The population is the backbone of any society, and its size determines numerous aspects of how society functions. As a result, the issue of birth rate becomes important for all countries on the planet since a large number of citizens is an essential factor for economic development and maintaining nations’ social safety net systems (Wang 471). Thus, governments usually try to stimulate population growth in order to sustain periods of prosperity and progress. All countries have different populations, but according to official estimates of the World Bank, the majority of nations have been experiencing a steady decline in birth rate over the past decades (The World Bank). Yet, the difference between developed and developing countries is particularly notable since the latter, on average, have a much higher number of births than the former, which translates into several outcomes.
First of all, it is necessary to substantiate the hypothesis that developing countries have a higher birth rate than developed ones. According to the United Nations’ Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Europe and Northern America, as regions with advanced economies, have an average birth rate of 1.8 (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division 13). At the same time, regions with poor development levels, such as Northern Africa and Western Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa have much higher fertility rates of 2.9 and 4.6, respectively (“United Nations” 13). Such evidence supports the hypothesis that developed nations tend to have a lower birth rate compared to developing ones. Moreover, as projected by the UN, the trend is going to remain, while the decline in birth rate continues to affect all countries in the world, including those with emerging economies (“United Nations” 13). There can be a variety of causes of such a phenomenon, including better access to contraceptives as well as a more reasonable approach to family planning by younger generations.
Additionally, the hypothesis about the difference in birth rates in developed and developing countries can be tested by exploring data about individual countries. For instance, currently, the majority of the top one hundred countries with the highest fertility rate on the planet are developing ones. The first position is occupied by Niger which has a fertility rate of 6.8 (“The World Bank”). Developed countries such as the United States and Australia have the same fertility rate of 1.7, and the United Kingdom has 1.6 (“The World Bank”). Such results indicate that the hypothesis about a difference in the birth rate between developed and developing countries is true not when considering average scores but also when looking at individual nations.
Based on the results of the test, several conclusions can be made on the issue of varying birth rates in the world’s countries. First of all, developed countries do have lower birth rates both on average and on an individual level. Developing countries have much higher rates, with Niger having 6.8 births per woman. Nevertheless, both developed and developing countries are affected by the gradual decline in birth rates which will continue in the near future.
Thus, the current paper tested a hypothesis concerning birth rate levels in developed and developing countries. The primary conclusion made based on the evidence discovered during research states that developed countries tend to have lower birth rates compared to developing ones. Thus, it is clear that nations with advanced economies will have smaller populations in the future than those with emerging ones if the current trend continues.
Works Cited
The World Bank. “FertilityTate,Ttotal.” The World Bank, Web.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. “World Fertility and Family Planning 2020: Highlights.” United Nations, 2020. Web.
Wang, Zhenying. The Principle of Trading Economics. Springer Nature.
Developing countries share certain unique common characteristics. It is evident that most of these nations still grapple with issues concerning health, social amenities, and education. Challenges associated with public health include some of the common characteristics that may be noted within developing states (Todaro & Stephen 12). Their health systems are underdeveloped and a remarkable percentage of the population cannot access adequate health care.
This challenge may be due to a lack of resources to establish and decentralize sufficient and well-equipped health care service delivery facilities to the population. The local populations are highly affected. Other public health challenges compound to cause high mortality and morbidity rates within such nations.
Lack of proper education and human resources include other similar problems faced by the developing nations. Due to low-income levels, most populations within the developing nations cannot access quality education. Moreover, the systems of formal learning within such countries are ineffective (Todaro & Stephen 19). These education systems are not designed in a transformative manner. Consequently, there is a generation of an impaired workforce in the employment industry.
This challenge has contributed to poor performance within key industrial firms and business organizations. Frequent tensions are arising from civil wars within these developing states. Particularly, this is common within African nations.
The chief causes of such conflicts may include conflicts on natural resources, political instabilities, and tribal hatred. The developing nations encounter the severe impacts of disasters. These include both natural and technological disasters. This occurs mainly because they lack proper and comprehensive mechanisms for disaster prevention, management, and mitigation. Issues of food insecurity and safety usually confront these nations.
This is caused by a lack of initiative to employ effective agricultural systems with adequate technology to enhance food production. Lastly, there are prevalent challenges associated with housing and shelter (Todaro & Stephen 31). Most citizens of these countries lack access to improved and standardized housing facilities. Indeed, this is evident from the high number of slums and informal settlements within these nations. Developing nations indeed share many challenges.
Population and Environment
The environment forms the fundamental orientation of both human, animal, and plant life. The study of eco-biology indicates the basic interactions between different components of the environment. All humans depend on the resources found within the environment. Analytically, this observation potentiates a critical fact. There is a population a given environment can sustain. Of course, this occurs only within a specified period (Todaro & Stephen 37).
Human beings normally fight for the resources available within the general environment. Therefore, whenever scarcity of these environmental resources arises, there is a likelihood that conflicts might also emerge. Increased population strains the available resources to a negligible level.
Ideally, the environment forms the basic platform for human life. All other supportive services and resources of importance to human nature emerge from the environment. It is correct to insinuate that the population and environment share a mutual relationship. Notably, this means that the environment can dictate the population it can sustain (Todaro & Stephen 40). The environment directly manipulates population growth.
This is because the environment is the main source of food and other crucial resources. These are vital for human beings to form associations and procreate. Perhaps, this explains the lack of human habitation within desert regions. The effects of population growth on the environment are unavoidable.
The Malthusian theory explains this relationship in a very empirical manner (Todaro & Stephen 45). Human beings strain the environment through various anthropogenic activities. These lead to environmental degradation and pollution. Observably, highly populated regions are characterized by a high level of environmental pollution and degradation. The environment that supports a high population growth rate has enough resources. These resources are appropriate for effective and uniform human growth and development. Generally, there is a direct association in association between population growth and the environment. However, it is significant to examine other interactions and interrelations that affect this association.
Trade
Trade is an important component of economic development. In the recent past, countries have adopted transformative measures. These measures are geared towards enhancing the level of their domestic and international participation in trade. Scholars and personalities have supposed different theoretical models regarding local, regional, and global trade. Ha-Joon Chan is one of such personalities that have contributed immensely to the understanding and analysis of trade (Todaro & Stephen 54).
His reiterations concerning the movement towards free trade remain strategic and sound. According to Ha-Joon Chan, the movement towards free trade will make the rich nations to “kick away the ladder.” The ladder herein refers to the means through which these rich nations gained their success. This statement implies that most rich nations succeeded due to restrictions on international trade.
Most protocols on global and regional trade have been punitive to certain nations. However, some of the rich nations have gained remarkably from such protocols and regulations. This explains why Ha-Joon Chang observes the significance of free trade in alleviating these partial regulations. Free trade will enable developing nations to interact and engage in liberalized international trade. The environment will have minimal restrictions based on international boundaries, currencies, and the quality of goods among other things (Todaro & Stephen 59).
This state of activities is crucial for most emergent economies that have encountered severe discrimination within the international trading platform. Ha-Joon Chang notes that most rich nations will lose the channels and loopholes of wealth creation through unnecessary restrictions. Generally, this is a form of a liberalized situation. The statement focuses on third world states and their mode of acquiring wealth.
The International Debt Crisis
The international debt crisis has a long and interesting history. Most countries decided to devise their economic policies and principles following their early independence. In Africa, some of the post-independent economic policies were based on the systems of particular colonizers. The cold war marked the beginning of the international debt crisis (Todaro & Stephen 78). The period was marred with a lot of borrowing from wealthy foreign governments and banks.
Observably, these loans were provided at attractive and discounted rates of interest. These transactions were done minus the interests of the welfare of average citizens within the borrowing nations. This situation was propagated by the fear of the US that some countries could be transformed into a communist. These fears made poor nations to take huge loans at uneconomical logic and rates.
The “oil crisis” marked the second stride in the development of the debt crisis. This involved the extreme hiking of prices by the oil-rich nations. After gaining huge money from hiked oil prices, these nations deposited their money within western financial institutions. The changes in the value of the US dollar catapulted the process. At the end of the 1970s, there was a major financial shift. High-interest rates in the world markets struck the poor nations heavily (Todaro & Stephen 87).
Oil prices doubled and basic commodities became very expensive. During the era of President Reagan, these poor nations paid heavily on their debts and loosed the value of their exports. The debt crisis later emerged in the 1980s. The entire rot was unearthed when Mexico threatened to default her repayments in 1982. The consequent steps are taken only safeguarded the creditors. Nonetheless, these initiatives failed to address the debt crisis.
Foreign Aid
There are several debates concerning foreign aid and its capacity to initiate growth and development. There is a generalized belief that foreign aid can buy growth. However, this is only possible under certain prescribed conditions. For instance, foreign aid must be channeled to areas in which it can perform the highest good. Foreign aid only buys growth within nations that have adopted the sound and proper policies.
These frameworks must relate to financial, trade, and fiscal issues. From here, is imperative to evaluate the characteristics of a “good policy” (Todaro & Stephen 92). According to some economists, the objective of the aid must be stated modestly. In essence, a particular aid ought to offer some benefits to the poor. Perhaps, this is when it might qualify to buy growth. Generally, there are severe debates on this issue and most assumptions remain contestable.
Works Cited
Todaro, Michael P, & Stephen C. Smith. Economic Development. Boston: Pearson Addison Wesley, 2009. Print.
Nowadays, many Western companies place their manufacturing facilities in foreign countries, which benefits both consumers at home and the workers who receive an opportunity to earn a living. Usually, the economies of the countries which offer cheap labor costs are considered to be in the developing stage, which means that they do not have certain institutions which are well-established in the West. Therefore, Western companies have a moral obligation to promote certain concepts such as a minimum wage and labor rights in the nations which do not view them as necessary. Many argue that the implementation of such concepts in the developing countries will lead to an increase in production costs. Yet, by thoroughly examining each situation and then developing appropriate strategies for the implementation of the Western labor practices, companies can achieve a reliable balance between profits and workers’ well-being. Thus, the Western companies, by choosing to pursue ethical practices, can improve their workers’ performance, eliminate the dangerous working conditions, and attract new clients who will be willing to encourage their behavior.
