Category: Dystopia

The Dual Nature of Utopia and Dystopia

In every second of our life, we need to decide between action and inaction. These pull us towards one of two future, a heavenly and other is more hellish. Other is more utopian versus one that is more dystopian. It’s our human nature to dream about utopia, a place better than our current word. We dream about a better life or how life could be better.

To provoke a definition of ‘utopia’ is challenging as the breadth of the genre is large, encompassing positive ideals or negative satirical opposites called anti-utopias (dystopias), some called ‘paradise’ and others called ‘unfortunate paradise’. As the title suggests, this essay is based on establishments of a point of view of the term Utopia is indeed a Dystopia. But what is Dystopia mean in literature? Is it only mean the opposite of the perfect word? Or world better in Dystopia rather in Utopia?

Defining Utopia: Ideals and Realities

In general utopia idealized as a vision of paradise fills with perfect and ideal society, politics, laws, custom, and conditions. Where information, independent thought, and freedom are promoted, a harmonious state of citizenships, bringing the citizens and society together as a whole, natural world and peace is embraced. Utopias usually found in fiction which is science fiction, where the authors and writers explore what a perfect society would be and how will problems might be created in such an ideal society. This essay will discuss their broad concept like social, religious and scientific. Portraying artwork by a British artist Paul Noble, an unnamed North Korean artist, and an Indonesian artist Maryanto. Approaching the ideal truth or lies in the past & future and how we conceive of this ideal.

The tendency to conceive of utopia in unified terms still shapes much of the current learned literature on utopia. Utopia in literature often assumed as a good place that is ‘no place’. The dream of a perfect society still to come. As a result, utopia is frequently associated with a particular essence, for instance, utopian imagination, mentality, impulse, state of mind or a specific form of social consciousness. This essence identifies as the desire for a different, better way of being. This way of approach created the label of “utopian” offering social-historical and identification in the form of disparity between socially experienced need and socially constructed means for their satisfaction. While emphasizing the considerable importance of the ‘function’ for utopian to achieve ‘a better life’.

The Flaws of Utopian Visions: Thomas More’s Perspective

Is Utopia a dangerous ideal? As the idea of the perfect movement simultaneously exhilarating and addictive, leading to a selfish, greedy and eager society to the world of Dystopia. A world opposite of Utopia, where there is injustice and chaos hold sway. Example of the creator of utopia first book, Thomas More version of an ideal of utopia but still consists of slavery, lifetime leader and war. The term is subjective and no perfect refinement, only some insight. In Thomas More’s most known book ‘Utopia’ in 1516, he disputes the prevailing view of his youthful spirit to reform the ideal reform for a better word. His book consists of a map, letter, poem, the alphabet of utopian language and letter that verified the existence of utopia. Written detailed a perfect society how the world will be function, the map of the utopia shape of a crescent with a diameter of 160miles or 257km, with 54 cities, 6000 households Each household has around 10-16 people and ahead of the house called Syphograntus. Syphograntus himself then vote for the king, who is the leader of the city for their entire life. The population is controlled by the leader to another household. Each member of the city must farm for two years, and having a job is necessary. More vision also every person needs to worn the same attire. And slavery is required, each household consists of two slaves. Slaves are either criminals or people from different countries and nationalities. All religion is tolerated except for atheism, this is due to they may break the system with radical thinking and ideas, saying what is lacking and what is not. And slaves carrying chains of gold and war are complicated written in the book. Even though utopian themselves dislikes war, but they know in that year of era it was needed in an occasion. Overall, the story of utopia written by Thomas is over 500 years does show an age but it was influenced, drives us back to the main point. Communal living, slavery and lifetime leader is an ideal of future dystopian work. Yet it was the basis of the ideal of the utopian. That how the future of utopia is losing individuality or technological advancement.

Summary from Thomas More book, saying a beautiful and peaceful utopian world. But lifetime slavery and kings are consisting. A perfect world should be having an equal society where voice matter, rather than being ruled by the king or the syphograntus themselves. There is a point maybe for communal people is fine, but how about the slave. Isn’t this utopia being their dystopia? The king ruled for a lifetime, what if the king himself that never show mercy, empower others and biased? Then the utopian will be living their lifetime nightmare. For the reason, the king should be qualified as a great leader in the qualities not over royal blood, etc.

Artistic Representations of Utopia: From North Korea to Indonesia

One example of associate artist from North Korean artist who is, unfortunately, ‘unknown’ by because it was a commission work by two Beijing based British ex-pats. Nick Bonner and Dominic Johnson-Hill as the project entitled ‘The Beautiful Future’ completed in 2013. Two of the display and sketch out of Beijing capitalism and allow them to produce a painting of a country that they never visualized before. And the results quite shocking.

The painting showing a figure of Red Guards in a stunning view golden glow cornfield while waving their flags at the harvest, while on the back a figure of a couple of farmers picking up perfectly plump red apples with such delighted face expression. In the center of the visual of the famous China Central Television headquarters and the city of china surrounding it, the building act as a gateway to a ‘promised land of socialism with the Chinese association’. It was the only example view of china that North Korean citizens seen in the news and books because the government itself limits the source of knowledge of the outside world. “The artist himself is in the situation where they are painting things they’ve never seen before” as the result gives an unrealistic and dreamlike quality. The artist tries to depict a utopia based on what he/she vision of what the Chinese modernity might be like and the land that they will never know. It’s interesting how an act of Utopia can be included in ‘Propaganda’ pieces. How the billboard and visual a happily obscure of the people with full of happiness and saturated bright color is a lie? The actual world masked with the reality of mass population, abuses, migrant labor and starvation. Is this how the artist currently seeing a Utopia but it’s actually in a Dystopia.

It’s very interesting how the vision of an individual can change a view of others. Reflect to the government of North Korea that is under the communist party, they limited and restricted several political liberties of the citizens including freedom of expression, association, assembly, and religion. The government uses the law of punishment and arrest of custody, executions and forced labor to maintain control in the country. The government leader himself, the current leader is chosen because of blood relations from the previous head of the country. The government itself so focused on the military strength until the citizens themselves suffered in freedom of voice. Being tied up in the rulers of the country. Continuously the people try to break free and seek for their utopia. This case of issue is similar to some point from Thomas More Utopia book. The prejudiced of a ruler, lack of freedom of voice and slavery (executions, forced labor, etc). The government seeks for a utopia of his country meanwhile the citizens living in a dystopia.

The Environmental Impact of Utopian Dreams

As Utopia is a Dystopia, on behalf of there is no perfect society in life. There will always problems in the future all the dystopian fiction is far more common of what we have gone through than Utopia. It is reasonable to suggest that the age of the unrestrained pursuit of happiness, defined in terms of egotistical consumption, has now passed. In this era of the 21st century, many concerns with utopia and dystopia are shifting in an increasingly ecological direction, as evidence mounts swiftly of the potential catastrophe facing the planet.

An example of the current country of Indonesia is always known as a living paradise. Tropical nature and land that filled with stunning mountain fire, colorful marine treasures, magnificent white sandy beach, warm inviting water, and the world’s best biodiversity of forest consist of a home of thousands of animals and plants. An ideal utopia that has been illustrated in many genres from the classical, revolutionary, enlightenment until the current age. The concept of utopia often has some bearing on how we conceive it.

However, from Maryanto Utopia’s perspective, an Indonesian artist from Yogyakarta. Maryanto’s work mostly serves a form of storytelling with the impression of landscape and theatrical stage. With the combination of historical research, stories and myth combined with his artistic practices to imagine and construct the form of it. The result of his work is usually dramatic and tense with the color of mainly black and white installation using the methods of paintings, etchings, rich charcoal drawing provoking the stories and environment of nature and politics in Indonesia.

