Category: Economics 2707

Introduction

Investing resources can bring significant benefits to individuals and their companies. Investment issues are widely discussed in businesses of various levels, attracting many entrepreneurs and employees. I watched a video about investors strategies and actions to choose stocks to buy created by Richard Coffin (n.d.). Even though buying and selling shares is an opportunity to make a big profit, it is also a severe risk for investors.

Discussion

The chosen video is interesting and valuable for those who want to know more about investing. It clearly and briefly explains what stocks are and how they are bought. I learned new information about active and passive investors and their strategies based on fluctuating shares prices. The active investors idea of beating the market attracted my attention with its ambiguity. Coffin (n.d.) notes that buying stocks is not an exact science, highlighting the difficulties of forecasts and calculations. No shares will bring guaranteed profits, so the investors task is to analyze the market regularly. Successful investment strategies usually contain both active and passive methods, and the idea of beating the market seems to me extreme.

Competent investments are essential for business representatives as they provide an opportunity to increase their income. At the same time, the business and companies can issue their shares and attract funding for their development. The theme of the considered video is closely related to chapter 19 in Understanding business  the sources complement each other.

Conclusion

This textbook section also describes the features of investing in securities (Nickels et al., 2019). Thus, investing in stocks can be profitable but carries certain risks, so it is necessary to think through a strategy for buying and selling them.

References

Coffin, R. (n.d.). How do investors choose stocks? [Video]. Ted-Ed. Web.

Nickels, W. G., McHugh, J. M., & McHugh, S. M. (2019). Understanding business (12^th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

Introduction

Economics is essential in steering public discussions about business taxation, household taxation, and import taxation by changing the public perspective of taxes. Taxes are essential in running a government by providing public resources and services for appropriate economic growth (Korenik & Wgrzyn, 2020). Without taxes, the government would be unable to pay public servants and initiate projects in a country. Thus, economics enables people to understand how these public resources help shape their lives, hence enhancing their willingness to pay taxes.

Discussion

Concerning household taxation, economics gives the public reasons why they have to pay household tax hence changing their view on this tax. For instance, household taxes help to ensure that the government can protect land rates. As an economist, I should ensure that people pay household taxes so that the government can have money to finance and protect the property. Business taxation is essential in shaping the general economy of a country in the short and long run (Korenik & Wgrzyn, 2020). Thus, businesses should pay this tax to ensure that the country achieves economic growth, which in turn helps them grow. For instance, when a certain industry contributes more to taxation, the government may seek to streamline its business operations and make it prosper. Thus, as an economist, I would encourage businesses to consider paying taxes and not evading them because it shapes their industry and the economy, which determines their growth.

Import taxation is put by the government to ensure that it motivates people to buy products within the country. Thus, this tax helps to bring more income to the people hence stirring public discussion (Korenik & Wgrzyn, 2020). An example, if there are low import taxes on raw materials and high import taxes on manufactured goods; it is an indication that the government is encouraging people to manufacture products locally. As an economist, I would advise that people adapt to government import taxes and get the deeper meaning of the taxes to grow the economy.

Factors of Production

The Federal Highway Act of 1956 authorized the government to build 41,000 miles of interstate highways in the US. In addition, the government set aside $26 billion, which could be used to construct these roads (Brinkman & Lin, 2020). This allowed for two production factors, innovation, and physical capital, to increase. Innovation in the country increased because road network construction required engineers and other stakeholders to develop innovative integrated ideas for constructing the roads. The $26 billion set aside was significant in increasing physical capital because it provided job opportunities for people working on the construction sites.

Examples of economic concentration in the US include the search engines where Yahoo, Google, and Microsoft have dominated the market. Another example is the soda industry, whereby Coca-Cola, Pepsi, and Dr. Pepper Snapple Group dominate the market. Satellite TV providers have economic concentration, too, with the major players being DirectTV and Dish Network. The benefits of economic concentration are mostly on the consumer because they get products at a decreased cost per unit (Cortés et al., 2021). However, economic concentration creates a risk of market liquidity where large investment portfolios may face challenges in purchasing or liquidating assets (Cortés et al., 2021). The other risk is the credit risk, whereby when a default occurs in a debtor, it may be ruinous because there is a lack of diversification.

