainbow or a color wheel or a gradient, but all colors simultaneously and that is only a facet of its loveliness.

In closing, this tool of everyday life deserves the utmost respect and should be coveted just as much as love or life or happiness or any other great human necessity. It should be regarded as a means of survival for all the reasons explained right here and millions more out there. Language should be revered and admired and cherished and valued as much by you as it clearly is by me. And should you ever doubt it’s legitimacy, please, I challenge you to go a week without using it; it might just drive you mad. No, there is no room for question, language is without a doubt, forever, the most essential device ever accomplished and that ever will be.

Works cited

1. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/46742/summary
2. https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1950/jun/20.htm
3. https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/650976-language-is-the-blood-of-the-soul-into-which-thoughts

The growth of English begins in the 5th century via the invasion of German tribes in Britain. The language has developed from old English to the late modern language in the 1800s. The language has adopted foreign words from many countries during the British Empire. The colonization of English has made English the international language throughout the nation. The language became very important whereby it required by every individual to learn and be fluent in it to land or perform in their jobs.

In today’s generation, it has been discovered that students with several years of training are still not fluent in English. This due to major issues such as not understanding the language itself. Teachers in school have to focus on a large crowd of students where they are unable to focus on the level of understanding of each student. To ensure students are fluent in the language that should be able to read, write, understand and speak. Besides that, teachers teach the students based on there, where they are evaluated and thought depending on the syllabus that’s meant to be thought according to the age. This method will not help the students to be fluent in English, as they have to be thought according to their potential to aid them in the language itself.

About 70% of the class by an informative method is dedicated to talking practice on different topics. It is inappropriate to consider that informative methodology is just a discussion in English. Summarizing the notable articulation, the individual ought to have everything in a fine light: both communicated in and composed language, and jargon, and punctuation, and abilities of listening perception and perusing. Yet, regardless of whether to decide it is conceivable to grasp every one of these regions on the double is conceivable, the open methodology is made for that.

As per communicative methodology, there are two fundamental standards in informative methodology. The main standard to make a practical circumstance and the subsequent methodology is to have the class ought to be understudies focused. The open methodology isn’t constrained to oral abilities. Reading and writing skills need to be developed to promote pupils’ confidence in all four skills areas. Students work on all four skills from the beginning, i.e., a given activity might involve reading, speaking, listening, and perhaps also writing (Celce-Murcia, 1991b: 78).

Oral correspondence takes place through arrangement among speakers and audience members, in all probability among understudies, so too is the association between the peruser and essayist, yet with no prompt criticism from the peruser. Consequently, in the study hall, accentuation is given to oral and listening abilities, as contact time with language is significant. It clears route for the progressively liquid direction of the language. Students don’t hear the educator constantly, however having individuals get in touch with themselves, rehearsing sounds themselves, chipping away at the stage of sentence designs and getting the opportunity to commit errors and gain from doing as such. Emphasizing oral abilities makes vulnerability among instructors. They confused informative language educating as though it were given to showing just talking. Be that as it may, ‘informative language protest isn’t only worried about vis-à-vis oral correspondence’ (Savignon, 2002:7).

Business communication can be defined as learning information within an organization from its people. It can be also described as a method of carrying out tasks efficiently. This should be ensuring that the ideas are conveyed properly to each other by dealing with barriers successfully. No matter how good the communication system is, how well formed and developed it is, there are barriers within the communication systems, whether it is an organization, communication between family members, the social network, the institution, and so forth. There are some barriers to the effectiveness of business communication such as lack of direct communication, different perception, language barriers, and geographic separation.

There are some team perception barriers. These are the obstruction that emerges due to contrasts of conclusion between two or more individuals, contrasts of the perspective do demonstrate to be a major obstruction, hence these contrasts do create a prerequisite for viable communication; any kind of contradiction between individuals isn’t sound for the working organization. For example, different perceptions among project managers, testers, and user representatives about barriers to knowledge sharing when it comes to teamwork. Furthermore, team-related challengers are also the main cause of business communication. For example, if the team leaders cannot handle difficult conversations and also they are ignoring to give negative feedback eventually they blame co-workers’ attitudes. Insufficient management support among senior workers also plays important role in effective communication. Top Management was more concerned with their own power and control than with the organization’s real needs. Bad administration influences the company’s capacity to hold representatives and brings down representative resolve, inspiration, and efficiency.

Nevertheless, a geographically scattered group too impacts trade communication and it alludes to a bunch of people who work together from diverse geographic areas and depends on communication innovation such as mail, fax, and video or voice conferencing administrations in arranging to collaborate. One of the troubles experienced by topographically conveyed groups is trading data known as irregularity of properties between the sender and recipient. For case, an email may pass on the message with fabulous precision and exactness. In any case, alone it may not impact the beneficiary to realize the specified result. Alternately, a face-to-face discussion on a complex subject may be exceptionally persuading. The message may be incomplete and as it was in part passed on with points of interest and hence overlooked by the beneficiary. Lack of informal encounters in collaboration is one of the barriers to business communication. Informal communication is the casual and unofficial form of communication that is free from the organizational conventional rules. Without casual communication, much collaboration would break up sometime recently getting to be effective. For example, lacking opportunities for informal interaction forced the members of the dispersed group to rely on more formal, scheduled meetings to get their work done. Since scheduling meetings required time and effort, a lower overall frequency of meetings resulted, which has to be seen as the major factor for the poor performance of the distributed team. Different time zones also give a big impact on business communication. Sometimes working in completely different time zone implies appearing up for gatherings at abnormal times of the day. In the case, of video conferences at weird hours, it’s not continuously conceivable to look up together at midnight, and colleagues can feel irritated. Another issue is work handover and communication. On the off chance that any issues are confronted by a foreign country with respect to assets, it can take 2 or 3 days out of the plan if they didn’t react on time, all due to the time distinction.

