Category: Driving

Introduction

The role of road transport in society cannot be overestimated, but pollution, a growing number of crashes, and other problems make people search for alternatives. A modern automated driving system may resolve these issues, increase safety on the roads, reduce fuel consumption, gas emissions, and traffic congestion (Anderson et al., 2014). However, people are not unanimous about the innovation, so it is necessary to take into account all the possible pros and cons of the technology.

In the article “Public Opinion on Automated Driving: Results of an International Questionnaire among 5000 Respondents”, Kyriakidis, Happee, and de Winter (2015) analyze the willingness, concerns, and acceptance of the users to purchase automated vehicles. With 5000 people from 109 countries participating in the survey, the authors have managed to make conclusions about various points of view, which depend on cross-national differences and personal factors (Kyriakidis, Happee, and de Winter, 2015). The purpose of this summary is to discuss the results of the survey on automated driving, its methods, and findings.

Main body

Generally, the thoughts of experts about the automated driving system differ, as they view various reasons to prove or deny the beneficial influence of the revolutionary driving system. However, it is essential to take into account that the automated driving system may feature various automation levels, depending on the involvement of the human and the capability of the technology. According to Howard and Dai (2014), the fully automated driving system is the best option when it comes to emissions, congestion, and safety.

On the other hand, despite its potential to improve the efficiency of the transportation and safety of the drivers, there are several challenges to overcome, including legal liability, public acceptance, and control of the system (Begg, 2014). Following Kyriakidis’ perspective (2015), these issues need to be taken into consideration as they determine whether people will buy such systems. Moreover, they also define the further development and prosperity of the automated car market. In any instance, the automated driving system may be used as the only effective way to improve transport-related problems.

Purposes and Methods of the Survey Study

The use of partially automated and highly automated driving systems is becoming a common tendency. Therefore, the study is aimed at the investigation of the users’ willingness, acceptability, and concerns about buying vehicles with different levels of automation. Unlike regional research of Schoettle and Sivak (2014a), this study focuses on cross-nation views and differing opinions. Additionally, it is necessary to notice that Kyriakidis, Happee, and de Winter (2015) associate personal traits of character with the thoughts about automated driving.

This may be a relevant contribution to other studies that do not take into account the individual characteristics and personality of the driver during the investigation (Schoettle and Sivak, 2014b). Moreover, the results of the study may be used by stakeholders who are involved in the development of the automated car market.

The survey became the method of the study, as it gives distinct information not only about the respondent’s opinion, but his age, gender, nationality, profession, and similar facts. According to Kyriakidis, Happee, and de Winter (2015), 5000 people filled in a 63-question online survey, providing their attitudes to automated vehicles. The survey was fully anonymous, and each respondent received instructions with necessary definitions and other explanations. Besides, the respondent had to mention his/her age, gender, driving mileage, frequency, and accident involvement. The analysis of the answers was conducted on two levels: individual and international, which helped to analyze the situation and make conclusions.

Key Findings of the Study

The results of the study show the prevailing, cross-nation attitude towards the automated driving system. As Kyriakidis, Happee, and de Winter (2015) imply, the overwhelming majority of respondents consider manual driving mode the most enjoyable and safe. The answers differed significantly, with 22% of people who were not ready to pay for the automated driving system. However, 5% of respondents would spend more than $30,000 on the innovative system, and 33%, who enjoy the idea of automated driving (Kyriakidis, Happee, and de Winter, 2015). The study proves the previous findings of de Winter et al. (2015) about an opportunity to drive fully automated vehicles on the majority of public roads by the year 2030.

There are also numerous concerns about the new driving system, including software misuse/hacking, safety, and legal issues. The results of the survey also show that people from developed countries (in terms of higher educations, lower accident rate, and higher income) are not comfortable with the car transmitting data.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the findings of the study emphasize the most robust correlation coefficient between mileage, income, current ACC use, and frequency of driving, on the one hand, and desire to spend money on the other. The author elaborates that respondents are willing to pay for automated driving systems, but only the ones who drive more (Kyriakidis, Happee, and de Winter, 2015). The presented results show the key areas of concern, as well as preferences among the international public. The information collected with the online survey helped to analyze the willingness of people to buy automated vehicles and their attitude towards possible issues.

Reference List

Anderson, J. M. et al. (2014) Autonomous vehicle technology: A guide for policymakers. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation.

Begg, D. (2014) A 2050 vision for London: What are the implications of driverless transport. Web.

De Winter, J. C. F. et al. (2015) Using CrowdFlower to study the relationship between self-reported violations and traffic accidents. In Proceedings of the 6th applied human factors and ergonomics (AHFE) international conference, Las Vegas, Nevada.

Howard, D. and Dai, D. (2014). ‘Public perceptions of self-driving cars: The case of Berkeley, California’. Transportation research board 93^rd annual meeting, Washington, DC.

Kyriakidis, M., Happee, R. and de Winter, J. C. (2015). ‘Public opinion on automated driving: Results of an international questionnaire among 5000 respondents’. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behavior, 32(8), pp. 127-140.

Schoettle, B. and Sivak, M. (2014a). A survey of public opinion about autonomous and self-driving vehicles in the U.S., the U.K., and Australia. University of Michigan, Transportation Research Institute. Web.

Schoettle, B. and Sivak, M. (2014b). Public opinion about self-driving vehicles in China, India, Japan, the U.S., the U.K., and Australia. University of Michigan, Transportation Research Institute. Web.

Introduction

Driving plays a significant role in a person’s life. It is an act that allows people to move from one place to another with ease and convenience. In learning driving, a person is only able to move or drive a car, but other life important aspects such as attitude, efficiency, responsibility and risk management among others are earned.

South Carolina Department of Motor Vehicles notes that a good driver has to own likable actions which can contribute to his or her driving experience. Perhaps having an accuracy of observation, attention, and apt use of a car control can increase his or contentment in driving.

Sobel and Nesbit argue that awareness of their personal limits and off the road and matching a car speed and the direction in the context can equally make driving a fulfilling undertaking (83). Driving skills are not meant for the road; a person who develops good driving can achieve success in ordinary life too. This is noted through their self-confidence, strong relationships with others, among other ethics. It is on this note that people should develop a habit of studying driving.

Discussion

Effective drivers are efficient. Efficiency appoints maximum output for minimum input. Efficiency drivers ensure that whatever they do has a purpose and a reason hence there is no duplication of actions and their procedures are fulfilled with utmost economy. Besides, their engagements emerge to be smooth and stylish.

