Category: Diet & Nutrition

Introduction

Studies have shown that breast feeding has a very significant impact on child development. Taking into consideration that child development takes the multidimensional aspects of physical, psychological, and social growth, breast feeding has been noted to play critical roles in ensuring that children under the age of six get the nutritional and health benefits of breast (ARACY, 2008), with the exceptions of mothers who are not medically fit.

Several evidences have also shown that breast feeding has a consistent benefit to the intellectual development of a toddler (Kawachi, Kennedy & Glass, 2009). Recent studies suggest that despite the knowledge that breast feeding improves child’s emotional, mental, and physical health, a significantly few number of mothers consistently breast feed their children below the age of six. Several contributory factors have been noted to cause the mothers’ complacency in breastfeeding their young ones. According to several research findings, educated and working mothers tend to ignore the role of breast feeding, preferring to use bottle feeding.

Those with the lowest education level, up to 6^th grade, and college level educated women have the lowest tendency to breastfeed, presumably due to lack of knowledge and more commitment to career respectively. Young school going mothers also prefer bottle feeding for their children, ostensibly to give them time to study. In various studies in United States and other developed nations, it has been revealed that white mothers breastfeed more than their non-white counterparts.

Cultural believes among some groups of non-white communities have also contributed to this low rate of breastfeeding, especially among the Pacific Islander mothers. The lack of sufficient breastfeeding for children under six has profound impact on their health, namely; lack of psychological attachment with the mother; mothers from low income groups have general feeling that they have low supply of milk, thus early complementary foods which affect the general physical growth. Good nursing practice suggests that it is important for registered nurses to be well equipped and be ready to spearhead the breastfeeding campaigns.

Definitions

• GOBI: “Growth, monitoring, oral rehydration therapy, breast feeding and immunization” (CSDH, 2008).
• ANMC: Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council
• Child: “any person between the age of birth and puberty” (CSDH, 2008).
• Toddler: age of a child between birth and learning to walk, mostly referred to as that gap between infancy and being a child (WHO, 2010).
• Breastfeeding: the process of feeding a young child or toddler directly from mother’s breast milk, mostly through sucking the teats.

Backgrounds

Infants are known to rely on breast feeding just like adults depend of specific types of staple foods for survival. Other than providing children with the needed nutrition, a mother’s milk is one way of building the relationship between child and mother; the child being the receiver while the mother is the giver. Studies show that breast feeding is the single most source of balanced diet for the newborn, and that lack of it for children below the age of six would subsequently lead to a form of ‘malnutrition’ (Labonte, Schrecker & Gupta, 2005; Kawachi, Kennedy & Glass, 2009). According to World Health Organization’s report, if infants below six months receive exclusive breast feeding and complementary food is integrated at later periods for up to two years, approximately below five 1.5 million children’s lives would be saved annually (WHO, 2010).

Malnutrition has been known to cause approximately 35% of all 9 million children under five who die annually (WHO, 2010). Other than directly causing death to children under five, it is the single most significant factor that causes ill health to this group of children (WHO, 2010). Approximately over 60% of these deaths are caused by poor feeding approaches such as bottle feeding or insufficient and less-timely complementary food during the first month after birth, thus complicating the underdeveloped digestion system of the infants.

However, the recent World Health Organization (WHO) report shows that only 35% of children below the age of six months get exclusive breast feeding from their mothers. This is despite the fact that studies revealing that breast feeing is safe and increase healthy child development (WHO, 2010). Moreover, breast feeding increase children’s survival chances, as it provides them with the needed nutrients to shield them from common illness. It’s from this perspective that WHO emphasizes on the need for healthcare providers and nursing fraternity to offer adequate information to the mothers to enable them feed their babies up to a minimum of six months, to increase their chances of survival and health status in adulthood.

Discussion

Having the experience of watching a child playing and at the same time breastfeed at intervals is one such interesting encounter. It’s worth appreciating how breast milk can lead to a bonding relationship between the mother and the child, other than provide the needed nourishment every newborn would require. At first, its common scene how babies love breasts, and it would not be far from truth when one says that toddlers first start to smile at the site of their mother breasts.

According to Leon& Walt (2006), a mother’s breast is not only the source of food for the child, but acts as a source of security as well as comfort, something that other purported possible substitutes like bottle cannot provide. Katherine Dettwyler, a nutrition expert states that women need to realize that breastfeeding can calm a noisy child, as it leads to the needed relaxation, thus making the latter feel loved and cared for more than anything else (Kelly, Bonnefoy, Morgan & Florenzano, 2006).

Studies have also suggested that breast is the best pacifier, considering the fact that it’s natural (Kelly, Bonnefoy, Morgan & Florenzano, 2006; Leon & Walt, 2006). Basically, breasts offer the children the ‘food security’ aspect every human need, and helps improve the bond between mothers and their children. After conducting a study on the psychological impact of breast feeding and its process on children under-10 months, Labonte, Schrecker & Gupta (2005) reported that mothers who spent more time nursing and holding their children close were able to establish long term mother-child love relationship that extended to adulthood.

Laboratory findings indicate that a mother’s act of nursing and having close contact with the child releases Oxytocin, a substance believed to enhance love-relationship between two persons with frequent and regular bodily contacts. This kind of experience makes the child calmer, thus improving his or her overall well-being. Additionally, breast milk has been found to contain some hormones referred to as cholecystokinin, a sleep-inducer for both the mother and the child (Labonte, Schrecker & Gupta, 2005).

The nursing practice to children by mothers can be boosted if the collaborative breastfeeding campaign is adopted by the stakeholders, led by nursing fraternity (Raisler, Alexander & O’Campo 2009). For example, many mothers do not know that allowing for more skin contacts with the newborn enhances complete growth development of the latter. Moreover, it is has also been established that premature babies have better growth if they receive regular message and touching by an older person, and the same would also apply to babies born at the right time (Labonte, Schrecker & Gupta, 2005).

As if not to exhaust the points on merits of the act, other scientific findings have also revealed that its is imperatively important to facilitate exclusive breast feeding for the first 6 months after birth so as to help babies develop fully functional lungs (Kelly, Bonnefoy, Morgan & Florenzano, 2006). The simple physical contact between the mother and the child may lead to better lung development for the child, which extends to adulthood. However, this does not mean breast feeding need to stop after six months, but should constitute a major food complement for up to two years. All these can be achieved only through initiatives that are all inclusive.

Social determinants of health such as politics and economic conditions demand that primary healthcare be part of the wider population of a nation. However, it’s a known fact that intra-governmental dynamics have generated a lot of complex problems, especially in falling short of supporting health policies for various sectors. The other complexity has been hinged on ambiguous effort to implement a full version of primary healthcare, which evidently overlooked the nitty-gritty aspects of maternal health as well as child health.

Selective primary healthcare improves both maternal and child health, thus reduction in illness and premature death of toddlers. This was illustrated by a program to reduce child mortality, popularly known as GOBI (Leon & Walt, 2006), advocated by UNICEF. By such initiatives, primary healthcare experts have intimated that a nation’s health can largely be improved by developing effective programs to create awareness on breast feeding. It has been established that such programs would appeal to potential financiers as well as political class willing to engage in quick and long term results.

Collaborative healthcare initiatives have been known to remarkably improve the breastfeeding practice. Such projects normally involve all nurses, strategic health authorities, political class, government, and all organizations involved in primary healthcare programs (National Health & Medical Research Council 2006).

The development of collaborative approach will help in the identification and promotion of values of nursing within the specified criteria (The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners 2005). It consequently leads to adoption of unique aspects of nursing care for the newborn and good practice. It’s through collaborative approach that the people involved would be able to actively support and develop local change programs to ensure mothers take the initiative in the change process.