Why I included Maryanto himself, is to relate myself to his utopia of Indonesia. The mural artwork ‘Pandora Box’ 2013 installation art that talks about a once-beautiful landscape has been ravaged by the industry and politics. In light of this, reasoning destroyed the rainforest in Indonesia by polluted oil mining in East Java. The result of final charred, blackened earth, bearing the testament to the rapaciousness of humankind. His work narrative takes nature as the provider of economic resources and humanity’s collection and appropriation. But from a modernist perspective, the changing of nature lead to destruction and pollution is the price to pay for economics and future asset. The side effect is the nature as the objective entity. Then he translated into a visual representation of landscape painting and constructed from a society perspective in social, economic and cultural values. Addressing the nature of the human binary and visualize it through his artistic language. He observed that the rich-resources country of Indonesia is a Pandora box that this gift can often be a curse to Dystopia. How the over-exploitation of natural resources has stripped the land bare resulted in natural disasters in recent years. As the forsaken Eden, a paradise lost to ambition and greed.

Alike in the ideal utopian appearance, will always create an ambition of greed in people to wanting more. The delusional and deluded idea and somehow penetrated sub-conscious. As greed itself is one of the most destructive things in the entire world. In other words, the more they get, the more they want and more in denial they become. From Maryanto’s work proven the society and government ego on how rainforest fire is not only happened once’s in East Java, but also happen several times in other parts of the world each year. Most rainforest fire is caused by human activity, “Humans are driving these fires, either in a very direct sense or a global sense by changing ecosystem so much” said Ruth DeFries, an ecology professor at Columbia University. As humankind nature, we ruined our own Utopia into Dystopia. The prospectus inside of this utopia of Indonesia is a dystopia striving to get out. We living in dystopia because we live in a difficult era, rampant economic inequality, dreadful resurgence of fascist filth and climate change consuming forests and glaciers. Civilization is staggering on the edge of a precipice.

The Inherent Dangers of Greed in Utopian Visions

Greed is the main source of utopian vision. One of the artist links of the theme itself is, Paul Noble. A British visual artist well known for his grey-scale phenomenal with practices that construct a figurative functional aspect of the utopia. With the sequence of numerous shapes, spatial differentiation and architectural layout of landscapes as his concepts. He created two artworks depicting the perfect image of heaven and hell from his own imagined visual. His elements of ‘Hell’ are so delicate contain beautiful immensely detailed filled with light, rhythm, transparency, and space. And the word ‘Heaven’ consists of a rectangular wall with high brooding walls without an entrance or exit. With broken glass on the top wall which is particularly bizarre.

It looks like the elements of each work are inverted where Heaven looks like Hell and so on. As is this the way how he sees these two worlds. It is for him the holiest place that supposes filled with paradise visual claim to be such simple work. And the place called the “low places” is depicting such goodness visual. As in a fact, heaven and hell are believed by himself as a Christian. It’s reflected in the story of the myth creation of humans, Adam and Eve. According to the book of genesis, the pair of first humans who created by God to be stewards over everything else that he made. Adam and Eve are forbidden to eat a forbidden fruit at Adam Garden. The tree of the knowledge of good and evil. However, Eve is deceived by a serpent and eat one of the fruits and conjure negative and destructive concepts such as shame and evil. Later on, God punished them and banished from the garden of eve. The point to follow is how they have been living in a beautiful and peaceful life of utopia, but just a single forbidden fruit and their ego & greed. This is how in every utopia; greed will be born. That’s how heaven represents the dystopia and hell is the utopia. Likely how bad a place will be, there is still exceptional acceptance to be face. And how every fine good-looking world will be unflavoured in negativity.

However, our future is necessarily composed of two parts. The brief span of earthly existence and the other is the long span of eternity. We would like to be as satisfactory as possible, but the two paths of pilgrims of the lost paradise. One is redemption, salvation and the promise of eternal life and the guest of utopia for a good time and life. The old ideal worlds can lend us inspiration, hope and a sense of what we need to avoid. As our ideal world mostly create by our creation, and a serious reckoning with the fate to be faced.

There are no such things as a perfect world, if the world was perfect, it wouldn’t be. It’s the imperfections of life that make life worth living in. Humans are born in and molded with conflict and problems. For me, utopia is not a world or a genre, rather than a state of mind of a person. We living in a world where experience possible, the experience of joy and pain. A universal utopia is not possible as well. The perfect utopia doesn’t have the freedom of voice, it’s all regulated by rules that must be followed. As every single person has their role to play, no more no less. Utopia itself is a self-defeating and self-annihilating concept that never be achieved. “No place” also means it can’t exist. It’s like removing chaos from the universe, however, utopia is not a system of creating happiness or peace. More likely people who live in Utopia requires being controlled, and too much control created protest and activists. Society always think utopia as a positive and good concept by the surface, but once we realize what it takes to build a utopia, the positive are outweighed by the negatives. In the world we live in, we have our idea, freedom of thoughts and progress to life. Progress toward knowledge of knowledge, biology, morality, etc. In philosophy is more emotionally sensationalized combined.

Dystopian literature is often defined as a fictional genre that depicts the society to be unfair and setting. Dystopian literature has been around for a while now. Dystopian literature usually depicts the future of society, whether it’s the lives of the citizens or the overall control of the government. Characterization is defined as is the act of creating and developing a character. Characters in the dystopian genre develops all throughout the story just like any novel. Lastly, setting is the time and place of the action of a literary work. This is an important aspect in dystopian literature, the setting helps with the overall genre of dystopian literature and the character development. These traits can be seen in several literary works such as 1984 by George Orwell, The Censors by Luisa Valenzuela, and Harrison Bergeron by Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. The traits help us see similarities and differences between novels.

In the novel, 1984, the author depicts their characters society as a totalitarian society. This is where the government has total control over every aspect of the citizens. The government in this novel is called The Party and they constantly watching and monitoring the citizens as well as control what they think and say. This can be seen in the beginning of the novel, in which Winstons describes his way to work and he sees a propaganda poster. “ On each landing, opposite the lift shaft, the poster with the enormous face gazed from the wall. It was one of those pictures which are so contrived that the eyes follow you about when you move. Big Brother Is Watching You.” (Orwell, 5)

Since so much monitoring going on in the city, no one is really themselves. The citizens go with the flow of things so they will not get in trouble with the party. Winston also does conforms in the beginning of the story, although he does agree with the rules that are set in place.This behavior can also be seen in the short story, Harrison Bergeron by Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. One of the main characters in the short story decides to deal with the government rules so he does not get in trouble with them. Therefore he conforms to the government’s rules. For example it says in the short story, ‘If there was just some way we could make a little hole in the bottom of the bag, and just take out a few of them lead balls. Just a few.’ ‘Two years in prison and two thousand dollars fine for every ball I took out,’ said George. ‘I don’t call that a bargain.’ (Vonnegut, 2) Winston and George from both novel and the short story both show the traits of conformity in both texts due to the power that the government has over the citizens.

Rebellion is a prominent aspect of dystopian literature, it also appears in the short stories The Censors and Harrison Bergeron. The main character is usually the one who rebels and they usually are against the government. For example in the short story, The Censors, Juan tries to get a job at the censors bureau. “ He applied simply to intercept his own letter, an idea none too original but comforting.” (Valenzuela, 264) In their society they are not allowed to think or write what they want because it goes against the rules. If they go against that that can be killed. This is very similar to the short story Harrison Bergeron. Harrison Bergeron did not agree with the government control over the city. With this being said, he decided to break out of prison and overthrow the government. When he “overthrew the government”, he took off all the handicaps that was on him. Once again, both characters in the short stories have rebellious traits that help with the ideas of dystopian literature.

