The article states that females establish a strong interaction with the art of design. Thus, they appear in multiple roles, which are central in the sphere: women work as designers, models; they contemplate the art of design from the positions of consumers, critics, historians, etc.
However, the expert argues that the connection is stimulated by the feminist theory, which took a firm ground in the contemporary society. Therefore, the primary objective of the article is to provide an insight into the world of design as well as to examine the art engagement of women in the context of patriarchate.
Initially, the article analyses the role of women designers in the history of design.
According to the authors argument, the theory of modern art grew on a fundament of industrial relations and capitalism. Such social tendencies provoked a strong positioning of patriarchate not only as the home regulation but as the business principle as well.
Since women have been identified with designers more often than males, the role of a designer was diminished. Specifically, the production of industry surpassed design products in value. Moreover, it was deduced that the global community gave preference to the industrial work over domestic production, which have been correlated with women designers.
Finally, the author acknowledges that the history of art challenged female design in the context of craft theory. Thus, the historians claimed that exclusively mass-produced works might have been positioned as the art designs.
In contrast to it, women, according to their nature, were rather interested in the development of their artistic skills through the creation of unique hand-made works. Therefore, the role of a woman as a designer has long been prejudiced in the context of a strong industrialized society.
The article estimates the contributions of a woman to art design in the role of a consumer and an object. The author correlates females with the underestimated design consumers. Thus, he states that the standing of a woman as a design consumer has long been neglected for two reasons.
First, the patriarchate theory of social development launched a tendency to believe that females could be perceived only in the shade of males. Specifically, the role of a woman as a housewife influenced many male designers, who disregarded the art preferences of female consumers. Second, the theory suggests that women are leading easy lives for their work is facilitated with machinery such as vacuum-cleaners, wash machines, etc.
In the opposite, males have to cope with the undertaking industry challenges. Therefore, a particular shape of a female representation in design consummation was created. Consequently, the picture of a woman as a baby-sitter and a cook became heavily advertised on television, which certified the existence of gender divide in the area of design.
Finally, the last point for discussion, which is disclosed by the author, is the thematic content of the art production that is created by females. According to the theory, which is called the rules of the game, women designers revealed the tendency to positioning their roles as pivotal to the global community. This tendency has not been accepted by the capitalist society.
That is why, the major books on art design have excluded females from design development. Moreover, any innovative art movements such as modernism were disregarded as long as the objects of art were assigned to women. Therefore, the feminism theory defined the origin of the art design and hindered the quality of design improvement (Buckley 260).
Works Cited
Buckley, Cheryl. Made in Patriarchy: Toward a Feminist Analysis of Women and Design. In Design Discourse: History, Theory, Criticism. Ed. Val Margolin. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1989. 251262. Print.
The book Tactical Urbanism 2: Short-Term Action, Long-Term Change is concerned with the implementation of an approach to organization of the urban space which has gained the name of tactical urbanism. This approach can be characterized by five main features:
an intentional, step-by-step inciting of changes in the urban space;
the utilization of ideas aimed at the transformation of space that were offered by local rather than central entities;
the employment of actions aimed at reaching short-term, realistic goals;
the decrease in risks connected to the changes in city space, which is combined with possibly greater benefits;
the advancement of social capital among the dwellers of the space that is to be transformed, and the creation of organizational networks between both public and private institutions, non-profit and non-governmental organizations, and their elements (Lydon et al. 1-2).
On the whole, it can be summarized that the approach proposes to use the resources of the local residents and organizations in order to create locally-based entities (usually non-institutionalized ones, without rigid structure and with flexible elements, such as grassroots networks) aimed at changing the urban space by carrying out transformations proposed by the members of these entities. The entities should offer sustainable transformations that would be realistic and could be carried out by only using the efforts of these entities; that is, the entities should be self-sufficient.
The Short- and Long-Term Goals of Tactical Urbanism
The short-term goals
In the short term, the tactical urbanism is aimed at the implementation of relatively small-scale projects and ideas which would result in a positive change in the urban space. These projects may be aimed at promoting new (or old, but currently neglected) ideas of the spaces organization, or testing ideas by transforming the space temporarily.
The scale of the projects depends on what kind of participants the entity which carries out the ideas is comprised of; for instance, if the entity consists of activists local dwellers and participants of non-profit/non-governmental organizations, it is likely that they would not have a significant budget, and could only carry out semi-legal activities such as Ad-Busting or Weed-Bombing (Lydon et al. 33, 36); on the other hand, including local businesses and governmental organizations may allow for the implementation of more costly projects, such as Build a Better Block (Lydon et al. 13).
The long-term goals
In the long term, the tactical urbanism is aimed at economizing resources by rejecting transformations which proved to be ineffectual or unpopular, and making permanent the changes which proved worthwhile whilst they were implemented in the short term. Another goal is to promote the ideas that are currently inconsistent with e.g. legal requirements, but could prove effectual should they be carried out.
For instance, in the U.S., the Ad-Busting activists are known to combat the utilization of public space as the space for commerce and advertising. Whereas the advertising is often compliant with the legal requirements, the Ad-Busting activities may give a signal to the local authorities to make the public space free of the commerce. In fact, in certain cities, such as São Paulo (Brazil), advertising is known to have been banned (Lydon et al. 33); the promotion of similar regulations might be conducted in other places.
The Reasons for the Tactical Part of the Tactical Urbanism Term
The tactical urbanism method is labeled tactical due to the fact that it is mostly aimed at the implementation of short-term goals, and offers methods which, in most cases, change the city space here and now. It does not involve large-scale, long-term strategic projects like the building of houses, city blocks, and other activities which should be planned ahead for decades. Instead, it aims to transform the space between the existing major elements of cityscape, making it more comfortable for living. Even the long-term goals of tactical urbanism often propose relatively minor (even though significant) changes in the city space.
How Would Tactical Urbanism Work in New Orleans, Louisiana?
Tactical urbanism could work in some areas of New Orleans, Louisiana, but not in the whole city. It is important to stress that this city is highly urbanized, and that large numbers of people live in a relatively small area. In the central part of the city, there are fewer opportunities to implement the ideas of tactical urbanism than in the areas where there is a larger amount of free, unused space. Some tactics such as Pavements to Plazas or Pavements to Parks might be employed in residential areas, whereas Informal Bike Parking can be utilized in business areas (Lydon et al. 19-20, 30).