It’s important to note that clear values, supported by on-going initiatives would be critical in allowing for the achievement of annual targets

Recommendations

The determinants of healthcare are known to political, social and economic factors. According to ANMC, registered nurse is supposed to provide nursing care, which entails issues like educating the public, championing for the necessary legislation on nursing care standards. This involves using evidence based approaches to ensure necessary knowledge is instilled in the people. This would therefore call for the registered nurses to:

• Spearhead the implementation of childcare programs that include breastfeeding initiatives;
• Do the necessary assessments of all the collaborative nursing care to encourage more; mothers to embrace breast feeding as an integral responsibility that cannot be substituted; and
• Acquire the needed multicultural skills for nursing practice. This would mean embracing training schedules for multicultural nursing to ensure different cultural practices such as belief child illness and are taken into consideration.

Conclusion

Breast feeding is known to be the single most important aspect primary care for the newborn. Several studies have backed this belief, hence the need to take it as necessity rather than an option. This is more significant for children below 6, who need to have exclusive breastfeeding period, and continuously complement it with other foods. Various organizations and nursing researchers emphasize on the need to have registered nurses take necessary steps in ensuring mothers are mobilized and encouraged to take breast feeding as a necessity. These would involve participate in policy development, training sessions, educating the population on the importance of breast feeding and teach mothers of newborn the necessary requirements for best practice of breast feeding.

Reference List

ARACY (2008). Report Card: The Wellbeing of Young Australians. Web.

CSDH (2008). Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Inequity Through Action on the Social Determinants of Health. Final Report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Geneva: World Health Organization.

Kawachi, I., Kennedy, B.P., & Glass, R. (2009). Social capital and self-rated health: A contextual analysis, American Journal of Public Health 89(8): 1187-1193.

Kelly, M.P., Bonnefoy, J., Morgan, A., & Florenzano, F. (2006). The Development of the Evidence Base about the Social Determinants of Health, WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health, Measurement and Evidence Knowledge Network, Geneva.

Labonte, R., Schrecker, T., & Gupta, A.S. (2005). Health for Some: Death, Disease and Disparity in a Globalizing Era. Toronto: Centre for Social Justice Research and Education.

Leon. D., & Walt G. (2006). Poverty, inequality and health: an international perspective. New York: Oxford UP.

National Health & Medical Research Council (2006). Dietary guidelines for children and adolescents in Australia, incorporating the infant feeding guidelines for health workers. Canberra: NHMRC.

Raisler, J., Alexander, C., & O’Campo, P. (2009). Breast-feeding and infant illness: a dose response relationship? Am J Public Health, 89:25–30.

The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (2005). Guidelines for preventive activities in general practice (the ‘red book’). 2nd edn. Melbourne: RACGP.

WHO. (2010). World Health Report 2010: Health Systems Financing: The Path To Universal Coverage. Geneva: WHO.

Introduction

The substances responsible for the toxic effect of plants arise through different biogenic pathways, and are mostly so-called secondary metabolites, whose formulation and accumulation so clearly distinguish plant metabolism from that of the animal organism. Many plant chemicals are highly active substances and, since ancient times they have served the purpose of treatment, murder and suicide (Cordell, Helmuth, Manske, & Holmes, 1998). The occurrence of other pharmacologically less active substances makes a plant material toxic either because they are present in high concentrations or because they accumulate after chronic use.

Mechanisms of Intoxication Syndrome

The effects of the Ju-Ju plant described are psychedelic and amphetamine-like effects. The syndrome that develops in the people who use the plant are due to dopaminergic, serotoninergic and noradrenergic effects of the plant or its metabolites on the mesocortical and limbic pathways. The alkaloids in the plant increase the concentration of dopamine in the synaptic cleft, thereby increasing its effects on the post-synaptic neuron (Goodman, Gilman, Brunton, Lazo, & Parker, 2006). The effects of dopamine, in nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways of the striatum and substansia nigra include altering motor activity by influencing the extrapyramidal pathways (Boyd, 2008). This explains motor effects seen in the rituals such as tremors, occasional convulsions and muscle fasciculations.

Since these dancers presumably take the leaves of the Ju-Ju plant for performance enhancement, the alkaloids have euphoric effects which are mediated by the reward circuit of the brain. This involves connections between the cortex and the mesolimbic cortex, which are serotoninergic pathways (Hyson & Johnson, 1999). Serotonin in the central nervous system is known to mediate euphoria and explains the reward effects that come with drug abuse.

Dopamine is a precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline, which, acting centrally, mediate effects such as profuse sweating and flushing, seen in these people who chew the leaves of Ju-Ju.

The alkaloids undergo hepatic metabolism, to produce metabolites that may cause damage to the renal glomerular barrier during ultra-filtration, presenting with reddish urine (Cordell, Helmuth, Manske, & Holmes, 1998). The metabolites may also cause reddish discoloration of urine.

High molecular weight proteins found in the plant may be metabolized into plant sterols, and cause hormonal imbalance in the adrenal steroid synthesizing system, leading to sloughing-off of mucous membranes of the urogenital system in a similar manner to what happens during menstruation (Hyson & Johnson, 1999).

Diagram of the fate of the ju-ju components and pathways of the observed intoxication syndrome.

Key: The arrows points the direction the effect or response takes to realize the signs observed.

List of References

Boyd, M. A. 2008. Psychiatric nursing: Contemporary practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

Cordell, G. A., Helmuth, R., Manske, F., & Holmes, H. L. 1998. The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Physiology. San Diego: Academic Press Ltd.

Goodman, L. S., Gilman, A., Brunton, L. L., Lazo, J. S., & Parker, K. L. 2006. Goodman and Gilman’s: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. New York: McGraw-Hill Ltd.

Hyson, R. L., & Johnson, F. 1999. The biology of early influences. New York: Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers.

Introduction

The report is a recommendation to my employer Baby Foods ‘R’ Us on whether it should add a new ingredient to one of the infant formula it manufactures. This is based on what the competitor, Wyeth has done, adding long-chain essential polyunsaturated fatty acid-docosahexaenoic acid DHA and arachidonic acid AA.

These two are found naturally occurring in breast milk. To clearly do this, the report clearly brings to light the role of long chain essential polyunsaturated fatty acid as well as a description of consequences of deficiency. Additionally argument for and against LCP-supplemented infant formula are brought forth. Lastly a recommendation is given to the employer.

Role of long-chain essential polyunsaturated fatty acids

As suggested by Willatts, 1998 it is no doubt that numerous concerns have been brought forth regarding addition of DHA and AA to infant formula. The two major families of the LCP fatty acids are omega 3 and omega 6. The later are derived from nuts as well as seeds, oils from plants as well as food that have been processed having vegetable oils. The former, omega 3 originates from certain fish species such as salmon, canola or soybean (Kava, 2002).

It has been found out that long-chain essential polyunsaturated fatty acids help improve the visual as well as development of the neural. A part from aiding in visual development, studies for instance by Makrides et al., 1995 have shown that infants fed by formulas conditioning the fatty acid exhibit improved functions in their thinking abilities. It is worth noting that the combination of DHA and AA yields desired results. Additionally, LCP has been thought of curbing disorders for instance phenylketonuria.

In situations where the mother is not capable of breastfeeding their infants on medical or whatever grounds, formulas supplemented by AA and ADH plays a major role in ensuring that the concentration of red blood cell and plasma is at the recommended level. This is important in maintaining normal functioning of human body.

Although it has not yet been fully established, there are a several disorders that are associated with lack or deficiency of DHA and AA. For instance studies have shown that individuals suffering from paroxisomal disorders such as Zellweger show association of lower rates of DHA in the brain as well as other body tissues. Attention deficit or hypersensitive disorder although not clearly comprehended, has been associated with deficiency of DHA and AA.