The circumstances of the current economic and political climate dictate certain rules of conduct to all companies worldwide, and ethics have become one of their primary subjects. It is expected that large businesses must possess a mission statement which would contain a clause outlining their determination to improving employee satisfaction in the countries hosting their plants (Byars & Stanberry, 2018). This goal can be fulfilled only through adhering to the practices which have proven effective, including promotion of labor rights, introduction of a minimum wage, and establishment of labor unions. Advocating and even lobbying for them is in the best interest of the Western companies because they directly affect the well-being of their workers. People who are certain about their future and clearly understand that they cannot be easily fired or stripped of their wages can deliver better results and work more efficiently. Moreover, it will reduce high employee turnover rates and help companies retain their most effective workers. Thus, openly supporting labor rights in the developing countries, can be useful not only for the workers, but also for the company.
Moreover, the Western companies have to be exemplary in their respect for the rights of the employees and promote ethical standards throughout all the stages of production of its goods and services. When dealing with foreign contractors, it must be stipulated in special clauses that these companies have to meet certain criteria concerning workers’ rights, which are adopted in the West. Some may call such requirements a display of capitalist imperialism and a disregard for traditions, customs, and norms of foreign cultures (Byars & Stanberry, 2018). These claims can be justified when the conditions for workers are acceptable, but when there are instances of deaths in the workplace, for example, suicides in Foxconn, Western companies should instantly react (Mintz, 2012). Certainly, such atrocious events are rare, but it is still a moral obligation for the Western businesses to make contractors comply with the ethical standards. After all, their right to act in this was is based on their duty to ensure that the workers can operate in a safe and secure environment.
Consumers have an equal moral responsibility and have to act as arbiters, encouraging businesses which maintain ethical practices by buying their products and punishing those which do not by avoiding their goods and services. Consumers have to watch closely how their favorite companies operate in foreign countries, whether they uphold proper standards concerning the conditions in the workplace, and whether they adhere to their mission statement. For example, Nike has a long-lasting problem with sweatshops in Honduras, where the employees have to take their unfinished work home and spend many hours at the factory (St. Clair, 2018). Such situations must directly affect consumers’ behavior who might choose to distance themselves from the company which cannot control its contractors, especially if this issue has been in existence for several years.
Thus, establishing a universal approach to working conditions and employee protections is the right and ethical path to follow for all companies. Businesses can ensure that the rights of workers are respected by adopting a framework of basic guidelines concerning labor, which would be obligatory for all their departments and contractors to comply with. This will inevitably require additional resources, but the benefits of the implementation of such an approach are much greater. Having applied universal standards, the companies will eradicate the problem of deplorable conditions in their manufacturing facilities and set themselves as an example of a socially responsible and ethical business. Moreover, it will also help attract new clients, especially those who are concerned about the sustainability of production of goods. Media coverage is another important factor, newspapers and TV-channels will publish materials praising the company’s adoption of the universal workplace standards, which will consequently have a positive impact on their brand’s image.
Companies which espouse ethical practices concerning labor in foreign countries have an advantageous position and can derive much benefit from upgrading the working conditions of their employees. Labor rights, a minimum wage, and unionization are proven means of improving workers’ well-being and advancing their efficiency, thus, Western companies should advocate for them when operating in foreign nations. Businesses have an obligation to ensure that their employees are provided with a safe working environment, which justifies their right to require their contractors to adhere to the Western protocols. Consumers also have to be vigilant about the Western companies’ practices abroad and be able to avoid those which neglect basic labor standards. Adopting universal workplace requirements can help companies eliminate conditions detrimental to workers’ health and become exemplary in the area of sustainable labor practices.
References
Byars, S., & Stanberry, K. (2018). Business ethics. OpenStax.
Pneumococcal diseases have posed a real global health challenge. Streptococcus pneumonia is the dominant causative factor of the disease. Pneumococcal infections which patients are prone to attack include meningitis and pneumonia. A high mortality rate arising from pneumococcal infections has been recorded especially among children below the age of five years in developing countries. The main concern, however, remains to be the high cost of vaccines in the third world market. As a result, international agencies like the Advanced Market Commitment have developed real-time strategies to address this health menace.
What are the existing Pneumococcal vaccines in the market? Why is there a need for a different vaccine in developing countries?
There are several existing pneumococcal vaccines in the market today used in different countries. For example, the vaccination of children below the age of thirteen months was declared in early 2006 in Europe and which would incorporate the conjugate pneumococcal vaccine. This was a directive given by the European Medicines Agency which is mandated to oversee a myriad of immunization exercises throughout Europe. The vaccine is administered in four doses to the affected patient. On the same note, other varieties of the pneumococcal vaccine have been put into test ad equally recommended for use. For instance, the 9, 10, and 13 series are highly recommended.
Another variety is the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine which is mainly used by the older population. The vaccine has a lower rate of failure and can provide up to 85 percent prevention for a period not less than five years (Kaddar, Lydon & Levine 2004). The developing countries require a different vaccine to fight the prevalence of pneumococcal disease which has continued to claim the lives of both children and older people.
The existing vaccines in the market seem to be not effective in the developing world. Even as the existing vaccines are being used, the pneumococcal disease continues to be the main cause of concern in developing countries. The mortality rate among children below the age of five years stands at one million children on an annual basis. Therefore, there is a need for developing countries to have access to safe vaccines which are also effective when used.
Despite the available vaccines which are currently used in these developing countries to prevent pneumococcal disease, the majority of the population cannot easily afford the cost of vaccination. The high rate of poverty and poorly sustained economies make it difficult for patients to be vaccinated. It is therefore recommended that new vaccines which are not only effective but also cheap be introduced in the third world healthcare system to save millions of lives that are lost each year. There are several other varieties of vaccines available in the third world market but which may not be able to meet the disease challenges due to the resistance ability of the disease-causing organism.
How does the market for vaccines differ between developed and developing countries? Why is there a need for an AMC initiative?
The market for vaccines between the developed and developing countries has a great variation both in terms of the availability and cost of drugs. There is a myriad of reasons why pharmaceutical companies are not willing to invest in third-world countries. For example, bearing in mind that the cost of investment is quite large, not many drug suppliers are willing to set up manufacturing plants in third-world countries. This has acted as an impediment in the process of vaccine innovation.
Moreover, the developing world has no ready market for vaccines that are developed by the pharmaceutical companies due to the high-cost drugs which cannot be afforded by most patients. This high cost has been worsened by extremely high operating costs which include energy resources, acquisition of raw materials from overseas, and so on. Additionally, there is often an acute need for vaccine supply in developing countries.
There is a huge population that is in dire need of vaccines that can be used to protect against certain illnesses. This demographic factor makes third-world countries to be potential markets for vaccines. Unfortunately, the developing world markets do not get the most effective drugs which can effectively deal with the emerging challenges of disease control. This is the reason why the Advanced Market Commitment (AMC) for vaccines needs to chip in and speed up the development of vaccines which are highly required in developing countries indeed, one of the objectives of the Advanced Market Commitment is to implement an expeditious plan in the innovation of vaccines alongside its supply in developing countries.
Another prevalent feature of the third world vaccine market is the absence of effective and efficient pneumococcal vaccines. The market in the developed world is well endowed with up-to-date production and supply of vaccines. In other words, the capacity of production of pneumococcal vaccines is relatively high compared to the developing countries. The Advanced Market Commitment imitative aims at significantly improving the volume of production of these vaccines to meet the needs of the developing world.
Additionally, the element of cost has not eluded the developing world market. Most patients who eventually bow out and lose their lives mainly cannot afford the relatively high cost. This has simultaneously reduced the pneumococcal vaccine uptake among needy patients. The Advanced Market Commitment has initiated a prompt plan of price negotiations between manufacturers and developing countries. This broad objective by AMC also targets a long-term approach that can be made use of in the future (Acemoglu & Linn 2004). An AMC initiative will ensure the availability and affordability of these vaccines.
What incentives does the AMC scheme provide for suppliers, i.e. the pharmaceutical companies, to invest in new vaccines for pneumococcal in developing countries?
Due to the prevailing impediments in its mission which includes the high cost of vaccines and unavailability of the same in poor nations, the Advanced Market Commitment has so far opted to work hand in hand with the vaccine manufacturing companies to facilitate the supply of these important drugs.
As a prerequisite in its mission initiative, the Advanced Market Commitment has opted to give financial incentives to pharmaceutical companies so that they can supply cheap and affordable drugs to the dying millions in third-world countries. The donor partners who work with AMC have committed substantial funds for this low-cost vaccine initiative. These funds are then channeled to vaccine manufacturers to lower the overall cost of drugs. In so doing, pharmaceutical companies have secured potential markets both for t6he present and future vaccine markets.
In March 2010, the development donor partners of Advanced Market Commitment applauded the first contract between ACM and the pharmaceutical companies of supplying affordable pneumococcal vaccines to third world countries. Among these donor partners was the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. One of the pharmaceutical companies under this long-term supply agreement is GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). Due to the financial incentives given to these companies by the Advanced Market Commitment, the pneumococcal vaccines will be accessible in the third world market towards the end of this year at a minimal price compared to the actual market cost in the developed countries. This will be by the initial strategic mission of the Advance Market Commitment.