The drivers’ efficiency is extended to the vehicle. In this case, drivers show mechanical sympathy; they handle the vehicle’s controls carefully with coordination and feel that upholds tear and wear. They also complete their journeys at a considerably increased speed whereas using a reduced amount of gas than their counterparts with matching cars.

Texas Defensive Driving content that driving is a habit, a driver gains a habit when he or she continuously drives. However, ineffective driving can be a consequence because it leads to a crashing habit. The strength of a habit lies in what a driver does when he or she don’t consciously try to concentrate on what is supposed to be done. Texas Defensive Driving offers new insights into gaining driving habits. A driver should try to see and think about the familiar. This will construct new behavior of thinking.

Driving encourages responsibility. A person is the sole charge while driving hence all the decisions is perked on him or her. Drivers therefore accept responsibilities for everything they feel, think and do thus they are in control of their own actions. Drivers who avoid responsibility are always accompanied by guilt. This occurs because when they perform insufficiently they blame others or their car for their own failings. So, avoiding responsibility marries poor performance creating the feeling of being powerless and stressed.

Driving demands high awareness collected by a drivers’ senses. This awareness includes the emotions and other users of the road. According to Sobel and Nesbit (73) a driver should be aware of various stakeholders who use the roads. They include the pedestrians, a walker, individuals with disabilities on a wheelchair or on foot, a roller skater and a runner among others. The drivers need to be aware of these stakeholders.

The driver should be conscious to take all precautions or to be on a look-out not to harm these categories of people. It is the role of the driver to be cautious and be on a look-out not to harm these categories of people. Also, driving enables drivers to learn about various pedestrian victims such as the drinking public, small children and an older person Sobel and Nesbit (71).

These people, because of their circumstances and their position, can be vulnerable to risks connected to driving. A driver is therefore encouraged to be on alert and be on the lookout while driving to avoid risking the life of these stakeholders (South Carolina Department of Motor Vehicles).

According to Industrial and Commercial Training, driving equips a person with great knowledge, to enable him or her succeed while moving and controlling a car (50). One important skill that drivers win is they know how to drive during various seasons of the year as in present times, weather patterns have become unpredictable. When it is supposed to be summer, we notice storms, when we believe it is cold, we see temperatures rising.

Hence, this situation has demanded new driving knowledge beyond the traditional learning skills acquired in a driving school. For example during the rainy season, a driver may go beyond the ordinary known driving skills learned, to a more creative or innovative approach. Skills which are acquired innovatively during this period are paying more attention when it rains after a long season of a dry spell.

Although this condition may seem a common sense issue, most people who have acquired driving skills seems to overlook it. Wells and Stacey (58) notes during a prolonged dry season, grease and engine oil heap and condense on the road surface. When it suddenly pours and the road or highway gets wet, the oil and grease mix hence making the road more unsafe than normal.

Another area of importance is the breaking system of the car. This is an important safety feature thus without it driving is almost impossible. It is therefore important for a person driving to guarantee his or her safety and that of others by clearly understanding the breaking system of his or her car (Industrial and Commercial Training, 49). Many things can happen or go wrong with the braking system of a car. To be on the safer side, regular inspection and preventive maintenance is important to avoid missing brakes while on the road.

The beauty of driving is stemmed from on defensive driving. Defensive driving allows a person to nurture good driving techniques. This includes; being able to manage time and space, proper planning and have the right attitude. This means using the available space a driver has to maneuver and time to react. Time works to the advantage of any apprentice to compensate for their inexperience and is worthless in reducing risk in traffic.

Kennedy (31) asserts that when driving defensively do it with the flow of other cars. Defensive drivers also should try to embrace anticipation. This is one of the most valuable arsenals for a defensive driver. The driver should anticipate the moves and needs of the neighboring drivers. Defensive driving is best utilized when the driver understands the road better. Knowing the road enables a driver to embrace defensive driving safer and better.

The change that a driver makes in driving largely influences other essential activities in his or her life. These activities are relationship with others, play and work among others. For example, by becoming a confident and competent driver will increase a person’s life esteem, being energy efficient will leave you with enough energy to do other activities. Besides, reducing anxiety from road relationship will have a positive effect in building strong relationship with others, and being judgmental on the road will support a person sporting activity.

Driving strengthens one’s effectiveness, responsibility and technical knowledge of a person. Rather than these skills being practiced in the driving field, they are part and parcel of a person’s life. They help a person to establish a healthy relationship with others and develop confidence. This is why driving is a must for everyone to learn.

Works Cited

Alexander, Don. Stock Car Driving Techniques. Minneapolis, Motor Books International, 2002. Print.

Industrial and Commercial Training. “Drivers Direct Reaches Training Milestone”, Industrial and Commercial Training, (2011); 46-69. Print.

Kennedy, Bill. The Most Complete Book on Advanced Defensive Driving, Kansas: Bill Kennedy Driving School, 2009. Print

Sobel, S Russell, Nesbit M Todd. Automobile Safety Regulation and the Incentive to Drive Recklessly: Evidence from NASCAR. Southern Economic Journal, (2007): 71-84. Print.

South Carolina Department of Motor Vehicles. Important Driving Tips; Sharing the Road with Pedestrians, 2011. Web.

Texas Defensive Driving. The Importance of Driving, 2011. Web.

Wells, John, Stacey Margaret. Learn to Drive, London: Kogan Page Publishers, 2009. Print.

Driving in different seasons can be a greatly distinct experience due to climate conditions, state of the car, and even social factors. Winter driving is considered dangerous and most people avoid it when possible, but summertime can bring its own challenges. The benefits and drawbacks of driving in both seasons should be evaluated by drivers before getting behind the wheel.

Summer driving is generally more relaxed and flexible, requiring less care and preparation for both the driver and the vehicle. However, there are challenges of its own including ensuring all fluid levels are relevant and the car parts such as the radiator can combat the heat. The driving process itself can be a challenge due to overheating, glare caused by the sun obscuring vision, and tire punctures due to the openness of debris on the road. In the summer, most people are less attentive in driving, thus creating the possibilities of driving tired or distracted which can be dangerous (“Making Driving A Breeze This Summer”).