Setting also helps with the overall structure of the dystopian genre. Settings in dystopian genre are very similar through some novels. Whether it be in the future, during war, or even a totalitarian society. The society in which George from Harrison Bergeron, and Winston from 1984 is meant to be seen as the future. Harrison Bergeron takes place in 2081 and 1984 was takes place in 1984, although it was written in 1949. Both stories convey the idea of what might the future might be like with the government. Since both novels takes place in the future, the government has more control due to the technological advances that have been made. With this they have new ways to control the lives of the people within the city. Both stories have technological advances that control what the people say and think. In the beginning of the short story Harrison Bergeron, one of the main characters, George, is affected by a handicap cap, “And George, while his intelligence was way above normal, had a little mental handicap radio in his ear. He was required by law to wear it at all times. It was tuned to a government transmitter. Every twenty seconds or so, the transmitter would send out some sharp noise to keep people like George from taking unfair advantage of their brains.” (Vonnegut, 1). Although Winston does not a physical setback, he does have one that affects his whole community. That specific setback is a telescreen, which is a monitor that constantly their lives. Whether that meant watching them, listening to them, or both. For example, “ Any sound that Winston made, above the level of a very low whisper, would be picked up by it; moreover, so long as he remained within the field of vision which the metal plaque commanded, he could be seen as well as heard.” (Orwell,6). Both Winston and George faced disadvantages of the future government advances on a daily basis.

Dystopian literature have various traits that contributes to the structure of the genre. Characters are sometimes rebellious or they may even conform to the laws given by the government. The setting can be a totalitarian society and set in the future. With these traits it helps the authors convey the idea of conformity and government control that we see in this genre. This is how many can find similarities in books within this genre.

Abstract

This body of work has targeted to analyze and evaluate on the story The Stone Gods by Jeanette Winterson, with respect to its dystopian aspects. By evaluating and giving examples from the story, we will try to present what makes this novel a dystopian work.

Dystopia is defined in dictionaries as an imagined world in which people as a society face dehumanization and mostly live under control by a totalitarian and frightening rulers. In a usual sense, when we talk about a dystopia -just like utopia- we mean a society in the future which often has a moral and political message to convey. Because of the destructive nature of technology, industry and media as a whole, most of the dystopian literature is actually adresses the main concerns of its contemporary century. In other words, every aspect of these stories are someway or another related to the problems of “today”. Therefore, we will approach The Stone Gods from this perspective and we will try to understand and analyze the novel as a dystopian work.

Self-destructiveness is one of the main themes of both dystopian literature and The Stone Gods. It is clear, then, we first of all have to understand what self-destructiveness means in the frame of the story. The destructivity of humanity in the framework of dystopian understanding is directly associated with its creativity. That is to say, it is based on the idea that the more humanity advances technologically, for instance, the more destructive it becomes. When we look at the first part of The Stone Gods, we see that a new planet (Planet Blue) is found to be replaced with their “home-world” Orbus and therefore to be colonized. Because Billie says the following about their own planet: “Just fucked it to death and kicked it when it wouldn’t get up” (Winterson, p. 8). Or much later in the story, we can understand this from what Billie says as well: “Bio-tech has created as many problems as it has fixed” (Winterson, p. 40).

As we have mentioned in the introduction, dystopias are not merely fictions about the future, but also a criticism of “today”: “The dystopian vision that Winterson describes on Orbus is employed to criticize the utopian imaginaries implicit in our neoliberal system” (Dolezal, 2015). Hence, the problems of today’s world like gender, equality, technology, ecology, totalitarianism, etc. are one way or another dealt with or touched upon in the novel. This element gives the novel a poweful ground considering what the story is centered around and what it tries to convey. Along with other elements, then, The Stone Gods can be regarded as dystopian because it adresses and criticizes the contemporary issues.

The next aspect that we will discuss is directly linked with the aforesaid criticizm. In other words, not only the contemporary issues but also universal ones as well: We understand that Winterson is also questioning the ideas of beauty, death and ageing. Because in the society that she is depicting, people are presented as “artificially beautiful”. Instead of birthdays, they have G-days, which stands for the day that they are genetically fixed. In a society where there is no ageing or death, it is quite reasonable to assume that things will go wrong. Consequently, in this novel, we see this resulting in sexual perversion and pedophilia, which is presented with graphic details and strong depictions.

Furthermore, the term “robo-sapiens” in itself and what they represent in the novel indicates to a futuristic yet dystopian depiction in The Stone Gods. In other words, dehumanization of people and people becoming like machines is the next dystopian aspect that we will discuss. This topic, of course, is directly connected with other elements like gender and technology. That is why, for instance, the character Spike who is a “robo-sapien”, says, “Gender is a human concept and not interesting” (Winterson, p. 64). “Robo-sapiens” can be seen as a highly developed human in the case of Spike. Spike, unlike others, undergoes an evolution which gets it closer and closer to a real human beling. Altough created to be a typical futuristic robot, it can feel and have emotions. And in the same way… “Man in Orbus is regarded as a machine rather than a living organism and his bodily parts can be enhanced” (Antakyalioglu, 2012). But nevertheless, both the role of “robo-sapiens”, the way in which they are portrayed and their relationship with humans are portrayed in a pessimistic way.

In conclusion, we can say that Winterson presents alternatives in matters such as gender relations, the seemingly inevitable consequences of technology and ecology as well as the concept of history within this frame. In light of all the aspects that can be accepted as dystopian, we also asserted that -just like most of the dystopian literature does- Winterson aims to criticize and therefore convey a didactic message concerning the contemporary problems. Along with these, she also opens up a discussion for what the possible future dilemmas might be. Considering what has been presented throughout this paper, we can read The Stone Gods as a dystopian novel.

Works Cited

1. Winterson, J. (2008). The Stone Gods. Knopf Canada. Retrieved from https://book4you.org/book/1312275/1a7eab
2. Dolezal, L. (2015). The Body, Gender, and Biotechnology in Jeanette Winterson’s The Stone Gods. Literature and Medicine 33(1), 91-112. doi:10.1353/lm.2015.0012.
3. Antakyalioglu, Z. (2012). Jeanette Winterson’s The Stone Gods: A Postmodern Warning. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences.
4. Jennings, H. (2010). ‘A Repeating World’: Redeeming the Past and Future in the Utopian Dystopia of Jeanette Winterson’s The Stone Gods. Interdisciplinary Humanities, 27 (2), 132-146.
5. https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/english/191

The evolution of dystopian text emerged throughout the French revolution, 1700’s, although it was commonly anti-collectivist until the late 20th century. Dys (bad) topia (place) are ancient Greek words that are used to create fictional texts of an unfavourable society to live. Generally, these civilizations are controlled by oppressive governments or other forms of despotisms. Usually a combatant will be involved who feels the need to establish change in society. Utmost dystopian texts are focused on survival or exploiting the adverse community.

Fahrenheit 451 is acknowledged as a dystopian text. The novel includes an abhorrent future macrocosm. Free thought is deterred and humanity lacks capability to associate with one another. In Ray Bradbury’s 1953 novel, it is set in 2053 in which people are enclosed around technology. Bradbury wrote the novel in concern of technology detracting the value of literature in forthcoming future. In the fiction, Firemen do not confine fires however incinerate books in established order of being illegal. The main character being Guy Montag. The novel contributes devasting occurrences and an unjust social system. However, the journey of composing change all starts with a young lady, Clarisse, enacting Guy to question himself and the system.

In conjunction with previously mentioned, WALL-E, the film, is also a dystopian text. Written and directed by Andrew Stanton in 2008, the film is set in the year 2805. From overspread of product rubbish made by ‘Buy N Large’ corporation on earth causes humans to abruptly flee being uninhabitable. WALL-E (Waste Allocation Load Lifter: Earth-Class) is a 700-year-old solitary robot abandoned on earth to clean the disarray left. Humans seek aboard the spacecraft, Axiom, operated by computer and an autopilot called AUTO. After Axiom sending out EVE (Extra-terrestrial Vegetation Evaluator), WALL-E finds her admirable and shows her his human artefacts which includes a plant, EVE takes the plant as mandatory, leading into restoring earth as they conquer many challenges that face them.