Findings have shown that individuals suffering from ADHD show lower level of plasma and red blood cells. One possible proposed treatment for ADHD has been supplementation of infant formulas with DHA and AA. Similarly other disorders such as cystic fibrosis, unipolar depression, and aggressive hostility as well as congenital metabolic disorders might arise from deficiency of LCP fatty acids.

Considering those infants who are not in a position to be breastfed, supplements lacking DHA and AA will put them at risk of contacting diseases associated with inadequacy of the same (Bazan, 1990). Lastly, these infants might experience development problems characterized with stunted growth as well as poor cognitive growth.

Supplementation of infant formula with LCPs

Just like any other concept surrounding human beings, there are mixed reactions regarding supplementations of infant formula with LCPs. There are those who argue for and against the whole idea, both side brining forth strong arguments. It is worth noting that the mixed findings and differing stand points are linked to unfinished and comprehensive studies with regards to adding DHA and AA to infant formula; this is agreed by majority of scholars (Kuratko et al. 2005).

Argument supporting use of LCP-supplemented infant formula

According to Innis, 1992 despite the argument from the opponents that the studies reporting the benefits associated with supplementation of infant formula with DHA and AA are inconclusive, there is no doubt that there are some benefits associated with the concept. According to proponents of supplementation of infant formula is that it will provide those children not privileged to be breastfed a chance to grow and develop just like their counterparts who are breastfed by their mothers (Noss & Rolfes, 2004).

Additionally results from a number of randomized control trials have shown although not comprehensively that adding LCPs to infant formula will help provide therapeutic benefits to individuals suffering from mental disorders. This is one argument brought forth by supporters of the idea of adding LCPs to infant formula that has generated research interests.

Interestingly, it has been argued that a substantial amount of premature birth as well as lower weights at birth of infant is linked to mothers lacking adequate DHA. In order to counter this, there is need to augment infant formula with LCPs so that once they are productive they give birth to healthy kids (Simopoulos, 1999).

Additionally, adding DHA and AA has been thought to be vital in development of cognitive as well as improved visual capabilities. On the same note, adequate quantities of LCPs especially DHA and AA play a significant role in preventing health conditions such as heart diseases, CF, mental illnesses, as well as poor vision.

Based on the fact that there is no single study that has established that addition of AA and DHA in infant formula pose health risks to infants, those supporting supplementation put this forth as supporting argument. To them there is no reason of blocking addition as long as it poses no health hazard to users (Birch et al. 2002).

Argument against use of LCP-supplemented infant formula

As noted previously, there is no study that has proved LCPs to be of health concern. Based on this there is an argument that similarly since there is no research study that has proved beyond doubt that addition of DHA and AA is safe warrants opposition of the whole idea. Additionally, there are a number of studies such as Makrides et al., 1995 found no significance difference in head circumference, weight and length between LCPs treated infants and their controlled counterparts.

For opponents, if there is no improvement brought about by addition of DHA and AA in infant formula then it is better for it not to be done. Interestingly, those on the other side supporting supplementation of infant formula with LCPs acknowledge that studies supporting the purported benefits associated with such an initiative are not conclusive (Noss & Rolfes, 2004). For that reason, oppossers are of the view that there is need to fully carryout extensive studies in order for the relevant stakeholders to be fully aware of the clinical implication of the idea (Simopoulos, 1999).

On the same regards, it has been established that infant formula supplemented with DHA may have potential impact of slowing infant growth making them stunted. A study on preterm infants found out that when fed with fish oil, there were chances of slowed growth. Lastly, a serious concerned raised in opposing adding DHA and AA supplement to infant formula is that some sources of the fatty acids such as fungi as well as algae are new and not fully proved hence not having a long history of safety (Willatts,1998).

Conclusion and recommendations

From the review of the concept of Supplementation of infant formula with LCPs, it is apparent that the benefits associated with the concept seem to outweigh arguments brought forth against the whole idea. However, having in mind that the concept is new having basic science but lacking long-term clinical impact I would advice my employer not to add DHA and AA in infant formula the company is producing.

There is need to carry out more research especially in trying to establish whether adding LCPs helps in situations where mothers’ milk lack the desired nutritional values. Additionally, more studies need to be carried to clearly establish the relationship between LCPs and the various deficit disorders deemed linked to it.

References

Bazan, N. (1990). Supply of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their significance in the central nervous system: Nutrition and the brain. New York: Raven Press.

Birch, E., et al. (2002). “Randomized control trial of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation of formula in terms infant after weaning at 6 weeks of age”. America Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 75(1): 570-580.

Innis, S. (1992) “Human milk and formula fatty acids. Journal of Pediatric, 120(3): 56–61.

Kava, R. (2002). “Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation of infant formula”. Web.

Kuratko, C. et al. (2005). “Importance of arachidonic acid in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid–supplemented infant formula.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 82(6): 1353-1354.

Makrides, M. et al., (1995). “Erythrocyte fatty acids of term infants fed either breast milk, standard formula, or formula supplemented with long-chain polyunsaturates, Lipids”. America Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 30(1): 941-948.

Noss, E & Rolfes, R. (2004). Understanding nutrition. New York: Wadsworth Publishing.

Simopoulos, A. (1999). “Essentiality of and recommended dietary intakes for omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids”. Ann Nutr Metab, 43(12):127-130.

Willatts, P. (1998). “Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation associated with infant intelligence”. Lancet, 352(23):688-691.

Goff, L.S., Foody, M.J., Inzucchi, S., Katz, D., Susan T Mayne, S.T., & Krumholz, M.H. (2006). Nutrition and weight loss information in a popular diet book: is it fact, fiction, or something in between? Journal General Internal Medicine, 21(7), 769–774.

This information is derived from a secondary source, citing information from nutrition books. It is pure or fundamental research done to provide and increase knowledge on nutrition. The research methodology used in this research includes; identification of a problem and formulating a research topic as stated above. In addition, it included the objectives of the study, design or measurement, results and conclusion. The study sample was one hundred and eighty-seven nutritional facts. Questionnaires were the instrument used in the study. Out of the forty-two selected sample indicated 33% was supported as fact, 17% was supported as not fact, and 43% as supported and not supported and 3% had no related facts. This research is finding is applicable in nursing practice through providing a basis for accurate nutritional counseling by providing correct nutritional facts to the patients. It can promote health by doing the right interventions. Controlling and preventing particular diseases like diabetes and heart diseases. Promotion of health education by providing credible scientific facts on nutrition. Creating a potential nursing nutritional database where people can consult on nutritional issues.

This research finding may fit the Neuman system model since it helps to provide a maximum level of wellness by identifying the right nutrition information. The limitation faced in this journal was collecting all nutritional diet articles and categorizing the contents. Biases evident include design bias in their study. The researcher did not include some aspects of research like variables and hypotheses in the study. Sampling bias is notable; the researcher used a small sample size of one hundred and eight seven samples.

Frank M. Sacks, F.M., Bray, G.A., Vincent J. Carey, V.J., Steven R. Smith, R.S., Ryan, D.H., et al. (2009). Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates, The New England Journal of Medicine, 360(9), 859-873.

This journal is of secondary source, respondents were directly interviewed on weight loss. The is an applied type of research including theories to solve the existing weight problem. The article methodology includes; background of the study, study design, measurement, and analysis. The study design was randomized to compare effects on body weight of energy due to diets that differed in their targets for intake of macronutrients. The sample size used was eight hundred and eleven overweight adults. Observation and interviews were used as instruments in this study. Results indicated that reduction of food calories contribute to a decrease in body weight regardless of the macronutrients emphasized.