Driving in the winter is more frightening and dangerous due to weather conditions. Winter storms create challenges for drivers such as poor visibility, slippery roads, and difficult passage in snowed-in areas. Cold weather creates greater impact on the car, creating more wear and tear as well as consumed resources such as fuel or tires. Winter conditions also force drivers to engage in greater car management, including tire change, monitoring antifreeze levels, and simply having to warm up the vehicle prior to driving (“Winter Driving Tips”).

Despite common misconceptions, driving in the summer can be just as if not more dangerous than in the winter. Summertime usually has more collisions due to the number of cars on the road. Furthermore, drivers may be more influenced by external factors such as inebriation (more social gatherings in the summer) and paying less attention to weather conditions.

Drivers must consider the realities of the road during each season as these may change. Some of these are common sense while others can be generally missed by the majority of drivers. However, using proper preparation and precaution can make a significant difference for the driver’s safety and positive experience.

Works Cited

“Making Driving A Breeze This Summer.” The AA, 2020. Web.

“Winter Driving Tips.” AAA Exchange, 2020. Web.

Introduction

There are a lot of deaths caused by road accidents in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Even though the concerned government authorities can institute firm measures to curb the menace, it appears that the existing rules and regulations are easily flouted by most drivers. Despite the fact that poor enforcement of traffic laws has led to careless driving, it is vital to note that drivers are also trained poorly. As a result, they obtain driving licenses quite easily. This report explores the causes of reckless driving by reviewing some of the recent death and injury statistics on the Saudi Arabian roads.

Argument one

According to the first argument, poor training of drivers and driver’s licenses that are easily obtained are the main causes of reckless driving. The available statistics indicate that the annual number of deaths caused by road accidents in Saudi Arabia stands at 270,000 (Al-Kinani, 2008). This figure is purportedly among the highest in the Arab world.

Additional g statistics indicate that after every two hours, one person dies while eight others sustained serious body injuries from road accidents. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia also records a total of 32,000 injuries annually.

Defensive driving is being introduced in Saudi Arabia so that the expertise of drivers on the roads can be improved. Most drivers are apparently not adequately skilled to avoid road accidents (Al-Kinani, 2008). According to the report released by the Defensive Driving Academy, poor training is the main cause of reckless driving on Arabian roads. It is possible for a skilled driver to avoid causing an accident even if other people are driving poorly on the road. Local driving conditions can only be met if the current driving course in Saudi Arabia is slightly modified in order to strengthen some modules. For example, driving licenses should not be issued to trainees who fail to pass the core tests.

The training module for drivers should also incorporate the expected conduct while driving. Motorists should be taught the importance of courtesy on the road. According to Al-Shareef and Al-Wuhaimid (2008), errors committed by drivers have been blamed for 85% of all deaths on Arabian roads. It is also unfortunate that close to SR18 billion is spent by the Kingdom every year on cases related to road accidents.

In a report by Nazer (2008), red lights are bypassed by reckless drivers at will. Motorists in Saudi Arabia also drive aggressively with little regard for human life. Young male drivers are the worst culprits of road accidents in the Kingdom.

Argument two

According to the second argument, a lack of thorough enforcement of traffic rules has led to reckless driving in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

When over 400 traffic violations were committed by a Saudi national, it was a clear indication that traffic laws were not being enforced (Al-Huwairini, 2013).

An automatic traffic violations system should be installed in vehicles in order to detect and record motorists who flout traffic rules while driving (Saudi Gazette, 2008).

The violation of traffic rules has increased tremendously. The traffic authorities in the Kingdom are apparently not doing their work well (Al-Harbi, 2013).

Comparison between the two essays

In both arguments, drivers are the main cause of road accidents. For example, when driving licenses are issued haphazardly, it is still the duty of a driver to maintain traffic rules. On the same note, drivers should not wait for traffic laws to be enforced before they can avoid reckless driving.

The contrast between the two essays

In the first essay, poor training of drivers and issuance of driving licenses to unqualified trainees are the main causes of reckless driving. However, the second essay posits that reckless driving is caused by poor enforcement of traffic rules.

Conclusion

From the above arguments, it is evident that drivers should be blamed for all forms of road accidents. Motorists should be ready to adhere to traffic rules without being coerced. Therefore, there is a need to adopt better training standards for drivers. Driving licenses should be issued to qualified individuals only according to the first argument.

References

Al-Kinani, M. (2008).Defensive driving starts up in Jeddah. Web.

Al-Harbi, K. (2013). Traffic tourism. Web.

Al-Huwairini, R. (2013). Saudi tourists and their embarrassing behavior. Web.

Al-Shareef, M. & Al-Wuhaimid, A.L. (2008). NHRS to discuss solutions for traffic accidents. Web.

Nazer, Z. (2012). Kingdom’s roads among ‘the world’s most dangerous’. Web.

Saudi Gazette (2008). License given for automatic traffic system. Web.

The use of seatbelts has been advocated since its invention as helpful in preventing death or disabling injuries to the driver and the passengers. However, its use is still not carried out by most of the people. In particular, children are likely to suffer from injuries when they are not properly tied with seatbelts. Ebel et al (2003) state that motor vehicle injury remains the largest cause of death in the ages from four to eight years. This is because adult seatbelts are applied to many children instead of proper child seats (Ebel et al, 2003). Child seats are specially designed bearing in mind the small physique and lower pain thresholds. Ebel et al emphasize the importance of car seats, preferring it over seat belts for children. Parents may erroneously believe that their children are safe if they use seatbelts though they need to use proper child seats instead (Ebel et al, 2003). Alongside, proper information and guidance should be given regarding how to use safety belts correctly in order to prevent injury from its wrong use.

The concept behind the use of a seatbelt is to make the passenger a part of the car. In case of sudden breaks, collisions or abrupt swings on the road, seatbelts can prevent any disabling injury or even death of the people in the car (“The Importance of Seatbelts”, n.d). When the seatbelt is worn, a person does not absorb the shock of the collision, nor is thrown out of the car. Instead, the seatbelts help transfer the impact to the body of the car away from the passenger. With tight application, seatbelts help prevent sudden jerk and movement of the back, spine and neck, which are further very important for preventing any spine or back injuries.

Seatbelts are very helpful preventing many injuries and even fatalities. There are a lot of literature and statistics that continue to increase. Many studies recommend the use of seatbelts, particularly for children. In the USA alone, the number of accidents is calculated to be 6 million in 2007, in which more than 41,000 lost their lives (“Air Bags, Seat Belts Important in Preventing Spine Fractures”, 2009). Most of these injury cases happen because of improper or no use of seat belts while riding or driving the car.