Throughout Fahrenheit 451 censorship is exhibited through many areas of the novel. The fireman structure, a system prohibiting freedom of expression and scholarship, is one. However, expulsion of books commenced as self-censorship. Beatty discloses this to Montag, “people didn’t stop reading books because a tyrannical government forced them to stop. They stopped reading books gradually over time as the culture around them grew faster, shallower, intellectually blander, and centred around minor thrills and instant gratification”. Another is the fact conversating is abhorred. Montag shows concern when Clarisse talks to him a generous amount and mentions her family talk lavishly. He is surprised as it is exceedingly rare. The largest censorship role in the novel is the power of government over citizens. The ministry indoctrinates people into spending money on technology, narrowing one’s rights and freedom as an outcome. WALL-E’s censorship values are quite similar. In Fahrenheit 451 people appear to be living placid lives, along with people in WALL-E, although they’re not. These people are influenced by technology made by higher authority to disguise how appalling the planet is. The excessive use of automation in both dystopia’s construct a utopia illusion on those influenced. Obesity occurs in WALL-E due to no usage of bodily movement through having machinery transport them around. This could also arise in Fahrenheit 451 if technology broadened in the novel. After a woman chose to take her life in the novel than to let her books be ravaged, Montag looked further. He seized a book to grasp why some intellectuals cherished them. As he continued to embezzle books, his wife found and turned him in. Beatty goes to Guys house confer positives in correlation to censoring books. Montag tries to convince Beatty the art literature withholds but is not successful. Montag becomes disowned by his community and escapes, he tries to convince others of the deranged society, but only to watch his community unravel around him. WALL-E’s exposal of truth is not so different. When following eve along the spacecraft to which humans live, WALL-E disturbs ‘peace’. People start to recognise how enraptured they’re and realise other concepts such as love and art of surroundings. Beings attempt to leave; however, auto-pilot captures the plant to be able to rejuvenate earth, ceasing people to flee. WALL-E, EVE, the captain and a collection of crippled robots unite to resist. Retrieving the plant results in WALL-E being crushed, nonetheless when back on earth EVE mends him. The humans are taught how to take care and nourish the land. People identified they had been misguided in WALL-E, whereas not everyone had in Fahrenheit 451. Although, concepts were similar such as the jurisdiction refusing to be open minded.

Concluding my answer towards this accordingly to both dystopian texts analysed, they have changed and remained constant in various ways. Overtime dystopian texts have solemnly been based around technology and the overgrowth it provides. Although, dystopias have developed into being significantly relatable. In early times, dystopian text was mainly produced to denounce slavery and communism. It had built into creating caution for the future if we continued to damage ourselves and surroundings. Nowadays dystopian text is mainly constructed to amuse the youth and make feel empowered by compelling justice. The consistency of dystopian text throughout time is maintained through similar themes in all. Whether it be technology, war, slavery, climate etc. it all leads back to one main theme, a dysfunctional planet.

Rebellion indefatigably confronts evil, from which the rebel may rectify blind servitude or unbounded freedom. As such, we see Ray Bradbury’s science fiction Fahrenheit 451 (1953) and Margaret Atwood’s dystopian The Handmaid’s Tale (1986) explore the deprivation against individual liberty and distortion of knowledge, through heroic protagonists whom are doomed revolutionaries crushed by systematic regimes.

Fahrenheit 451 is based in a futuristic American society, in which its regime drives its citizens of imagination, intellectualism and self-awareness. Happiness is defined through excess consumption, hence books become a threat to the pursuit of ‘happiness’ as they promote individual thought. Fahrenheit 451 evinces a sensorial insight into American culture, to reflect on the discourses of hedonism and mass commercial consumption following the Cold War. The McCarthy years represented an extreme response to this growing, pervasive paranoia of consumerism in American society, which, through censorship, fostered an all-pervasive climate of mass conformism and apathy.

The Handmaid’s Tale explores the tyranny regime of the Republic of Gilead; a society constructed upon distorted religious fundamentalism. What precipitates the coup that installs Gilead is a massive drop in population and fertility because of environmental damage, particularly toxic wastes. In addition, there is rampant crime, including violence against women. The structure is a collection of diary entries written by Offred, an individual subject to the puritanical religious actives used for social control. The novel depicts an unparalleled and uncontrollable process of patriarchal dictatorship and institutionalised religion, as a satirical critique on the conservative revival and totalitarianism threatening modern America during the 1980s.

Promethean rebellion is a concept explored in Fahrenheit 451, and has been argued by various literary critics. Prometheus was a rebellious titan within Greek mythology, whom rebelled against the tyrannical order of the Gods, and bestowed upon men the divinity of wisdom. Clarisse obtains the status of ‘social misfit’, representing human potential against a world of automatons. However, she becomes prisoner of her own insight and somehow passes the torch to Montag, igniting his curiosity. Guy Montag, the promethean rebel within Fahrenheit 451, represents the freedom of the individual by rebelling against the enslaving oblivion and ignorance inflicted upon society, rather than representing the elevation of man.

Bradbury utilises a technological surplus to dehumanise its citizens, positioning us to see the return to nature and subsequently old values as an unattainable social ideal. Prior to the murder of Captain Beatty, Montag states “We never burned right”, establishing that entertainment is more valued than knowledge, reiterating that the firemen maintained a significant level of censorship and should rather be burning anything apart of a repressive society. Similarly, the fire symbolises power, as Montag defies social conformity, and creates opportunities for the rest of civilisation.

Rebels are anomalies within their societies. Montag is unhappy in his state, but remains within the distinct minority. There is a large population of complacency; where citizens do not search outside the regime. Montag’s wife, with her yearning to fill her final blank wall with a television screen, is far more representative of her society’s cultural-pap-consuming masses than Montag himself. “Nobody listens any more. I can’t talk to the walls because they’re yelling at me. I can’t talk to my wife; she listens to the walls. I just want someone to hear what I have to say.” suggests that within the complacent society, Montag remains isolated with his knowledge and hence is inescapable of his own thoughts.

Rebellion against conformity is appropriated within The Handmaid’s Tale to address the relevance of rapid feminism in the 1980s. Offred rebels against the Gilead regime by retaining personal memories and utilising language play. The novel explores the power of language to transform reality in order to overcome oppressive designs imposed on females. Offred’s rhetorical question “… the night is my time out. Where should I go?” symbolises the exploration of her personal memories, which are forbidden in the Republic of Gilead, divulging her resistance to the patriarchal regime through knowledge.

Similarly, the purpose of the novel is to address power relationships, not just the commander’s dictatorship over the handmaids, but Offred’s sexual power over Fred and Serena Joy. Offred’s relationship with Nick is subversive, as the Gilead regime outlaws passionate love. He acts as a means to release her of sexual abandonment and controlled freedom. Alternatively, her relationship with Nick can be seen as draining her rebelliousness, affair paralysed her, complicity, mere satisfaction rather than escapism.

However, Offred’s inability to take overt action against the regime leads to her to be seen less as a heroine but rather a victim; a simple means of physical survival. The Republic of Gilead has removed the burden of freedom from its adherents and replaced it with the certainty of happiness. Here, we should read “happiness” not so much as synonymous with joy but in the utilitarian sense of the satisfaction of basic needs and desires, and the removal of pain. Offred can be seen as surrendering her freedom to authority, as they offer the freedom from uncertainty, danger and fear; uncommon for us who live in a liberal democratic society. In The Handmaid’s Tale, the Gilead regime seems to have, dystopian regimes that are not so much imposed from above as sought from below. Faced with the option of escape, Offred is hesitant towards breaking the rules, “It’s the choice that terrifies me. A way out, a salvation.”, depicting her to be complacent within her enslaved position due to the proactive embrace that Gilead offers.

The value of rebellion in dystopian societies is explicit in both Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 and Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale. The contrast between promethean rebellion and cynical defiance is representative of the context in which each novel was written. The construction and subversion of strict societal roles and conventional truths are dominated through the power of language. The protagonists, Montag and Offred deconstruct political power and conformity. However, the novels differ in regards to social intent and the experiences of society during each .