Besides that, lack of face-to-face contact is difficult as steady follow-ups in business communication. The lack of direct contact leads to an item that isn’t operational, affecting benefit-level understanding of the end-to-end practice and different clients. In business communication, negative predispositions may happen among workers. Toxic managers are the most noticeably awful culprits of making communication apprehension inside those who keep up trouble in communication at superior levels since their poisonous quality stunts or significantly adversely impacts the development inside both creating people and junior pioneers. Basically, a few people with lower levels of organizational communication competency may create apprehension inclination towards struggling with communication, and as such, they spend less time collaborating inside the organization than others do, are incapable to stand up to organizational issues, and indeed incapable to precise or address personal and proficient problems that will influence them as well as the organization itself. The increasing level gap between the headquarters and the subsidiary workers has become a burning issue. The higher-level workers do not communicate face to face with low-level workers and neglect them by making a demand for their high level because they are getting a high salary, promotions, and using their power.

The language barrier is one of the major issues which impact the administration of commerce. A common cross-cultural obstruction in trade communication is dialect. English is respected as a common universal dialect of trade, not each trade all-inclusive employments English on a regular basis. Workers may have more trouble when communicating in English, which can lead to misjudging when taking a course, understanding the level of urgency, and communicating issues or concerns. Individuals from distinctive parts of the world have a diverse frames of reference, they may show feelings in an unexpected way and show different behaviors. For illustration, getting right to the point at a trade assembly may be considered rude by a few, who anticipate having small talk before the trade talk. Moreover, the need for sufficient competence in a dialect everything takes time to decide and costs the company big bucks. The employees take more time to understand and translate the messages receive from foreign clients. The lack of language skills causes the corporation to lose their potential clients, and actual business, and lost deals due to delays in responding to the messages make the clients dissatisfied. It leads to losses in total business revenue, even destroying the image of the company. Poor management shows the top representative’s turnover, which makes the cost of employing and training new positions. Different levels of proficiency can impede communication in many other ways. When parties to a discussion have diverse levels of capability, the more grounded party possesses a more capable position and can show up to be more effective, and hence suppress vital communication through unintended hints. In conclusion, lack of direct contact, the different perceptions among workers, language barriers, and the geographically distributed teams are the barriers to effective business communication. It can be improved by identifying the obstacles and finding solutions for them. Both sender and receiver have the responsibility to communicate in simple, understandable language. Effective communication is important among people in every field in order to be successful.

Introduction

My topic is how important dictionaries can be, I chose this topic because it’s seems interesting to me, people all around the world use dictionaries but no one wonders what would happen if we didn’t have them. People make dictionaries in different languages, what if dictionaries were made in only one language? It would be hard for people to communicate with others when they travel to another country. I hope to learn the use of dictionaries towards different languages and how important dictionaries are, because not a lot of people know how useful they can be. Dictionaries help us read write and teach.

Findings

A dictionary is a book which includes many words in various languages, it is organized in alphabetical order and gives the definition and some information about the word. A dictionary is made in different languages, you might need to learn a few languages to create a dictionary like Noah Webster, he had to learn 26 different languages to find out the origin of the word to make his own dictionary. A dictionary helps people understand how a word was used in the past and its language and who discovered it. The importance of using dictionaries can’t be ignored in language learning or teaching. Dictionaries help us communicate with each other by searching up meanings from a dictionary. There are online dictionaries too and a site called google translate. 11.17% of the world uses printed dictionaries and 42.06% use online dictionaries because its way easier and faster to search up the word online than look for it in a dictionary, also online dictionaries are free.

Problems

There are couple of problems with dictionaries like you must pay for printed dictionaries, but online dictionaries are free, also most of the world uses online dictionaries and its better if we can use them without internet so then you can use online dictionaries where ever you are. Dictionaries need to be updated constantly especially the old ones, old dictionaries are offensive to some people, there are some meanings of words that we don’t think of today like negro (colored). The price of printed dictionaries is quite expensive, they are around 50 to 100 dirhams. We can use online dictionaries but what if you are in an area with no internet and you can’t understand what someone is saying, you will need a dictionary. Sometimes people rely too much on dictionaries and really don’t use their brains, you can accidently type the homophone of the word and think that it’s correct and rely on the information without checking anything.

Solutions

Dictionaries are quite expensive, but you can get them for a lower cost at a book fair or a book store, they can start selling dictionaries at a lower price. There is also dictionary apps that you can use offline that are free. When you are buying or using a dictionary, check to see if there are updated or not. If the price of a dictionary is too expensive for you, you can still get the same one but in a cheaper price by buying the mini ones, they are good quality and cheaper. When you are looking for the definition of a word make sure it’s correct by checking other dictionaries and seeing if the definition is quite similar. Try not to rely on dictionaries too much, you can ask a family member, friend or teacher if you need to.

Opinions

I think dictionaries are important because they tell you the meaning of any word in different languages, they help us communicate with each other. I prefer online dictionaries than printed dictionaries because they are much better than printed ones because it is easier to use. One thing I think is unfair with dictionaries that you must pay for the printed ones, but the online dictionary is free. We wouldn’t be able to communicate or find out the meaning of words if there are no dictionaries, they are very useful in many ways like when you are speaking or writing it can even be a translator. I have read many articles and watched a video and l have learnt many things about dictionaries that I’ve never knew before.

Conclusion

In conclusion I think dictionaries are very important, they help us in our school, work and in our daily life. I have learned the importance of dictionaries towards different languages. They help us in many ways, like help us communicate with one another.