In Which Areas Would Tactical Urbanism Work Well, and in Which Ones Badly?
It is possible to state that tactical urbanism would work best in areas where there is relatively much unused, poorly used, or misused space. For instance, it can be utilized on large plazas or squares where it is possible to carry out minor transformations and shifts of the existing elements of the place to make it freer and more people-friendly; or in residential areas, where green wedges can be promoted; or in business centers, where there are large parking areas which are empty during the weekend.
In addition, the American cities are known to be overloaded with cars (Week 9, Lec 25). Thus, it is possible to employ tactical urbanism in large cities to promote car-free zones for pedestrians and reduce the car pollution; it might be aimed at the introduction of a ban of cars and the promotion of bicycles and public transport. Also, in the situations when the different institutions responsible for the organization of the public space coordinate poorly, the cityscape can be utilized badly (Week 9, Lec 26); in this situation, it is also possible to employ tactical urbanism so as to close the gaps caused by the poor coordination, and perhaps to increase the degree of collaboration between the organizations.
On the other hand, tactical urbanism might work less effectively in crumpled places where there is a significant dearth of space. For instance, the streets of Manhattan, where most buildings are skyscrapers, where there are numerous people and cars, and every single bit of space is utilized (and where, e.g., the ban on cars would lead to severe damage to the industries), the use of tactical urbanism might prove ineffectual. However, some ideas (such as Micromixing (Lydon et al. 39)) might work effectively in some parts of these areas as well.
Ideas for the Use of Tactical Urbanism in New Orleans, Louisiana
It is possible to employ the methods of tactical urbanism in the city of New Orleans. For instance, one of the citys districts that might use this is the downtown area of the city. Even in spite of the fact that this is a business area in which, for example, there are skyscrapers, and space is often lacking, it is possible to use some tactics here. For example, some parts of the sidewalks might be utilized in order to introduce temporary green spaces to the place, e.g., by turning to such methods as Parkmobiles (Lydon et al. 36); however, it could perhaps only be employed during the weekends.
On the other hand, since there are also low buildings in this part of the city, and most of them have flat roofs, it might be offered to employ these roofs in order to create some green plantations. Clearly, it is paramount to make sure that the roofs will be capable of carrying these plants, so perhaps it might be advised to plant bushes on the roofs. In any case, safety measures should be taken while doing so (for instance, to prevent roots from destroying the buildings). Another possibility of making this part of the city greener is growing some plants such as the ivy so that they would cover the walls of some buildings; however, this would require the permission and cooperation of a very large number of local residents and organizations.
These ideas might be considered an element of the tactical urbanism methods due to the fact that they propose to make use of underemployed parts of the cityscape and transform it to attain some realistic goals in the short term. While introducing plants similar to the ivy on the walls of buildings might be hard, creating plantations of bushes and watering them could prove easier.
It is important to stress that there are usually many cars and people in the area, so the additional number of plants can be useful to improve the quality of the air, which is rather polluted. While this will not significantly improve the appearance of the city as it is seen from the ground, it might help to reduce the negative impact of the pollution on the residents of New Orleans and on the people working there.
Each period of development of our society is characterized by some unique phenomena which took place in the world of art. Ancient times gave the world wonderful shapes and forms of antiquity. Renaissance presented us with a constellation of artists which changed the whole image of art and created unique masterpieces which became priceless. However, it is possible to determine some regularity in gradual development of art. Periods of history, which can be associated with some important events or stresses which influenced society, can also be connected with a blistering development of art. This mutual dependence is obvious. Having obtained new drive and impulse, people start their development looking for new forms as existing ways to express their feelings are too old fashioned and cannot satisfy demands of society any more. That is why, it is very interesting to observe and analyze artworks which belong to the most important periods of our history.
Taking this statement into account, it is possible to analyze art of the beginning of the 20th century. First of all, it should be said that it was very uneasy period of the history. Majority of states in the world had entered the new age with some old problems. That is why, beginning of the new century can be characterized by a search for decisions. One of them was industrialization. Being in the first place industrial process, it though, touched all spheres of life of society including art. Idea of industrialization supposed creation of new, more modern and functional mechanisms. That is why artists also tried to find some new solutions to old questions, hoping to find unique methods and create some new approaches. Each of them had its own unique point of view to changes which happened. The theme of threat and promise was actual as many people saw not only advantages in blistering development of industry. A great number of artists tried to show their own feelings and warn society in their works. Industrialization also triggered a lot of other processes. Urbanization was one of them. Mass building of plants promoted income of work force in cities and as a result they started their growth. This fact also influenced development of art as artists wanted their works to be actual and play into the urban interior. New forms and materials combined with new colors and shapes were peculiar for the beginning of the 20th century.
Arthur Heygate Mackmurdo was one of the artists whose works were influenced by all these processes. He is known to be a founder of the Century Guild of Artists, the organization which main aim was to save and preserve artistic trade and originality of craftsmen. That was the reaction to developing industry. This organization is also known as a forerunner of the Art and Craft movement. Its members were for craft and unique production. which was almost pushed out by industrial manufacture. Moreover, one of the aims of this movement was to unify different directions of art in order to create one unique phenomena, which will be able to answer challenges of modern age. This attempt can be seen in works of Arthur Mackmurdo. Analyzing the chair made by him, it is possible to state some facts.
First of all, it is rather clear that this chair is an attempt to combine old tendencies with the new ones. The legs and the seat of the chair are made in traditional way, though its back shows new approach to art, peculiar to the beginning of the 20th century (Fleming 745). Complicated ornament of the back underlines development of industry and crafts which was promoted by industrialization. The artist embodied his idea of unification of art. This chair can be taken as a symbol of processes which happened in the art of the 20th century. This chair would be suitable to some interior of the new century, though it still reflects past events. This combination of elements helps to create the whole image and understand the epoch better.