These journal findings can be applied in the management of patients presenting with obesity. Nurses can use these results in health promotion to advise the community on how to maintain a normal body mass index to prevent diseases and complications arising from being overweight. It is a guideline in the provision of nutritional counseling. This research finding may fit in the Neumans system model by ensuring a normal range of BMI to maintain body health. A special feature of this research is that; it excluded diabetic people, those with cardiovascular disease, and the unmotivated people as assessed by the questionnaires. The research limitation included; monitoring and follows up of the study population throughout the study period. Some respondents’ dropped out of the study hence affecting the study sample. This research is sample bias it included only the older population and did not consider the rest of the population. The research did not include variables, operationalization, and hypothesis.

Kennedy, E.T., Bowman, S.A., Spence, J.T., Freedman, M. & King, J. (2009). Popular diets: Correlation to health, nutrition, and obesity. Journal of American Diet Association, 101,411-420.

This journal has its data obtained from primary sources like interview, other journals, clinical witnesses, data, and newspapers. The article’s purpose is to put various information and results together and come up with conclusion on nutritional health. In addition, it provides references to other journals related with related topic. The researcher considered validity of data, ethics, reliability, procedure, practices and principle that form part of research methodology. Sample study size was 400 people of population. Author has identified measurement instrument as questionnaires, interviews, and observations. No rationale was used in selection of study population and study population was selected randomly. The research can be applicable in solving emerging challenges in the area of preventive health care. It is also applicable in preventing funds over spending due to overlap on research and generates a return with a stronger health care work force. Improving patient’s out come and reduction in cost of health care provision its another application. Research finding may fit Neuman system model through; Improving health assessment and nursing process, choosing better nursing diagnosis for my client, improvement of teaching of health assessment, promoting of system stability, through retainment, attainment, promotion of well being after treatment, induction of critical thinking which include deduction, logic and induction and maintenance of optimal wellness and wholeness. Features of a special research include a comparison in characteristic of different value updated and modified information. The limitation of this research was lack of enough money in carrying out the research and in the implementation of the results.

Jeor, S.T., Howard, B.V., Prewitt, T.E., Bovee, V., Bazzarre, T. & Eckel, R.H. (2007). Dietary protein and weight reduction: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. The American Heart Association, 104, 1869-1874.

Data was gathered from primary a source that is through other journals, newspapers and data. It is a research article on protein and weight loss. Other researchers can obtain study information from this article during their research work. Sample study size was 130 people of the population. Instrument of measurement used were questionnaires, interviews and observation. A criterion of study was including 50 people per kilometer squared of the population. There was reliability and validity of questionnaire, interview, and observation. This article can be of use in addressing urgent and emerging challenges. Saving money by avoiding overlap on research and generate a return with a stronger health care work force, improve patient out come and reduce cost of health care provision. Research finding may fit Neuman system model through: improving health assessment and nursing process, choosing better nursing diagnosis for my client, improvement of teaching of health assessment, promotion of system stability through retainment, attainment and promotion of well-being after treatment, induction of critical thinking which include deduction, logic and induction and maintenance of optimal wellness and wholeness. Features of special research include their comparison in characteristic of different nutritional value. Its limitation is financial challenge in carrying out the researching and implementation of its results. Its purpose is to obtain the reflective information on body nutritional requirements. It is a referencing source to other researchers on related issues. Sample study size was 400 people of population. Author has identified measurement instrument: questionnaire, interview, observation. No rationale used in selection of study population. Method of study is to the healthy, nutrition and obesity. There is reliability, validity of questionnaire, interview, and observation. It can be used in dealing with crucial and emerging challenges in the area of preventive health care. Saving money by avoiding overlap on research and generate a return with a stronger health care work force, improve patient out come and reduce cost of health care provision.

Research finding may fit Neuman system model through improving health assessment and nursing process, choosing better nursing diagnosis for my client, improvement of teaching of health assessment promotion of system stability, through detainment, attainment promotion of well-being after treatment, induce critical thinking which include deduction, logic and induction and maintenance of optimal wellness and wholeness. Feature of special research include their comparison in characteristic of different nutritional value. Its limitation is financial challenge in carrying out the researching and implementation of its recommendation.

Creatine is a supplement for strength improvement. Analysis conducted on creatine estimated that 70% of sport people use the supplement (Becque, Lochmann, & Melrose, 2000). Energy sports influences creatine usage for muscle improvement. Energy driven sports such as weight lifters, basket ballers, and boxers rely of creatine supplement to boost productivity. Some benefits of the supplement include an increase in body weight, size, strength, and health performance during and after field events. Surreys revealed the effectiveness of creatine in the body (Becque, Lochmann, & Melrose, 2000). Athletes prefer creatine to other supplements because of its global acceptance. Although medical results revealed adverse effects of its use, creatine marketers compliment their products with test results and certification.

Creatine sources

Creatine is a compound of protein deposited in fish and animal products. Creatine breakdown begins in the liver with the influence of amino acids, methionine and arginine. Thus, creatine is absorbed from the blood. Creatine absorbed in blood vessel is catalyzed by phosphate to produce energy (Brenner, Rankin, & Sebolt, 2000). Molecules of creatine carry high-energy components that boost body performance. As the molecules of phosphate react with creatine in the blood vessels, it secretes Adenosinetriphophate used for muscle improvement. Athletes supplement with creatine to boost strength, weight, and speed.

Functions of creatine

1. Strength increase: During creatine metabolism, the molecules of phosphate donate energy to produce ATP. Creatine supplement in the blood vessel absorb water through osmosis, thus, increasing body and muscle mass.
2. Provide extra energy: During the breakdown of ATP in the body, extra energy is released by the influence of creatine supplement. Creatine supplements convert ADP into ATP. ADP conversion is made possible by various forms of creatine supplement. There are other ways of energy gain, but ATP energy donation is fast and effective (Cribb, Williams, Stathis, Carey, & Hayes, 2007).
3. Buffer Buildup: Creatine supplement block the buildup of buffered acid. Thus, an athlete can have a continuous play or exercise without burning sensation or soreness.
4. Protein synthesis: Protein synthesis, increase muscle mass. Thus, creatine supplement influence the rapid synthesis of protein compounds. Some adverse effects have been reported by creatine users. Creatine causes muscle cramps, aches, and brain dysfunction. Creatine causes kidney and liver disorder. Short-term effects include bloating, stomach upset, gastrointestinal disorder and pain.

Creatine safety

Creatine supplements may be taken orally or in food products. The dosage depends on the body and the mass weight of the athlete. Creative works better when the exercise requires a continuous play. When athletes perform continuous exercise, muscle strain is controlled by creatine supplement. Creatine overdosed may cause muscle and heart complications (Becque, Lochmann, & Melrose, 2000). Brain disorders have been reported after overdose. Thus, creatine use must be supervised to avoid overdose.

Strength improvement

Several researches revealed the influence of creatine supplements on muscle growth and performance. American researchers reviewing creatine use by subjects discovered an increase in muscle strength (Becque, Lochmann, & Melrose, 2000). A study carried out by Alaska University nutritionists found that athletes using creatine program increased their bench performance by 12%. A review of some journals on creatine supplements showed weight gain and muscle performance. The study revealed that creatine motivates athletes to increase their gym time and performance speed. In 2002, ten competitive boxers scaled through the preparatory stage using creatine. The boxers completed all the trial exercises for the competition. Nutritionists reveal the correlation between creatine and muscle strength (Kraemer & Ratamess, 2005). Creatine also boosts muscle growth. Weight increase on subjects was reported after 5 weeks therapy with creatine. Creatine influences the development of muscle mass. Lean body weight of weightlifters shows significant increase after using creatine supplements. As reported by the Wall Street Journal, creatine is widely accepted because it improves strength, body mass and weight.