Conclusion

Economic concentration has affected the finance docket by having a few major players, such as banks taking a significant portion of consumers. However, with the introduction of fintech, financial assets have been diversified, which is healthy for the industry.

References

Brinkman, J., & Lin, J. (2020). Early interstate policy and its effects on central cities. Cityscape, 22(2), 8186. Web.

Cortés, L. M., Lozada, J. M., & Perote, J. (2021). Firm size and economic concentration: An analysis from a lognormal expansion. PLOS ONE, 16(7), e0254487. Web.

Korenik, D., & Wgrzyn, M. (2020). Public policy timing in a sustainable approach to shaping public policy. Sustainability, 12(7), 2677. Web.

Introduction

Regional economic communities in Africa refer to a group of countries that have come together to spearhead economic development and political stability through the integration of trade, production, macroeconomics, and infrastructure. Moreover, these communities allow the free movement of individuals between their borders as long as they are members of the regional community. Therefore, regional communities play a major role in sustainable and collective development across nations by allowing them to share resources and support each others ambitions toward a positive future. However, different regional communities attract different nations according to their interests to focus on integrating particular dimensions. Hence, this essay discusses the security and strategic features of the integration process in the ECOWAS and EAC regions.

Aim

ECOWAS is a regional economic and political community in West Africa, made up of a union of 15 countries. Although the first attempts to unionize countries in West Africa occurred in 1945, ECOWAS was not established until 1975 in the Treaty of Lagos, signed by fifteen West African States to spearhead economic initiatives. Its members include Guinea, Gambia, Mali, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria, Niger, Senegal, Togo, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Mauritania, Cote dIvoire, Sierra Leone, and Liberia¹. The community revised its powers in 1993 due to emerging political events, allowing it to cover political cooperation and economic stability. Nevertheless, the body also addresses security issues among its member states by using a peace-keeping task force to prevent conflicts in the region. Since its establishment, the community has promoted people-driven and people-centered regional integration and economic cooperation, which has significantly accelerated economic development in West Africa.

On the other hand, EAC is an inter-governmental organization currently comprised of six members, including Kenta, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, and South Sudan, with its headquarters in Arusha, Tanzania. The main purpose of the EAC is to deepen and widen the social, political, cultural, and economic integration between its member countries to improve the life quality of all individuals in East Africa by improving access to trade resources, investments, healthy competition, and value-added production². Consequently, it has played a major role in the political stability and security of individuals in its member countries by intervening in conflict situations and sustaining an atmosphere that is favorable for economic and social developments.

Conceptual Clarifications

Economic integration communities play a crucial role in the positive development of member states by ensuring that they receive equal access to regional resources and the benefits of economic collaboration. Unfortunately, some of the most established regional development communities still suffer from severe issues that introduce setbacks to their initiatives toward establishing a sound business and political environment. Although regional economic communities in different regions serve various purposes, they have proved incapable of realizing sustainable change because of uncertain political environments and associated issues. The African continent, particularly West Africa, is still characterized by hostilities in some regions. Moreover, poverty and low living standards is still an issue that curbs most of the large settlements³. Thus, it is crucial to evaluate the potential reasons why regional integration communities do not meet their obligations and the solutions they can adopt to achieve notable change.

Discussion

Expert economists and researchers agree the regional integration communities in Africa have significantly expanded markets for trade and enhanced cooperation. However, most analysts argue that these communities are strong on paper but weak in delivering on their obligations because of conflicting interests and external influences⁴. Although the EAC recognizes that its members can only thrive and benefit from integration by sustaining peace, security, and stability, it does not have reliable solutions or a prosecuting body in charge of bringing perpetrators of violence to justice. For example, over the past decade, East Africa has recorded more than 2.4 million refugees and about 7.3 million displaced persons due to occasional conflicts in the region⁵. This situation suggests that the EAC is incapable of adequately advising, informing, and persuading its members to develop a comprehensive policy toward regional peace. Thus, they should embark on more regional security arrangements to ensure acknowledgment and timely response to conflicts in the area.