To understand peculiarities of the art of 20th century better and analyze all important tendencies, it is possible to look at another example of the art of this age. It is another chair made by Christopher Dresser. This artist is usually considered to be the first industrial designer and modernist. Dresser addressed the constraints as well as the strengths of the machine in the manufacture of domestic utilitarian objects (Oshinsky para. 1). Moreover, inspired by culture of Japan, he tried to add some Japanese motifs to his works. Nevertheless, the most important fact is, that he also was influenced by such phenomenon as industrialization. He tried to convey the atmosphere of his age in objects he created, giving them urbanistic and even aesthetic character (Woodham 7). Analyzing the chair made by him, it is possible to outline some peculiarities of this artwork. The first thing which strikes the viewers eye is directness of chairs lines. Direct legs and direct back of the chair reflects peculiarities of the epoch. The artist showed peculiarities of the era, underlining predominance of these forms in art and life of industrial age. Moreover, the chair is made from cast iron. The artist rejects traditional materials (Trench 457) used for furniture, choosing the material which can be one of the most important symbols of the beginning of the 20th century.
Analyzing the art of the beginning of the 20th century, it is possible to compare these two chairs by different authors in order to see better diversity of styles and directions which existed at that period of time. The chair made by Mackmurdo is a compromise. It combines two different styles peculiar for different epochs. Traditional materials and legs contrast with elaborated and modern back. At the same time, the chair made by Dresser can be called a representative of new style. Materials and direct lines underline blistering character of that period of time. Moreover, some traits of modernism can be seen in this artwork as Dresser is known to one of the pioneers of this direction.
Having analyzed peculiarities of the beginning of the 20th century, it is possible to make some conclusions. This period of time was very prosperous for development of art. Changes, which industrialization brought, altered traditional state of affairs and gave new challenges to artists. Great amount of new materials, instruments and styles promoted appearance of different approaches in art. Comparing two different artworks which were made under the influence of these shifts, it is possible to see how differently artists reacted to these changes. Being absolutely different in shapes and materials, these two chairs still characterize the epoch of industrialization and urbanization as they both have features which appeared under the influence of this phenomenon.
Works Cited
Fleming, John. The Penguin Dictionary of Decorative Arts. New York: Viking Adult. 1990. Print.
Well-designed posters are an effective way of conveying information on existing social issues and strategies to solve them. To this end, the senior project paper aims at analyzing the process of solving the preventable death of animals during horserace by passing information using designed posters and stationary. It describes the project related to the creation of an ambulance for horses in the United Arab Emirates. The paper emphasizes the topicality of the current issue. It presents the results of the research and the measures taken to develop the idea of the project. Also, it introduces the proposed solution.
Introduction
Horseracing has remained a source of entertainment for people all around the world for hundreds of years. For racehorses to stay fit for contests, several care procedures are necessary before and after the races. Bird (2008) notes that horses should be handled with care during transportation. Even though horseracing has been around for decades, most racers lack sufficient knowledge on how to care for their animals.
There are various ways of alerting the public on key issues that need to be taken into consideration. One of the approaches entails starting awareness campaigns. According to Ager (2009), the campaign acts as one of the most efficient methods of alerting masses and relaying important information. The reason for this is that the approach has a striking effect on the human subconscious. Campaigners need to design posters. A quality design created professionally acts as a promotional instrument. Also, it attracts peoples attention.
In this paper, the author will focus on promoting a campaign aimed at creating awareness on how to care for racehorses. The posters and stationery for the campaign are blue. A horsehead picture is used as the logo. The campaign aims to alert the public, horse racers, and the UAEs sports organizations on proper horse handling procedures.
The Rationale for Choosing Ambulance for Horses Project
The main reason for choosing the project is to help manage high injury rates witnessed annually during racehorses. Lack of trained animal and medical personnel and ambulances to ferry the injured ponies to animal clinics is one of the causes linked to the death of the animals. Fraser (2010) notes that about 600 to 700 race stallions succumb to severe injuries incurred while racing. Some of the horses die during high profile races. If there were ambulances around the tracks, some of these deaths could be prevented. Racehorse trainers are charged with the responsibility of checking the physical condition of the stallions. As such, they have to ensure that they have ambulances to ferry ponies to clinics when severe injuries are sustained.
An Overview of Horseracing in the UAE
Horseracing is organized on an official basis in the United Arab Emirates since 1991. King (2008) argues that there are four main tracks used for the sport. They include Meydan, Abu Dhabi, Jebel Ali, and Sharjah. Out of the four, the Meydan is the only one that can be used in any weather. Horseracing in the United Arab Emirates witnessed major development and popularity after a series of successful jockey challenges held in 1993, 1994, and 1995. Over the past few decades, extensive promotion campaigns have been carried out to persuade racers to use purebred Arabian horses (Sulayem, 2013).
Despite UAE holding horserace competitions for more than a decade, the nation belongs to the category of countries where the equine sports sector needs the appropriate infrastructural developments. Establishments and specialists providing decent care for horses should be the first element of equine sports facilities. The country has made huge advancements in animal care practices. However, several issues remain unresolved. Due to this, various developments and innovative improvements are required. The call to improve the care for horses shows the need for a project to develop the idea of creating ambulances for race stallions. The ambulances will provide safe, fast, and urgent help to the injured ponies.
The project should involve horses transportation to the medical centers and the provision of the necessary first aid measures. The move will prevent deaths related to horse injury and increase the chances of saving the animals life. Also, the ambulances can provide transportation of dead stallions to the municipality for appropriate actions. Ferrying them to the municipality will curb such practices as the chaotic burial of dead horses or throwing of the carcasses in the desert.
Factors Associated with UAEs Horserace Injuries
Before Race Horse Care
Poor care of horses before races is one factor associated with the high injury rates (Gimenez, Gimenez & May, 2008). Racers need to employ trainers if they are not capable of efficiently taking care of the animals. According to King (2008), a horse trainer in the UAE requires a states license to carry out their duties. Stallions, just like athletes, need care before races. Some of the actions taken to ensure fitness is ice and heat therapy. The therapy eases leg aches and pains among the animals. Putting the legs of the mare in ice daily is essential for treating ligament inflammation. Heat therapy helps to increase blood flow to sore areas (Frank & Drape, 2012). Another important feature is daily exercises employed as means of preparing the horse for the next race.
After Race Horse Care
Poor after race care has been associated with the high number of deaths among horses. Once a contest is over, ponies need checkups to ensure that everything is normal. The evaluation entails checking for any injuries sustained during the race and overall health. Bird (2008) observes that it is important to walk the horse after a race until its heart rate returns to normal.
If the care factors are taken into consideration, the number of injuries during races will reduce. Fewer horses will require ambulance transport to animal clinics.