Throughout history, humankind has strived for perfection in every aspect of humanity, yet it has never been attained. There is a very fine line between perfection and disaster and the result is ultimately based upon the decisions made by people in authority. In dystopian societies where individuality is considered abnormal or wrong, the line between order and repression is easily blurred; as evidenced in the texts divergent and the giver.

The two texts Divergent and The giver are both set in a dystopian society. Divergent is a text about a society divided into five factions Dauntless (the brave), Erudite (the intelligent), Abnegation (the selfless) Amity( the kind) and Candor(the honest). After the age of 16, a ceremony takes places which allow each member in the society to choose which faction that is suitable for them, but before taking part in the ceremony each member must participate in an aptitude test which determines what faction is suitable for each member based on their personalities and interest. Beatrice Prior who is the main character is a 16 years old girl who later changes her name to Tris. Tris is a divergent, someone who does not belong in any faction and is a threat to the system . Tris was originated from abnegation but later changes to dauntless which reveals that she can possess different virtues.

On the other hand hunger games is also a dystopian text displayed in a futuristic world wherein the society two participants from each district a boy and a girl are chosen to participate in the hunger games, a nationally televised event and entertainment.Eevery citizen in the community is forced to watch as the participants kill each other. During the election prim Katniss, 12 years old who is the younger of Katniss Everdeen the main protagonist is selected as one of the tributes, Katniss not wanting to lose her sister volunteers to take her place. Katniss Everdeen and her male partner peter Mellark represent district 12.

Both texts were set in a futuristic world the government is the anti protagonists, in both texts the government eliminate traits that allow us to be humans such as freedom and having choices. The Hunger Games, Katniss tells us, become a way for the rulers in the Capitol to flex their big old muscles. The main purpose is to remind the Districts how weak they are – and that their deaths are televised entertainment. In this sense, the Games are a form of control. In the hunger games, the society is divided into 12 disregarded poor districts, which are all overruled by the wealthy Capitol city. There is inequality between the capitol and the districts because the capitol has access to most of the country of Panem’s wealth, the government is able to control the people in all of the districts across Panem through prohibiting free will, and peoples freedom to have an opinion or thouths. The capital controls everything that happens in the district forcing every member to work, members have no choice and are assigned with a job they’ll likely do for the rest of their lives.

In divergent dauntless have power over the other factions, having control and telling everyone what to and destroying things. Erudite is another faction that has power because they are the intelligence, erudite wants to control everything, change the society and eliminate all the divergents. These two factions join together to destroy the other factions. The factions system control citizens by making people choose factions over their families because they’re encouraged to follow the results of the aptitude test.

In 1949, an evolution in literature was produced by George Orwell with his world-renowned novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. The book described a world besieged by war, civil conflict and revolution, where three totalitarian super-states rule the world under an iron fist, corrupted by the ideology of the “Ingsoc” and by mysterious world leaders who demand a cult of personality. The novel was a massive success, pulling in hundreds of thousands of dollars worldwide, and winning a place in NPR’s Top 100 Science Fiction and Fantasy Books of All-Time. In a world of literature revolving around romance and life-based events (Goodreads, 2016), one can see how a genre full of chaos and unlawfulness with a thick plot of action and twists at every turn might become one of the most popular genres of the modern day.

In many cases, Dystopian texts bring out the insecurities in people and emit a relatable sense of felling through the various themes that are explored. However, we must question; why is it that people pursue comfort in destruction? I don’t mean seeking shelter in a storm; I mean why do people submerge themselves into these dystopian fictions, why does it give them a sense of safety, should they not cause a sense of anxiety? During this frenzy for dystopia, many people wonder what makes the genre so appealing.

I first came across dystopia when I was in dire need of a good read, this is where I came across The Hunger by Games by Suzanne Collis. Immediately, the novel booms into action, with diverse language features and an intense narrative, following closely behind, a thrilling plot full of nail-biting action and relatable real-world problems. I found myself enthralled in the imperfect world, dictated by the oppressive Coriolanus Snow who demands a totalitarian authoritative without peril to his rule. Several themes are seen through the novel: poverty, inequality, stoicism, voyeurism and even self-identity. Majority of these themes, although foreign to me, were enticing. I felt… comforted. As I continued to consume dystopian fictions, they drew me in, until eventually, I felt myself craving more of the destructive fictions of dystopia. Reading about the anxieties of the characters and their interpersonal issues, gave me a sense of relatability to them.

I felt in control, and that felt good. In a time of fear, crises, and anxiety, these dystopian futures give us a sense of comfort, control and relatability, that many other genres fail to deliver. One constituent to the relativeness of young adult dystopian literature is that they are written in a teenagers outlook, which is scarce for traditional literature. Young adults, with the drama and unique anxieties, are trying to figure out who they are and what they want to be in life. With dystopian novels, the character is perceived as someone with individuality and determination. For example, “So, I learned to hold my tongue and to turn my features into an indifferent mask so that no one could ever read my thoughts,”. This describes Katniss Everdeen in The Hunger Games and how she comprehends herself as an individual. This gives comfort to the reader, who is at similar age to the protagonist of the story. They appreciate how the author shows the protagonists uncertainties and anxieties such as their love interests and body image. The readers, especially in young adult dystopian literature, can take themselves to an alternate universe in which the character lives and feels like they are in the story. This notion makes it simple for them to relate to the protagonist.

With the increasing popularity of dystopian novels that was just recently discussed, several questions arise. Of the most important; does increasing consumption of dystopian narratives influence people’s perspectives about the world? According to a study conducted by the Washington Post in 2019, which utilised three computer-based experiments to rigorously test hypotheses about the effects of dystopian fiction on people’s attitudes, it was certain that dystopian fiction makes people more willing to justify political violence. It was paramount in the study that despite dystopian fiction being “make-believe”, the texts heightened peoples willingness to justify radical – and especially violent – forms of political action against injustice by political elites (Jones, 2019). In the first experiment, it only took a small stimuli to a totalitarian-based dystopian fiction to make people say that violent protest and armed rebellion could be justifiable (compared with those who consumed no media) (Jones, 2019). Subjects who were exposed to a dystopian text, were also more likely to agree that violence was sometimes necessary to obtain justice, especially when compared to the no-media group. From these experiments, we can justify that dystopian fictions have a significant effect on what people thought was ethically acceptable. Clearly, the fictions of dystopia influence our society into more violent and rebellious afterthoughts, especially in relation to totalitarianism.

Dystopia which means community or society is popularly assumed to be an inverted mirror and negative adaptation of utopia. Dystopia is considered as a genre in the absolute sites for generic combination. Which means tyrannical governments, dehumanization, environmental disorder are come along with cataclysmic (lots of eradication) that dwindling in society. It was a literal opposite meaning of a word utopia .Dystopian society arose in many entireties such as imaginary or invented works. Before the decennium dystopia was first adoption the colloquy documented was cacotopia (insubstantial seat of defective government).

John Stuart miller who was an English philosopher, miller was a person coined the word dystopia, meaning unsatisfactory abode in 1868 as he was denounced the government which is an Irish land administration. He was inspirited by great writer Thomas More’s calligraphy on utopia. Utopia brings about the illustration of any sort of dreamer society regarded as admirable to the under consideration by its originator, “dystopia” intimate its opposition, or any sort of society take into the consideration as underneath by its creator.

Dystopia is ostensibly a much unpractised concept belong to the extreme 19th century. It is a considerable way regarding daunting or deformed and undesirable. Some themes were prevalent in dystopian societies like corruption, globalization, social flexibility, integrity and morality.

Dystopian literature is a construction of formularized fiction in order brings about the acknowledgement to utopian discourse. A dystopia displays an insubstantial community or aristocracy by the way of explanation brutalize and daunting. A dystopia stands and reverse of a utopia and that is a consummate society. Specific societies are within view of many exquisite works, distinctly in adventure set in plot. Citation of dystopia in literature Suzanne Collins the Hunger Games already stated works characterize an apocalypse cosmos, surface in a advanced society dashing her alternation. 1984 by George Orwell, Brave New World by Aldous Huxley and The Giver by Lois Lowry types of apocalypse, by the way explains constitutional, tyrannical or monolithic, bourgeois, technocratic ideology.