The breakdown of creatine in blood vessels creates high-energy phosphate, which improves athlete’s performance. Several studies on athletes using creatine confirm the increase in body performance. Surveys performed on boxers revealed a boost in strength during the second and third bouts. Boxers using creatine showed high athletic performance during the event. Competitive events that lasted for several hours can be completed without stress with creatine. During creatine breakdown, molecules of creatine phosphates donate fast-moving ATP to compliment the release of energy. Creatine works through different pathways. Creatine receives water from blood vessels through osmosis. The addition of muscle satellite cells to body fibers enhances weight gain. Thus, weight gain and muscle growth is directly proportional to the increase in satellite cells. Creatine supplements boost growth factor-insulin in the body. Athletes taking creatine supplements have lower myostatin levels. Myostatin is a compound of protein that reduces muscle growth. Using creatine supplement, athletes can lower the myostatin level in the body. A researcher believes that creatine improves an individual’s health status (Hoffman, 2002). The study suggests that creatine controls the cholesterol level, thus improving the health status of athletes. Athletes supplementing creating will notice muscle growth, speed, weight gain and athletic performance.

Forms of creatine

Owing to high demand for creatine, several pharmaceutical industries produce different forms of creatine.

Creatine Hydrochloride: As the name implies, creatine supplements are attached to a hydrochloric acid compound. A potent form of Creatine Hydrochloride is Con-Cret.

Creatine Monohydrate: This form of creatine supplement is cheap and efficient. Athletes using Creatine Monohydrate must supplement Micronized Creatine. Several forms of Creatine Monohydrates include Creatine Powder, Optimum Micronized Creatine and Dymatized Creatine.

Ker-Alkalyn: The protein compound has a higher pH level. Ker-Alkalyn creatine reduces stomach bloating and works well.

Magnesium Creatine Chelate: This form of creatine combines with compounds of magnesium. Magnesium has the potential of drawing cell water through osmosis. It also prevents fatigue during continuous exercise. Magnesium products include Gaspari and Magnitude.

Creatine Gluconate: A Creatine compound is attached to molecules of glucose. Ennercell is a good form of Creatine Gluconate. Other forms of creatine include Creatine Pyruvate, Creatine Orotate, Creatine Malate, Creatine Alpha-Ketoglutarate and Creatine Ethyl Ester.

Creatine dosage depends on the type prescribed for the athlete. Athletes using Creatine Monohydrates may take 5 grams per pay. It is important for beginners to use a specified loading phase to avoid drug overdose. By boosting insulin content, the hormone conveys creatine into satellite cells (Cribb, Williams, Stathis, Carey, & Hayes, 2007).

Creatine use

It is a growing myth among people that creatine causes brain dysfunction. Creatine may cause muscle cramps for the athlete. Because brain cells require continuous play, creatine supplements provide health benefits in the nervous system. Creative supplements improve memory loss and can be used to treat Parkinson’s diseases. Creatine may support cardiovascular tissues, thus, reducing heart failures.

This article will analyze the effects of creatine supplements on an athlete’s performance. Creatine supplements have been widely studied because of its relevance. Several investigations have accessed the efficacy and synthesis of creatine supplements. More than 400 articles published on Medline confirm creatine and general acceptance. Thus, creatine sales record high market value in recent history. Marketers produce creatine in different forms to enhance its efficacy and marketability. The ergogenic product commands huge respect among power athletes and sport associations. Considering the nature of the endocrine system, we will examine the influence of creatine supplements on muscle growth and strength improvement. Thirty-three weightlifters volunteered to participate in the experiment. The experimenter reviewed the procedure, benefits and duration of the experiment of the participants. The athletes signed the consent form as participants. To fully examine the effects of creatine supplements, participants were not allowed to use any supplement without prescription. The training sessions lasted for 10 weeks. Daily training session during the program was observed. The participants could train for 4 days per week.

Testing protocol

The participants were examined at the study center laboratory. Test A was performed before the experiment while test B was done at the end of the program.

Blood examination

During the examination, blood samples were collected from the participants. Each sample was placed in a frozen tube for analysis. Using immunoassays, the experimenter analyzed testosterone level, hormonal growth, myostatin, a growth factor-insulin, satellite cells and cortisol level. The experimenter thawed all blood samples to eliminate assay variance. A spectohometer was used to determine serum activity values. Body composition of blood samples was determined by the experimenter. X-ray absorptiometry was used to analyze the body composition. All analysis was carried out by an experimenter. Participants consumed creatine supplements two times daily. Supplements were provided in powdered form. The analysis was evaluated using statistical variance. Sample results indicated significant changes in body fat. There was a significant change in fat and body mass (Hoffman et al., 2006). Weight gain was significant across all blood samples. Finally, the experiment recorded a significant improvement in workout time for the athletes. Creatine supplements did not affect resting hormones of the athlete (Hoffman et al., 2006). Test results revealed a significant increase in body mass and performance. While evaluating the test results, the experimenter could not explain the athlete’s ability to alter resting concentration.

References

Becque,D., Lochmann, J., & Melrose, D. (2000). Effects of oral creatine supplementation on muscular strength and body composition. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc, 32(3), 654–658.

Brenner, M., Rankin, J., & Sebolt, D. (2000). The effect of creatine supplementation during resistance training in women. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 14(2), 207–213.

Cribb, J., Williams, A., Stathis, C., Carey, M., & Hayes, A. (2007). Effects of whey isolate, creatine, and resistance training on muscle hypertrophy. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc, 39(2), 298–307.

Hoffman, R. (2002). Physiological aspects of sport training and performance. Champaign,IL: Human Kinetics.

Hoffman, J., Ratamess, N., Kang, J., Mangine, G., Faigenbaum, A., & Stout, J. (2006). Effect of creatine and ß-Alanine supplementation on performance and endocrine responses in strength/power athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 16, 430-446.

Kraemer, J, & Ratamess, N. (2005). Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training. Sports Med, 35, 339-361.

Nutrition

Every age group has its specific and appropriate nutritional needs. These age groups include the children, adolescents, the adults and the elderly. Proper nutritional care is also necessary to provide the needs of patients who are suffering from nutrition-related ailments (Willett & Meir, 2003). There are other groups of people that require special intervention in terms of nutrition. These groups include those individuals who have eating disorder, the pregnant and those suffering from HIV. All these groups have specific nutritional needs that are important to ensure health of the individual.

Poor nutrition may be harmful to any of the aforementioned groups. Poor diets are known to cause ailments such as scurvy. This is when the diet does not contain vitamin C. Kwashiorkor and obesity are other nutrition-related conditions. Improper nutrition may also lead to some of the common chronic diseases of the body system (Flood & Carr, 2004).

These include osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. These are serious diseases, which if not treated or managed, may be life threatening. With proper guidance from the clinical nutritionist, the patient may be able to regain full health. These professionals mainly focus on the role of nutrition in chronic diseases. First, they concentrate on alleviating the nutritional deficiencies by prescribing proper dieting. Later on, they may resort to drugs when the nutritional need is sufficiently met.

Several nutrients occur naturally and are essential for human health. Generally, they are classified in to two broad groups, the micronutrients and the macronutrients. They may further be divided into six classes. They include the vitamins, carbohydrates, proteins, water, minerals and fats (Willett & Meir, 2003). These nutrients should be provided in certain varying proportions to improve their efficiency in ensuring health. Every group also requires specific proportions depending on the needs of the group. The specific group being targeted is the elderly.

Nutrition for the elderly: What your body needs

Recent studies have suggested that more people that are elderly are being obese (Flood & Carr, 2004). This has been determined to go along with the micronutrient and macronutrient deficiencies. These deficiencies occur to both the overweight and underweight elderly persons. This places them at high risk of fractures, dementia and infections.

Specific food choices in this group of individual may help elevate their nutritional status. Such food choices include intake of legumes, fish and nuts. When the elderly make good food choices, they feel better and lead healthy lives. This is made possible through the adoption of a balanced diet and regular physical exercise. Good health at old age is important to enhance independence of the individual as opposed to dependency.