The Link between the Projects Idea and the Designers Professional Development
The work of a designer requires high levels of creativity. Most people consider the duty to be a simple task. However, the work is often complicated and requires designers to create logos that relay the desired message with ease. The professionalism of a designer is equal to the quality of the design product. It affects the success or failure of the business or the issue it represents.
Consequently, a designer should extract the primary aspects of the problem from the multiple components and form the needed message correctly. They should take into account the current social challenges and the expected results. The projects idea allows the designer to go through all the steps and successfully position the crucial issue using design instruments. The UAE society must promote awareness regarding the responsibility and challenges of designers work. The campaign will show the significance of the profession and lead to its development.
Description of the Work Before the Project
Before developing an idea, the designer needs to investigate the countrys current situation, urgent challenges, and similar practices existing in the area of interest. Consequently, the latest specialized news in the mass media, such as The National, The Telegraph, The Daily Mail, and Horsetalk.co.nz, were consulted to understand the domestic situation in light of the current challenges. Statistical data were collected using official sources, including from The Arabian Horse Association. Also, professional medical sources, such as reports from the Centre for Equine Health and Canadian National Farm Animal Care Council, shed more light on horses physiology.
The information was also used to determine the priority of improving the animals welfare. All these sources influenced the process of developing the project. They also promoted the formation of a consistent vision of the idea. The design of the first horse ambulance in 1867 by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals highlighted the unusual design of future ambulances for horses in the United Arab Emirates (Thomas, 2013). EquinSpirits was used as a modern example of companies providing equine ambulance facilities. The operations of the company highlighted the nuances of the functionality of the vehicles internal planning (Video tour, 2016).
It is important to note that the ambulances functional parts creation and design may be the most complicated task in the project. It needs specialized and accurate technical and medical knowledge. Consultations with the appropriate specialists will be required to complete this part of the project.
Identified Structure and Features of the Horse Ambulance
Horse care ambulances should have a front and rear loading ramp. The parts should be hydraulically operated. They should be able to drop down to the ground level. Also, the ambulance should have an adjustable partition, drag-mat, sling, and winch. The ideal width should be at least 8 feet. According to Gimenez et al. (2008), a horse ambulance should have enough space to act as a temporary veterinary treatment room. Big ambulances allow animal health experts to attend to more than one horse at the same time. The figure below is a sketch representation of the horse ambulance:
Figure 1. A sketch of the horse ambulance.
An equine ambulance should be well equipped to provide immediate basic emergency care. Some of the elements required in the trailers include a sled to load severely injured stallions, oxygen supply with a demand valve, basic medication, and pharmacy supply, and fluid administration sets. Other important items required in the equine ambulance include endotracheal tubes, fiberglass casting, and bandaging materials, anesthesia equipment, and basic surgical supplies. According to McIlwraith and Rollin (2011), a horse ambulances primary function or purpose is to provide a humane, comfortable, and safe way to mobilize injured racehorses while administering emergency care until the horse reaches the animal hospital.
The Concept of the Senior Project
The United Arab Emirates is famous for its highly developed equine sports infrastructure. The Arabian horses belong to the most valuable breeds. Their number is approximately 7,000 (Arabian horse statistics, 2015). Besides, many horses participate in various national and international sports events. The number of animals taking part in these activities is almost 500 horses in a given season (Racing statistics, 2016).
It is no surprise then that horses are an integral part of the countrys traditions. The culture of the Arabian societies is inextricably linked with these animals (Passela, 2016). As such, the country has a fairly well-developed horse care infrastructure. However, a large number of sports are the primary reason for high-risk accidents. According to the Centre for Equine Health, orthopedic injuries account for many diseases occurring during the races ( Equine fractures: Improving the chance for a successful outcome, 2011). Such traumas can be treated fast. However, they may have severe impacts on the animals welfare if the first aid is not provided in time (Miller, Stull & Ferrarro, 2014).
It is rather complicated to operate with the data available on the lethal accidents during the races. The reason is that the statistics do not reflect reality. According to non-official data sources, around 80 deaths occur after returning home from races (Samuel, 2013). At the same time, it was officially reported that six fatalities took place in the United Arab Emirates this season (Clarkson, 2016). The difference in the figures is rather significant. However, even if one considers the average of the two sets of statistics, it is apparent that there is an urgent need for horse aid.
All over the world, the welfare of animals is analyzed from the perspective of the Five Freedoms. They include freedom from pain, injury, and disease (Code of practice for the care and handling of equines, 2013). Providing first aid services, especially during racing, is the horse owners primary duty and other stakeholders (Cuckson, 2016). Horse ambulance is the best way to provide timely and professional care worldwide.
Campaign Stationary and Design for Posters
The campaign posters and stationery for the Ambulance for Horses Project are blue. Their design is borrowed from the shape of a horse head. The selection of the design was based on various factors. For example, the decision to use a horse head was influenced by the fact that the entire awareness campaign revolves around providing care for stallions.
The figures below show the sketches used to come up with the official design:
Figure 2. The sketches used in designing.
Using the picture of another animal as the official logo for the posters will not send or pass a clear message regarding the issues that need consideration. It would be ironic to design posters and stationery with cat or dog pictures as logos when creating awareness about horses.
The figure below shows the stallion head and the cross shape, which represent the official logo:
Figure 3. The official logo.
The posters have the word Equine. The term represents people dedicated to the care of sick and injured horses. These experts responsibility is to provide a wide range of services, such as therapeutic massage, to race stallions. McIlwraith and Rollin (2011) think that equines are equipped with extensive technical skills and knowledge on the musculoskeletal structure of horses. They are also knowledgeable about the animals biomechanics, acupressure points, and aromatherapy.
Another distinct feature of the poster design is the use of the color blue. The shade has more contradictory and complex meanings than any other color. In the case of the poster, the color choice was based on several reasons. One of the primary rationales is because blue is used for first aid in animals. The sketch below illustrates the application of color blue in animal and pets first aid:
Figure 4. The use of color blue in animal first aid.
Another rationale is because blue maintains its character in all tones. Also, it conveys understanding (Rivers, 2008). Color white is incorporated into the logo. The reason for using the color is to avoid the cliché associated with the overuse of blue. The poster design also has a cross shape at the horse heads neck. The cross is a depiction of the campaigns desire to reduce horse injury and fatalities. The sign represents aid.