Diagnostic of a dystopian society whatever the propaganda, self- determining thought and abandonment are hitched or diminished. A nominal head or abstraction is canonized by the naturalized person of a society. Civilian are anticipated to be concealed by constant supervision. Community have an agitation and concerning the extraneous world.

Harry Potter, stands during the time that the aboriginal novel to establish the key dystopian idea for children and adolescent. General concept and themes were placed in apocalypse novel and recurrently more than one keynote will be inquired into the inner one plotline. Which are environmental contamination, nuclear affliction, government dominion, religious domination, technological limitation, continuance and fear of losing identification.

Dystopia endures a category in literature which depicts a formidable community or society. When it is commonly the expedition to make else community into a utopia the excellent place. That satirically leads through such outrage conditions. Dystopia emblematize synthetically constitute a world or society in that vulnerable population impulse beneath the basis sort of the backbreaking government or is administrate to distinct several other category of oppression (dashing, standards, absence of individualism, isolation).

Dystopian society requirement had this issue which is conflicts, challenges and threats. George Orwell’s Animal Farm is an apocalypse work as a result its portrays a cosmos where the characteristics seeks to have a perfect, like a utopian society but the results is people which is worse in that society. A social dystopia is similar to both corporate and governmental apocalypse in that group in community that has taken charges of lives of the common people and declines it to adapt into the needs of their practice and beliefs.

The ultimate prominent works of dystopia in 20th century best fictions are Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World (1932),George Orwell 1984 (1868) some of the finest dystopian works are The Road(2006),The Hunger Games (2008),Do Androids work Dream Of Electrical sheep (1968), We(1921), The Chrysalides (1955),The Drowned World (1962), Animal Farm (1946), The Windup Girl (2009), The Maze Runner (2009)it is a young adult apocalypse science fiction novel authored by American writer James Dashner.

Some characteristics countenance of dystopian fiction, A attainment story of battle, anarchy, uprising, crowdedness, natural calamity, or some other crucial event that accrue in dramatic adjustment to society. An authoritative of alive among the middle class and lower class that is approximately poorer than an extant society. A dystopia out of a possession ancient Greek, which is avenue bad place.

Modern dystopia whatever means dystopia conceivable post apocalyptic or apocalyptic or no more, but it accept to be a anti utopian, a utopia come around backwards, a cosmos in which people certified to establish a republic of accomplishment only to found which they accept created a democratic state of misery. Dystopian novels as a result provides us worst case scheme of the fortune, may be depicts our current community and it would be astonish enough to deflect those scheme eventually in the real life.

In this work The White Tiger Adiga announce the abominable. It appears that a value based moral story of a budding man who was horribly murdered by his executive the young man also want to proceeds the confrontation against that political deprival, the social or community marginalization affecting the devotional subjugation of an effective impoverished. The entire particular are catching place in India at the heels of the screen of commercial, political, infrastructure and technological growth.

The novel is in striking first person anecdotal style is ostensibly forward to the wen jiabao, who was the premier of China. The storyteller acknowledged his, own personal history in current personal intimate, intelligence and lively articulation. The contemporary current Indian English Literature covered the threat of disaster and violence.

This work act in the place of bitter and brutal reality, truths and distinct realistic circumstances of India he characterize in The White Tiger. Social dystopia in Aravind Adiga’s The White Tiger conception existent in contemporary conditions of Indian society. It portrays the sufferings as well as social injustice and inequalities based on class, caste, religion and population impoverished.

Balram Halwai belongs to sweetmeat maker caste; he was a son of rickshaw –puller in the village called Laxmangarh located in Dhanbad. Though he was intelligent in the school he is not able to continue his studies. He was a drop out from the school and he wants to learn driving. This is about poor boy’s achievement story in a corroded society where it was filled with corruption, hypocrisy and ladder escalade is the adjustment of the day. Aravind Adiga exactly brings about the world of drivers –cum-assistant dollop their masters in municipal cities like Delhi with some outstanding insight and affinity. The agitation of exhausting the khaki uniform, the territorial bus conductor looking him in his khaki uniform and having silver whistle in his mouth before was of school hero of everyone that time, is something brought up out with a affectability giving the retold a local hardiness and local rural colour.

In Delhi Balram was the driver once, he remained accommodating servant turn over the end breeding secret admiration by mimicking his employee. Taking to acoholic beverages (drinks), visiting the house of prostitution, deceiving his master these all get into his stream of blood.

The affiliation between his employee Ashok and Balram is enlightened though Ashok who was the American returned found himself as misfit of the place. His brother who was called mongoose and Ashok father was the stork, was lived in the village called Laxmanagarh in Dhanbad are black as the fuel coal they dig up. Ashok and his wife Pinky was his real masters. Whenever they fight in his companionship, his wife is extremely dictatorial at many times.

Later Pinky abscond in some scenes pursuing divorce her husband. Ashok though dejected, continues to chummy with Balram and delighted him as a human that is what strikes; he was missing in city which is Delhi. At last he killed his master at the end of the novel brutally by using broken scotch bottle. Balram decided to steal money bag for that sake, he carries to bribe minister, comes as a sudden push. It considered as a murder a murder without any plan or enough preparation to kill him unless one occurrence Balram was a debauched rascal, which is not action he is granted as.

The way of his narrative is clearly absorbing, an alternation of accurate written on a visit of premier of china who don’t know English. Then they coming together India and China both politically and culturally mock as a abortive bid from pitch darkness to light. These two images used broadly throughout the work The White Tiger. Servility, Illiteracy, darkness of poverty and impoverishment from rural are contrasted with the life of cities as well as called light of cities which corruption is blustering.

Balram Halwai was wanted by the police and he flees to Bangalore to lead a life in better manner. Balram lives under a candelabrum of lights. He was a single man living alone without his family and friends. This is about the fable of the normal life of an ordinary driver. The rise of the son of rickshaw puller to a driver later and driver of drivers now who would have become a minister hypothetically is the message of the novel. He included, there is emptiness to redeem this corruption and rottenness.

The fictional has a apparent liveliness and brightness as a drivers view of poverty, squalor and filth that hang like banners and posters all settled up the interurban externally becoming a clutch experience. Once Adiga interviewed by Nick Dimartino (2014) Adiga expressed his catalyst behind his work, novel The White Tiger. He portrayed the darkness, and the poverty of Indian society, when he talks about common man sufferings and his struggles to carry through .He has the access of three Black American writers of post world II era who was called James Baldwin, Ricvhard widget and Ralph Ellison. Their influence on Adiga made him to portray the problem of the destitute classy in India.

The educational conformity in the work is not avoided by the corruption. It has been contaminate by the accelerating constitutional system. He accost, scraps to riches amidst brutal classism, amorality, exploitation and globalization. This novel is bombarded as a sarcastic encounter on the political, socio economic and moral codes. Adiga throughout this work The White Tiger has arranged loopholes of classification that dictum the nation, and fictionalized study in human inequality.

Marginalized people are commonly segregated, discriminated, ignored and often abolished on the substructure of gender, race, culture, ethnicity, education, race, occupation and religion, economy of the predominant. The countries centralize on regenerate the nation from inner side by battling against its endemic affliction in the political and economical life as well as cultural and social issue.

The author adoption of dystopia is a scholarly technique to deliberate actuality and delineates issues that competences appear in the destined. In this fashion, the performance of dystopia in literary works is to discipline and give acquaintance to the admirers. Dystopia also delivers as admonition about the present state of concern of a government or those who are in power.