References

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary
2. http://mentalfloss.com/article/87241/12-things-you-might-not-know-about-dictionaries
3. https://www.quora.com/Why-are-dictionary-definitions-useful
4. http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/151836
5. https://mashable.com/2009/09/07/dictionary-google/#Gg_2CxCw.kqE
6. https://korystamper.wordpress.com/2013/06/19/the-times-they-are-a-changing-and-so-should-your-dictionary/
7. https://public.oed.com/blog/the-first-dictionaries-of-english/
8. https://youtu.be/HFQcI7n0Ml0
9. https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-dictionary-definition-use-history.html
10. https://www.pythonlearn.com/html-008/cfbook010.html

Abstract

Today, the every education faculty is going to take aid of ICT for meeting the current challenges in the world. Social Science is also achieving its goal through the application of Information and Communication Technology. The Modern trends in Social sciences are not effective without use of ICT. Teaching is the purposeful imparting of information or skills or both to another individual or to a group of individual. The role of teachers is significant for information and communication technology (ICT) integration, because the use of ICT in the classroom depends on teachers’ attitudes towards the concept. However, to develop such training, teachers’ opinions, concerns, and needs regarding ICT integration should first be identified. In order to provide better support for social studies teachers using ICT, this article reports social studies teachers’ views, experiences, and attitudes towards ICT.

Introduction

Today, the every education faculty is going to take aid of ICT for meeting the current challenges in the world. They are also trying to develop their own field and taking effort to reach their faculty towards last member of the society. Social Science is also achieving its goal through the application of Information and Communication Technology. The Modern trends in Social sciences are not effective without use of ICT.

Social Science is a discipline which deals the problems of the society. It studies the human behaviour related to its entire social, economic, political and psychological field etc. It tries to find out the problems, trace it and through proper investigation and observation gives the solution. Now days, globalization makes changes in human life. It creates so many challenges in front of society. It creates competition in every sector of the society. It makes phobia in human mind. In all these factors the structure of human life has been affected earlier human life. Now we have to give such social science knowledge to college students who face the problems in their life. There is an absolute need for the application of ICT. This should be properly taught by the teachers as well as assimilated by learners.

Teaching is the purposeful imparting of information or skills or both to another individual or to a group of individual. The primary aim of teaching of course is to enable the individual to contribute his full share to the well being of the society in which he lives. This essential aim is achieved by social science education. The responsible citizenship is built up through social science education. Social sciences help learners to build his/her skills, competencies and intellectual capacity. This should be developed by social science through the aid of ICT. In social as well as Political Life of an Individual , what is right and what is wrong, should be understood to be get success in his or her life. This is the aim of social science education.

In Democratic structure, a responsible and aware citizen is needed to get success of any nation in any field. In this situation, the role of social scientists is more important. As far as India’s Concern, it is fast developing country. It has a role model of democratic structure to all over the world. The maximum percentage of youth in India is nearly 60%. India is going to lead all over the world. Most of the leaders or a common man wishes to see the super power India in future. In such phenomenon, the social science education, their teachers, role is very important. As far as Vidharbha Region concern, the stuff of students who gets admission in Social Science, are very low grade. They are not interested in study. They just take admission to get degree or for the sake of enjoyment. In such situation the role of teachers is very crucial.

The tools of ICT is very much power full to impart knowledge to the student. Power point presentations, audio-visual, use of internet, online guidance is some tools of which are used in resent period to share or give information and education to an individual or a group of individual. These tools help us to involve student mentally. This can takes once in to such situation which we want to share information to him or her. As far as we know that or see in the society, the youths are very smart. They are aware all new tools or new things which comes in the market. They can easily handle or get command over it. They know that which film come in to the market, who is playing main role, which technology is coming in to the market in future. But the person, who knows everything, does not able to get good marks in the examination or even not clear the examination.

COMMONLY USED ICTs IN EDUCATION

The new digital technologies are no single technologies. They are combination of hardware and software media and delivery systems. Following are the types of ICTs commonly used in education:

• Multimedia PC, Laptop Notebook
• Digital video/Still Camera
• LAN and other Networks/Mobile Phone
• www (World Wide Web)
• CD ROM & DVD
• E-mail & Chat ○ Digital Libraries
• Computer Conference (Video/Audio)
• Application S/W such as work processing spread sheets, power point and stimulation and speech recognition.
• Integrated Based Research ○ Integrated Learning System (ILS)

A teacher use ICT, can make subject theme which is proportionate to the age and interest of the learners. They can fulfil the needs of society. These tools take student mind in particular atmosphere which creates awareness in the student. The basic object of a teacher is to make concrete process of teaching and learning, which should be done in the use of ICT. The success of teaching can be done only when the proper communication between teacher and student is effectively done. This can be done in the use of ICT. Through the use of ICT, a teacher or institution can get appropriate feedback from students. It is helpful to them to make changes in their teaching according to the needs of students. A teacher can teach so many students at the same time if he or she uses ICT tools. Now there is a lot of information in internet which can be useful and provides lots of knowledge to teacher. The teacher can upgrade his/her knowledge according to the situation.

There are several challenges in the use of ICT by social science teachers, students and the institutions. Generally we believe that the face to face interaction is always support for the communication but in use of ICT create middle man which hamper the object of the communication. Teachers in rural sector and some of the urban sector do not aware about the use of ICT. Some of the Institution do not provide proper opportunities and even not make healthy atmosphere for inspiring and motivating teachers to get knowledge of ICT. Most of the institutions do not take much interest to purchase ICT related equipments. All ICT related equipments are costly, due to lack of sufficient funds, lack of revenue etc. the unwillingness of use is also supported such condition. Insufficient of power supply in rural sector is also a major challenge for the use of ICT. If teachers and the institution are ready to use ICT for their day to day activities, they must need continuation support of electricity. There is a lots of time needed for the using of ICT facilities. The time of students and the teacher have to in the classroom much more time which is not possible for them in regular basic.