The figure below shows the incorporation of blue and white color into the poster designed for the campaign:
Figure 5. Combining blue and white in the poster.
The Process and Proposed Solution
After analyzing the tradition associated with horses, prevailing challenges in equine sports, and international experiences in the projects area of interest, this designer tried to find the intersection points between these elements. Through analysis and brainstorming, the designer determined the primary aspects of the visual solution. It should emphasize human responsibility for the animals and foster a feeling of satisfaction because of their efforts to solve the issue. Moreover, the visual solution should represent the horse ambulance as a new level in the national policy. The reason is that it will promote the image of safe racing.
Conclusion
The development of the project needs a rather multisided approach. The reason is that the idea has a significant moral, social, traditional, and economic context. The analysis was carried out to identify these elements, and their relationship with the issue addressed. Numerous research methods were applied to gather the information used in the creation of the final visual solution. The practice allowed for the fixation of the previous learning. It opened new perspectives for professional design activity, including meaningful social effects and being socially useful because of the primary occupation.
The use of design posters is an effective way of conveying information on existing social issues. It also provides information on how such problems can be solved. Consequently, the senior project paper highlighted the steps that should be taken to avert preventable horserace deaths. It achieved this by using information passed using designed posters and stationery.
Summary
In the Senior Project Research Paper, the author addressed creating a horse ambulance in the United Arab Emirates. The design is needed urgently. The designer analyzed the diverse elements associated with the challenges affecting the countrys active sports industry. The threats posed to the animals were also analyzed. The author came up with a visual representation of the solution. It entailed the design of the logo, the interior of the ambulance, and the promotion posters. The author focused on the importance of improving the welfare of racehorses (Mooney & Ennor, 2009). They emphasize the responsibility of the human actor concerning the wellbeing of these animals. The elements are the prerequisites for the implementation of this project.
The design outcome should be attractive to the people. The aim is to catch their attention, make them think hard, and finally, get their approval and further support for the projects idea. By taking into account the objectives of this task and the fact that people will be more willing to participate in activities that address their interests, the designer decided to underscore the common national value of horses. The lasting traditions of the UAE community are the major uniting factors for this endeavor. Consequently, the author positioned the issue as a prerequisite to the restoration of the national customs and authentic culture, which is a significant part of each citizens personality.
As a result, the project will be highly successful. It will have greater national and international significance. Such a position implies that the horse ambulance is a tribute to the traditions of the country. It enhances the desire of the citizens to improve the welfare of these animals. Moreover, such an approach allows for the development of a unique retro-visual concept for the project.
References
Ager, M. (2009). Art and design. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes.
Arabian horse statistics. (2015). Web.
Bird, J. (2008). Horse care and fitness. Neptune City, NJ: T.F.H. Publications.
The example that will be discussed in this paper is a section of the marble column from the Temple of Artemis at Sardis. This piece of architecture is from the Hellenistic period ( Marble column, n.d.). Originally, the column was made in ancient Greece. It is dated to ca. 300 B.C., and its height is 142 1/8 in. (361 cm) ( Marble column, n.d.). The main goal of this paper is to analyze this work.
Discussion
The capital decorated with leaves is very unusual in comparison with other capitals found in the temple. The same one may say about the foliated base that demonstrates a vegetal pattern completed in a highly sophisticated manner. The capital is not as big as others presented in the temple, which indicates that it was not made for the outer colonnade. There were four similar columns in the east and west entrance halls. This capital was more likely to belong to this set. Also, it might have stood in the cella, which is the inner room, or in the inner back entrance. The column is partially restored, especially the fluted shaft, and the foundation is a complete duplicate.
In order to analyze this piece of work, it is necessary to examine similar examples from that period. The ancient Greek architects used three types of columns in their buildings ( Greek architectural orders, n.d.). The above-described one presents the Ionic type. However, two others, Doric and Corinthian, were also very common. Regardless of the design, all these columns seem to be straight, though they are always a little slant. They were installed this way for better support. One of the designs could be found in almost all public buildings in Ancient Greece. Moreover, they are still used at present.
The Ionic design stands between two other types. It lacks the elaborateness of the Corinthian, but it is not as plain as the Doric ( Greek architectural orders, n.d.). Of the three designs, the Ionic is characterized by the narrowest columns. Another distinguishing attribute of this style is volutes. The base also deserves particular attention. These columns usually were installed on a base that separated the shaft from the platform. On the other hand, the Doric is recognized by its simple capitals ( Greek architectural orders, n.d.). This design was developed much earlier than others. Although it presents some elaborate elements, it is the simplest of the three designs. The latest type is the Corinthian, and it has the most complex patterns ( Greek architectural orders, n.d.). Slender fluted columns and ornate capitals are the most distinguishing characteristics of this design.
The Ionic is still relevant and might be seen in various contemporary architecture works. For example, the Supreme Court Building has 24 Ionic columns made of Old Convent Quarry Siena marble from Liguria, Italy ( Ionic columns, n.d., para. 2). Another example is the Longworth House Office Building that also features Ionic columns. The influence of the ancient Greek architecture, particularly the Ionic order, is evident in many other works as well. The elements presented in the above-described work are still used by professional designers across the globe.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this work is an example of the mastery of Greek architects. This column presents one of the three most popular designs in ancient Greece, the Ionic. The comparison with other types of design allows emphasizing the main distinguishing characteristics of this piece of architecture. The Ionic order is still used by contemporary designers. Therefore, this architecture style has not lost its significance.
Land is a valuable natural resource that faces one of the greatest risks in nature due to human activities. The main risk facing land is the possibility of being exploited as man continues with his activities. Land forms the basis of all other activities; therefore, it becomes an inevitable aspect of human life. The ever soaring human population necessitates the need to have more room for settlements, farming and other social amenities. Human activities like mining, cultivating and military training makes the soil to lose its productivity (Kaiser and Godschalk 1995). There is no way of recycling or increasing land, and this poses crucial risks on this vital resource. There is the need to ensure necessary plans are put to regulate how people use this resource. Land use planning manages and optimizes efficiency and effectiveness of land in a metropolitan environment like the greater Adelaide area in Australia.