ECOWAS has initiated several reforms into its framework to strengthen its governance over its member nations. For example, the body has a community court of justice comprised of a judicial system with judges exhibiting high moral standards. Similarly, it has national units, technical commissions, and a community parliament to delegate on issues associated with policy-making and critical decision-making regarding various economic and process regulations in member states. Unfortunately, ECOWAS suffers from several issues because of factors beyond its control⁶. For example, illicit trading, internal security in member states, smuggling of firearms and weapons across borders, and high crime levels are highly prevalent in ECOWAS member states, which limited their peace-keeping initiatives in the region. Moreover, ECOWAS receives insufficient resources from its member states, it suffers from political interference, and it lacks appropriate military equipment to facilitate interventions against conflict⁷. As a result, these issues have significantly weakened their ability to deal with militia and terrorist groups like Boko Haram.

Analysis / Strategic Solutions

Regional integration in Africa has proved to maximize the benefits of technological innovations and globalization while countering their adverse effects. Unfortunately, regional integration communities fall back on their responsibilities and do not deliver on their obligations because of their unstructured governance system and notable political and economic differences between member states, making it difficult to maximize efficiency and production capacity. For example, although the EAC has taken several steps toward conflict resolution and crisis prevention, past developments suggest that it does not have enough powers or resources to obligate adherence by member states and their leaders. As a result, member states should authorize more powers to the EAC to encourage result-oriented interventions and prosecution of individuals who go against regulations. Subsequently, EAC can adopt a framework to limit the overreliance of economic benefits on specific nations to avoid setbacks in case of conflicts in those areas. Consequently, more powers and resources can help the integration to bear fruit in the long run.

On the other hand, ECOWAS has several strategies in place to ensure adherence to its communitys protocol and collective development. Unfortunately, its member countries exhibit several weaknesses since their borders are porous and allow high levels of illegal trade⁸. As a result, militia groups, with the help of corrupt politicians and powerful officials, can access guns and weapons of mass destruction, which allows them to rein terrorize individuals and prevent development in some areas. Therefore, it is advisable to adopt more versatile approaches to deal with these issues on the ground instead of formulating policies that are inapplicable in the real sense⁹. Moreover, the influence of political powers in ECOWAS decision-making does not align with its principles to provide equal opportunity and aid in the advancement of all its member states since they are pushed towards satisfying specific parties interests. Thus, their reform strategy should work on limiting external influences on its decision-making and assigning it more resources to deal with militia groups.

Conclusion

Regional economic communities in Africa have paved the way for trade, infrastructure, security, technological, and industry developments, thus allowing citizens in member states to thrive and enjoy higher living standards. Unfortunately, these communities are not as effective as anticipated because of various systemic failures and insufficient powers and resources to intercept national or political issues that might lead to adversities. As a result, most of them fail to meet their obligations, thus diminishing their potential benefits to members. Nonetheless, these communities have made remarkable advancements over the years, especially in minimizing conflicts within the areas and encouraging members toward political stability and positive development. However, much is yet to be done to ensure that these communities achieve their goals and foster sustainable development.

Recommendations

The EAC is an established economic integration community in East Africa. Unfortunately, it has only achieved notable milestones in advancing trade and the free movement of people within the regions borders. Otherwise, it has significantly failed in assuring security and political stability. Therefore, the organization should be given more mandates to preside over conflict matters and deal with individuals fuelling conflict in its member nations¹⁰. Moreover, the body should have more powers to preside over leadership and fair elections since it is the main factor that results in conflicts in East Africa. With these powers, the EAC can have more control over the political temperatures of its member states.