In mid of 2009, the donor partners of AMC namely the Gates Foundation, Italian, UK, Norway governments, and the Russian Federation made a huge funding pledge amounting to one and half billion U.S dollars which would help boost the Advanced Market Commitment plan of giving financial incentives to pneumococcal vaccine manufacturing companies. Additional funding of slightly over one billion U.S dollars was channeled by GAVI. This will help loser the mean cost of these pneumococcal vaccines for a considerable length of time.
These financial incentives to vaccine manufacturers have gone a long way in assisting the latter in facilitating research work, capacity building, and training of its employees as well as expansion of vaccine manufacturing plants. Hence, there is a need for developing countries to have access to safe vaccines which are also effective when used.
Briefly describe how the funding mechanism works in the AMC pilot for pneumococcal vaccines. Who provides the funds? How is the price set?
The funding mechanism for the Advance Market Commitment is carried out by donor partners who involve governments, federations, and foundations. In this funding, Italy, United Kingdom, the Russian Federation, Norway, Canada, and the Bill & Melinda Foundation have already set aside a total of one and half billion U.S dollars which is aimed at expediting the process of acquiring cheap and effective pneumococcal vaccines to poor countries.
The funds from donors are directed to a reserve bank called the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Thereafter, the United Nations children fund is mandated with the duty of announcing offers twice on an annual basis after which vaccine companies have to append to a supply contract by AMC. When these offers for supply are initiated, they are supposed to run for not less than five years into posterity. The UNICEF then has to evaluate all the offers from potential supplies. The vaccines to be supplied must comply with the world health Organization standards before they are accepted. After this stage, an independent committee derived from AMC ensures that the proposed vaccines are proper as per the order requirements.
The price is set at seven dollars per single dose of the vaccine purchases from the pharmaceutical companies. This cost of a single dose includes the price which is dictated by each supplier which is however liable to a cap of three and a half U.S dollars per dose to be administered. The deficit price is then catered for by the AMC. Pharmaceutical companies which have won the supply bid are then liable to make a binding commitment to supply the vaccines for a whole decade amounting to two hundred million vaccine doses every year. After the supplying company has drained all its funds that were set aside for the supply of the vaccines, it is equally required by law to continue with the delivery of the vaccines but at a tail price.
Those countries which feel that they need to apply for this vaccine funding can do so according to the set guidelines by GAVI. Once the application has been approved by an independent committee, the funds are released to the respective country but subject to yearly reviewed regular evaluation of how the funding is being utilized. This monitoring and evaluation exercise is aimed at ensuring that the vaccines reach out to the poor population and especially children below the age of five years whose lives have been at risk with pneumococcal disease. This evaluation is carried out by the specifically prepared framework by AMC.
Discuss how the AMC aims to reduce health inequalities
Many children from poor countries cannot access the right vaccines as their counterparts in developed countries. They continue to die out of diseases that they could have otherwise been immunized against. According to the Advanced Market Commitment strategic plan, there is an urgent need to supply the right vaccines to the poor nations so that children can be immunized against pneumococcal disease. AMC confirms that many vaccines are safe for use and readily available to be supplied in poor countries. As a strategy, AMC is working with pharmaceutical companies to come up with better and well-sustained vaccines for poor and developing countries.
In addition, it is definite that developing nations have marginal finical resources and therefore are not in a position to adequately afford the cost of purchasing pneumococcal vaccines. One of the main goals of AMC is to ensure that such vaccines are easily affordable by the poor nations for a long period. The AMC assures that it’s funding for vaccines in poor countries will remain its top priority now and in the future.
Similarly, AMC has been looking up for ways and means of precipitating the innovation of better vaccines in developing nations. The big worry is that although many pharmaceutical companies have enough stock of viable vaccines, it may take a relatively long period before they are eventually delivered to patients in developing countries. To sort out this challenge, AMC has already put in place a mechanism that will ensure that once these vaccines are produced in factories, there will be ready markets. Besides, AMC guarantees cost-effective vaccines which can be accessed by all.
To make sure that the vaccine for all strategy does not fail, AMC confirms that the market atmosphere which has already been instituted in place will ensure the continuous production, supply, and delivery of these pneumococcal vaccines to the target population. Currently, markets that can absorb all the supplies from manufacturers are being set in place and once this will be done, a sustainable solution for the vaccine challenge in developing nations will be resolved once and for all.
Finally, the AMC pilot project is deemed a secure investment because there are thorough vetting exercises on all vaccines which are supplied by the drug manufacturers. This ensures that only the right vaccine products reach the patients thereby eliminating the risk of poor treatment and immunization procedures.
The AMC is a pilot scheme. Describe how the scheme will be monitored and evaluated over time
The process of monitoring and evaluation is undertaken by the Independent Assessment Committee (Anon. 2010). This special committee has the responsibility of overseeing the launching of TPPs. In addition, the committee has the role of invigilating and making reports regarding the detailed progress of the entire operations of the Advanced Markets Commitment. This may go a long way in adjusting the activities of the TPPs if it is deemed necessary. Also, the committee monitors the performance of the TPPs as well as conflict resolution.
There are several methodological procedures and frameworks which will be used to evaluate as well as monitor the AMC pilot scheme. To begin with, there will always be a need to revisit the background rationale for the formation of the AMC initiative. Important evaluation criteria like the effectiveness of the AMC initiative to provide pneumococcal vaccine should be inquired regularly.
On the same note, could there have been other cheaper and yet effective alternatives capable of attaining similar results as those achieved by the AMC initiative? In evaluating the performance of AMC, such questions will be relevant at all times so that a coherent relationship can be qualitatively drawn between the initial objectives of the vaccine initiative against the present reality platform. In giving a comparison between AMC and other possible alternatives which could have been used, there will be a need to draw parallels between AMC and other like-minded existing organizations or those which ever existed in the past. Such a comparison will enable the AMC evaluation committee to make any necessary adjustments where possible.
Moreover, the original design of the vaccine organization will have to be monitored and equally compared to check for any flaws and omissions in the original plan. Any assumptions which had been made during the inception of AMC will have to be perused to confirm their suitability. For any assumptions made during the formulation of the AMC initiative vaccine initiative, a thorough system of checks and balances will be instituted.
The modeling structure of AMC is relevant in the process of evaluation and monitoring. Additionally, the original design will have to be looked into to confirm that every detail is well understood as per the actual and intended aims of the pneumococcal vaccine initiative. The design of the entire program will. Have to be evaluated from time to time to ensure that it complies with both the short-term goals and long-term objectives. In doing this, the system should be a coherent one with details easy to understand and interpret by all the concerned parties.
Once the vaccine is developed, how would you undertake an economic evaluation to measure whether it is cost-effective? Describe other ways in which a health economist would evaluate the vaccine
An economic evaluation of the vaccines supplied in the market is necessary to determine economic usefulness. One of the elements of economic evaluation is the cost of the drugs or vaccines. After the price has been set by the manufacturing companies and then the vaccines supplied to the market, the cost factor is relevant both to the drug users and the pharmaceutical companies. Consumers in the market will have to undergo the process of opportunity cost by comparing which vaccines are cheaper. This enables the users to choose between the available vaccine options in the market.
Secondly, an economic evaluation involving the effectiveness of the drugs supplied is equally important. The vaccines should be able to effectively treat the target ailment for them to be economically viable. A less effective vaccine in the market will lead to economic losses to the consumers.
A cost-effective vaccine will have to meet the need for which it was manufactured. An evaluation of this vaccine in terms of cost will involve both the health impact it has on the user as well as the economic gain made by the manufacturer. Children from poor countries cannot access the right vaccines due to the type of wrong or outdated vaccines which have been administered for a long period. They continue to die out of diseases that they could have otherwise been immunized against (Morris, Devlin & Parkin 2007).
AMC confirms that many vaccines are safe for use and readily available to be supplied in poor countries. As a strategy, AMC is working with pharmaceutical companies to come up with better and well-sustained vaccines for poor and developing countries. In addition, it is definite that developing nations have marginal finical resources and therefore are not in a position to adequately afford the cost of purchasing pneumococcal vaccines. One of the main goals of AMC is to ensure that such vaccines are easily affordable by the poor nations for a long period. The AMC assures that it’s funding for vaccines in poor countries will remain its top priority now and in the future.
Similarly, AMC has been looking up for ways and means of precipitating the innovation of better vaccines in developing nations. will be ready markets. Besides, AMC guarantees cost-effective vaccines which can be accessed by all.
What are possible reasons for market failure in the AMC pilot scheme for pneumococcal vaccines? Discuss how the scheme plans to address them?
Market failure is applied in economics refers to a situation whereby there is an inadequate supply of goods and services in the target market (Acemoglu & Linn 2004). In a perfect market failure scenario, unsatisfactory results are usually recorded despite the optimum effort directed towards the marketing activity. In most cases, market failures are more prevalent in less competitive where one or a few firms dominate the operations of the market.
To begin with, one of the causes for market failure in the AMC pilot scheme would be the pharmaceutical companies that supply vaccines if they happen to gain strong market power and therefore giving them a way to restrict other trade benefits which can be of importance to all. This is one main cause of inefficiency because there will be no competition bearing in mind that the contracted supplies will be more or less enjoying the monopoly.
Another possible cause for market failure to the AMC pilot scheme is the market role which can be played by the pharmaceutical companies supplying the vaccines. The externalities which may arise from the operation procedures of these supplies can be a hindrance to the supply of the vaccines to the needy population. One major hindrance may be the cost of manufacturing the vaccines. Even as the price is set in advance by AMC and the supplying company, this may sometimes lead to challenges due to the dynamic market which is affected by the increasing cost of raw materials alongside other overheads
Currently, markets that can absorb all the supplies from manufacturers are being set in place and once this will be done, a sustainable solution for the vaccine challenge in developing nations will be resolved once and for all. The review of the funds dispatched to beneficiary nations is carried out once per year which ensures a regular assessment of the progress. There have been many reported cases of abused funds meant for such noble cause in the developing world and hence it is imperative to institute regular systems of checks and balances (Institute of Medicine 2003). It is important for the AMC pilot scheme to broaden its funding structure as well as evaluating the funds which have been disbursed in developing countries.