To conclude the above subject, the use of ICT in social science is no doubt important. Every social scientist must use these tools to upgrade his/ her knowledge and imparting the knowledge. No doubt that there are some problems and hurdles in the use of ICT but if we want make capable and responsible youth and give their best to the nation; we must provide best education to them. The best education cannot be achieved without use of ICT. So in the last we must aware, use and make friendly relations with ICT tools which uplift our knowledge as well as we will able to impart best knowledge to our students.

References

1. https://shodhgangotri.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/410/2/02_introduction.pdf
2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325968125_application_of_ICT_in_Social_studies_education/citation/download
3. Hong, J., E. (2016). Social Studies Teachers’ Views of ICT Integration. RIGEO, 6 (1), 32-48. Retrieved from http://www.rigeo.org/vol6no1/Number1Spring/RIGEO-V6-N1-2.pdf
4. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology – TOJET April 2005 ISSN: 1303-6521 volume 4 Issue 2 Article 3

Science communication is informing and raising awareness for science-related topics broadcast throughout the public media. It also signifies communication between scientists sharing different issues. Scientists use their aptitude but also warmth to indicate that the topic matters to them. However, they tend to have been trained knowledge and rigorous focus on the research data/ details that their audience would most like. While talking to reporters or people they have to be aware of their audience’s aspect.

In our society, today media has increased turning the world into some type of global village. The media tend to hype most of the science/ health related issues so as to receive a huge audience. An example would be the Bijlmermeer plane crash which showed how media hypes resulted in increasing people’s aspect towards their health problems to the disaster. Media hypes are generated news that emphasizes regularlyagain, one specific structure while ignoring the other important perspectives. News like this indicates terror and anxiety among people who are of one way to another in the aftermath of disasters.

People usually tend to accept the explanations offered by media and desegregate them in their story about their own health accusations. The Bijlmermeer case signifies that an abrupt increased in media reports about people demand health problems directly after a publicized key event that the media generates. An analysis that was formed after the media coverage of the Bijlmermeer crash which took places in 1998-1999 illustrated that the media hypes developed new ideas to reveal what they thought seemed to prove the disasters and the health complaints. This paper will discuss the traditional conception of public communication of science and why it is problematic, the roles played by media in disseminating information about science/ health and lastly the media providing misinformation regarding science or health-related issues.

Bucchi explains that “The idea that science is ‘too complicated ‘for the public to understand became published particularly as a result of advances made in physics during the early decades of 1900s’’ (Bucchi). Communication in science has developed the main relation of institutionalization of research a profession increasing the growth and advancement of the mass media. The diffusionist conception of public communication incorporates that the media is designed to convey scientific notions due to the lack of competences which includes commercial interests. It also a one-way process that is linear and can transfer knowledge from one subject or groups to another.

It has been problematic due to the media and the public having initial reflections on science communication, and the diffusionist fundamentally rests its notion of communication as the transfer. Studies on public communication of science indicate that 80% of French researchers’ report that they have had some experiences when it comes to popularizing science throughout the mass media. The same similar conclusion/ research was conducted by Dunwoody and Scott in the United States. “A fifth of the articles on science and medicine written in the past 50 years by the newspapers were about science and medical experts” (Bucchi).

In this article, the author outlines the theoretical understanding of science communication through its key elements of the traditional conception, implicitly or explicitly widespread within science communication practice and policies. Bucchi contends that studies of the public communication of science inform us that 80% of the French researchers’ report that they have had experience in popularizing science through media mass. In addition, public communication should be improved in order to promote awareness and interest in science. The argument presented in these articles explains the conception of public communication of science. A model of science communication cross-talk implies that seeing communication is not simply as a cause but for the instance changes the opinion and attitudes among the public.” Science communication has a broader process concerned with the transfer of knowledge’’(Bucchi). This includes the four main stages in the process of scientific communication being used which include the instraspecialist level, Interspecialist level, pedagogic level, and popular level.

The instraspecialist level concludes papers published in specialized journals referring to experimental work and graphs predominate. The inter-specialist level; includes different kinds of texts published in bridge journals such as Nature and science to papers given at meetings of researchers belonged to the same discipline but worked at different areas. Moreover, the pedagogic level is described as a textbook science where the theoretical corpus has already been developed which are the books students use in the classroom where they learn the various ways on how science work and how it’s applied in our daily life.

The popular level covers the articles written on science that is published in a daily press and the amateur science of television documentaries. At the popular level, there are doubts and disclaimers that distinct the specialist knowledge that condenses into elementary and formulas. It presents a constancy of texts with differences in degree, across levels and invites people to imagine a sort of curve for scientific ideas that the leads from the intra specialist expository context to the popular one, passing through the intermediate levels. The models of science communication as a continuum which starts with the instraspecialistic stage, the pedagogical stage then the popular stage and the interspecialistic stage follows.

The roles that media partakes in the aftermath of disasters involves stress for public health officials. Media is also discussed not only in the context of reports on disasters and health-related. For instance, the media coverage is seen as a risk factor for suicide. This article elaborates on theoretical frameworks on the risk amplification process that takes place after disasters, and the way in which the process takes place with the media hypes frame new risk issues. The author poses a question that is used to guide the research: But what do we actually know about the effects of these media messages on the definition of risks, health perception, and personal well-being? Vasterman contends that media hypes can trigger a process years later, which causes health problems and cause risk issues such as post-traumatic stress. Media hypes are triggered by unusual or shocking events occurring which are framed in a way that media always shifting into a higher accessory and looking for a piece of newer news on the topic the audience is demanding for more.