On the other hand, ECOWAS does not meet its obligations because of deeply rooted militia groups in some of its member nations, which make it difficult to sustain development and create an encouraging business environment. Thus, the organization should be given access to more resources in military power and the capacity to intervene in conflicts. Moreover, it should be allowed to actively engage in conflict resolution in troubled states by sending in reinforcements and military personnel to professionally handle militia groups¹¹. In addition, ECOWAS should establish more strict security protocols and border regulations to avoid the illegal smuggling of weapons and firearms across the countries. Finally, the body should establish a governance structure that limits the influence of external forces by giving all country representatives a seat at the decision-making table. These strategies will allow the community to limit setbacks and increase its effectiveness in economic integration.

Appendices

• ECOWAS  The Economic Community of West African States
• EAC  East African Community

Bibliography

Akinyemi, Opeyemi, Uchenna Efobi, Evans Osabuohien, and Philip Alege. Regional

integration and energy sustainability in Africa: exploring the challenges and prospects for ECOWAS. African Development Review 31, no. 4, 2019.

Alumona, Ikenna Mike, and Stephen Nnaemeka Azom. Institutional capacity and regional

integration: reflections on the composition and powers of the ECOWAS parliament. In Innovation, Regional Integration, and Development in Africa, pp. 137-155. Springer, Cham, 2019.

Amuhaya, Claire A., and Denis A. Degterev. The East African Community: A Revived

Hope for One Destiny. In A Century of East African Integration, pp. 29-83. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2022.

Darboe, Ndey Ramou. regional security analysis: Ecowas and the

constitutional crisis in the Gambia. 2020.

Ejones, Francis, Frank W. Agbola, and Amir Mahmood. Regional integration and economic

growth: New empirical evidence from the east African community. The International Trade Journal 35, no. 4, 2021.

Footnotes

• 1 Darboe, Ndey Ramou. REGIONAL SECURITY ANALYSIS: ECOWAS AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL CRISIS IN THE GAMBIA. (2020).
• 2 Ejones, Francis, Frank W. Agbola, and Amir Mahmood. Regional integration and economic growth: New empirical evidence from the east African community. The International Trade Journal 35, no. 4 (2021): 311-335.
• 3 Akinyemi, Opeyemi, Uchenna Efobi, Evans Osabuohien, and Philip Alege. Regional integration and energy sustainability in Africa: exploring the challenges and prospects for ECOWAS. African Development Review 31, no. 4 (2019): 517-528.
• 4 Amuhaya, Claire A., and Denis A. Degterev. The East African Community: A Revived Hope for One Destiny. In A Century of East African Integration, pp. 29-83. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2022.
• 5 Ejones, Francis, Frank W. Agbola, and Amir Mahmood. Regional integration and economic growth: New empirical evidence from the east African community. The International Trade Journal 35, no. 4 (2021): 311-335.
• 6 Alumona, Ikenna Mike, and Stephen Nnaemeka Azom. Institutional capacity and regional integration: reflections on the composition and powers of the ECOWAS parliament. In Innovation, Regional Integration, and Development in Africa, pp. 137-155. Springer, Cham, 2019.
• 7 Akinyemi, Opeyemi, Uchenna Efobi, Evans Osabuohien, and Philip Alege. Regional integration and energy sustainability in Africa: exploring the challenges and prospects for ECOWAS. African Development Review 31, no. 4 (2019): 517-528.
• 8 Akinyemi, Opeyemi, Uchenna Efobi, Evans Osabuohien, and Philip Alege. Regional integration and energy sustainability in Africa: exploring the challenges and prospects for ECOWAS. African Development Review 31, no. 4 (2019): 517-528.
• 9 Alumona, Ikenna Mike, and Stephen Nnaemeka Azom. Institutional capacity and regional integration: reflections on the composition and powers of the ECOWAS parliament. In Innovation, Regional Integration, and Development in Africa, pp. 137-155. Springer, Cham, 2019.
• 10 Ejones, Francis, Frank W. Agbola, and Amir Mahmood. Regional integration and economic growth: New empirical evidence from the east African community. The International Trade Journal 35, no. 4 (2021): 311-335.
• 11 Akinyemi, Opeyemi, Uchenna Efobi, Evans Osabuohien, and Philip Alege. Regional integration and energy sustainability in Africa: exploring the challenges and prospects for ECOWAS. African Development Review 31, no. 4 (2019): 517-528.