Important Statistics and Information About Use of Seatbelts

There are many statistics available to show the importance of seatbelts, and their use while driving. Studies reveal that over eighty percent of child deaths during car accidents take place due to not using or improper using of a seatbelt. For adults, the risk of death is also very high; it is only twenty percent lower than for children. Seatbelts prevent a person from ejecting out of the car because this case has a very high mortality rate (“Important Seatbelt Statistics You Need to Know”, nd).

Seatbelts have been shown to decrease significant numbers of fatalities over the past. In 2004, the NHTSA reported prevention of 15,434 fatalities. The costs related with medical care and other associated injuries can be as high as $26 billion per year (Buckling Up, 2008). Again, the impact of state laws also plays a significant role in the outcomes of injuries and mortality rates prevented. Studies show that laws help in making people abide by it and use seatbelts regularly. In New York, the rates of seatbelt users increased from 11% in 1984 to 76% in 1999 (Buckling Up, 2008). This shows how government can prevent and instill the use of safety belts among motorists (Buckling Up, 2008).

Increasing awareness among students and teenagers is also very important. Study by Steptoe et al (2002) demonstrated that in their respective countries, various seatbelt awareness measures led to students using seatbelts more often. Among the male students, this increase was seen from 63% to 73%, and among female students, the similar rise was seen from 66% to 77% respectively (Steptoe et al, 2002). The same study also found out that incidences of not using seatbelts were positively related to alcohol impaired driving and other violations of the traffic rules (Steptoe et al, 2002).

Injuries Due to Lack of Use of Seatbelts

Medical researches show that seatbelts are particularly helpful in preventing many spine and back injuries. Researchers claim that air bags and seatbelts both are the most effective combination to avoid and prevent spine injuries and accidents. The same set of researches demonstrated that those who lost their lives or were seriously injured in spinal areas corresponded to 38% of the passengers not wearing seatbelts at the time of crashes (Air Bags, Seat Belts Important in Preventing Spine Fractures, 2009). While air bags are helpful in preventing spine injuries, use of air bags alone without seatbelt can increase the risk of severe thoracic spine fracture (Air Bags, Seat Belts Important in Preventing Spine Fractures, 2009).

While there is much discussion for the use of seatbelts, there is not much effort done to promote the correct usage of seatbelt and how to spot faults in applying it. Studies show that seatbelts when used wrong can actually cause more damage than benefit. Poorly used and applied seatbelts can cause injuries, particularly in case of infants and small children (Campbell, Macdonald and Richardson, 1997).

The recent introductions of smart seatbelt reminders of SBRs have helped to improve compliance of motorists with respect to seatbelts (Krafft et al, 2006). The devices continue reminding the drivers to put on their safety belts. With constant repetition, the researchers believe that drivers will start to comply with the safety rules, and there will be an increase in the use of seatbelts in such a way (Lrafft et al, 2006). Reports study that near a hundred percent of motorists would use a seatbelt in cars which would have SBRs attached to them. This method can be a very effective way to ensure the use of seatbelts (Krafft et al, 2006).

Conclusion

The use of seatbelts is an essential part of road driving and safety measures. Ensuring the right use of safety belts and safety seats, especially in case of little children, is important. Therefore, proper educational programs and information resources are also significant in order to increase compliance with the safety rules among motorists.

Works Cited

“Air Bags, Seat Belts Important in Preventing Spine Fractures”, Sciencedaily.com, ScienceDaily LLC, 2009. Web.

“Buckling Up”, Saferoads.org, Advocates for Highway & Auto Safety, 2008. Web.

Campbell, Harry, Macdonald, Sheena, and Paul Richardson. “High Levels of Incorrect Use of Car Seat Belts and Child Restraints in Fife—An Important and Underrecognised Road Safety Issue.” Inj Prev 3 (1997): 17-22. Print.

“The Importance of Seatbelts”, Tristanmac.tripod.com, Physics and Car safety, n.d. Web. 2011.

Ebel, B.E., Koepsell, T.D., Bennett E.E. and F.P. Rivara. “Too Small for a Seatbelt: Predictors of Booster Seat Use by Child Passengers.” Pediatrics 111.4 (2003): e323-e327. Print.

“Important Seatbelt Statistics You Need to Know”, AnapolSchwartz.com, Anapol Schwartz Attorney At Law, n.d. Web. 2011.

Krafft, Maria, Kullgren, Anders, Lie, Anders and Claes Tingvall. “The Use of Seat Belts in Cars with Smart Seat Belt Reminders- Results of an Observational Study.” Traffic Injury Prevention 7. 2 (2006): 125-129. Print.

Steptoe, Andrew, Wardle, Jane, Fuller, Ray, Davidsdottir, Sigurlina, Davou, Bettina and Joao Justo. “Seatbelt Use, Attitudes, and Changes in Legislation: An International Study.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 23. 4 (2002): 254-259. Print.

Through the years, the issue of changing the legal driving age in the United States is a strong basis for hot polemics among the representatives of varied policy making organizations within the country. Numerous points are taken into consideration by the proponents of changing the legal driving age including stricter regulations in this area existing in European countries. Of course, the main reason behind the position of proponents of raising the legal driving age is their safety concerns. In particular, the representatives of this party of the argument support their initiatives by stating that the most frequent reason of deaths among young teenagers in the country is car accidents. They explain such statistics by physical and psychological immaturity of teenagers causing them to have temporary personality characteristics which are not combinable with participating in road traffic. The other party in this argument strives to prove that the reason of the above-mentioned car accidents is not in the immaturity of young drivers but in their inexperience. The opponents of raising the legal driving age try to prove that in case the driving age will be raised, it will simply shift the problem to an older age category of beginners at road traffic. In the following paper, the issue of changing the legal driving age in the United Stated in order to raise the level of safety on the roads will be examined. Generally, the evaluation of the facts shows that drivers in the early age do not possess important qualities which would help them to be adequate participators of road traffic.