Micronutrients

Micronutrients are important to the human body since a lack of the important nutrients may lead to cognitive impairment. Age-related cognitive impairment and dementia may be combated with proper nutritional care (Flood & Carr, 2004). The elderly should have diets composed of complex carbohydrates, vegetables, fruits, red wine and fibers. The food should also contain fats but this should be non-animal fat.

Vitamins

The elderly have a complex system that responds differently to different types of vitamins. For example, vitamin D helps reduce risks of fractures. This should be administered in specific doses. Supplementation is also necessary since the skin of the elderly becomes less efficient in synthesizing it from the sun.

However, vitamin A has been determined to increase the risks of fractures in the elderly. This is because it affects the osteoclast and osteoblast activity. This increases the effect on the parathyroid hormone on the bone. This causes an increase in bone resorption (Ilich, Brownbill, & Tamborini, 2003). When a certain amount of vitamin A intake is exceeded, osteoporosis is likely to occur.

Vitamin B supplementation is also essential for the elderly. This is because the stomachs of the old produce less gastric acid. This makes it difficult for the body to absorb vitamin B12. Therefore, the elderly should have a daily dose of a certain amount of vitamin B12. This is important because it helps to keep nerves and blood vital.

Wholesome diets

Without a wholesome meal, the elderly tend to feel sluggish and slower. This is despite the nutrient-dense food. Therefore, they should develop a habit of feeding well.

• Consuming good fats – the fats that should be consumed by the old people should be fats derived from plants. These include olive oil, walnuts, flaxseeds, avocado and salmons. These fats are in a group referred to as monounsaturated fats. These fats are essential for the protection of the body against heart disease (Mente, Koning, Shannon, & Anand, 2009). This is because it controls the bad cholesterol (LDL) and increases the good ones (HDL).
• Fiber – the elderly should increase their uptake of fibers. They are available in foods such as vegetables, fresh fruits, beans and whole grains. They are important since they help avoid constipation. They also help to lower the risk of chronic diseases. Fibers also make people feel fuller for longer periods.
• Sugars – the elderly also need to look for product with hidden sugar. They may be in bread, vegetables or fast foods. They can easily spot such foods with labels that include the term sugar.
• Smart cooking – such foods such as vegetables require smart cooking. The best way to cook them is by steaming. Alternatively, one could prepare them by sautéing in olive oil. This is important to ensure that the nutrients in the vegetables are not lost but preserved.
• Colorful dish – a colorful dish of food corresponds to food rich in nutrients. One could adopt a five-color dish, for example. This could be made possible with a combination of such food items as spinach, tomatoes, melons, yams and blackberries.
• Good carbohydrates ­– the bad carbohydrates include the simple carbohydrates. They include white rice (stripped of its nutrients), refined sugars and white flour. They are referred to as bad carbohydrates since they are digested too quickly and they are utilized quickly. Therefore, they produce short-lived energy. They also tend to shoot up the blood sugar levels, which is not healthy. Good carbohydrates are important to provide long-lasting energy. This also ensures that the insulin levels are maintained at stable levels.

Example of day menu

• Meat and meat substitutes – should be 3 ounces or more. In case of casserole dishes, the portion of meat should not be lower than 2.5 ounces. Substitutes of meat include eggs, beans, cheese and products of soy.
• Milk – each meal should include at least one serving of milk. It should have no or low fat content.
• Vegetables and fruits – every meal should include at least two servings.
• Butter or fortified margarine – one teaspoon should be included in a meal. Cream cheese or mayonnaise may act as substitutes.
• Dessert – this should be incorporated in the meal. Fruits should be used as desert at least three times in a week.

References

Flood, K., & Carr, D. (2004). Nutrition in the elderly. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 20, 125-129.

Ilich, Z., Brownbill, R., & Tamborini, L. (2003). Bone and nutrition in elderly women: Protein, energy and calcium as main determinants of bone mineral density. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57, 554-565.

Mente, A., Koning, L., Shannon, H., & Anand, S. (2009). A systematic review of the evidence supporting a causal link between dietary factor and coronary heart disease. Archives of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 659-669.

Willett, C., & Meir, J. (2003). Rebuilding the food pyramid. Scientific American, 288(1), 64-71.

Affect of intake of n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy on the adipose tissue growth for infants and young children later in life

Dietary intake of fatty acids during pregnancy plays an important role in determining the growth of adipose tissue among infants and children. Specifically, the decreased intake of n-3 fatty acids has been associated with increased growth of adipose tissue, which causes overweight and obesity. The proportion of n-3 fatty acids relative to n-6 fatty acids in the diet has been decreasing in Western countries, while the prevalence rates of childhood overweight and obesity have been increasing over a similar period,as the epidemiological data indicate. The epidemiological data corroborate the association between dietary intake of fatty acids and the growth of adipose tissue among infants and children. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that n-6 fatty acids have adipogenic effects because they inhibit proliferation of cells and promote their differentiation into adipocytes, whereas n-3 fatty acids have an antiadopgenic effect since they inhibit the growth of adipocytes and act on them.^. Therefore, n-3 fatty acids in the maternal diet during pregnancy associated with the reduced growth of adipose tissue among infants and children.

The antiadipogenic effect of n-3 fatty acids on infants and children has led to the alteration of the proportion of fatty acids in maternal diets. Although different studies have come up with conflicting effects of n-3 fatty acids, the methodology of these studies appear to confound the effects of n-3 fatty acids on the growth of adipose tissue among infants and children. According to a cohort study done on 1250 pregnant mothers and their children after birth, enhanced intake of fish and n-3 fatty acids related to decreased adipocyte growth during early childhood. These findings are based on the measurement of weight, height, body mass index, and skinfolds at scapular and tricipital regions of children at the age of 3 years. In this view, a considerable number of research studies show that the intake of n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy have the potential of decreasing the growth of adipose tissues in infants and children.

Does the intake of n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy reduce the incidence of obesity later in life?

There is an association between dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and obesity among individuals in life. A cohort study among pregnant women gave important findings that dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids “during mid-pregnancy was associated with lower subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness, and with reduced odds of obesity at 3 years.”Specifically, the n-3 fatty acids used in the study, which reduced the predisposition to obesity, were eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). There is an inverse relationship between the risk of obesity and the concentrations of EPA and DHA in plasma obtained from umbilical cord,¹ a study done on 302 children revealed. Therefore, the inverse association between n-3 fatty acids and the occurrence of obesity indicates that the dietary intake of n-fatty acids during pregnancy has the potential of preventing the occurrence of obesity among individuals.

Despite the fact that there is no conclusive evidence to assert the cause-and-effect relationship between dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids and the occurrence of obesity, compelling findings exist. A randomized control study of 144 pregnant women indicated that infants at 21 months whose mothers took DHA in their diets had lower weights and body mass index than children in the control group. The study proved that n-3 fatty acids associate with the occurrence of obesity during early childhood. A cohort study of 1250 pregnant women also gave compelling evidence when it showed that the intake of fish and n-3 fatty acids related to lower growth of adipocytes among infants and children up to the age of four years. Another study done on 302 children showed that “enhanced maternal-fetal n-3 fatty acids status is associated with lower risk of childhood obesity.”¹ Hence, the intake of n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy reduces the incidence of obesity among individuals later in life.

References

Huaner H, Brunner S, Amann-Gassner U. The role of dietary fatty acids for early human adipose tissue growth. Am J Nutr. 2013;98(suppl):S549-S455.

Rodriguez G, Iglesia I, Bel-Serrat S, Moreno LA. Effect of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during the perinatal period on later body composition. Br J Nutr. 2012;107(suppl):S117-S128.