Introduction

The free housing myth has been an ongoing lie in Canada since immemorial. The fact that the falsehood has polarized Canada has become a major concern. Therefore, I thought of this chapter because there has been a popular belief that the Aboriginal group in Canada has been receiving free houses. This is contrary to reality since it is evident that most houses in Canada are either issued through market-based housing or non-profit social housing, both of which are not free. The Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) provides social housing services to indigenous individuals (Vowel, 2017). CMHC offers numerous initiatives to assist all Canadians in meeting their housing requirements.

Discussion

I picked this chapter because it is fundamental in debunking the myth that other groups in Canada, such as the indigenous, are fairly treated as compared to the rest. Moreover, I felt it was necessary to unravel the generalization that aboriginal meant free houses(Vowel, 2017). This demeaning and derogative idea can create discord among people living harmoniously. Therefore, this chapter is vital to despise and rebuke such notions and unveil reality.

I have heard this myth before, specifically from my friend who is non-aboriginal. The issues bred discord between us, and this is because he claimed that we are more privileged by owning a free house by simply being Canadian natives. It was so ironic since the home we currently live in with my parents was secured from a loan. Henceforth, I resorted to researching more about the theory of free houses for indigenous.

The myth has negatively affected the indigenous; for instance, it has created a division between two groups. Particularly, in the chapter, it is evident that one individual feels the Aboriginal people are more advantaged regarding the entitlement to free houses compared to the rest of the Canadians. Therefore, the person sounds bitter and distasteful. It is apparent that the notion of free homes for Aboriginal people has created more damage than good.

Undesirably, the myth has created segregation of people in Canada. This is because the notion has created ill feelings between the natives and non-natives. There is virtually always some level of resistance regarding the assumed provision of free housing. Such opposition to the idea of free housing projects is usually rooted in stereotypes towards the individuals who are perceived to live in them. Thus, it infringes on the individuals liberties to be without discrimination in housing.

The myth has adversely affected the relationships among Canadian people. Specifically, when affordable housing is explored, resistance has always emerged in Canada (Vowel, 2017). Furthermore, opposition based on discrimination against affordable housing for groups occurs when individuals have unfavorable views or prejudices about those who are thought to reside in free homes. Henceforth, this type of resistance may be cloaked in different developments centered on overstated worries.

Conclusion

The writer was attempting to demystify the myth that there are more advantaged people who live in free houses in Canada. The author detailed that the closest one can obtain a free house is by securing a non-profit social housing system. In this way, CMHC is responsible for providing all residents of Canada with various housing-related programs and services (Vowel, 2017). Hence, the myth of free housing for Aboriginal people in Canada is a hoax.

Reference

Vowel C. (2017). The myth of free housing. In C. Vowel (Ed.), Indigenous Write: A Guide to First Nations Me
tis & Inuit Issues in Canada (3^rd ed.) pp 1-7. HighWater Press. Web.

Investors usually frame investment market anomalies as some unusual patterns in the market that may increase returns on investments. In a formal sense, anomalies are events that do not fit into an efficient market hypothesis, which says that investors cannot outperform a pure buy-and-hold strategy because the assets price reflects all available information. However, the efficient market hypothesis does not take into account anomalies, one of which is called the January effect. Its main meaning is that stocks that underperformed in December will perform better in January. Many inexperienced investors may judge that is some illogical commonality, while there is a quite rational explanation. The reason is that investors sell underperforming stocks at the end of the calendar year for tax purposes. It means that this anomaly is actually a valid one.

Another well-known stock market anomaly is called the size effect. In simple terms, it means that small firms usually outperform big ones. It happens because it requires less money to invest in small companies to achieve growth. At the same time, large corporations will seek a tremendous amount of money to raise just several percent. Nevertheless, investment in small companies is a riskier practice in comparison to market giants. One should not be misled to think that this anomaly works every time. It leads to the conclusion that one should always monitor the major market media outlets for additional knowledge to understand current anomalies and obtain more information on market changes. Examples of them are Bloomberg, MSNBC, CNN, Yahoo Finance, and many others. The market price does not provide all the necessary information, so different market anomalies, fallacies, and behavioral issues are valid factors in the stock trade.