In resolving the intrigues of market failure, AMC can work with respective governments which are under the beneficiary scheme to introduce tax regimes to the monopoly supplies. Pollution levies will also control externalities. Moreover, AM C can recommend to the beneficiary governments to institute price control mechanisms so that price of the vaccines is not distorted within a short period.
What are the policy implications of the AMC scheme? What are the potential drawbacks of such a pilot?
The AMC pilot scheme receives its funding from donor partners who remit their donations to AMC through the development bank. Currently, the initiative has four government partners, a federation, and a foundation. The main role of the AMC is to coordinate the funding of vaccine companies which then are supposed to supply the required vaccines to developing countries through the scheme provided by this organization. Moreover, AMC through the World Health Organization has to ensure that the vaccines and other drugs being supplied by these manufacturers are appropriate for use in poor countries (Anon 2010).
Another policy implication at AMC is the setting of the price of a single dose of the Pneumococcal vaccine. The drug is acquired at seven U.S dollars per dose whereby AMC has to foot half of this cost while GAVI tops up the remaining amount. Eventually, funding can be released to needy nations in the developing world upon application of the same by the respective governments. To ensure that these funds are used for the purpose they were meant for, there is an evaluation and monitoring Committee charged with the duty of reviewing the progress of each country under the pilot scheme. This is done on an annual basis.
From these policy implications of AMC, quite a several potential setbacks can be experienced with time. For instance, the funding system of this pilot program may not be sustainable in the future especially if new players do not chip in. although there is a general feeling by AMC initiative that the pilot program will be sustained by the market forces of demand and supply, this may not be definite at all bearing in mind the dynamic nature of the modern markets which has been modified by the raging effects of globalization. Moreover, the developing nations have a higher demand and need for vaccination due to the high population of the masses who mainly operate below the poverty line. It will be a demanding task for the AMC vaccine initiative to cater to these surging medical needs in countries with marginal resources.
Conclusion
In summing up this paper, it is imperative to underscore the fact vaccination remains to be the most viable medical solution in tackling the health menace brought about by pneumococcal infections, especially in developing countries. In achieving this, the Advanced Market Commitment alongside other development partners has devised ways of reducing the cost of pneumococcal vaccines in third world countries by offering financial incentives to pharmaceutical companies who on the other hand agree to supply affordable vaccines. This pneumococcal vaccine supply contract will indeed alleviate the mortality rate especially among children under the age of five years.
Reference List
Acemoglu, D. and J. Linn (2004). Market Size in Innovation: Theory and Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Industry. Quarterly Journal of Economics 119 (3): 1049–90.
Anon. (2010). Fact sheet. Web.
Institute of Medicine (2003). Financing Vaccines in the 21st Century: Assuring Access and Availability. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.
Kaddar, M., P. Lydon and R. Levine (2004). Financial Challenges of Immunization: a Look at GAVI. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 89 (2): 697–702.
Morris, S., N. Devlin, and Parkin D. (2007). Economic Analysis in Health Care. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
The interdependent relationship between the government and businesses leads to changes in economy and market, demanding proper environmental and economical practices. Economic stability is largely linked to the governmental institutions, in connection with the society and public demands.
A business setting or functions of an organization involve an intricate cooperation between the government, society and the company, moving the economy in cities and pre-setting future governmental actions.
Many aspects depend on how the market views the businesses with the linkage to the government and how it is being treated in the economic setting. One of the key aspects of any business is to be able to interest the government, public or society in the products or services that are being offered to people and organizations.
The pollution through fuel use, technology and many other aspects of civilized life has brought about many changes that humanity was not ready for, including a lessening of resources used for energy, a shifting pattern of crop’s growth and emergence of diseases. The Earth’s population must get ready for a new era that will require a more efficient use of energy and a better conservation of people’s health.
Brazil is the second fifth largest country in the world geographically and in terms of the population. In this view, Brazil epitomizes on the ongoing global tension pitying biodiversity preservation against sustainable agricultural practices and economic growth.
Brazil is a key emerging economic power, which has a GDP of US$6040 billion and a GDP per capita of US$326.21 billion in 2004 (European Commission, 2007). The country’s environment is one of the richest in the world because of not only the flora and fauna, but also because of its ecosystems, which contain an excess of 15 % of the plant and animal species known to botanists (Saxena, 2005).
The country is the source of water and also a water table of up to 12% of the available freshwater worldwide. Brazil is also undoubtedly one of the leading producers of food and Biofuel in Latin America and globally (Ferreira et al., 2012).
To continue with this trend of a lead in food production and water, the country should try to institute measures, which aim at reducing the negative effects of poor farming methods, while improving farming practices.
Therefore, this paper discusses how sustainable and productive agricultural practices can be used to promote economic development and conserve the environment and thus, prevent the occurrence of the vicious cycle.
As is obvious from the present matters, industrialization has brought about a significant change to the lives of nations, individuals and the public. Industrial globalization has led to all countries cooperating for mutual and own benefit, so new technologies have become a great part of any nation.
Even though the advantages of technology greatly outweigh the disadvantages, there are now, many more ways to abuse the information that can be instrumental to the success of nations.
The laws that are being made and governments must carefully monitor the innovations that come into existence, as there are many people who will take advantage of the developed nations. It is clear that as a result, governments and businesses are forming alliances, cooperating in the common fight against pollution and moving towards prosperity and future possibilities.
The interdependent relationship between the environment, government and businesses leads to changes in economy and market. Economic stability is largely linked to the governmental institutions, in connection with the society and public demands. Brazil’s environment involves an intricate cooperation between the government, society and nature.
Many aspects depend on how the society views nature with the linkage to the government and how it is being treated in the economic setting. One of the key aspects of any nation is to be able to interest the government, public or society in the products or services that are being offered to people and organizations. The place of access for a business has some basic and concrete general patterns and structure.
To make it easier for companies to locate and contact a connection to other institutions and businesses will be rather effective. The fact that there will always be people and organizations which provide a service or a product, communication becomes critical in the search for the right company. To market a product, cooperative relationships with people and nature would allow for an easier and quicker gain of finances.
An equally problematic result of the warming climate is the variation in the heat waves, rains and general changes of weather conditions. The environment is becoming hard to predict and the fluctuations cause a difficulty in relying on the climate.
Catastrophic events, such as floods and hurricanes lead to an even greater problem, as the land becomes polluted by the harmful substances and plants and animals become infected. The rising sea level is another consequence of the climate change. If there is an increase of one meter, it will cause devastation to many regions (Walter, 2008).
Understanding the Vicious Cycle & the Brazilian Problem as a country
Ascher and Healy (1990) used this concept to demonstrate the complex interrelationships among four critical facets of socio-physical production, which are economic production, distribution of income, natural resources, and the environment.
Concerning the explanation of the relationship between economic development and environmental conservation, it is clear that economic production is the level, source, and composition of goods, and services generated by the economy at any point in time among the four facets of production.
The four facets of production include functional distribution, size distribution among recipients of different levels of income, distribution of in-kind income such as government services or gratifications from environmental quality, as well as regional income distribution.
Available literature adds multiple citations to support this claim to demonstrate that such facets of production have adverse impacts on biodiversity and the conservation of ecosystems in the country are instrumental to positive outcome (Jain, 1998). Hence, policy makers should incorporate environmental conservation measures into agricultural development to enhance optimization of agricultural production.
The fact that Brazil’s urban regions are increasing and contributing more to the economy, gives the government a clear message that the intricate network must be stimulated in all possible ways. It is also significant to consider the interchange between the social functions, culture and the politics that are dominant and change from one region to another.
When looking at economics, there are few things to have in mind. Different cities and regions have unique and specific economies. The system of trade and relations between businesses are guided by the public, their beliefs and understanding of the government and the market. Some places have better economies with governments giving support and being one of the major clients.
Global approach would guarantee a lot of choice and possibilities for the businesses and the government. Since the pressures for local responsiveness are low, this will guarantee stable income and product or service flow for the community. Whereas, the global integration pressure is high, decisions can be made with slower pace and careful consideration of all options available.
Because the relationship of “city-regions”, localities, urban areas, cities and provinces is so important, it would be crucial to adjust the policies and regulations to be somewhat universal, for an easier and more beneficial exchange.
In spite of the issue of vicious cycle, Brazil is on the verge of achieving long-term economic development because effective exploitation of natural resources.
According to European Commission (2007), “the dense tropical rainforest of the Amazon, the important biomes of the Savannah-like Cerrado, the arid scrublands of the Coating, the Pampas, and the wetlands of the Pantanal” are some of the natural resources endowed to Brazil (p. 11).
Given that agricultural exports comprises of about 28% of total exports, the government has prioritized agriculture as an important economic activity.
However, as demonstrated by these authors, “there are rising concerns about the threats that these changes represents to Brazil’s significant biological wealth globally, including widespread deforestation and clearance of native vegetation, and rapid increases in the use of fertilizers, pesticides and other agricultural chemical supplies” (Ferreira, et al., 2012, p. 536).
On this basis, poor agricultural practices have the capacity to ignite and cause complex vicious cycle, which will ultimately cut across two, or more attributes of sociophysical production.
In the Brazilian context, it is evident that attempts by the government and other stakeholders to enhance the country’s economic development through agricultural expansion have continued to generate multiple environmental externalities.
The government is suggested to encourage farmers to employ environmental conservation practices such as reduction of biological diversity, prevention of soil erosion in rural farming areas, conservation of watershed and natural resources, and prevention of soil and habitat degradation.
It should also be included in the process of implementing the environment conservation policies and good farming methods since they are the prime stakeholders in the field of agriculture (Clement, 2005).