First of all, speaking about the issue of the legal driving age raising in the United States, some important statistics which is rife in connection to this issue is to be examined. According to Safety Group Wants to Raise Driving Age (par.1), ‘the number one cause of death among teenagers is automobile crashes’ in the United States. One sadder pointer of the danger of driving at an early age can be seen in the following comment, ‘road crashes are the biggest killer of those aged 15 to 24, with 23young drivers and passengers killed or seriously injured every day’ (Massey 1). This very reason appears to be enough to reconsider the legal driving age in the country. ‘The U.S. is now almost alone among industrialized countries in letting 16-year olds drive. Most of Europe as well as China, Japan, Russia and Brazil allow people to start driving at age 18’ (Safety Group Wants to Raise Driving Age par.2). Such situation in the other countries of the world described in this comment suggests that it is high time for the United Stated to reconsider its driving age policy as the general tendency in this area which can be observed in the world is quite different from the situation in the country. With regards to this, an IIHS press release gives the following argumentation to support the need of raising the legal driving age.

Raising the minimum driving age by even one year would save lives. Among US states, only New Jersey holds off licensure until age 17, and a recent analysis of the crash experience of young drivers indicates the benefits. A rate of 4.4 16-year-old drivers per 100,000 populations were in fatal crashes during the study years in New Jersey compared with 20.7 per 100,000 in neighboring Connecticut, where 16 year-olds could get licenses (Safety Group Wants to Raise Driving Age par.3).

Thus, the proponents of raising the legal driving age in the United States support their initiatives with the facts showing that driving at a too young age leads to accidents resulting into severe traumas or even death cases among the teenagers.

Further, it should be also mentioned that there exists another side in this argument. The opponents of raising the legal driving age support their position making the statements about teenagers’ inexperience being the main problem behind the negative consequences. This side of the argument explains that teenagers begin driving as inexperienced participants of road traffic, and this is the main reason of the problem, not their young age. According to Safety Group Wants to Raise Driving Age (par.5),

A basic question is whether the risk associated with beginning drivers stems from their youth and immaturity or their inexperience behind the wheel. If it’s mainly immaturity, then it would pay to put off licensure until teenagers get a little older. But if the problem is mostly inexperience, delaying licensure would simply put off the toll of beginners’ crashes.

Reflecting on these arguments used by the opponents of raising the legal driving age, the results of studies held in this area since 1990s are to be discussed. According to Szlyk, Seiple, and Viana (431), new drivers at the age of sixteen are more regular participants in car accidents than those of eighteen and older. Thus, a conclusion can be made that age means a lot in the area of safety on the roads. The reasons of such situation will be explained below.

Next, the above-discussed age tendency around the participants of car accidents is explained by the teenager psychological peculiarities. Scientists prove that at an early age people are more subjected to their emotions including fear and panic (Szlyk et al. 432). As a result, when a risky situation on the road occurs a young person subjects oneself to the feeling of panic which makes it impossible for this individual to avoid serious consequences of this risky situation. The other psychological problem common around teenagers is their feeling of fearlessness and daring (Szlyk et al. 433). Young people have a tendency to underestimate potential dangers on the roads which results into sad situations. One more serious problem which is connected to the way of thinking of young people is their bravado (Szlyk et al. 433). Teenagers are in a hurry to show to their peers how skilled and crafty they are in driving their car. They rush through the road traffic at the shocking speed subjecting themselves to unavoidable car accidents. Such psychological peculiarities of teenagers are explained by their physical peculiarities. According to Massey (1), ‘the frontal lobe – which controls emotion, risk-taking and decision making – is not fully developed until the age of 25’. As a result, teenagers do not have a physiological background for possessing necessary inner qualities needed for driving at an early age. In addition, their hormonal system is also not enough developed for such responsible task as car driving. In particular, the period of puberty is the time when hormones are too active which causes emotional reactions on varied developments in the outer world on the part of teenagers. This makes it very complicated for teenagers to drive safely. On the contrary, all these psychological and physiological problems of a teenager period become the past for an individual in the older age in the majority of cases. With the duration of time, people become more considerate and reasonable which encourages them to avoid those situations on the road which present potential danger including speeding and driving in a condition of alcohol intoxication (Szlyk et al. 434).

Finally, particular situations from real life proving that driving at an early age may lead to serious problems will be addressed. One of them is the case of Margaret Davidson. According to Massey (1).

Margaret Davidson’s car was hit by 19-year-old Nolan Haworth at 70mph in a50mph zone as he raced to court, while banned, to answer a charge of affray. In September last year he was jailed for just four years after pleading guilty to causing death by dangerous driving. During the trial, Mrs Davidson moved the judge to tears by describing the devastation to her life caused by the death of her daughter, a doctor.

This case became a resonant event in the country initiating a new wave of activation in the area of the legal driving age policy changing (Massey 1). The other sad experience encouraging to really think about the sad consequences of driving at an early age occurred in Arizona in 2002 (Szlyk et al. 434). Eric Witters, a teenager, being motivated by his bravado to amaze his fellow students from college, decided to approach them in his new car given by his father as his birthday present. The young man, was driving very fast, and appeared to lose control over his car while approaching his college building where his fellow students were gathered before the beginning of studies. In a few seconds, the boy managed to kill himself along with four more of his companions. Again, this experience shows that young people in general are not capable of driving a car in a safe way for themselves and the other people around them.

Concluding on all the information related above, it should be stated that the issue of raising the legal driving age in the United States is one of the most burning legal issues in the country. The proponents of raising the legal driving age support their reasoning by the facts of statics showing that the biggest amount of teenager deaths and injuries occur in car accidents. The opponents in this argument object the above-mentioned information arguing that the major reason of such problems among teenagers is in their inexperience but not in their immaturity. However, considering the facts of statics it appears that the number of car accidents among the driver-beginners of an older age is less. In addition, scientific researches prove that teenagers are not able to drive physiologically and psychologically. In particular, their nervous and hormonal systems are still developing causing emotional reactions on stressful situations, and the other related problems. This makes it very complicated for a teenager to participate in such a stressful situation as road traffic. These facts make a considerable amount of people including the US policy makers to start their active campaign for raising the legal driving age.

Works Cited

Massey, Ray. “DRIVING AGE ‘RISING TO 18’; Victim: Margaret Davidson, Killed in 2006.” The Daily Mail (London, England). 2007: 1. Questia. Web.

Safety Group Wants to Raise Driving Age 2008. Web.

Szlyk, Janet P., William Seiple, and Marlos Viana. “Relative Effects of Age and Compromised Vision in Driving Performance.” Human Factors 37.2 (1995): 430+. Questia. Web.