Definition of Land Use Planning
This refers to the application of regulations, policies, laws and rules that aim at ensuring there is effective and efficient use of land as a natural resource (Hall 2010). These laws aim at promoting the establishment of buildings and other infrastructures in a manner that reflects order and logic in an area. The measures put ensures human beings make appropriate use of the limited available land while at the same time taking care of their needs. Modernisation is driving many countries to the extent of being unable to plan and provide essential services to their citizens. This is due to the rise in unplanned buildings, poor infrastructure network and ineffective water and sewerage systems. However, land use planning plays crucial roles in ensuring there is appropriate use of land in a metropolitan environment.
Density, Street Layout, Precinct Design and Land Use Mix
Adelaide is a cosmopolitan, modern city that attracts the attention of many people living in the suburbs of Australia and other nearby cities. Therefore, the probability of being densely populated is inevitable. People tend to move closer to urban areas in order to access social amenities and economic facilities with ease. This forces them to concentrate in urban areas and ignore the rural sides. Therefore, the result is unbalanced population distribution and settlements (Buxton and Taylor 2011). However, the application of land use planning policies ensures land is used effectively. Population density does not concentrate on one area but rather is evenly distributed in the location. Regions that have unplanned structures and buildings have connection problems unlike those that have efficient transport and communication systems. Adelaide is a fast growing region that necessitates the need to have policies that regulate how people use their land. The 30 year plan for the greater Adelaide region outlines how buildings ought to be constructed bearing in mind the provision of transport and communication networks. However, appropriate land use planning ensures there is plenty of space to allow accessibility in and out of that place (Linden and Burgman 2005). In addition, there is uniformity in the manner in which buildings are constructed giving room to the formation of streets, lanes, drives ways and slip roads. It becomes easy to implement any design in such areas since there is appropriate planning that enables individuals to use land effectively. Moreover, planners can establish various activities in an area since there is enough room for all social amenities.
Subdivision Practices, Regulations and Zoning
The greater Adelaide region is without doubt one of the major areas in Australia that are selling like hot cakes. People try their best to acquire as much space as possible due to the foreseen opportunities for business investments and residential premises. The land has for years been slowly converted from agricultural oriented activities that usually involve large scale farming to settlements and commercial structures. This land is subdivided into smaller portions in order to accommodate as many people as possible. This is one of the challenging factors that urban planners and engineers in Adelaide region fear due to the risks associated with unplanned urban developments. Therefore, land use planning ensures land is subdivided into equal portions depending on their locations. The need to use zoning regulations ensures the authorities control unplanned settlements and establishment of buildings.
Zoning ensures the authorities provide essential services like social amenities and sewerage systems while at the same time allowing people to carry out their daily activities. This aspect enables people to access their daily personal needs and access social amenities like hospitals, schools, churches. The practice merges economic and social factors in a balanced manner. Even though, the greater Adelaide region is slowly becoming an actively economic city there is the need to address the social needs of the population (Wilby 2007). This calls for the implementation of the 30 year plan and the use of local urban planning acts to ensure proper land use. These regulations and the plan aims at ensuring Adelaide region becomes a self sustaining region that has economic and social independency. People can access social amenities and carry out their industrial and business activities within the boundaries of Adelaide region.
Infrastructure Systems (Transport, Water, Energy, Sewers)
A well structured infrastructure system is the back bone of social and economic development in any region. There is no single region that can boast of a vibrant economy without having an efficient and working infrastructure. This forms the basis on which regions offer growth opportunities to locals and foreigners. As towns develop into cities, the available infrastructure becomes a thorn in the toe of their inhabitants. Frequent traffic jams, blocked sewers, power and water shortages become frequent nightmares. However, land use planning ensures these aspects do not cause inconveniences to the residents. The 30 year development plan for the greater Adelaide region gives a glimpse into the manner in which this region will look like in the near future (Chapin 1979). The plan considers all developmental aspects of not only the Adelaide region but also of the globe keeping in mind modernisation aspects that are changing the world. Planning accommodates changes in the social environmental and economic aspects that are dynamic and unpredictable.
For instance, the plan outlines a sewer system that directs all wastes to one region that is far from human settlements. It gives room for expansion of road networks and allows the expansion of social amenities like schools and health facilities (Hamin and Garran 2009). The plan not only addresses the social and economic needs of the region but also considers the importance of having a clean environment. This is possible through the zoning proposal that allows the establishing of industries and manufacturing plants in secluded regions far from human settlements. The plan outlines an efficient rail and road network that not only allows for easy movement of people but also facilitates the provision of emergency services like rescue and evacuation operations (Daniels and Tait 2005). The provision of alternative sources of energy like solar and wind will reduce overreliance on electricity and gas for domestic and industrial use. This will also ensure a constant supply of power apart from offering cheap sources of energy to the population. Efficient sewerage systems ensures clean environment and offers possibilities of biogas as alternative sources of energy. Therefore, the plan will offer accessibility to the greater Adelaide region as well as efficient and reliable sources of energy.
Open Space, Biodiversity and Environmental Management
All regions in the world face key risks in terms of climate change that threatens the existence of human life. There is the need to use environmental friendly ways of production (social and economic). The greater Adelaide region is without doubt one of the risky areas that face environmental challenges. Land use planning helps promote efficient land use that observes environmental laws like the anti pollution regulations. It is necessary to identify key regions that need attention while planning on the various activities on the limited land available for development (Searle 2010). This region has an advantage of being a cosmopolitan environment meaning that there are social and economic activities going on at the same time. The 30 year plan for the greater Adelaide region offers room for open space for the construction of social amenities like schools, hospitals and playing grounds. The plan considers the population growth rate as one of the driving forces behind the need to set up open spaces for future developments. It is not enough to plan for the present needs since this creates inconveniences in the future. However, the plan has put measures to set some areas for the expansion of the present amenities like sewers to house wastes from domestic and industrial activities that will increase with the increase in population. Moreover, the plan, through zoning, promotes the establishment of an industrial region that has minimal and manageable pollution cases (Fulton1991). At the same time, the plan has put in place mechanisms to combat cases of environmental pollution by directing sewage and waste disposal to one region. Garbage collection and disposal are key areas the plan has given priority. The proposal ensures the region boasts of an economic progress and also checks the safety of the wastes that come from industries and homes.