Therefore, the country must introduce conservation measures and ensure their implementation by the farmers as well as other players in the agricultural industry.
Vladas (2008) argues that policy makers in Brazil realize that another vicious cycle between economic development and income distribution could occur in the near future, as long as farmers in the North East regions of the country continue to use harmful farming practices.
The relationship between the government, how people view their rulers and conduction of business is evident from all angles. Both politicians and people are beginning to understand that the only way to continue into the future is through cooperation and mutual respect and support.
The economy depends on individuals, businesses they run, society and the government, so the law makers, corporations and society must make sure that there are always laws and regulations that preserve and protect nature and people.
Brazil has a unique relationship between people’s culture, the governments and economy is crucial. Every culture is original in its set of customs and traditions. Something that is acceptable in one country will be seen as impolite in another. The intricate relationship with the environment and people sets demands of proper care and kindness.
Laws that safeguard nature and pollution that business might cause are becoming stricter. Some of the laws include proper filtration systems, amount of resources that can be used, such as logging and water usage, as well as dumping sites and waste disposal.
Even though there are laws and regulations that outline the functioning of businesses and corporations, pollution and over usage of resources are still commonplace. The laws are a just part of human society and regulation of businesses. It is up to the people running these companies to be responsible and prevent further damage to the planet and people’s health.
Anything that businesses get involved in, is consistent of ethics and how matters are conducted. Most recently, corruption and bribery in relation to pollution and environment laws have been tightened. The government and proper authorities carefully monitor the amount of particles and harmful gases that are reaching the atmosphere.
As it has become a global problem and many business are international, the governments of numerous nations are closely watching the regulations. Even though previously, the laws have been ineffective, the modern world has greatly changed. Many plants are now required to have proper filtration systems, and the technology is aiding in the matter.
The improper procedure of waste disposal and filtrations are one of the greatest pollutants, so companies are forced to choose alternatives and evolutionism. Dumping of poison materials and spills into water are strictly monitored, so the laws are becoming extremely effective in this aspect of business regulation (Carneiro & Danton, 2011).
There are several recommendations that deserve proper attention and development. There are talks about the saving of environment and making a particular focus on the energy use industry, its modes and the effects that it has on the surrounding nature and people. The air pollution is already a problem in many countries and Brazil has joined “the cycle”.
Even though it has developed many strategies to help reduce toxic air emissions, and one of them is to promote and establish clean burning technologies and implement them, new plants, industrial areas and residential localities to support the infrastructure must emerge. Nations heavily rely on fossil fuels in almost every aspect of life, from residential, to public and industrial.
As oil and gas are becoming more used as means to get energy, the technology changes also. The aims of the nation are to investigate the levels of CO2 emissions, and what technology can be used to prevent pollution. The research must focus on comparing the amount of pollution annually, and link consumption to electricity generation.
When comparing the several outputs, it is clearly evident there are new installments in filtration system and dump sites are proving effective. The accumulation of the waste materials and pollution to the environment will constantly grow, reaching levels that will be hard to control, unless something is done immediately.
The results have shown a steady deterioration of quality in both types of energy use, but coal usage has shown to be much more detrimental to people and environment. This goes to show that industry must adjust to environment. The problem areas are observed in the uncertainties in the control and amount of CO2 emissions, which greatly decreases the efficiency, as well as power output.
The development of industrialized areas is continuing at an increasing rate, and so the process must be highly controlled. The conclusions that are drawn aim for reducing total fossil fuel usage, and a greater focus is on the, electricity, oil and gas. There should also be a form of combining the technology with the use of proper burning aggregates, as well as filters and other equipment.
Conclusion
For the Brazil to achieve economic development, it has to embrace the policies of environmental conservation and implement them effectively. The environment is becoming extremely polluted through the burning of naturally occurring fuels and chemical waste disposal. The air pollution is already a problem in many countries and Brazil is not an exception.
A nation has developed many strategies to help reduce toxic air emissions and one of them is to promote and establish clean fuel burning technologies and implement them. Since agriculture is the backbone of the country’s economy, it is essential to improve productivity in a sustainable manner to support the livelihoods of farmers in Brazil.
It is noteworthy that the success of these environmental conservation measures is highly dependent on the extent to which stakeholders encourage good farming practices. Owing to laxity in the implementation of conservation policies results in the continuation of harmful and destructive practices of farming that are detrimental to the sustainability of the environment, and thus resulting in vicious cycle.
Not only there are activities outside the government’s laws for businesses, but there are regulations that are made to ease the functioning of business and aid the mutual relationship between governments and corporations in a financial way.
Even though there are numerous government organizations that enforce laws and take steps to prevent repetition of pollution crimes, the rate of these occurrences is still great, being detrimental to the society and the world.
References
Ascher.W., & Healy, R.G. (1990). Natural resource policymaking in developing countries: Environment, economic growth, and income distribution. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.
Carneiro, J., & Danton, T. (2011). Agriculture and biodiversity in the Brazilian social Sciences: A possible state of the art scenario innovation. The European Journal of Social Science, 24(3), 225-246.
Clement, A. (2005). The economics of a safe minimum standard of conservation. The American Journal of Agriculture, 60(24), 10-18.
Ferreira, J., Pardini, R., Metzger, J.P., Fonseca, C.R., Pompeu, P.S., Sparovek, G., & Louzada, J. (2012). Towards environmentally sustainable agriculture in Brazil: Challenges and opportunities for applied ecological research. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2(1), 1-23.
Jain, C. (1998). Agricultural Intensification by Smallholders in the Western Brazilian Amazon. Journal of Regional Science, 15(2), 55-60.
Saxena, D. (2005). Agricultural development in Utah, The Geographer, 32(1), 20-28.
Vladas, G. (2008). Conservation of Environment. Journal of Environmental Physiology 23(1), 21-32
Walter, C. (2008). Overview of India’s Agricultural Economy. Asia Pacific Development Journal, 10(2), 15-20.
Progress is an inevitable process that is bound to take place in any civilization; otherwise, a rapid decay is unavoidable. However, when the stakes on technological advances are too high, progress comes at a price. Because of the negative effects that newest technologies have on nature in general and environment in particular, the reasonability of progressing with no regard for the probable consequences must be questioned.
In the given paper, the positive and the negative effects of the newest technologies in developing countries are compared in order to consider the possible outcomes of the future advances and come up with the means to prevent technologies from causing more harm, at the same time avoiding the possible technological regress.
Therefore, the research topic for the given paper is Technology and Environment. Though it will also be necessary to mention the positive outcomes of the use of technology, in the given research, its developing negative impact on the environment is going to be considered.
Among the issues that are currently on the agenda of the environmental issues in developing countries, such problems as pollution, global warming and the following climate change, as well as the exhaustion of natural resources are going to be viewed through a critical lens.
To address the problem efficiently, several papers have been studied. Each of the above-mentioned researches has contributed to the objectivity of the given paper, allowing to address each side of the argument. To be more exact, each article addresses a specific issue related to the technological innovations and the developing states.
To start with, the contamination issue, which is the greatest threat posed by technological advances to the developing countries, is considered in Jen Fela’s article Developing countries face e-waste crisis (2009) in Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment published by The Ecological Society of America.
The article by Mertz, Halsnaes, Olensen and Rasmussen sheds the light on the issue of natural resources reduction (2009) in Adaptation to climate change in developing countries in Environmental Management, 43(5). The problem concerning the emerging diseases is addressed in Pisani’s paper The cancer burden and the cancer control in developing countries (2010) in Environmental Health 10(Suppl. 1):S2.
The impact of technology on modern people and the future generations is yet to be studied. In addition, the aforementioned climate change will possibly trigger new diseases; hence, the results of the technology effects must be considered more closely. Supposedly, with the help of the results of the given research, it will be possible to find a compromise between technological development and environmental stability.
The impact of technology on modern people and the future generations is yet to be studied. In addition, the aforementioned climate change will possibly trigger new diseases; hence, the results of the technology effects must be considered more closely.
Supposedly, with the help of the results of the given research, it will be possible to find a compromise between technological development and environmental stability. Therefore, the given research embraces the major issues that technological advances cause in developing countries.
The given paper uses a fairly simple methodology. With the help of the sampling method as a part of a quantitative research, the most graphic examples of environmental changes are going to be introduced. As far as the qualitative research goes, the analysis of the data, the identification of the key negative factors and the possible solutions are going to be offered.
Although the issue of climate has been brewing for quite long, and the problem seems to have been discussed far and wide, and a number of measures have been undertaken, the conflict between technology and environment remains unresolved in most of the developing states, which predetermines the significance of the given research.
The results of the given research will supposedly help distill the possible means to prevent the negative effects of technological advances from occurring in developing countries.
Waste management has been a bone of contention globally for the past decades especially in developing countries. The major factors that affect the management of waste in cities in developing nations are an ever-increasing quantity of waste generated, overburdened municipal resources because of the increased cost of waste management, and insufficient understanding of the aspects that influence dissimilar phases and linkages required ineffective waste management.
The mechanisms created to curb the menace of waste have been put in place, but waste management is proving difficult in many developing countries. This study will analyze and critique the research article entitled: “Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing Countries” by Guerrero, Maas, and Hogland (2013).
Research Problem
Throughout the article, the authors emphasize a lot on stakeholders as being the driving force of a better waste management system. The research shows how cities in the developing countries have poor waste management systems due to wretched organizational authorities and the lack of sufficient funds. The authors believe that for a waste management system to work, stakeholders should comprise of service users and service providers who assist and understand the needs of one another.
Therefore, the authors have proved that all stakeholders must take part in the reforms of waste management. The article has been able to demonstrate stakeholders as the most important aspect of a well-organized waste management system.