Chia seeds are unpopular sources of healthy proteins, omega oils, and fiber. They are small and have an oval shape. Another name for chia seeds is chia pets (Loux 2003). From a closer look, they resemble sesame seeds. The most common type of chia found in the marketplace at present is composed of roughly 95% black seed and 5% white (Perricone 2010). However, some retailers are selling pure white seed, and others selling clean black seed.

Chia seeds belong to the mint family and are native to Mexico, especially among the Mayans and Aztecs. The ancient Mayans and Aztecs cooked and ate chia seeds before making long treks, or entering into battle to maintain their energy, give them endurance, and control their hunger when food would be hard to find (Perricone 2010).

Chia seeds grow tender and sprout daintily with a sweet and soft smell. Historically, the cultivation of chia was in tropical and subtropical areas, from frost-free regions to areas where frosts occurred each year. Chia seeds are relatively unpopular outside Central America. However, they are gradually getting recognition as a superfood due to their many benefits in animal and human nutrition. At present, several countries such as Australia, Mexico, Argentina, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guatemala, Peru, and Paraguay grow chia commercially.

Nutrition Content

Chia seeds primarily act as sources of omega-3 fatty acids. Chia seeds have the highest percentages of α-linolenic acid recognized (62-64%) and the oil content of chia seeds ranges between 30% and 34% (Preedy et al. 2011; Scheer 2001). Chia seeds contain 20-23% protein and this percentage is higher than that for corn (14%) and wheat (14.7%) (Coates & Ayerza 2009). Chia seeds have 2.3, 2.6, 8.3, and 9.8 times more fiber per 100g of edible share than wheat, oats, corn, and rice respectively (Preedy et al. 2011). Chia seeds also have antioxidants such as flavanols and acids. Present flavanols include myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol flavonols, while acids include chlorogenic and caffeic acids (Preedy et al. 2011). Caffeic and chlorogenic acids hinder lipid peroxidation and are considerably stronger than ordinary antioxidants such as vitamin E and vitamin C (Kweon et al. 2001).

In Support of Chia Food

Chia seeds have micronutrients, considerable amounts of vitamin E as well as antioxidants that give double protection, defending the body and its natural oils from oxidation (Preedy et al. 2011). Besides, chia seeds act as suitable sources of minerals like calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium, which help build strong bones (Agin & Jegtvig 2010). Chia seeds also have a high level of lignans, which are phytochemical compounds with anticancer properties. Lignans also serve as phytoestrogens.

Chia seeds are nutritious, nonallergenic, and gluten-free and they have very little sodium. These seeds have gained popularity as a superfood because they possess so many health benefits without any identified limitations (Agin & Jegtvig 2010).

Health Benefits of Chia

First, chia seeds have a neutral flavor and contain large amounts of an omega-3 fatty acid called alpha-linolenic acid. This fatty acid enhances the well-being of the heart and allows weight control. Second, chia seeds are loaded with manganese, calcium, and fiber, which are essential for strong bones and proper digestion (Agin & Jegtvig 2010). Third, chia seeds have a high proportion of protein, and they have all the crucial amino acids, which act as the building blocks of proteins. Hence, chia seeds are a great source of protein for vegetarians. Third, regular consumption of chia reduces blood pressure as well as inflammation.

The omega-3 fatty acids reduce blood pressure and inflammation by cutting down cholesterol levels. This also reduces the risks of acquiring cardiovascular diseases. Fourth, chia seeds have fiber that helps in bowl regulation, reduces heartburns, and guarantees general gastrointestinal health. Fifth, chia seeds regulate insulin thus reducing blood sugar and hunger since they have low metabolism. Lastly, chia seeds maintain high energy levels in the body because they absorb water slowly.

Against Chia Food

In the last two decades, chia seeds have become an increasingly popular thing in health food stores, mainly due to their high content of the beneficial omega-3 fatty acid. In addition, many people have begun feeding their domestic animals with chia seeds. Although chia seeds are effective in supplementing eggs and meat with omega fats in animals (Cordain 2012), human beings should not use these seeds as their staple food.

From a face point of view, chia seeds form nutritious food that is not only high in alpha-linolenic acid but also high in fiber, protein, vitamin B, iron, calcium, zinc, and manganese (Loux 2003). Unfortunately, similar to other plant seeds, chia seeds have many anti-nutrients that decrease their nutritional value. For instance, chia seeds have high concentrations of phosphates, which act as a source of phytate, an anti-nutrient that attaches to many minerals, such as calcium, zinc, magnesium, iron, and copper, making them unavailable for absorption (Cordain 2012). Therefore, chia seeds provide inadequate minerals in human beings. Again, chia seeds have high amounts of vitamin B6, but our bodies make use of this vitamin in nominal amounts when it comes from plant foods.

Furthermore, food products from chia have a clear, sticky gel that envelops the seeds. This gel creates a barrier that obstructs fat absorption and digestion. This gel also interferes with protein digestibility. Animal and human studies point out that this gel and other anti-nutrients can cause allergies (Cordain 2012).

After evaluating the pros and cons of chia seeds, it is apparent that the pros outweigh the cons. Chia seeds have omega-3 fatty acids and other nutrient contents that have many health benefits. Some of these benefits include general well-being of the heart, proper digestion; reduce risks of high blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases as well as general gastrointestinal health. On the other hand, the main shortcoming of chia seeds is that they have anti-nutrients that decrease their nutritional value together with a sticky gel that obstructs digestion, and may cause allergies, or cancer. Supplementary foods can solve problems caused by anti-nutrients and no research exists to confirm that eating chia seeds cause allergy. Therefore, chia seeds are suitable for human consumption.

References

Agin, B & Jegtvig, S 2010, Super foods for dummies, Wiley, Hoboken.

Coates, W & Ayerza, R 2009, ‘Chia (Salvia hispanica ) seed as an -3 fatty acid source for finishing pigs: effects on fatty acid composition and fat stability of the meat and internal fat, growth performance, and meat sensory characteristics’, Journal of Animal Science, vol.3, no.2, p.1910.

Cordain, L. 2012, The Paleo answer 7 days to lose weight, feel great, stay young, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken.

Kweon, M, Hwang, H & Sung, H (2001) ‘Identification and antioxidant activity of novel chlorogenic acid derivatives from bamboo (phyllostachys edulis)’, Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemicals, vol. 49, pp. 4646-4655.

Loux, R 2003, Living cuisine: the art and spirit of raw foods, Avery, New York.

Perricone, N 2010, Forever young: the science of nutrigenomics for glowing, wrinkle-free skin and radiant health at every age, Atria Books, New York.

Preedy, V, Watson, R & Patel, V 2011, Nuts & seeds in health and disease prevention, Academic Press, Brlington.

Scheer, J 2001, The magic of chia: revival of an ancient wonder food, Calif, Berkeley.

Jane’s body mass index is 33.27 and it falls in the category of Obese Class I. This places Jane’s health at a high risk of getting other diseases associated with obesity. It is recommended that Jane should lose her body weight by at least 33 percent to enable her to attain a normal body mass index. Reduced body weight minimizes the chances of getting diseases such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart-related diseases.

For pre-diabetic people, the fasting blood glucose ranges from 100mg/dl to 125mg/dl while that for normal persons without diabetes ranges from 70mg/dl to 90mg/dl (Danaei et al. 32). Jane has various factors that expose her to a higher risk of getting chronic diseases starting from the genetic composition where her father died from a heart attack, and this increases the chances that she may have genetically inherited the problem from her father. Jane is also obese, and this is the major factor causing chronic diseases. Considering that Jane doesn’t engage in doing various physical activities on a daily basis, this puts her at risk of getting chronic diseases (Danaei 365). Her total blood cholesterol is at 250 mg per dl which is at the highest-risk class, and this puts her at the risk of getting illness such as cardiovascular as compared to someone with normal total blood cholesterol.