Human Services
The need to have vibrant human service system supersedes other development aspects in a country. Even though, people are attracted to urban areas due to the many employment opportunities and offers there is the need to address the human needs of the population. Many cities have employment opportunities that will never get people to fill them due to inefficiency in offering human services. People need to settle and work in areas that offer cheap and efficient essential services to them employment opportunities, security and healthcare not withstanding (Lund 2006). Majority of the rural population moves to urban areas to secure employment opportunities. However, most of them go back home due to the challenges that arise in the city. Adelaide region is not different from other regions in the world in terms of offering employment opportunities. The presence of industries and establishments offer various employment opportunities to the population. Therefore, there are higher chances that when the region develops there will be an influx of the rural population and that from other cities to seek employment opportunities. In addition, investors are keen on the likelihood of employment opportunities springing up in the Adelaide region in the near future (Levy 2009).
If there is proper land use, there will be efficient transport system, reliable communication network and working energy, water and sewerage systems. This will give room for expansion of business activities in this region. As the local authorities implement their land use acts, there will be order in the manner in which activities of this region operate. Therefore, employment opportunities will without doubt spring up. Moreover, Adelaide region will become a 24 hour city that aims at providing goods and services to not only the inhabitants within the boundaries but also to those in the nearby locations (Margi 1994). There will be all forms of job opportunities for all types of staffs. The presence of biodiversity in this environment means that many healthy conscious people will flock this region seeking safe settlements. The health of a human being is more valuable than any other activity. Therefore, people will sacrifice their money by commuting from far places provided they access safe environment. Whenever, employment opportunities arise people consider the safety of their health before accepting or rejecting the offer. However, the 30 year plan for this region will promote the establishment of a pollution free environment.
Conclusion
Land use planning ensures human beings make appropriate use of this precious natural resource. Since people can not multiply land, the best they can do is to make effective and efficient use of it to promote productivity and safeguard human health. The 30 year plan for the grater Adelaide region is one of the solutions that nations should use to make appropriate use of land. Residents and land owners should offer room for the implementation of land use policies since they are for their own benefits. These policies must reflect and address the present and future needs of residents in a given area.
References
Buxton, M. and Taylor, E. (2011). Urban Land Supply, Governance and the Pricing of Land. Urban Policy and Research Institute, Oxfordshire.
Chapin, F. S. (1979). Urban Land Use Planning: Urbana and Chicago. University of Illinois Press, Illinois.
Daniels, C. B. and Tait, C. J. (2005). Adelaide: Nature of a City: The Ecology of a Dynamic City from 1836 to 2036. BioCity Press, Nottingham.
Fulton, W. (1991). Guide to California Planning. Solano Press Books, California.
Hall, T. (2010). Goodbye to the Backyard: The Minimization of Private Open Space in Australian Outer-Suburban Estate. Urban Policy and Research, New Jersey.
Hamin, E. M. and Garran, N. (2009). Urban Form and Climate Change: Balancing Adaptation and Mitigation in Australia. Habitat International, Detroit.
Kaiser, E. J. and Godschalk, D. R. (1995). Urban Land Use Planning: Urbana and Chicago. University of Illinois Press, Illinois.
Levy, J. M. (2009). Contemporary Urban Planning, Longman, New York.
Linden, D. B. and Burgman, M. A., (2005). Principles for Conservation, Practical Conservation Biology. Collingwood Press, Ontario.
Lund, H. (2006). Reasons for Living in a Transit-Oriented Development, and Associated Transit Use. Journal of the American Planning Association, New York.
Margi, S. (1994). Urban Density Definitions. Urban Futures, New York.
Searle, G. (2010). New Century Australian Spatial Planning: Recentralization Under Labor. Urban Policy and Research Institute, Oxfordshire.
Wilby, R. L. (2007). A Review of Climate Change Impacts on the Built Environments. Jossey-Bass, New York.
National parks of the United States are truly unique places on the Earth, offering breathtaking sceneries that can touch the most sensitive soul. Driven by the desire to preserve the beauty of national natural landscapes, people started to establish a system of national parks. Even though the motive of national parks creation was to save the wilderness in its pristine beauty, nature is no longer sublime in the original meaning of this concept.
The sublime can be understood as one of the fundamental categories of aesthetics, which characterizes the inner significance of objects and phenomena, disparate in their ideal content with real forms of expression. The sublime is not another kind of pleasure, which a human receives while observing something beautiful. It is rather a distinct feeling of delight characterized by admiration or awe (Brady 84). The sublimity of nature is seen not as the splendor of its physical forms but as the phenomenon which has qualities of wildness and freedom and, in virtue of these qualities, as something that enables us to become aware of our freedom (Brady 93). The sublime deals with the truth, the essence, and not with visibility, as the beautiful does.
Concerning the issue of the relation between the sublime and the picturesque, one should refer to the thoughts of William Gilpin, the ideologist of the picturesque movement in arts, architecture, landscape design, and tourism. For him, the picturesque defines the beauty of nature as a person can see it, without any amendments and human interference. Gilpin states that we pursue the picturesque through the scenery of nature&we seek it among all the ingredients of the landscape trees, rocks, broken grounds, woods, rivers, lakes, plains, valleys, mountains, and distances (42). Sublimity as the highest aesthetic ideal alone cannot make an object picturesque (Gilpin 43).
The object has to bear at least some degree of beauty in itself or surrounding scenery (Gilpin 43). Some pieces of nature, for example, a river or mountain, cannot be perceived as a beautiful thing in itself; it becomes beautiful in its surroundings. Gilpins ideas of pleasure from scenic beauty inspired people to rush in search of picturesque expressions of wildlife, which soon encouraged them to establish national parks as protected territories (Carlson and Lintott 108).
National parks of the United States have become the symbols of the whole nation. Hardly there is a person who will not admire the majestic sceneries of the Yosemite or the Grand Canyon. But are those unique territories sublime in the very essence of this word? If the people admired those places, they would not have created a highly developed infrastructure to get there, and only those who are in awe of nature would manage to make some sacred pilgrimage there.
As Byerly notes, the wildlife in the United States has gradually been transformed from a sublime landscape into a series of picturesque scenes (qtd. in Branch and Slovic 108). The tourists no longer feel the awesome power of the steep mountains and rapid river streams; nature in American natural parks is masterly conserved and sold to the tourists desirous to take beautiful pictures and show off to their friends. The landscape was driven into the frame of art and somehow alienated from nature as the ultimate manifestation of life.