Research Procedures
The article was based on information from two main scientific journals to determine the conduct of stakeholders in waste management practices and analysis of influential aspects in more than 30 metropolises in twenty-two developing nations. Information was gathered from scientific materials, accessible databases, observation after visits to cities, interviews with experts, and questionnaires issued to stakeholders. The authors researched widely and analyzed critically the factors that affect waste management negatively. To come up with determinations, inferential and explanatory techniques were employed.
Flaws in the Procedural Design
The authors argue that similar types of questions were asked to people living in the developing countries in the course of being assessed for their waste management systems. The problem, however, lies amidst the questionnaires that were distributed to stakeholders amongst 8 developing countries in 3 different continents. If the authors would have distributed the questionnaires equally, that is, 3 countries for each continent, it would have been easier to assume the real depiction of the waste management system.
Analysis of the Data
The authors’ data analysis relies on their research information and questionnaires given to an inadequate number of city dwellers in the countries surveyed. The data analysis has splendidly highlighted the common challenges encountered in the countries where the research took place. The authors believe that waste management has been passed over to municipal authorities, who cannot manage waste on their own without support from other stakeholders. The analysis of data established that monetary backing by the central government, efforts by municipal leadership, the involvement of service users, and suitable management of finances are fundamental for the creation of an efficient, sustainable system (Guerrero et al., 2013).
Conclusion
The authors have identified the aspects of waste management and have established the main aspects that may help in the waste management practices. They have analyzed the major factors that assist in waste management. From generation and separation of waste to recycling and treatment of waste, the authors’ research depicts the challenges of waste management and the various ways to enhance the practice. The research shows that with a better and organized municipal authority, together with the central government’s assistance, developing countries stand a chance for better waste management services and improved health for the citizens.
Reference
Guerrero, L. A., Maas, G., & Hogland, W. (2013). Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries. Waste Management, 33(1), 220-232. Web.
As one moves from one country to another, he is able to note the similarities in the lifestyles manifested across different cultures. The world, therefore, has become a small global village. This is attributed to international advertising that makes communication possible between people of different nations. International advertising is meant to promote more sales competitively in developing nations. It has been enhanced through the use of television, radios, print media and social media that rely mostly on the internet.
Different cultures and lifestyles have been adopted by people in different parts of the world. International advertising has come with its positive and negative effects in the developing countries that range from social and economic to the political state of developing nations. In this paper I have researched the positive impacts of international advertising in developing nations.
Essay Body
Information dissemination across many developing countries is now easier. This is due to the common modes that advertising companies use to pass information to people in developing countries. The codes used have become universally accepted, thus, understanding of them is very easy. Many countries are able to communicate effectively with minimal misunderstanding. Advertising reinforces some social roles, values and language. It introduces goods from one country to another resulting in sudden or gradual changes in lifestyles in a given society. It creates a desire for the good western lifestyles in third world countries, thus increasing the demand of products from the west. (Douglas and Craig, 2002).
The major aim of international advertising is to sell products and services to people around the globe. It persuades people to buy and accept lifestyles originating from the west. As a result, trade activities have been boosted as people in developing nations buy goods and services from the American continent, thus improving their GDP of trading countries. As a result of advertising, trading activities have been expanding into the third world countries that want to consume American imported products. It has provided job opportunities in various fields ranging from trade and production to advertising in various media (MacRury, 2009).
Advertising has achieved standardized development that has given birth to transnational culture around the world characterized by common themes. Advertisers tend to rely on common themes so as to capture a bigger market in developing nations. They study the trends in fashion, beauty and luxury, especially in the youth of these nations. These themes have led to the competition amongst advertisers, thus improving their creativity so as to persuade more people to use their products as well as accept their culture.
Transnational culture has helped to eliminate diverse cultural variables. It has replaced it with a universal one, in which people believe to live in a modern way that they perceive to be good (Noreen, 2010).
Noreen (2010) observes that international advertising has led to adoption of western culture as seen in children who incorporate what they see in television commercials, in their daily games. An American, therefore, who happens to visit these third world countries will feel to be at home as he sees everything being familiar (in culture, goods and services). He further says that goods from America are often cheaper and more effective.
The International Advertising Association (IAA) has helped a great deal to uphold commercial freedom of speech and the advertising industry. The IAA’s mission is to champion for the suppression of controlled commercial speech. The IAA argues that as long as the advertising is done responsively, those who engage in it should not be controlled. It acts as an advocate of choice for both business markets and consumers.
It is through IAA that political parties support the freedom of commercial speech and advertising. The IAA, for example, was involved in contesting for the ban imposed on American products both locally and internationally to promote the consumption of the banned commodities from the markets. The IAA has, therefore, laid a foundation that championed for the rights of the media in disseminating information (Vanderkochhove, 2002).
International advertising allows customers to compare and chose what kind of products to consume. As a result, competition is stiff to produce quality goods for sale and scramble for the market in the third world countries. Companies in competition are compelled to reduce the prices of their products so that they can make more sales. Innovation and more creativity are of more importance in persuading more customers to consume their products. As a result, advertising leads to the growth of economies by encouraging more consumption. Consequently, living standards have improved by a wide margin as people are able to access and use products of high quality (Vanderkochhove, 2002).
In third world countries, western advertisements have helped a great deal to sensitize women on their freedoms and rights. Traditionally, men suppress women’s rights making them be used as tools for men’s satisfaction. The suppression is worse in areas where income and class inequality is extreme. Western advertising helps to promote a true positive picture of a woman in society in terms of her roles in development. Western advertising propagates equality of all people that exist in a given community (Vanderkochhove, 2002)
Advertising supports the media industry by paying for the adverts, thus, creating and sustaining jobs opportunities. It encourages creativity and quality writing by programmers so that they can get the attention of the customer. Advertising, therefore, provides funding and promotes technological development and innovations of various modes of communication in developing countries (Mooij, 2004).
Advertising has been used as a tool of informing and educating people in developing countries on various topics. The information is meant to help the consumer differentiate between many products in the market and also give information about the use of the product. Advertising is, therefore, necessary as in minimizes chances of misusing or abusing the products. This advertising aspect gives the buyer an opportunity to make a choice on whether the product type is desired to suit the need. On the other hand, advertising helps developing nations to identify what its citizens need so that they can use it as a window of opportunity to develop their industries. It helps developing nations to exercise control of such demanded goods to favor the growth of their local industries (Mooij, 2004).
Conclusion
In conclusion, international advertising has more positive aspects as compared to negative ones. This is evident from the education, competition, product innovation, creation of jobs, it provides a variety of entertainment in sports and music. It advocates for independent, pluralistic, affordable media that creates a strong foundation for a democracy in developing nations. Advertising has made the world a small global village with similar international cultures that are depicted in many countries. International advertising is the reason for improved living standards in developing nations.
References
Douglas, S. & Craig, S. (2002). International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, Volume 12. Oxford: Elsevier. Web.
MacRury, I. (2009). Advertising. London: Routledge. Web.
Mooij, M. (2004). Consumer behavior and culture. Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage Publications. Web.
Noreen, J. (2011). Advertising and global culture: The electronic era. Cultural Survival. Web.
VandeKerckhove, M. (2002). The Purpose of Advertising Defined. Web.
Political independence brought young countries harsh difficulties including the problems with education;
Children in such countries do not have access to high-quality education due to the poor technological, social, and economic development.
After gaining political independence, young countries faced severe financial difficulties caused by long colonial robbery and continued economic dependence on the imperialist powers. Nowadays, the problem of socio-cultural transformations, including a fundamental restructuring of the education system and adapting it to the needs of socio-economic recovery is of paramount importance (Burnett, 2014). The improvement of the educational system should be conducted per the requirements of modern science and technology.
Challenges
To provide children and young generation with adequate education;
The education should meet the demands of the national development;
To make education accessible to all representatives of society regardless of the social status.
Why do these challenges matter?
Governments are responsible for the reformation of education to provide their nations with learning opportunities;
The economic independence cannot be achieved in the country where people are illiterate;
The development of education is directly connected to the socio-economic improvement of the country.
In is necessary to give the young generation education that meets the needs of national development and involves in the educational process a significant amount of population. The prominent role in the solution of these challenges belongs to the governments. The improvement of education in countries is based on the state plan of socio-economic development of the country. The reformation of education and training is one of the important tasks of the struggle for economic independence, a constituent part of a complex of measures aimed at overcoming underdevelopment (Guthrie, 2011). Without solving this task, the consolidation of political independence and gaining economic independence is impossible.
Current difficulties
Almost two hundred million people who are no more than thirty years old have never visited a primary school (Marshall, Kinuthia, & Taylor, 2009);
One of eight young people is unemployed and over a quarter is busy at work
The colonial education system has left one more heritage: higher education is disproportionately developed in comparison with primary and secondary school. As a result, there is the educated elite, some of which cannot find a job after college or university. It is well-known that information technology is one of the main factors of economic growth. Developing countries are doing their best to approach the level of developed countries of the assessment of electronic devices in the field of education. However, whereas the smartphone has become the part of everyday life in some countries, some still do not even have access to television, and, consequently, to the source of information and knowledge.
Recommendations for further negotiations
As far as the United Nations Development Programme is ready to contribute significantly to the development of the educational system, it is of great importance to present guidelines. These directions predetermine the further development and should serve as the proof for UN exemplifying the intention to reform education. The prescribed guidelines are as follows:
To supply schools with computers;
To establish a system of distant learning;
To promote the development of learning through video lectures;
To assist the government in educational reforms;
To monitor the implementations of the educational reforms.
It would be a new direction for the UNDP to establish a well-structured system of the distance learning in the DCs. Video-lectures represent one of the cheapest ways to increase the educational level in the developing countries. This practice has already started by the non-commercial organizations consisting of volunteers from all over the world (Kennepohl & Shaw, 2010). Video-lectures based on the curriculum will contribute not only to education but also stimulate local teachers to broaden their knowledge of the subject and share the experience of foreign colleagues.