GDP is commonly known as the gross domestic product, and many political leaders are paying attention to this factor to estimate future changes in their country and avoid possible financial risks. Politicians are using the changes in GDP data during the development of different economic instabilities like inflations and recessions. However, this concept can also be used to calculate the produced products inside the specific country and understand how the distribution process works.

Even though the information related to the gross domestic product is publicly available, the situation is changing quickly, and the data might lose relevance. The causes for the changes might vary as manufacturing breaks, and professional workers shortages appear regularly in different markets closely related to gross domestic product. Due to the fact that people are traveling to other countries and leaving their working places, it might be complicated to estimate the performance of GDP correctly. However, this problem can be compensated by the university students who are not counted in the production of goods in the country but might make a significant change in the future by developing new technologies and providing unique ideas.

Inaccuracies can occur under different circumstances, and one of the common examples is investments which are not counted in the GDP but play a significant role. The world is fast-changing, and environmental issues influence peoples lives in different spheres. Consequently, the risk of failure is increasing significantly as unexpected situations may happen and bring losses to different governments financial sectors. It is important to work with experienced financial experts who manage to cope with different types of crises to ensure that stability can be achieved and supported.

Introduction

Virgin Group is a well-known venture company that makes investments in start-ups that might change the world. In 2022 the firm has made yet another contribution that has been financially rewarding. In the summer of 2022, Virgin Group made an announcement that the company made an investment in Lightyear, a simplified method for making international investments free of restrictions and costs (Clarkson, 2022).

Discussion

For consumers to engage openly and without paying additional costs, Lightyear integrates multi-currency portfolios with unrestricted international market access (Clarkson, 2022). It is debuting in Europe to give users from more than a dozen of different nations access to ETFs as well as thousands of the most popular companies. Thus, it aims to revolutionalize the stock market applications of Europe.

Usually, investors in Europe and many other parts of the world must pay commission fees for custodial services or transactions. This all would go in addition to unreported currency exchange costs if they wished to access the global market. Yet Lightyear is an innovation that will allow the clients access global markets with a number of currencies, which allow them to make various investments (Clarkson, 2022). Virgin Group founder Richard Branson asserts that stock markets have been excessively complicated for a long time, with significant entry hurdles and bewildering language (Clarkson, 2022). By increasing transparency and giving individuals the information they need to make informed decisions, the founders and the Lightyear team are opening the world of investment (Clarkson, 2022).

Conclusion

Apparently, according to the article published by Virgin, Lightyear has been successful in its ventures (Clarkson, 2022). In this sense, Richard Branson, the founder of the Virgin Group, and the firm change the world in various ways, encouraging innovation.

Reference

Clarkson, N. (2022). Virgin announces investment in Lightyear investment platform. Virgin. Web.

The research aims to define the key problems that appear during the supply process and how they affect the economic situation in many countries worldwide. The study will also show the recovery process and possible solutions to the existing issues in the sphere like planning and risk prediction based on the SMART criteria (Ivanov et al., 2017). Specific research objectives are to define the concept of the supply chain and to understand the problems of this process proved by the findings in different countries provided by Sawik (2020). By measuring the change in the global supply during COVID-19 in percentage, it will become possible to predict the further development of problems in this area in a one-year period. With the use of relevant resources with statistics from academic internet databases, the research can become more efficient. The exploratory question type can help to build the appropriate research question (Thompson et al., 2017). Consequently, the final question of the study is, In what ways supply chain disruptions influence the development of the global economy and why is it important to control this sphere?.

Reference List

Ivanov, D., Dolgui, A. and Sokolov, B. (2017) Literature review on disruption recovery in the supply chain, International Journal of Production Research, 55(20), pp. 6158-6174. Web.

Sawik, T. (2020) A fair decision-making under disruption risks, International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, 291, pp. 193-214. Web.