Drunk driving is one of the leading causes of death in the United States of America. In 2008 alone, 11773 people were killed due to auto accidents triggered by drivers who drove under the influence of various substances, mainly alcohol (MADD, 2010). In 2002, it was found that Americans behind the wheels had abused alcohol at least 159 million times (MADD, 2010). A large number of drivers who have had their licenses revoked due to prior violations, continue to drive under alcohol influence (MADD, 2010). Indeed, since the time cars have been on the road, regulating the traffic safety aspect by curbing alcohol abuse has been the biggest challenges for various jurisdictions.

Thesis Statement: In this essay, I will highlight various issues surrounding the social problem of drunk driving and examine its causes and consequences. For this, I will assume the position that one of the leading causes for it is the social stigma attached to alcohol-consumption. The aim is to prove that alcohol beverages per se aren’t the real problem but the unnecessary restrictions in place regarding its sale and availability, which forces people to do whatever it takes to purchase and consume alcohol, leading to a rise in drunken driving incidents. If we have to curb alcoholism and the menace of drunk driving incidents, we need to relax the social rules regarding alcohol beverages, removing the stigma attached to them.

The Causes of drunkenness: At an institutional level, drunk driving is a fall-out of the important role played by beverage alcohol in American life and culture. Wherever we go, alcohol consumption has become an integral component of leisure activities and celebrations (Jacobs, 2009, p.1) even though a large cross-section of the population comprises of committed teetotalers or others who abstain from social consumption of alcohol. From cocktail parties to sporting meets, dining outs to christening ceremonies, from fraternity bashes to even charity events, alcohol consumption has become the center-stage of social life for many; a trend which is unlikely to abate anytime soon (Jacobs, 2009, p.1).

The sad part is that these events have often become a flashpoint for people to test their capacity of stretching consumption limits (Shore & Ferrari, 2008, p.12). Apart from their role in causing psychological impairments due to depression, frustration, agony and loneliness, large-scale alcohol consumption triggers an instant melt-down of consciousness which leads to reduced inhibitions, which can cause any extent of damage in the immediate aftermath.

According to recent statistics, nearly 7.2 million American kids have a tendency to binge drink (The Associated Press, 2010) which means an excessive intake of alcohol in the bloodstream over a very short period of time (Shore & Ferrari, 2008, p.34). Out of them, a large percentage comprises of underage drinkers which goes with our previous observations on the growing importance of alcohol in high school learning environments.

Recent studies have shown that the alcohol fever is also catching in fast with middle-schoolers as evidenced in growing popularity of stoner and underaged drinking genre movies such as Superbad which seem to advocate that nothing’s really wrong with consuming alcohol “as long as you don’t hurt anybody” (Jacobs, 2008, p.112). The problem begins when kids lose their temperance and sobriety under alcohol influence despite initial misplaced beliefs that they can handle it quite well (Jacobs, 2008, p.112). Indeed, a culture which puts the premium of “cool” on substance and alcohol abuse is the most prominent factor which has led to the present state of affairs.

The Causes of Drunken Driving: So far, we have outlined the major factors which cause the problem of drunkenness in this country, especially among teenagers. From here, it would be easier to follow the complexities of where the problems of drunk driving originate. The following root causes are identified.

The most important reason behind drunk driving in both teenagers and adults can be attributed to the lack of availability of a driver who will remain sober in these cocktail parties (Taylor & Oberman, 2006, p.131). Although, it is generally recommended and agreed on among participants in one of these binge drinking sessions, as soon as the alcohol starts flowing, people tend to forget their obligations, roles and responsibilities if they happen to be drivers. A common tendency is to underestimate the damaging consequences which may be caused by having even a little trace of alcohol in the bloodstream.

It has been empirically found that even 60 ml of alcohol (equal to two pints) which would otherwise be considered normal intake, can be 10 times more harmful when the person under influence is a driver (Taylor & Oberman, 2006, p.445). Indeed, the tendency among binge drinking participants to overestimate their drinking capacity proves a recipe for disaster when seen on the road from a driver’s perspective. If we are to stomp out the perils of probable accidents due to drivers being drunk at any point of time, we will have to enact swifter and stricter legislation with breath-analyzer tests to ensure drivers do not consume any alcoholic beverages while on the road.

An associated reason behind drunk driving is the lack of use of public transportation and carpooling services. Almost all Americans are behind the wheels which ensures minimal availability of transportation services except in big cities. Even remote suburbs within these city limits are not easily accessible by public transport which lends itself to over-reliance on drivers, many of whom see nothing wrong with being under influence while driving (Taylor & Oberman, 2006, p.711).

Conclusion against Thesis Statement: The main reason for the current spate of alcohol consumption incidents can be attributed to the strong puritanical associations which characterize the American alcohol consumption scene. From a historical point of view, there is a perceived taboo against alcohol consumption due to diktats from the religious Right, anecdotes of events such as the Prohibition era and other governing aspects of our culture, which on one hand, demonize alcohol consumption as a social evil, while on the other hand, turns a blind eye to the everyday violation of those very principles. There’s a clear amount of hypocrisy in this picture.

Most people, especially rebellious teenagers, see through this failed state of affairs which leads to a backlash against governing ethical and moral norms (Shore & Ferrari, 2008, p.108). In countries such as the United Kingdom and Australia, where per capita consumption of alcohol is much higher than the States, the incidence of drunken driving is at a much lower rate (Shore & Ferrari, 2008, p.108). This is due to a lack of demonizing of alcohol as some sort of Biblical vice. There is hardly any equivalent of the Christian Right over there which allows the government to send a more clear and articulate message on why “drinking and driving should not mix” which leads to more people embracing the popular message. This also curbs binge drinking activities.

Indeed, if we have to arrest the phenomena of drunk driving, we need to remove some of the stigmas that come with even moderate consumption of alcohol. Relaxing the current social sanctions against alcohol abuse will desensitize the target audience, especially teenagers to the supposedly enchanting qualities of the beverage. There’s an urgent need to take away the “coolness” factor associated with alcohol consumption. It will also increase the probability to send a strong message to teenagers that while there is no problem at all with social drinking, the two terms “drinking” and “driving” should not mix in any condition.

References

1. Jacobs, J.B. (2009). Drunk Driving: An American Dilemma. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
2. Mothers Against Drunk Driving. (2010). Statistics.
3. Shore, E.R. & Ferrari, J.R. (2008). Preventing Drunk Driving. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press Inc.
4. Taylor, L. & Oberman, S. (2006). Drunk Driving Defense. New York, NY: Aspen Publishers.
5. The Associate Press. (2010). Study: 7.2 Million US Kids Binge Drink.