Jane’s blood pressure is at 130/82mm/Hg which is considered to be higher than that of the normal person whose blood pressure is supposed to have 120/80mm/Hg and below (Danaei et al. 34). This also places her at a higher risk of getting chronic diseases. For a woman, the waist circumference should be 35 inches and below while that of Jane is 38 inches, and this causes overweight which will intern cause some chronic diseases such as diabetes. Metabolic syndrome refers to health factors that cause cardiovascular diseases and other health problems such as diabetes. Notably, Jane has metabolic syndromes including abdominal obesity or a large waistline causing excess fats in her stomach area and it is considered to be a major cause of many heart diseases. Jane also has high blood pressure and it indicates a metabolic syndrome symptom.

Jane’s high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is at 35mg and for women; high-density lipoprotein should be above 50mg and this places her at high risk of getting cardiovascular problems. The low-density cholesterol for Jane is 162mg, this falls under the elevated category causing a reduction of blood circulation in the heart and may result in heart stroke and cardiovascular diseases (Ferket et al. 28). The current total cholesterol for Jane is very high and therefore, it is recommended that she should engage in activities to ensure that it drops below 200 mg per dl which is the ideal level for a healthy person. This will ensure that she is not at risk of having cardiovascular problems. It is also necessary for her to ensure that her low-density lipoproteins drop below 100jmg/dl from the current 162mg/dl to ensure that her health is stable (Kuklina and Keenan 2015).

Jane should also change her diet to enable her to manage her blood pressure health condition. She can achieve this by reducing the amount of sodium she consumes that results from the salt in processed and packaged foods. By doing this, she will be in a good position to lower her blood pressure (Pimenta et al. 478)

Jane should take more fruits and vegetables on a daily basis to reduce high blood pressure. Apart from daily exercise to reduce her weight, Jane should consider reducing the number of calories she consumes through meals (Villareal et al. 2020). Jane can also lose weight by drinking a lot of fluids to ensure that she’s well hydrated thus minimizing taking food when she feels hungry. She should curb stress by all means as this will play a greater role in reducing blood pressure.

Regarding physical activity, Jane should begin with a moderate level of physical activity for at least thirty minutes, three days a week (American College of Sports Medicine 5). She should consistently increase physical activity for an hour of vigorous physical activity each day. This will facilitate weight loss therapy and maintenance.

References

American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Washington D.C: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013. Print.

Danaei, Goodarz, et al. “National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2· 7 million participants.” The Lancet. 378.9785 (2011): 31-40. Web.

Danaei, Goodarz, et al. “The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors.” PLoS medicine. 6.4 (2009): 365. Web.

Ferket, Bart S., et al. “Systematic review of guidelines on cardiovascular risk assessment: Which recommendations should clinicians follow for a cardiovascular health check?.” Archives of Internal Medicine. 170.1 (2010): 27- 40. Web.

Kuklina, Elena V., Paula W. Yoon, and Nora L. Keenan. “Trends in high levels of low- density lipoprotein cholesterol in the United States, 1999-2006.” Jama. 302.19 (2009): 2104-2110. Web.

Pimenta, Eduardo, et al. “Effects of dietary sodium reduction on blood pressure in subjects with resistant hypertension results from a randomized trial.” Hypertension. 54.3 (2009): 475-481. Web.

Villareal, Dennis T., et al. “Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults.” New England Journal of Medicine. 364.13 (2011): 1218-1229. Web.

Introduction

In many parts of the world, a variety of edible wild or domesticated plants are exploited on a daily basis as rich sources of food and nutrition to the populations residing in these ecosystems (Aberoumand Nutritive Aspects 2020). These plants contain different nutritional and medicinal values, and hence the knowledge of their ingredients is of immense importance. The present paper utilizes five different plant ingredients to make a recipe that can provide a high nutritional value to pregnant and lactating mothers. Research is consistent that this group of the population requires high levels of potassium (1200 mg/day) and calcium (2000 mg/day). It also requires sodium (500 mg/day) and zinc (19 mg/day) (Aberoumand 150). The domesticated plants used to make the recipe include spider plants, spiny gourd, garden asparagus, piston, and coriander.

Spider Plant

The spider plant, which is also commonly referred to as the air plant or ribbon plant, is a flowering perennial herb known within the realms of science as Chlorophytum comosum. The plant’s fleshy tuberous roots, known botanically as rhizomes, form the main ingredient in the recipe as they are rich in carbohydrates, protein, calcium, and fiber (Aberoumand Nutritive Aspects 2021-2022; Bereu 463-464). The spider plant is known to have originated from Southern Africa. However, it has been exported to other tropical regions with forested river basins, mountainous landscapes, and thickets (Alisha, Shoaib and Hankumar 546-547; Van Jaarsveld par. 6).

Spiny Gourd

The spiny gourd or Kantola is a species of flowering plant known for its rich source of proteins, lipids, potassium, phosphorous, and iron. It is also rich in zinc, fiber, carbohydrate, and other trace elements (Aberoumand Nutritive Aspects 2022-2023). The available literature demonstrates that the spiny gourd is known scientifically as Momordica dioica (Aberoumand 148) and that the fruits of the plant contain high nutritional value (Aberoumand 151). This recipe uses the fruits of the plant known botanically as teasle gourds to achieve the high level of nutritional requirements needed by expectant and lactating mothers (“World Crops Database” par. 1). The plant species is native to the Indian subcontinent though it has become naturalized in China, Japan, Bangladesh, and other parts of Southeast Asia.

Garden Asparagus

The common name of this spring vegetable crop is garden asparagus while its scientific or botanical name is Asparagus Officinalis. Available literature demonstrates that the flowering, perennial plant species is native to most of Europe, Northern Africa, Southeast Asia, and Western Asia. However, it is being domesticated in many other regions of the world due to its high nutritional value (Eland 1). The edible part of the plant is the stem or the young asparagus shoots. These stems or shoots, which are botanically referred to as asparagus in reference to the Greek name for “stalk” or “shoot”, are “a good supplement for some nutrients such as protein, lipid, potassium, zinc, fiber and carbohydrates” (Aberoumand 151). It is worth mentioning that this plant has found wide acceptance in the United States and Europe due to the high nutritional value of its young shoots.

Spistan

Spistan or Lasura, scientifically referred to as Cordia myxa, is one of the most prolific plants when it comes to the production of vital vitamins and trace elements (Aberoumand 149-150). The fruits of the plant are good in making a tasty broth full of vitamins, thus their inclusion in the recipe. The mature fruits of the spistan plant are botanically referred to as sebesten fruits, gold berries, or clammy cherries. The plant is thought to have originated from Asia (e.g., China, Myanmar, and Afghanistan), though it has been exported to other tropical regions that have the right mix of geophysical environments for its survival.

Coriander

Coriander, also commonly referred to as dhania, produces a variety of ingredients that can be used to spice food and also provide vital vitamins such as vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin K. The soft plant, which is scientifically known as Coriandrum sativum, traces its roots to southern Europe, Northern Africa, and Southwestern Asia (Diederichsen 7-19). This recipe uses the fresh leaves of the plant as well as its grounded seeds to achieve maximum nutritional value and also to make the food more appealing. The fresh coriander leaves are scientifically known as cilantro or Chinese parsley. The seeds and fruits, which may be prepared by grounding or roasting, are scientifically known as vittae or coriander.

Conclusion

This paper has discussed five different plant ingredients that could be used to make highly nutritious food for consumption by pregnant and lactating mothers. The primary learning outcomes revolve around the demonstration of adequate knowledge and understanding of the plant’s scientific names, place of origin, nutritional value, and the botanical names of edible components. These are the parts or sections of the domesticated plants that are usually consumed for their nutritional or medicinal value. Although the preparation of the recipe is outside the scope of this paper, it can be concluded that the ingredients selected provide immense nutritional value to pregnant and lactating mothers.

Works Cited

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