According to Aravind Adiga, his novel The White Tiger was to acquire the implicit voice of citizens taken away the darkness. The depleted areas of Arcadian India, and the necessary to accomplish, so externally portraying and sentimentality of them as they are normally The White Tiger modulation of amusing convey the social inequality and injustice of contemporary modern India with equitable amusement and fury. Dystopian novels can claim the readers to be convinced about differently current political and social climates and in some occasions or reason can even activated actions. Dystopias are societies in ruinous decline, with characters that attack technological control, environmental breakdown and government abusiveness.

Dystopian literature possibly behold as a weapon to cultivate the coming generations and that reason make them larger conscious about political issues, and among the extremely large approach to facts from social media. His works fall into basically two major categories that are autobiographical and social. Aravind Adiga has a person who was focussed his full attention on the difficulty, dejection and misery of the impoverished as a conclusion of the profiteering of the oppressed citizens of our contemporary Indian society.

All his works provides major social message to the citizen of India, connected Indian society or community and from what source the people carry through in crushing poverty. His considerable work assumed to us breath of India’s dirt poor in an applied and sympathetic condition. Adiga’s agony contagious declarations of people taken away all spas in the life and accomplish him an energetic critic of the contemporary India. He was a person socially committed, has composed an excellent deal of literature. General social problems or issues indirectly or directly induce the members or people of the society.

Corruption issues an implicit to politics and Indian society, rivalry between some other countries of Asia and India, getting alternation in the system of education, poverty and changes in equality etc. The common social issue taken placed in our society is unemployment, child labour, dowry, racial discrimination, poverty etc. Terrorism, gambling, torture on women, corruption and crime these are benefits by the current affairs. In recent period one that comes beyond modern affairs like quest for identity, alienation sensitivity of non-acceptance pertaining to existence crisis that is reflected in his different novel.

Adiga keeps an excessive contribution of various customs for the complication and burden in the society. He analyzes the authenticity regarding life and current extensive views of social life concerning common people. The frames of Aravind Adiga survive not too assumed and his characters, situation and incidents are real. The approach of his novel, realize the private misconception affiliate to the public evils. People privilege and significance into social stigma while alternately have solution. Awareness endures the essential counteraction for this social issue.

The White Tiger accord by the relationship and social structure, progress of social change and the assorted laws in it. He also mentions to distinct evils spoiling our community or society. The White Tiger provides a case of differing misdeed in Indian emancipation and community at a broad. This book gives a social issues centralize on the depletion and anguish of India and it socio-political-religious conflicts conferred through an exceptional blend of irony and humour.

Adiga’s aspect on India subsistence overwhelmed with slavery and fodder, where a person who was born in poor family gets his chances of gradual growth or progress on entity, limited and the circumstances dominant in the country while that proper for him to approve a crimes like thefts and murdered allowed, has been depicted. Adiga raising various issues or problems in this work and this is beyond fact confutation that India affront by better of these issues were put forth by him. Aravind Adiga, ended from his novel in an unappealing sight about India which developing the consequence of the problems abundant, to a degree that they assume to exist an imperative agency in Indian society.

And our nation, though it has no drinking water, electricity, sewage system, public transportation, sense of hygiene, discipline, courtesy, or punctuality, does have entrepreneurs. (The White Tiger p.4)

Aravind Adiga explains the exact condition of this society. Nothing is proper in our society. Everything was distorted and they never mind about people basic needs. Modern India is the extent democracy in the world, equality, justice and liberty these are the basic consequence values over that the habitation of democracy inactivity. Still there is no assurance if one system is not employed properly, the alternative one aim do much better in India. An equality is the most excellent form of guidance in despite of the error that have listed this domain. He exposes a bit of certain flaws which have collapsed India’s complex as the control of the confined mafias, periodic selection and abortion of compact government.

He can read and write, but he doesn’t get what he’s read. He’s half-baked. The country is full of people like him, I’ll tell you that. And we entrust our glorious parliamentary democracy’ – he pointed at me –‘to characters like these. That’s the whole tragedy of this country.’(10)

Education plays a vital role as an equipment of liberty for him. His journey from scraps to riches above account of his poverty and education both offensive evils still exist in our society. Aravind Adiga recommended mainly the modern social regulation in his works. Although absence of academic education, Adiga insists above lines in there is no proper and good education systems are available in our society he indirectly says people where half-baked which means there is no proper education or knowledge, people are not able to survive in our society without education now-a-days.

No!- Mr.jiabao, I urge you not to dip in the ganga unless you want your mouth full of faeces, straw, soggy parts of human bodies, buffalo carrion, and seven different kinds of industrial acids. (15)

In this novel, the author deliberates his burden at the increasing pollution of the Ganga. It is boundless religious and emblematic expenses to millions of Hindus, who uses it for many ceremonial and choose it as receptacle for their ruins after death. Consequently, the Ganga formally announced as India’s national river now it was alternate into one of the extremely polluted rivers in the world. Ganga is a river which is outstandingly important materially as much as spiritually. It is an antecedent of farmers and source of indoor and industrial water as well as hydropower for urban place. To India’s Hindus, the Ganga is deliberate as a holy river. But it was eminently polluted in recent days. This circumstance is complex by the hindus belief, mere little of the excrement and technical waste is wield. Commonly, wood fires are used to burn human dead bodies. It causes water pollution as well as air pollution. So, the creed for the gross pollution of the river are corporate sewage, industrial discharge, carrion and carcasses etc.The most worshipped river is extremely polluted because of sewage, industrial waste and religious expiation. Naturally it spoils our environment and causes a kind of pollution. H.M Saxena, he also discussed about his work Environmental Management that book regarding to environmental problem and pollution. He also explains about people should aware of pollution especially water pollution.

Published in 1953, Ray Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451 focuses on a dystopian world. In which is his prediction of the 21st century, where the government controls society through technology and the burning of books. In this alternate reality technology tends to have control of the population. Similarly, The Matrix is a film directed by the Wachowski’s brothers is a science fiction movie, also set in a dystopian world in which a war is being fought against a control system known as the matrix. In this the world’s population is controlled through a powerhouse for the control system. Although there is different representations and perspectives between the two texts, both societies would be unable to function without the concept of control.

In Fahrenheit 451 and The Matrix, the populace is controlled trough government enforcement with technology. This technology punishes the characters who are defying the laws and control by the government. In Fahrenheit 451, mechanical hounds are programmed to sense out and attack the wrong doers. This is evident when a hound appears at Montag’s house, when the reader initially discovers that Montag is stealing books from houses he has burned. “It does not think anything we don’t want it to think” (p.39), indicates that hounds are technology of the government which are controlled to keep order and enforce laws. In The Matrix, sentinels are robots that roam through the sewers and intercept hovercrafts managed by human resistance. As seen in scene 182 the sentinels attacking the hovercraft, this threatens Neo’s life as he is inside the matrix. “On the hologram radar, he sees the sentinels…You can’t use that until Neo is out!” (scene 182) this scene represents how technology is used in the form of sentinels, in attempt to eliminate rebels. Both texts offer a method in which control is enforced through technology to abolish resistance against the system.

The texts also govern the experience in which the population receives by technology. Thus, almost brainwashing the population to think that what is happening is normal and right. Wall sized televisions are used in Fahrenheit 451 to play reality like shows in which Mildred and her friends are seen to be addicted to. This is apparent when Mildred and her friends are talking about the shows as if they are almost living inside the television. “‘Will you turn the parlour off?’ he asked. ‘That’s my family.’” (p 65) also demonstrates that the televisions take over the life of viewers and creates control of each individual. Similarly, The Matrix uses a coding system that creates what happens within and around the population in the matrix system. The scene where Neo sees the girl in the red dress is evidence of this as cypher creates this character to intrigue Neo and that is exactly what happened. Although this was not in the Matrix it is a representation of what occurs within the matrix. The coding in the matrix also control things such as taste the quote “You know, I know that this steak doesn’t exist. I know when I put it in my mouth, the Matrix is telling my brain that it is juicy and delicious.” (scene A71) displays how the system controls what is tasted, and the messages being sent to the brain. These texts use experiences in which the government regulates using technology to maintain control within the populace.