During the hype, the media always tend to generate more news on a topic by reporting equal incidents. Once the topic gains a certain level of attention, the media attracts more attention, and it attracts more people. The argument presented in this article is directly related to the topic of what role the media plays in disseminating information regarding science and health-related issues. The media and health issues after disasters includes events such as the 9/11 and 1995 Oklahoma City bombing how it affected the health of many people exposed to the media showing the disasters, and media hypes and risk amplification. The 9/11 attacks are reported as a trigger of memory to recall. “In the aftermath of the September11, 2001, attacks, four studies demonstrated associations between viewing television coverage of the attacks and post-traumatic stress symptomatology” (Vasterman). The media kept showing the disaster that happened on the television that caused post-traumatic stress disorder due to people viewing the images of people falling and jumping from the towers. The 1995 Oklahoma City bombing the influence of the media had a particular concern because the publicity shows the effect of terrorist actions. When it comes to risk amplification, the media works in different modes, that they can follow easily. The leading role is the social structure that causes the problem after disasters, it creates a specific perspective. The media have a huge impact on the way the disasters works and the risk issues involved in certain situations that are perceived by the public as well as other authorities.

The mass media concern in science has remained steady throughout the 19th century until now. The media outlets in many countries only pass science writing as medicine or health. In this article, the author includes that science journalists in the world cannot determine what is true, objectivity which demands the reporter to go into a neutral transmitter mode and focus not on the validity rather on accuracy. Dunwoody contends that both scientists and science journalists should put on a large premium on the accuracy of their science stories. For example, a study that asks the sources to identify inaccurate media science in order to find perceived flaws and errors of omission.

The argument presented in this article is directly related to my topic of media because it provides an in-depth example demonstrating how media provides misinformation regarding science/ health-related issues. The media always tend to send out the false information, or a misinformation in order to get a reaction from an audience. False information continues to influence beliefs and attitudes even after an explanation is given. The historical evolution of science journalism, in particular referencing to the United States and the moves to the characteristics of today’s science journalists. Including journalism and media outlets. Moreover, the coverage of science is a topic that interests many journalists due to the research is done and commentary.

The media’s that we tend to look for news such as Facebook and google end up clamping down fake news about a health issue that will have a significant impact on people. The society doesn’t realize the information that they access maybe false rather they look for the what to do to prevent certain things from happening. People have ways to make misinformation tend to be true due the facts being added. These stories post as serious journalism and do not fade away in thin air rather they become means for some writers that make money from them and potentially influence the public opinion. In an analysis of health stories mostly highlighted in local news are those of health problems, and most likely to affect viewers, or the audience that it’s supposed to attract. Science belittle suggestions that rely on mediated channels for information about health. The media being the number one source in which people attain their information, people tend to want to find certain information which relates to science.

The media amplify anxiety through exaggeration, prediction and when certain words or images are used to symbolize an item. The swine flu pandemic is an example of how media can cause amplification that may lead to moral panic. The media created moral panic for the people who accessed the news due to swine flu that was spreading around. When the swine flu appeared on the news for the first time, the mass media made it look worse than it was and people were panicking all over the United States.

One of the heading shown on the news was “Swine flu will be the biggest pandemic ever, warns world health chief’’ (Geraldino).

In conclusion, the conception of public communication of science implies the to the changes of opinion among people, and the public in general. The social problem with the public communication is that it’s been a long tradition that it impacts everyone and no one seems to question if the information is really accurate and evidence why the results indicate this. The media role in disseminating information to the society has increased risks in people health after each seeing the aftermath over and over, and ends up having trauma afterwards. Media tends to always send misinformation when it comes to topics or thing related with people’s health such as diseases spreading and so on. When the society see’s such report on the news with headlines indicating that they need to take precautions or take action, this causes amplification such as panic or concern among each other.

Growing up Language is an iconic obstacle a child must conquer. A language is a tool that enables people to communicate & it is an essence of what it means to be human(Panopto Lecture). And when we address Spoken Language, it is cleaved into five different categories which are Phonology, Morphology, Semantics, Syntax, and Pragmatics(Textbook 9.1 The Road to Speech). Frankly speaking, I don’t think that many of our Parents or Teachers were even aware of these five aspects of Spoken Language while we were growing up, still, they did a great job making us learn how to speak. I bet some of us are capable of speaking a couple of languages fluently and even know how to write and read those languages as well. Now, Kids have to learn the rule systems of the language which can be very daunting.

But, sometimes children tend to make errors and misuse words that don’t fit in while attempting to speak. But parents or caregivers need to teach them the correct way to say it encouragingly, rather than giving their kids hard time & embarrass them publicly. This Corrective Feedback serves as a small gesture of motivation that can increase enthusiasm in kids to learn new vocabulary(Panopto Lecture). I remember I always screwed up the spelling of “Little”, In my notebook, I always wrote “Littre” instead. I am from a background where English isn’t the first language, so I never received any help from my parents because they didn’t know the language fluently. On the other hand, when I took the spelling test, the word “Little” showed up and as usual, I wrote the wrong spelling again. This time teacher corrected my spelling with red ink and made me understand that the word “Littre” has no meaning. Further, she told me “always remember the word ”Little” always contains double L, if you don’t have that in your word it will be wrong and the word will be meaningless.” This “little” trick helped me a lot.