Reference List
Burnett, N. (2014). International education policies, issues, and challenges. In G. Carbonnier, M. Carton & K. King (Eds.), Education, learning, training: Critical issues for development (pp. 27-36). Boston, USA: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Guthrie, G. (2011). The progressive education fallacy in developing countries. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
Kennepohl, D., & Shaw, L. (2010). Accessible elements. Edmonton, United Kingdom: AU Press.
Marshall, S., Kinuthia, W., & Taylor, W. (2009). Bridging the knowledge divide. Charlotte, USA: Information Age Publishing.
The international economy has greatly changed over the last decades owing to the forces of globalization, liberalization of markets, and technology. The economy and operations of each nation have been integrated with those of other nations across the globe. Through globalization, it has been inevitable for countries to work without cooperation with others.
The international economy is characterized by increased trade activities in the global platform. New markets and opportunities have been opened up, thus boosting trade and expansion of GDP for the countries. There has however been heated debate on the value of the international economy in serving the interests of developing nations.
Research and analysis by leading economists has shown that the international economy is both advantageous and disastrous. Despite the numerous opportunities presented by the international economy, barriers in realizing national interests of developing countries have been reported. Based on research, the international economy is a force of capitalism and is only beneficial to the developed countries.
This gives a clear opinion that the international economy is to a bigger extent limiting the interests of developing countries. This essay will discuss and analyze the ways in which the international economy limits developing countries’ interests.
At present, few or no country has remained unaffected by the international economy. Some countries have greatly benefited from globalization, while others have fallen victims.
The international economy offers great opportunities for growth and trade with countries, thus boosting national economic growth and development. This has however not been the case for many developing countries, which have grown poorer due to the international economy.
The international economy has created an unstable and polarized world in the long run. This has caused protests of developing countries regarding the international economy. These protests have however been given a deaf hear by developed countries who are practically controlling the international economy.
The current form of the international economy has done more harm than good in the sense that it only enhances inequality between developed and developing nations (Chua 102).
A huge gap between developed and developing countries has resulted in the 21st century due to the international economy. Through globalization of the economy, the world has been polarized between the rich and poor countries. The developing countries have been put in a compromised situation, thus crippling them to severe poverty. A point of concern is that the international economy is nothing but a tool of capitalism.
This only benefits the developed countries since they have the power to control the market forces by formulating policies which favor their economy. Alongside the creation of the huge gulf between developed and developing nations, the international economy seeks to limit the dominance of individual nations.
The reasons for exploitation of the poor countries should not be seen to originate from the rich countries but rather outside the control of rich countries. This gives an insight on the nature and environment of trade offered by international economy, which only favors the developed countries.
The issues of technology, capital, human power, and political stability favor the rich countries. These are issues are beyond the control of the rich countries, but work in their favor, thus compromising the performance of developing countries in international markets (Held and McGrew 35).
International economy as the herald of inequality
Opponents of international economy disagree with the knowledge that it creates fairness in distribution of wealth and provision of trade opportunities. The bottom-line concerning the nature of the international economy is that it is a tool of capitalism and only cultivates inequality between nations.
The developing countries are hereby put in a compromised environment offered by international economy that favors the developed countries. It is true that the international economy has opened up trade, media, better technologies, and steered economic growth. However, this assumption does not outweigh the knowledge that the international market has created an unfavorable environment for inequality and unfair competition.
The reasons why so many people around the globe have a negative perception towards the country, which is seen as the new global marketplace is due to the limitations offered by globalization to the developing nations. The United States of America is at the center of debate due to its role in enhancing the global economy.
Being a capitalist nation, the US only looks forward to enhancing its economic prospects at the expense of poor countries. This is a clear justification that the international economy only creates a favorable ground for capitalism and the rich countries (Stiglitz 57).
The international economy is guided by capitalistic structures which have ended up exploiting the developing nations. This market structure has only heightened unfair competition and increased inequality between poor and rich countries. The developed countries led by the US have dominated the global free market. This is only a tip of the iceberg which signifies that the global economy is a platform for the rich but not the poor countries.
Through the rapidly increasing global economic integration, some of the poorest countries have even reported a declining per capita income. This is in spite that the US and other developed countries have enjoyed per capita increase.
For instance, the sub-Saharan Africa countries have been noted to experience a 1.2% decline in per capita while that of the US increased by 1.9% from 1980 to 1998. These statistics give a clear picture of the inequality created by the global economy (David 72).
Integration and expansion of the international economy have heightened poverty levels in developing countries. The number of people living in subject poverty has widened rather than declined over the last three decades. The declining living standards and economic position of the developing countries should not be viewed as a result of poor governance but as a result of inequality created by the global economy.
The US ideology has dominated the international economy in exploitative poor countries. The US-conceived globalization is exploitative to the developing nations and has led to inequalities in wealth distribution and trade.
The issue of multinational corporations should be viewed as a huge barrier to the realization of economic growth in developing nations. These big businesses offer undue competition to small businesses in developing countries, thus chasing them out of business (Stiglitz 57).
The market inequality and exploitation presented by the international economy is a limitation to developing countries’ interests. The mode of production and trade in the global markets is capitalist in nature. The developed countries take the opportunities presented by globalization to enrich themselves at the expense of the poor countries.
Developed countries exploit the poor countries through the sell of cheap, capital intensive products at very high prices. This is in relation to the developing nations who sell tools of production, raw materials, and labor at throw away price. International markets assure rich countries of ready market for their high priced products and steady supply of cheap raw materials and labor from poor countries.
In regards to this scenario, precedence for long lasting inequality and exploitation is set which inhibits poor countries from actualizing their economic objectives. Alongside the price disparities of commodities traded in international markets, poor countries have been deprived of money circulation and left with unbalanced foreign trade accounts due to the importation of highly priced finished goods (Chua 102).
Globalised economies have created inequality and dominance of the rich countries. The rich countries have dominated key sectors of the global economy like information technology. This dominance of sensitive sectors of the economy has limited the potentials of poor countries in realizing their goals.
The developed countries use this economic and political dominance to exploit the poorer nations through weaker environmental laws, low wages, and other factors which enable them to dominate global markets.
Poor countries are no longer used as potential markets for high priced finished goods, but also as sources of cheap labor. This is a capitalist approach which has dominated the global economy by exploiting the developing countries (Stiglitz 57).
The continued dominance of developed countries as well as the relationship with poor countries is only sustained through manipulation. The benefits of international economy do not guarantee their persistent participation but rather the manipulation and dependence on developed countries. The developed western nations like the UK and US use their economic and political power to manipulate the poor countries.
The institutions of globalization like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank are used by rich countries to press and manipulate the developing countries. In this perspective, the structure of global economy inhibits fair trade and thus limits the interests of developing countries.
Developing countries have continued to protest against the double standards adopted in global trade with little or no success. The policies, trade agreements, and economic institutions are aligned to the interests of developed countries. The loan policies of the IMF and World Bank are tools of neo-liberal capitalist policies (Chua 102).
Developing countries have been forced or manipulated to liberalize their markets prematurely. Without the strong economic potential like their developed nations counterparts, poor nations have only been put in a compromised state for exploitation. The neo-liberal policies set by the World Bank and the IMF are doctored by the developed nations to exploit poor nations.
These global economic policies require developing nations to do away with trade regulations so as to attract foreign investors. In spite of the fact international economy is an opportunity for economic growth; it ends up damaging the economic prospects of the poor countries. By liberalizing the domestic markets of poor countries, unfair competition is created by the multinational corporations.
It is sad to note that most of the developed nations even exempt themselves from harmful policies advocated by the World Bank and IMF. Based on this analysis, the international economy only deprives poor countries what they deserve and give room for rich countries to capitalize on the weaknesses and opportunities of the poor nations (Held and McGrew 35).
International Economy as tool of absolute dominance
The huge economic disparity between the rich and poor countries is a recipe for dominance. The platform offered by international economy favors the rich countries at the expense of poor nations. The global economy is very competitive and only favors the economically and politically empowered. In regards to production and trade, the rich countries are better placed.
This is in regard to their technological know-how as well as capital empowerment. The developing countries are technologically backward and lack the high capital requirements to sustain market competition with developed countries. As a result of this scenario, the developing countries’ interests are compromised (Chua 102).
The developed nations, mostly the US, have dominated the global economy through manipulation and coercion. By adopting the capitalist ideology, the developed nations have been able to replace their selfish and greedy image with a compassionate one. The global economy is governed by capitalistic structures that are used by developed nations to bring about economic and political dominance.
A good example of tools of manipulation and dominance is the foreign aid. This is a deception used by developed countries to advance their interests in the global economy. The percentage of GNP of developed nations used as foreign aid is wanting. This is despite the ignorance of developing countries, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa which have fallen prey to the trickery of rich countries.
Foreign trade is adequately used in the international economy to seek economic favors and fair trade agreements. This capitalist approach has led to more harm than good to the developing countries (Held and McGrew 35).
The forces of capitalism have encroached into the global market in an uncontrolled way. With liberalized markets, developed nations use their power to exploit the potentials of poor countries. Capitalism in international has led the poor countries to grow in extreme poverty rather than help them to overcome their problems.
Opponents of international economy offer insightful ideas on the manner in which poor nations have been held hostage by the rich nations. The use of medical aid, dollars, food aid, and military aid to poor nations is aimed at dominating them and making them live at the mercies of western nations. Foreign aid is exploitatively used to give favors to rich nations on exploitative economic deals.
For instance, developing nations are manipulated to keep importing expensive products from developed countries, while being coerced to export cheap raw materials to the same countries. This scenario explains why the poor nations will continue to grow in poverty due to their exploitation in international trade (Stiglitz 57).