Fahrenheit 451 uses technology to scare the people into abiding by the law and control by the government. This is also achieved by the wall sized televisions playing live broadcasts of news that is frightening. This happens when Montag is in pursuit with the mechanical hounds after he escaped from his burning house. The televisions are persuading the viewers that Montag is dangerous and needs to be killed. Although Montag escapes and survives the televisions show someone else getting killed to enforce the control within the population.

‘Thank God for that. You can shut them, say, ‘Hold on a moment.’ You play God to it. But who has ever torn himself from the claw that encloses you when you drop a seed in a TV parlour? It grows you any shape it wishes! It is an environment as real as the world. It becomes and is the truth. Books can be beaten down with reason. But with all my knowledge and scepticism, I have never been able to argue with a one-hundred-piece symphony orchestra, full colour, three dimensions, and I being in and part of those incredible parlours.’ (p 109) this quotation displays how appealing the televisions are to the population and how it becomes as real as the world, to compel the viewers to comply with what the government wants. This text traps the populace into the control through technology.

In both Fahrenheit 451 and The Matrix, personal devices are used to create control. This strongly encourages the populace to continue to follow the control of the government. In Fahrenheit 451 headphones known as seashells are used, this similar to a radio in which music, talking and sound play inside the ear. These seashells are used by Mildred, which makes her often disconnected to the world and tied to an alternate reality in which the government can encourage her thoughts. The quotation “And in her ears the little Seashells, the thimble radios tamped tight, and an electronic ocean of sound, of music and talk and music and talk coming in, coming in on the shore of her unsleeping mind. The room was indeed empty. Every night the waves came in and bore her off on their great tides of sound, floating her, wide-eyed, toward morning. There had been no night in the last two years that Mildred had not swum that sea, had not gladly gone down in it for the third time.” (p 20) displays that they are so tied up within the control of the government that Mildred doesn’t even realise that she isn’t happy. Using a similar concept, The Matrix uses a fibre optic device that tracks the person in which it has been inserted to, this is used when the agents kidnap Neo.

“Smith nods and the other two rip open his shirt. From a case taken out of his suit coat, Smith removes a long, fibre-optic wiretap. Neo struggles helplessly as Smith dangles the wire over his exposed abdomen. Horrified, he watches as the electronic device animates, becoming an organic creature that resembles a hybrid of an insect and a fluke worm.

Thin, whisker-like tendrils reach out and probe into Neo’s navel. He bucks wildly as Smith drops the creature which looks for a moment like an uncut umbilical cord — before it begins to burrow, its tail thrashing as it worms its way inside.” (scene 20) this displays the control through tracking of Neo actions and location.

Technology as a means of control was utilised within both Fahrenheit 451 and The Matrix to display the extent to which the government enforces power and control over a populace. As Montag realises in Fahrenheit 451 there are many methods of technological control presented within the texts such as mechanical hounds, wall sized televisions and seashells that manipulate and create values within the populace. This enables the government to create and maintain control. In The Matrix, sentinels, coding systems and fibre-optic wiretap are used as aspects of control. In both texts different representations and perspectives have been used to represent the concept of control through technology, although Fahrenheit 451 uses it in a larger aspect.

Bibliography

1. Bradbury, R., n.d. Fahrenheit 451. 56th ed. Crydon: CPI Group (UK), pp.20, 39, 65, 109.
2. The Matrix. 1999. [DVD] Directed by L. Wachowski. Sydney, Australia: Warner Bros.

In this American novel written by Ray Bradbury, Fahrenheit 451 is set in a dystopian future is said to perhaps be his best writing, because the novel attracted and still catches the attention of people today. At the time of the novels release , Ray Bradbury had taken witness to the inclination of Americans towards book burning in the 1950’s. In today’s society the relevance towards the novel stands prevalent in the fact that most of today’s writing are shortened into highlights leading to shortened truths.

The first character that is presented in fahrenheit 451 is Guy montag. Who is a thirty year old fireman in the twenty-fourth century. In this representation of the future , people relief day to day stress in ways such as speeding down blocks in jet cars and with parlor walls. Parlor walls are televisions that take up the space of an entire wall and the only broadcast that are available are for entertainment and for propaganda that is produced by the government.

Although in present time the job of a firefighter is to put out fires , in the 24th century represented in this book houses have been fire proofed with a thin layer that surrounds an entire building making them resistant to catch flames. A new job has been placed upon firefighters, which has them build fires in order to burn books with tools like a hose that was once filled with water is now filled with kerosene to drench books making them highly flammable.

We see montag begin his day like any other typical day with a call that a hidden collection of books has been discovered. Arriving to the address with montag’s team, they see a woman in the entrance who is kneeling. At the time the gentlemen think she spouting nonsense in her grief of being caught. The men kick the books into a pile and douse the mound with kerosene, whilst ordering the woman to leave the house or else she will be burned with the books. The woman refuses to leave and instead of the men just torching the books , she reveals a match and burns the books along with herself.

This event jump starts a transition within Montag that has him questioning many of the normal things in his life, like why would a person die for books ,and to even to go far into his personal life to question his love for his wife. Montag says “Well, my wife, she . . . she just never wanted any children” (Bradbury, 26)proving that their connection isn’t whole because she see no need for a family. The excessive use of the Parlor wall has given his wife a fake “family”.After coming home from the traumatic day he questions his wife so much that they both can’t remember how they first met. These distortions in montags thoughts cause him to become curios and he starts to collect books himself from his job before burning most of them. He shows his wife the collection of books and they begin to read them , all of them but also trying to best hide their secret from mtags boss the fire chief. Another worry is formed from a mechanical dog that patrols the neighborhood in search of books. They are discovered eventually by the chief and in a spite of rage montag burn the chief alive instead the books he had collected. When he was given the option to do so. With the help of a friend montag comes into contact with an organization that can not only hide him from the police but also encourage his curiosity for the information of “destroyed” books.

Although this novel was based in a supposed future , the ideas are similar to events in the early 1950’s . The Women’s Auxiliary of the American Horde of Norwich, CT ,advocated the burning of ‘graphic’ comic books in 1955. The organization asked children to bring 10 comic books to burn, in place for one “clean” comic Book ”. The Women’s Auxiliary was an organization that was first gathered in order to help the veterans and the community.

Graphic novels like that of comic books were booming especially in the 1950’s around the time of the creation of the organization. With the vast success of these upcoming comic books children were accused of becoming delinquent from the readings within the books. The uproar of negativity towards the writings came from psychiatrist and doctors alike saying that the villance that was represented in the novels was intent for children to repeat them. With this rise of the idea that comic books caused bad behavior in children many artist and writers lost their jobs for “conspiring”.

Just like in the novel , how information like propaganda was sent to the american people through their parlor walls this occurred in the early 1950’s. The Us Senator at the time Joseph McCarthy created a list of screenwriters, actors, directors, musicians, and through other platforms of American entertainment authorities that he claimed to be communist allies but without any real proof or hard evidence. This gave life to an age of paranoia called McCarthyism. This lead to propaganda being spread across america with the help of radios , newspapers , and even television broadcast.

This novel was and always will be very compelling in its argument that america’s censorship could and is leading to dangerous ideas. With complete censorship like in novel that is done by the government , this action ratifies the basic american writes of freedom of speech. The freedom of speech really and truly is the basis of our country and with the downfall of that, also will come the downfall of our individualism and idealism for a great melting pot of a country.

Ray Bradbury’s, Fahrenheit 451 novel tells the outlook of a possible dystopian future that states that reading books are bad and that most reading should be censored. Overall, Ray Bradbury poured his thoughts onto paper and portrayed a very realistic world that connects with so many events in recent history. He also represented on how dangerous the advance of technology in the future could cause such dependence that people would eventually no even be needed for strenuous task like that of an EMT or even doctors.