Also, there is no surprise, if parents communicate with kids more often, the kids will understand vocabulary quicker. Parents may facilitate the learning of words by the name of things. Parents should mark the items which the child sees on a stroll – birds, trees, cars, etc. Parents can also help children learn Vocabulary by reading bedtime stories with them. Reading together is a fun activity for kids, and it provides opportunities for children to learn new words. However, the way that parents read makes a difference. When parents carefully describe pictures as they read, preschoolers’ vocabularies increase. Asking children questions also help When an adult reads a sentence (e.g., “The Sparrow is chirping”), then asks a question (e.g., “What is Sparrow doing?”), a child must match the new word (chirping) with the pictured activity and say the word aloud. When parents read without questioning, children can ignore words they don’t understand. Questioning forces children to identify the meanings of new words and practice saying them(Textbook 9.2 Encouraging Word Learning).

Parents remain an important influence on the children to improve vocabulary for school-aged children. Children learn words when parents use vocabulary rich speech, it is a form of instructional and helpful experiences. Reading is an ideal means of learning new words. Published materials, such as novels, magazines, journals, and textbooks are nearly often foreign to vocabulary rather than conversational languages. Children who read often have more vocabulary than children who read less often. Video watching will, under certain conditions, aid word learning for pre-school children. For instance, pre-school kids who watch Sesame Street daily appear to have greater vocabulary than pre-school children who only rarely watch Sesame Street. Other programs that promote word learning are those which tell a story, such as Thomas the Tank Engine. Also shows like Blue’s Clues, and Dora the Explorer, which specifically ask audience questions. The advantages of such programs are amplified when pre-school children watch it with their parents. In comparison to these cartoons, most of the other cartoons do not serve any purpose when it comes to language learning(Textbook 9.2 Encouraging Word Learning). Also, I think, Genie Wiley (the Feral Child ) is a great example here, she was confined in her house for 13 years. And as discussed in the Video Lecture, the initial 3-5 years are pivotal for Language development. In Genie’s case she never got the social exposure to learn any language, she was isolated and all she had ever listened was her dad’s horrifying screams. What I think is a child needs certain mediums like social exposure, television, school, parents & friends to learn the language. And Genie was deprived of all such mediums and above all, she had no motivation in her life as a child to learn a language (Panopto Lecture).

When we talk about Language and Biology, there are a lot of influences, amongst those is Biological Influence and one of the explanations that we have is that we are seeing children all over the globe. Kids tend to meet language thresholds at the same time no matter where they belong. So, despite enormous variance in the language input, adults are not referring to kids under the age of one year in some communities. Therefore, the fact that children must be introduced to language is something we know and are talking about. However, we see this inevitable unfolding in terms of language acquisition as long as the exposure is present(Panopto Lecture). Besides that, Biological influence can alter a child’s language and communication, these facets are recurrent in many forms of impairment whether it be Hearing or Visual Impairment. These disabilities can hinder or I would say delay the process of Language development in a child. But, sooner or later an impaired child will pick up the velocity to be equivalent to the rest of the mainstream kids. The next aspect is the Sociocultural & Environmental Influence.

If we through a glance at the case study of The wild boy of Aveyron “Victor” a French feral boy who lived and was probably raised by wolves in the mountains of the Aveyron area in the late 1790s. The local farmers allegedly sighted Victor early on in 1794, and in 1797 he was captured and taken into a town by local hunters. For several months a young widow took care of him, but he fled and returned to the jungle. In 1800 he emerged from the woods willingly. The boy was about twelve years old at the time and could speak no words. The doctors who treated him first thought he could be sour and quiet. After testing him in Paris at the Deaf National Institute, it became apparent that he is fully safe but never contacted a language. It was easy to be nude and to roam in freezing weather, which prompted the scientists to believe that he was well accustomed to harsh circumstances in the wild. Whilst Victor displayed some signs of improvement he was uninterested, violent, and hyperactive. This ultimately brought scientists to the belief that he would never be able to conform to any social norm. The story of Victor reminds me of one famous feral kid everyone is familiar with. Yes, it is none other than Mowgli from the Jungle Book. Even though Mowgli is a fictional character but if he existed in the real world he must also have been in the same struggle learning the actual human language.

References

1. Kail, R. V. (2015). Children and their development. (7th Edition).
2. Panopto Lecture Ch-9 Language and Communication.
3. TEDxTalks Dr. Brenda Fitzgerald at TEDxAtlanta(2014, June 04). Improving early child development with words [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8qc8Aa3weE
4. ChildHealth-Explanation.com, (2015). Factors Affecting Language Development in Children. [online] Available at: http://www.childhealth-explanation.com/language-development-pg3.html
5. ApolloEight Genesis (2013, January 18). Genie Wiley – TLC Documentary [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VjZolHCrC8E
6. thevintagenews.com, (2017). Victor of Aveyron: A a feral child who supposedly lived in the French wilderness until he was 12 [online] Available at https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/06/21/victor-of-aveyron-a-feral-child-who-supposedly-lived-in-the-french-wilderness-until-he-was-12/

Stories are the fabric of our lives. They help us make sense of what we are, where we come from and what we want to be (Soin & Schyett 2006). It is part of human experience. When people share their stories, listeners naturally focus their attention, engaging in the teller’s experience. The deliberate and effective use of storytelling establishes links between participants and sets the stage for high performance (Kahan, 2006).

The Merriam-Webster defines communication as a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs or behaviour. Effective communication in this day and age is very important. There are three main types of communication, verbal, nonverbal and visual. Storytelling falls under the verbal category. The Narrative Paradigm Theory, developed by Walter Fisher suggests that all humans are storytellers and all meaningful communication is in the form of stories. We have a long history of oral/verbal communication. Folklore and lessons were passed down through the generations via storytelling.