Thompson, K. D., Martinez, M. I. and Clinton, C. (2017) Considering interest and action: Analyzing types of questions explored by researcher-practitioner partnership, Educational Research, 46(8), pp. 464-473. Web.

Introduction

Urban economics generally examines the problems caused by urbanization and located in urbanized areas. These problems may include crime, housing, education, public transit, and other issues. In recent years, urban economists have been specifically concerned about how these issues originate and connect to increasing levels of poverty.

Discussion

Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic further amplified these existing relations, pushing millions of the residents of urbanized areas into a lower economic bracket in some cities. In other words, as a result of the economic downturn associated with the pandemic, many people with a medium income fell into a low-income category, while some low-income families  into poverty. However, people from some urbanized areas managed to maintain their economic prosperity. Another peculiar feature of these areas is that their residents generally possess more wealth in the first place before the pandemic. Therefore, this issue becomes the question of the prosperity of some urbanized areas and its underlying reasons.

The best research technique to apply to solve this urban economics issue is to use an independent variable (IV). IV can be commonly described as variables that do not depend on or are caused by other factors. Thus, the dependent variable (DV) is often the result of IVs influence. In this case, the economic prosperity and resilience of urbanized areas are DV. Gomez-Lievano and Patterson-Lomba (2021) propose that residents expertise is the main factor of the citys prosperity, making levels of expertise IV. Therefore, research is to be focused on the relationship between these two variables. In this study by Gomez-Lievano and Patterson-Lomba (2021), in particular, expertise is quantified by the level of schooling and prosperity  by residents wages, the citys size, and its industrial diversity.

Conclusion

The conclusion of this research is that residents expertise influences urban areas prosperity in the same direction, meaning that with high levels of expertise comes high levels of prosperity. This is one example of how IV can be used in research to determine the causation of urban economics issues.

References

Gomez-Lievano, A., & Patterson-Lomba, O. (2021). Estimating the drivers of urban economic complexity and their connection to economic performance. Royal Society open science, 8(9). Web.

Introduction

According to Antonios, the article Decline of Inner Suburbs was written in a clear, easy-to-understand manner. The piece by Lucy & Phillips (2000) states that the household income in some suburban and metropolitan areas declined. Among the reasons is little to no reinvestment in structures which shortens the lives of buildings. He claims some neighborhoods are deemed undesirable. What can reverse the harm done to cities, suburbs, and society? At least people are at a point where they are aware of the problem.

Discussion

According to Roberto, the decline affected many homes built after World War ll. A significant concern of the drop is the lowering of wages. Corporations became greedier and forced families to have both parents working. Suburbs were intended to distance higher-income families from the working class and pollution of factory-filled cities. Wiener states that there is an outdated system of help for those who need help, which is why people in the suburbs struggle so much.

From the description by Rose, the article mentioned that there is not always a correlation between suburban decline and its proximity to a central city. People saw suburbia to get away from the harsh environments of the city. Poverty rates in the suburbs have not done their job well, showing that non-profit services set up to help the poor could not keep up with the changes of suburbia.

From Sylindas perspective, the reading also explained that suburbs were inconvenient by limiting traffic with turns and cul-de-sacs. They were built poorly to stop people like the homeless or criminals from entering them. That white individuals are more prevalent in the poorer suburbs is one aspect she found interesting. Poverty is described as an increasing problem.

Conclusion

Tiffani alludes that suburban expansion has its consequences. Throughout the decades, the inner suburbs have become more diverse in demographics and income. Many inner suburbs have declined as contractors build outward and cities become more gentrified. More public services were required as more low-income residents moved into the suburbs. Social workers in many suburbs became overwhelmed with caseloads, while densely populated cities had far more services allocated to smaller areas. They demonstrate that as expansion moves outward, the residents of the inner suburbs become more isolated and subjected to inequities. Therefore, cities should implement policies to limit sprawl, encourage compact development, and allow mixed-use zoning.

Reference

Lucy, W. H., & Phillips, D. L. (2000). Suburban decline: The next urban crisis. Issues in Science and Technology, XVII(1). Web.