Lack of fair and transparent market structures in the global economy leaves loopholes for exploitation and dominance of the developing nations. The current structure of the international marketplace favors developed countries like UK and US. The developed countries are conscious of their economic strengths and weaknesses and create regulations favoring all aspects of their economy at the expense of poor countries.
It is notable that the developed countries ensure protection of their weaker segments of the economy while encourage poor countries to liberalize all segments of their economy. This opens pure competition in developing countries, thus catalyzing unfair competition. The overall economic policies and regulations are not fair to developing countries.
This scenario creates a barrier in the fulfillment of the interests of the poor countries. The use of political manipulations in the international economy is rampant and unacceptable.
Most of the developing nations are governed by rogue regimes which coalesce with rich countries to serve their interests with this in mind, the poor countries will continue to suffer from exploitation by the rich countries if fairness in the international economy is not restored (Dunklin 1).
Weakening the position of poor countries in global economy
Poor nations have been made vulnerable to catastrophic competition, which has weakened their position in the international economy. The perception that globalization has made poor countries vulnerable to unfair competition cannot be assumed. This is attributed to the huge gap between the rich and poor which has continued to widen instead of narrowing.
Multinational corporations are the main force behind the weakening of the developing countries’ economies. Multinational corporations not only create employment and revenues for the government but also enhance capitalist exploitation. Developing nations are deprived of their potential labor and natural resources by foreign companies.
This is a great catastrophe in the endeavors of realizing sustainable development. Most of the prime natural resources are exhausted by multinationals hence leaving the developing nations with no reserves. This phenomenon is more of harm to poor countries than benefit. This is because the natural resources are exploited and exhausted at a very minimal price or benefit to the nations (Chase-Dunn 62).
Alongside the depletion of national resources and labor, multinational companies kill domestic companies. The competitive environment offered by the global economy is not favorable for developing countries. The young industries of developing countries are not in a position to compete with foreign companies. This is attributed to the technological and capital disparities which give the foreign companies a competitive advantage.
Due to economies of scale, multinational companies are able to produce goods and services at minimal prices and maintain high quality. This is the main reason why multinational companies enjoy monopoly power since they have left no room for domestic companies to grow (Held and McGrew 35).
Import trade is also a disaster for developing countries’ interests and economic growth. The liberalized market structures created by the global economy have encouraged unfair trade. Poor countries are forced to import cheap and better quality products from developing nations. This is simply because the domestic companies can not compete with foreign companies in terms of quality and price.
The high capital endowment and technological knowhow facilitate economies of scale and standardization, thus ensuring high quality and relatively low prices for commodities. In such a scenario, the domestic market in developing nations is made captive of imported products. The import trade and policies are biased in the sense that they favor import and discourage export in developing nations.
Poor countries are manipulated with foreign aid to waive or reduce import duties so as to boost imports and restrain exports. This is a malicious initiative by developed nations whose main goal is to capitalize on the prime opportunities offered by poor countries (Chase-Dunn 62).
Ecological damages are also severely suffered by developing nations due to the global economy. There is a strong link between economic operations and ecological management. The developed nations have engaged in unfair relationships with poor nations aimed at exploiting their natural resources. The developed countries pose a severe problem to developing countries since they try to manage their environment.
This is mainly because natural resources have remained a key element in developing countries’ exports. The global economy has created instability in developing nations, thus limiting them from managing their natural resources. The low priced tagged on natural resources has led to exploitation in order to balance foreign trade payments. This leads to unsustainable production.
Poor nations are facing unbearable foreign debt. In relation with this scenario, the developing nations are put pressure to exploit their natural resources in the endeavors of servicing debt.
Environmental deterioration as well as natural resource depletion is inevitable in developing nations due to the vulnerability they have been subjected to by rich countries. Long-term development in poor countries is hereby compromised due to environmental deterioration (Chase-Dunn 62).
The encroachment and operations of multinational corporations in developed countries are intertwined with political and economic relations. These are relationships, made for convenience and only benefit the multinationals but not the developing countries. Multinational corporations have sought to deal with developing countries in consumer goods industries that are labor intensive.
This is a strategy aimed at exploiting the cheap labor offered by the developing countries. As a result of this relationship, the developing nations have been left to suffer from the violation of labor standards.
Through the immense economic and political powers of the multinational corporations, the citizens of poorer countries continue to suffer. This is due to the massive violation of labor laws regarding working environment and remunerations (Wallerstein 42).
Developing countries have remained attractive to multinational corporations due to their relative abundance of unskilled and low-skilled labor. This is a competitive advantage to the foreign companies which are enabled to produce export goods at cheaper costs. The net benefit goes to the foreign companies rather than the developing countries.
Alongside the exploitation of labor, the operations of foreign companies lead to massive destruction of the environment. Developing nations offer raw materials to multinational corporations at very low cost. This has led to exploitation and exhaustion of the resources, thus heightening poverty levels in developing countries (Chase-Dunn 62).
The extent of the global economy into developing countries only gives power to the holders of capital, who are in this case are the rich nations. Global financial institutions are used wealthy nations to manipulate and exploit developing nations. The immense power of global financial institutions and multinational firms manipulate economic policies in their favor.
The labor markets in developing nations have been most affected by the global economy, whereby it has been weakened. Workers in developing nations have been denied the freedom of unions and movement from country to another thus impairing their bargaining power.
This is an exploitative approach which is dominating the global economy. In reference to the growth of the international economy, membership in unions has been shown to decline significantly, where unions are facing more challenges than before.
All these problems facing the labor market in poor countries as a result of the global economy. Multinationals, foreign investors and global economic institutions impose labor constraints which restrain wage increase and participation in unions (Wallerstein 42).
Poverty and increased dependence of developing countries
Despite that it is a complex task to prove the direct link between global economy and poverty in developing countries; studies of different scholars have ascertained that international economy trends have heightened dependency and poverty in developing countries. The effects of international economy on poverty and dependence are due to increased competition.
Foreign trade, investment and government borrowing are key issues of concern which has enhanced poverty in developing countries. The position of poor countries in the global economy has been compromised by western powers.
This has led to increased dependence and poverty rather than benefits. Since the 1980s, the global economy has grown tremendously and has brought more suffering to poor nations than good. The depletion of natural resources and killing of domestic industries are the main causes of poverty and dependency in poor countries (Chase-Dunn 62).
The robust growth of the international economy is disastrous to developing nations. Through globalised economy, growth of developing nations has been made uneven. The total share of developing nations in the international economy has also declined over the years. In this case, the interests of these poor countries to actualize economic growth are limited.
Many developing countries have only found them in a compromised state in reference to the liberalized markets. The deficiencies of developing countries in economic structures and stability have led to exploitation.
The poor infrastructure and societal institutions of developing nations are outweighed by the sophisticated technologies, capital stability and socioeconomic and political powers of the developed nations. The nature of products and services offered by developing countries in international markets are not competitive. This is because most of these developing countries are dependent on agriculture and natural resources.
The developing nations only produce raw materials which are low priced in the global scale. The gap and difference in products dealt by developed and developing nations has led to interdependence in trade.
This is however not a mutual or sustainable relationship since it has led to unbalanced foreign trade. This is attributed to the excessive and high priced imports of developing nations compared to low export to developed nations (Singh 31).
Support for international economy and its benefits to developing countries’ interests
The international economy has faced a lot of criticism due to its limitation to developing countries’ interests. However, these criticisms have not taken into account the benefits the international economy may have on the interests of poor countries. Despite that the global market favors developed countries of the West; it has been supported for its ability to inhibit absolute dominance by any single country.
Political and economic interdependence has been cultivated by the globalised economy. For instance, multinational corporations are bound to obey laws in countries where they operate. This is an indication of the nature of the international economy, where it leads to interdependence between countries.
The establishment of global financial institutions like IMF, WTO, and UN regulates the operations trade in the global economy. This is good for developing countries in the sense that their interests are protected (Dunklin 1).
The international economy has also opened economic growth in developing countries. The global economy has come as a relief to developing countries in the sense that it has opened up development. Many poor nations have been opened up for trade and made new centers of growth. This is because the global economy has come with diverse opportunities for countries.
The provision of a ready market for goods and services in developing countries has economic benefits. Foreign investment and multinational corporations have helped developing nations to utilize natural resources. This is in relation to the limited capital and technological know-how of many developing nations. Job creation and improvement of living standards are also scenarios worth praising.
In this case, multinational corporations and foreign investment steers economic growth by creating employment and provision of revenues for the government. This has in turn helped in reducing poverty and improving living standards (David 72).
Conclusion
The international economy has profoundly affected all countries over the last couple of decades. While the global economy has benefited some nations, some are in constant protests due to the limitations they have experienced in the globalised economy. In regards to the developing countries, the international economy has been of harm than benefit. The interests of poor countries have been compromised by developed countries.
The international economy is capitalistic in nature and is a tool for exploiting poor nations. The international economy has limited attainment of developing countries’ interests through exploitative economic policies, multinational corporations, manipulative foreign aid, and biases in global financial institutions. Wealthier nations have dominated the developed countries inhibited their economic growth.
On the contrary, poor countries have benefited from increased employment, expansion of trade, and improvement of living standards. The disadvantages of international economy on poor countries outweigh the benefits, thus calling for caution while operating in the global markets.
There is no doubt that poor countries will remain victims of the capitalistic global economy, hence inhibiting the realization of their visions. A thorough review of the structures and mechanism of the global economy is paramount so as to ensure fairness and realization of developing countries’ interests.
Works Cited
Chase-Dunn, Christopher. Global Formation, New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998. Print.
Chua, Amy. World on Fire: How exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability, New York: Anchor Books, 2003, Print.
David, Dollar. Globalization, Inequality, and Poverty since 1980, New Jersey: Wiley & Sons Press, 2001. Print.