Storytelling enhances the communication process. It allows a clearer transfer of ideas and adds value to conversations. Walter Fisher mentions that listeners can relate to these stories based on personal values and shared past experiences (Barker & Gower 2010). Stories assist in clarifying key values and help in demonstrating the way things are done in an organisation. How effective the oral communication is will depend on the speed, volume, pitch, voice modulation, clarity of speech and also the non-verbal communications like visual cues and body language (EDUCBA).

The Storytelling Model of Organizational Communication introduced in the article Strategic Application of Storytelling in an Organisation integrates the Organizational Diversity Continuum to recognize the importance of heterogeneity and time (Barker & Gower 2010). With the growing diversity in the workplace there is a need for effective communication across all levels. Differences in age, gender, race, culture, and employees who speak English as a second language present challenges in communication. In a small company such as the one that I work for, the business partners are expatriates then we have the management team, lawyers and support staff who are nationals. The flow of information comes either from the partners, administration manager or finance manager via electronic mail. Staff meetings are a rarity. My co-workers are from different ethnicities with different cultural backgrounds and most if not all speak English as a second language. Email communication within the office can at times be misinterpreted by the receiver. I found that telephone conversations and or face-to-face communication is explicable and allows for quicker feedback and correction.

A survey conducted by About.Com found that the top three reasons why people do not like their jobs were communication related. Poor communication breeds uncertainty and doubt, it turns into rumours, gossip and or even resentment and causes low productivity (Eisenhauer, 2015).

According to statistics published online by Bluesource, the cumulative cost per-worker per-year resulting in communications barriers is £19,666 (Lawrence, 2018). Poor cultural communication skills have been shown to create countless negative consequences such as lost business, lost productivity and damages to a company’s reputation (Barker & Gower, 2010).

Storytelling can be used when introducing changes, establishing and shifting of power, sharing complex ideas, selling products services and ideas, a call to action and in organizational leadership. Stories make ideas or concepts more relatable to the receiver. They can show cause and effect for instance in the New Testament of the Bible Jesus often taught lessons using parables to describe His relationship with God and with His followers.

There is a story told called the Parable of the Three Servants. A master who is about to go on a journey, puts his servants in charge of his property. According to each of their abilities he gives them gold coins. To one he gives five thousand gold coins, to another two thousand and to the last, one thousand. He then leaves for his journey. The servant, who received the five thousand coins, invests his money and earns another five thousand. The servant who received the two thousand coins invested his portion and earned another two thousand. But the servant who received the one thousand decided to bury the money his master gave him. After some time the master returns and settles accounts with them. In turn each servant came to see the master. He was very pleased with the two servants who managed double what was given to them. Then the third servant came in and spoke with the master, he said, “I know you are a very hard man, I was afraid and so I hid your money in the ground”. The master told him, “You lazy servant, you should have deposited my money in the bank and I would have received it all back with interest when I came back. Now take the money away from him and give it to the one who has ten thousand coins. For to every person who has something, even more will be given and he will have more than enough but the person who has nothing; even the little that he has will be taken from him”. And the lazy servant was thrown out into the dark (Mat 25:14-30, Good News Bible 1998). An interpretation of this story, Jesus (the master) entrust his believers with his gifts (salvation, promise of eternal life etc.) And he goes away (his impending crucifixion and resurrection/ascension). Upon his return he takes into account all that you as a believer have done. Separating and rewarding the faithful and casting aside the unfaithful.

Such stories that teach ethics and morals are known in Tok Pisin as tok piksa/bokis. The stories told often refer back to everyday situations to make clearer the message or idea and they can also affect decision making.

I agree with the notion that the strategic application of storytelling can lead towards effective communication in diverse organisations especially in multi-national organizations. Smaller companies do face the obstacles however hardly ever does it become an issue. In the company that I am currently employed with, when we need to explain banking procedures to other colleagues, storytelling comes in handy. Examples can be given without the usual banking terms/jargon to simplify for instance the business account opening process. I found that storytelling was a necessary part of my job when I worked as a bank officer. I was able to communicate at the customer level and in turn when reporting to our line manager and department head. Senior staff and managers with the skill set to communicate effectively on all levels are an asset. Everyone will be on the same page working towards the common organisational goals and it promotes innovativeness and productivity.

It’s through storytelling that connections, engagement and trust are built. It’s the art of taking a core message or idea and transforming it into something that resonates with the audience, resulting in them believing in, caring about and acting on the message or idea (Arisheh, 2018).

Author Robert McKee said storytelling is the most powerful way to put ideas into the world today. When I read this quote I immediately thought of Walt Disney and Theodor Giesel more commonly known by his penname Dr Seuss and how their stories have influenced generations. My favourite Dr Seuss book is The Lorax; it’s about looking after and caring for the environment and how greed can be very destructive. Disney movies I discovered were based on much darker stories or novels. For example the original creator of Pinocchio developed the character for a newspaper comic or serial story with the goal of showing children what will happen if you are naughty. The initial version of Pinocchio was mischievous and cruel and when the cricket tried to give him some good advice Pinocchio killed him. Luckily Walt Disney puts his own twist on these stories, making the endings light hearted.

How well a story is told and how often it is told and its relevance can determine whether the message or idea is remembered or not. Take for instance the advertisements or jingles that come on the television or radio. They are under thirty to sixty seconds in length, precise and are played once or twice during an interval. After an hour or two you can recall the basic details for a product or service.

There are other tools that aide in effective communication. Storytelling is a powerful and often underused medium for internal communication between employers and employees (Arisheh, 2018). More emphasis should be placed on this skill in the workplace. When inducting new team members, stories can introduce them to the company or organisation’s culture and let them know what is specifically required from them. This gives them the direction and confidence needed to perform given tasks and their daily duties. For staff engagement, companies regardless of size need to hold regular staff meetings where everyone is given a chance to air their views and grievances. Even a couple of days before a meeting put out a question box for employees to drop their questions for the management team to answer during the meeting. A happy and engaged team equals productivity.