The presented article by David Noonan describes the psychological phenomenon of road rage. A recently released report shows that a vast majority of U.S. drivers have engaged in antisocial acts during driving. The types of acts range from tailgating to personally confronting other drivers and bumping into their cars. The alarming statistic suggests that there are millions of drivers in the United States that are willing to harm other people and their property during the incidents of road rage (Noonan).

The article then moves on to examine possible causes of driver aggression. Moral disengagement is proposed as one of the causes. The research of Jerry Deffenbacher is mentioned as one of the first in this area, as well as his measurement surveys. The research of Christine Wickers suggests that driver aggression is relatively evenly split between genders. However, driver violence is a predominantly male activity. One very interesting notion brought up by the article suggests that road rage is caused by the perception of privacy that a person feels inside the car, despite it being in public. Also, commonly drivers blame external factors for their actions while blaming other drivers for making mistakes (Noonan).

The article concludes with a section on possible solutions to the issue. Ray Faiola suggests that the primary way of dealing with such drivers is to disengage with them as quickly as possible. The same notion is backed by the spokesperson for the New Jersey State Police. Other solutions include modifying poorly designed intersections and signs. The author calls for more research and points out the possibility of more unreported road rage cases (Noonan).

The phenomenon of road rage is distressing to me because of its possible lethality. People often forget that nothing is preventing their death on the highway beside the collective effort of following the rules of the road. This is not unlike the principle that governs polite behavior. As pedestrians, people often just want to get to their destination in the least troublesome way possible. To do so, they try to avoid physical or any other type of contact with other pedestrians. If an incident occurs, it can easily be stopped by a member of law enforcement, which creates a strong deterrent. On the road, this is not the case. As the article points out, police are rarely present to stop the incidents, and the deterrent is gone, letting the driver give way to the negative emotions and actions.

The idea that every driver believes themselves to be in private while driving reads as true because such aggressive behavior would not be possible in any other public place. The current situation seems dire, but I believe that this is one of the problems that could be solved through technology. The future proliferation of self-driving cars should have a major effect on the presented statistics. The software of the cars is specifically designed not only to correct common mistakes of human drivers but also to prevent any dangerous driving. The cars are also able to communicate with each other, leading to cars plotting routes with the consideration of other cars on the road. The less standard cars are in use, the less road rage should be common while driving (Watzenig and Horn 541).

It is also important to note that the phenomenon of road rage is not unique to the United States and has been studied in other countries such as Malaysia (Sullman et al. 70) and Sri Lanka (Rodrigo et al. 86). These countries have a vastly different culture from America, and yet the results of the studies are not much different from them. The majority of the studied cases reported at least one type of offending behavior, and a small percentage encountered physical assault and damage to vehicles. Their results indicate that the issue is likely caused by the process of driving and the psychological state of the person behind the wheel, rather than external factors that may vary between cultures. The modern world is full of stress, and driving seems to be a major contributor.

Works Cited

Noonan, David. “External Combustion–Majority Of U.S. Motorists Admit To Venting Road Rage.”Scientific American, 2017, Web.

Rodrigo, A. et al. “Road Rage in Sri Lanka: Prevalence and Psychiatric Distress.” The Ceylon Medical Journal, vol. 60, no. 3, 2017, pp. 86-90.

Sullman, Mark J.M. et al. “Anger, Aggression and Road Rage Behaviour in Malaysian Drivers.” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, vol. 29, 2015, pp. 70-82.

Watzenig, Daniel, and Martin Horn. Automated Driving: Safer And More Efficient Future Driving. Springer International Publishing, 2017.

Introduction

In recent decades in the United States, relevant federal and state agencies have embarked on developing and implementing a series of deterrence laws targeted at reducing incidences of drunk driving. Specifically, some states are adopting severe jail sentences and license sanctions for drunk drivers, with the hope of preempting the possibility of drunk driving and its potential consequences.

To date, however, there is nothing much to show for these strict drink and driving laws, and available evidence demonstrates that the general public is yet to be deterred from drinking and driving by jail sentences and license sanctions. In light of this, the present paper seeks to evaluate if lengthy jail sentences and license sanctions are indeed effective in reducing alcohol-impaired driving in the United States.

Unmasking the Controversies

While it is clear that legal sanctions such as lengthy jail sentences and license cancellations are administered by the courts with the view to punishing the offenders and forcing compliance with the law, it appears that these sanctions are creating other challenges in the American society while demonstrating incapacity to deal with the real issue of drunk driving. The following sections provide a well-described account of each of the legal sanctions with the view to unmasking the controversies.

Mandatory Jail Sentences

We are often faced with rhetorical suppositions that imposing mandatory jail sentences on individuals who drink and drive will serve to modify their behavior due to the fact that imprisonment for drunk driving is perceived as being certain, swiftly applied and severe in line with the deterrence theoretical lens.

However, statistics released from law agencies demonstrate that more and more people are flouting drinking and driving laws even after having full knowledge that such an action as driving while drunk may be a sure ticket to a lengthy period of incarceration. Consequently, it would be prudent to argue that the jail sentence sanction as currently incorporated into the American drinking and driving laws lacks the potential or capacity to reduce drunk driving.

But as mentioned above, the implementation of the mandatory jail sentences for repeat drunk driving offenders in several states in the United States has generated other challenges, such as increase in drunken driving arrests, increase in court workloads, increase in incarceration rates, as well as increase in a variety of financial and non-financial strains placed on the correctional system.

Consequently, it is clear that while jail sentences for flouting drinking and driving laws have generated a whole new set of problems within the American society, there is minimal evidence to show that they are able to reduce recidivism among offenders who receive them.

In cases where it has been found that jail sentences may temporarily reduce recidivism for first-time offenders, it can always be countered that the benefits associated with the use of jail terms to improve the effectiveness of drinking and driving laws in the United States could also be achieved using less severe sanctions.

Following the above exposition of facts, therefore, one can always argue that the criminal sanction of mandatory jail sentences for repeat drunk driving offenders is controversial in that it is unable to achieve its objectives of deterrence, rehabilitation, incapacitation, and retribution.

Another controversy involving the sanction of mandatory jail sentences for repeat offenders concerns whether this type of sanction has the capacity to achieve swiftness, certainty and severity in line with the deterrence theoretical perspective.