The diversity of society was increasing the difficulties for the communicators because their conversation will be guided by the culture. Nevertheless, some of the people can have the good relationship and enjoying during the conversation with different cultural people. This is because they understand and practicing revealing themselves during the conversation. Through revealing ourselves, they can know more about each other. Revealing ourselves is a process of revealing the personal information rather than the general information about us to others.

Interpersonal communication is an ongoing and continuous process. Even though we are kept silent when the others talk with us but we still communicate through our non-verbal behavior. We cannot stop to communicate due to different ethnicities, cultural contexts, gender identities and spiritual commitments. The principle of interpersonal communication is interpersonal communication can develop and sustains relationship. Communication is the main technique for people to construct and transform their relationships. Hence, learning the culture of others through revealed information during the conversations is essential and important when born in diverse society.

According to the Social Penetration Theory, self-disclosure is the core of relationship development. The relational communication between people begins at superficial level and moves along the three continuums to more intimate level. The first continuum is I-It relationship. we may not recognize the humanity of the other people and confirm their existence. For example, the homeless person reveal himself and asking for money, we ignored them and treat them as “its” not as unique individual.

The situation was happened because we had higher uncertainty about the person. In order to feel more safety and comfortable and treated them as “its”. An embarrassing situation also happened when higher uncertainty between the communicators. Uncertainty was making a person felt uncomfortable and cause stagnated at I-It relationship. By having a several conversations with that person are helping us to reduce our uncertainty towards the person.

There had three developmental stages in a relationship in order to reduce the uncertainty. According to Berger and Calabrese (1975), majority of the people begin interaction in an entry phase which defined as the beginning stage of an interaction between strangers. The conversation is guided by implicit and explicit rules and norms because still had higher uncertainty about that person so both spoke carefully and general topic discussed in their conversation.

After had several times conversation and they started to reveal themselves and entered the second stage which know as personal phase. It categorized at second level of communication which is I-You communication. The interactants are communicate more spontaneously and reveal more personal information or opinion towards others.

However, their conversation still under guidance of rule and culture even though we affirm their existence and recognized them as individuals with those roles. This is because we use communication to satisfy our belonging needs. Nobody can stay without communicate with others. We only can avoid communicating with others but sometimes we still need to communicate especially in workplace. If we continue rejected or quickly exit the conversation with colleagues will let them feel annoying and they will not talk actively with us again. Hence, we need to communicate for ours belonging needs with colleagues due to acceptance and affirmation from the them.

By revealing themselves in the conversation, we can understand that person personality and plan our future relationship whether continue be friend or the person are not suitable be our friends. The third developmental stage in a relationship in order to reduce the uncertainty was referring to our decision whether continue or leave. If the person decision was continued, he will continue to reveal himself when having conversation with that person. Nonintimate relationship progress to intimate relationship because of self-disclosure. As the time past, they may reveal deeply about themselves to others.

Self-disclosure can be strategic or nonstrategic. Strategic self -disclosure is we plan out what we want to say with others. However, we plan what we want to reveal but sometimes the planning cannot run smoothly because we cannot predict exactly the topic for the conversation. We have several conversations with several people within a day so we usually used nonstrategic self-disclosure when talking with others. Besides that, researchers have used the phrase “stranger on the train” to refer we spontaneously reveal ourselve to complete strangers in public place (Richard &Lynn, 2018).

The researcher was used the structure of onion when discuss the self-disclosure (Altman & Taylor, 1973). The outer layer of onion is the public image of a person which can observe by naked eye. The private information was restored or keep in the inner layer of the onion. When we self-disclosed, we will start reveal our surface information which consider as the outer layer of onion and the private information will reveal with someone totally intimacy with us.

In addition, the researchers also found that when someone continuous reveal himself will lead the others are likely to reciprocate similar level of sensitive information (Acquisti, John & Loewenstein, 2012). The meaning of reciprocity is the return of openness from one person to another. Hence, we able had the conversation in comfortable condition when we be the first person to reveal ourselves.

Furthermore, self-disclosure can view along two dimension which are breadth and depth. The meaning of breadth was referring to the numbers of topic discussed in a relationship. We can discuss broadly topic in a conversation with many people but the private topic will only reveal with someone who very close to us. Depth in self-disclosed topic was refer to the degree of intimacy guides topic discussions. The higher degree of intimacy and the more opportunity for a person to feel vulnerable. Self-disclosure in conversation can improve the relationship. However, people disclose too much during entry phase will caused the relationship end up because not everyone are prepared to accept your intimately.

Good practicing the interpersonal communication guideline can help us successfully reveal ourselves in a conversation. The first skill is developing a range of skill. We need to identify the situation and the topic of conversation before we speak. For example, the person revealed his problem to us so we need speak some things that help him like express our opinion which help him solving the problem. Second is adapt communication appropriately. We need to know the purposes of a conversation. For example, we want the others knows about us so we reveal ourselves. Next, engage in dual perspective in conversation. We able to build the relationship if the practicing the dual perspective when we communicate with each other. By understanding how someone thinking and feeling are helping us to better understanding his problem or difficulties when he revealed his problem to us. The fourth guideline is monitoring our communication. We must remind ourselves not to get offensive when discussing a series topic. Lastly, we need commit to ethical communication. We need investing our time and energy in communicating with different group of people.

In conclusion, interpersonal communication is irreversible so please rethink the using of word or volume of speaking whether it suitable or not when self-disclosure. Appropriate revealing can build up the relationship within the communicators.