While it is known that the effectiveness of drinking and driving laws is to a large extent evaluated using these characteristics, the application of mandatory jail sentences depends on conviction for an offense following formal charging and pleading, not mentioning that such a process is contingent upon a finding of proof beyond reasonable doubt that the individual indeed committed a crime by driving under the intoxication of alcohol.

Owing to the fact that the traditional court process is often lengthy and, because of the rigorous standards of proof required to convict an individual for drunken driving, it can be argued that the sanction of mandatory jail sentences not only fails to achieve the objectives of swiftness, certainty and severity, but most guilty offenders end up obtaining the leniency of court for lack of sufficient evidence.

License Sanctions

Although license revocations and sanctions would appear to be an integral and indispensable component of removing drunk drivers from American highways, particularly in light of the fact that license sanctions have been positively correlated to reductions in recidivism, it is yet to be explained why more and more cases of drunk driving are being reported in the United States despite the deterrent effect of these sanctions.

Consequently, the main controversy here revolves around the fact that while there is no question that license revocations and suspensions has substantial effect in minimizing the accident and drunk driving frequency of already convicted offenders, there is no clear explanation as to why this type of sanction is unable to modify behavior of individuals who drive while drunk but are yet to be convicted of this crime.

Another controversy relates to the fact that although the United States judicial system exercises its jurisprudence in license revocations and suspensions for drunk driving, there is compelling evidence to demonstrate that many offenders continue to drive during periods of suspension and revocation due to the fact that the perceived risk of being identified and prosecuted for driving while suspended is exceptionally minimal. Such a scenario demonstrates that license sanctions may still not be effective in the fight against driving under the influence of alcohol.

The Way Forward

Following the above elucidation of controversies affecting drinking and driving laws in the United States, it is important to come up with the several recommendations to make these laws and sanctions more effective. In the context of mandatory jail sentences for repeat drunk driving offenders, it is recommended that the relevant agencies come up with social and administrative processes geared towards educating the driver about the dangers of drunk driving right from the driving school.

It is appropriate to include a rehabilitation component in dealing with drunken driving cases rather than condemn individuals to lengthy jail terms. In the event that the individual is a repeat offender, it should be the imperative of relevant agencies to commit such an individual to specialized facilities with referral to treatment and behavior modification, hence substantially reducing recidivism.

In the context of license revocations and suspensions, the recommendation for effectiveness is to always ensure that a solid strategy is put in place to ensure that drivers whose licenses have been cancelled or suspended are not allowed back into the roads. To achieve this, the government and other relevant agencies must invest adequate resources with the view to facilitating random roadside verification and testing procedures aimed at getting individuals who are still driving even after their licenses have been cancelled or suspended.

Driving to the necessary destination is pleasant and convenient. People manage their time and get to their destinations on time. However, this pleasant experience is often overshadowed by the chase after a parking lot. Parking has become a burning issue nationwide. Notably, representatives of parking businesses gathered earlier this year to discuss the most topical issues in the sphere (Malone, 2013).

Notably, numerous solutions were suggested. These solutions can be applicable in different areas. One of the areas that require special attention is parking spaces at schools. Students have to face a lot of troubles due to the lack of parking lots. The present research is aimed at developing effective solutions to address the parking issue at the Florida Institute of Technology (FIT).

In the first place, it is necessary to note that the lack of parking spaces in FIT is really pressing. Being students of FIT, we understand that and are committed to help the school solve the issue. I have been in the school since 2011 and I have spent a lot of time looking for a parking lot. My major is electrical engineering and this will help me contribute to the development of the necessary strategy.

Thus, the number of students enrolled has been increasing steadily (Targeting the top ten, 2012). Many of these students use cars to get to their classes. At the same time, the parking area has not been expanded significantly. Though, it is necessary to note that some parking areas have been increased and new facilities are built with parking lots (Targeting the top ten, 2012). Nonetheless, these measures do not suffice. Malone (2013) stresses that t is a frustrating experience to look for a free parking lot. When it comes to students and campus area, this experience is also associated with more serious issues.

As has been mentioned above, students of FIT have to spend a lot of their time looking for a parking space. Even though student try to manage their time properly, it is difficult to calculate the time necessary for getting a parking lot. This leads to increased rates of tardiness and can have detrimental effects on the students’ academic performance. Besides, the lack of parking lots is hazardous for safety as heavy traffic is often associated with accidents.

Importantly, construction of a trolley line within the campus area is a good incentive and it can help significantly as students will be able to access distant facilities without using their cars (Targeting the top ten, 2012). At present, students need cars to access different facilities during a day. Nonetheless, the construction of the line will not address another aspect of the problem, i.e. off-campus students will still need their cars to get to the school.

The purpose of the present research is to consider the issue and come up with effective solutions to address the lack of parking spaces at FIT. The target audience of the present research is rather wide as students as well as faculty and administrators can be regarded as stakeholders. All these groups will be interested in the results provided as it can help the school achieve its strategic plan. To achieve the major goal of this research, it is possible to consider solutions exploited at other schools. University of Central Florida and University of South Florida have developed quite efficient policies to address the issues associated with parking. It is possible to analyze these solutions to ensure their efficiency when exploited at FIT.

Observations from the two schools mentioned above enabled the group come up with a number of efficient solutions. The present research will include a detailed description of the use of parking companies at UCF. The paper will include an analysis of the use of the company ZimRide at UCF. The research will also contain an in-depth analysis of possible use of parking companies (e.g. ZimRide) at FIT. The paper will include advantages as well as possible downsides of the cooperation with such businesses.

The research will also contain analysis of another option, i.e. launching shuttles. Students living off-campus will definitely benefit from this incentive as they will be able to access the necessary facilities without spending time on the search of a parking lot. Notably, this is a usual practice at USF and student benefit from it (Parking general guidelines, 2013). The present research will include an analysis of possible use of shuttles at FIT.

Finally, the present paper will also contain suggestions on constructing parking areas at FIT. Being students of this school, we understand students’ needs and know areas where parking spaces are especially needed. Besides, the school has a considerable amount of grass area which can be used more efficiently. Importantly, the present research will take into account environmental issues and the school’s plan to have green open spaces for recreation. After the analysis of the solutions mentioned above, we will provide a brief strategic plan to implement the solutions in the most effective way.

Reference List

Malone, K. (2013). Parking industry tries to make your life easier. Web.

Parking general guidelines, registration, penalties, & rates. (2013). Web.

Targeting the top ten. (2012). Web.