The issue of whether the American national parks deal more with the sublimity or the picturesque is debatable. On the one hand, the idea of preservation of nature derived from the recognition of natures grandeur and dominance over a man. But at the same time, any adjustment of nature to the aesthetic tastes of a man makes it for the national parks to be perceived as a reflection of the picturesque.
Works Cited
Brady, Emily. The Sublime in Modern Philosophy: Aesthetics, Ethics, and Nature. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2013. Print.
Branch, Michael, and Scott Slovic. The ISLE Reader: Ecocriticism, 1993-2003. Athens, GA: University of Georgia, 2003. Print.
Carlson, Allen, and Sheila Lintott. Nature, Aesthetics, and Environmentalism: From Beauty to Duty. New York, NY: Columbia UP, 2008. Print.
Gilpin, William. Three Essays: On Picturesque Beauty; On Picturesque Travel; And on Sketching Landscape: To Which Is Added a Poem, on Landscape Painting Primary Source Edition. Charleston, SC: Nabu Press, 2014. Print.
Introduction: When Spatial Planning and Economic Development Walk Hand in Hand
Urban spatial planning is one of the hardest tasks, seeing how it presupposes that environmental, economic, financial and political factors must be taken into consideration (CEC 2010a, p. 4). By following a common plan for urban redesign, the states of the EU can coordinate their actions and, therefore, make the changes to the spatial planning as favorable for their economic and political performance on the global scale as possible. However, with the adoption of the territorial cohesion principle, the specifics of the regions have been compromised for the sake of the correlation between the actions of the EU states (European Commission n. d., p. 3).
United Kingdom and the European Spatial Development Perspective
When talking about the redesign of the UK spatial development principles, one must keep in mind that the EU and the local authorities may have different opinions concerning the issue. As it has been stressed above, for the most part, the EU bodies are completely unaware of the specifics of particular areas, as well as the effects that the EU plan implementation is going to have on the economy and financial state of the region in question. It is important to stress that in the European Spatial Development Perspective, the United Kingdom should reconsider not its land use, but the policy of land usage by making the existing strategies more favorable to the evolution of the local SMEs.
Lincolnshire background: what needs development
Over the past few years, Lincolnshire has gained the reputation of a city with a well developed lake system and the following economic peculiarities (North Lincolnshire Council 2013, p. 1). For example, due to erosion issues and the damp climate, the location for built-on sites is supposed to be calculated very carefully and with due regard to the possible floods and the unstable foundation (Scunthrope Telegraph 2014, para. 2).
Key objectives and their correlation with the current economic state
According to the existing information on the purposes of the spatial reconstruction of the member states of the European Union, the main goal is to have common standards introduced into the economic and financial system within each of the countries. The resulting acceptance of the common standard is bound to lead to improvement in the processes of running business and expanding into other states, having business and trading relationships with partner states, using and providing economic support for other states that comprise the European Union, etc. The objectives, in their turn, mostly concern shaping the existing spatial characteristics of the states in question. Despite the fact that these changes have seemingly little to do with major economic changes that are about to happen, they still provide the premises for implementing new economic and financial policies, particularly the creation of SMEs and other types of entrepreneurships (HM Government n. d., p. 5).
Legislation and Spatial Issues: Lincolnshire Lakes. District Councils vs. the Regulations of the EU
As it has been explained above, because of the lack of information concerning the peculiarities of the areas in which the EU regulations are to be applied, Lincolnshire being one of these areas, local authorities have to face a number of issues, including both economic and environmental ones (European Commission 2011, p. 4). Indeed, the intrusion into the fragile ecosystem of the state, which urban planning with its traditional lack of thought typically presupposes, often leads to most deplorable effects which the case of Lincolnshire and its lake drainage is a very graphic example of (Scunthrope Telegraph 2014, para. 1).
Environmental concerns: lakes drainage as the path to ruining the ecosystem
Unfortunately, the changes that incur the compliance with the European Spatial Development Perspective and its present-day demands are bound to have rather drastic effects on the Lincolnshire ecosystem. According to the 2013 report, some of the lakes have already been drained to provide enough room for building construction development. While having admittedly positive effects on the entrepreneurship of the shire, this measure has contributed to the deterioration of the environment (North Lincolnshire Council 2013, para. 1).
Climate change and the associated issues: contributing to reduction of the greenhouse effect
Another environmental issue worth mentioning in relation to the changes that have been suggested to the United Kingdom in general and Lincolnshire in particular, the concern for the climate change should be kept in mind. Because of the drainage of lakes, which is going to be carried out in accordance with the regulations provided by the European Union and the following process of building new premises for SMEs development, as well as the redevelopment of the exiting transport infrastructure, major changes to Lincolnshire environment are going to be made: The concept of the spatial planning system has been used as a generic term to describe the ensemble of territorial governance arrangements that seek to shape patterns of spatial development in particular places (Nadin & Stead 2011, p. 35).
Transportation: options for creating new routes finally opened and the possible conflicts with the EU legislation
Among the rest of the spatial planning concerns, the creation of new routs tops the list of the EU priorities in Great Britain in general and in Lincolnshire in particular. The introduction of new routes is, however, fraught with several major consequences. Although the European Union admittedly makes impressive efforts in order to correlate its legislation with the specifics of the state to which these legislations are supposed to apply (HM Government n. d., para. 1), with the Lincolnshire, the organization has clearly made a rather hasty decision.
Because of the large system of lakes, which Lincolnshire is famous for, building new routes will not only affect the environment in a negative way, but also demand that considerable funds should be spent on adapting the area to being used as a highway (European Commission n. d., para. 2).
The specific needs of Lincolnshire vs. territorial cohesion
The concepts of sustainability and global market have been the focus of the EUs work for quite long; however, the third dimension has been introduced into the process of stretching the boundaries of the global market recently. According to the existing data, the principle of territorial cohesion, which has been proclaimed by the European Union as the primary condition of the spatial redesign of stats and their major cities, should be implemented by the representatives a local authorities instead of the people representing the European Union; otherwise, a range of important characteristics of the areas in question will be omitted, which will affect the efficacy of the attempts to coordinate the evolution of the EU territory.
Spatial Planning and Economical Development of the Lincolnshire Region: The Questions to Be Answered
Apart from the environmental issues, a plethora of economic concerns have been glossed over when the strategic plan for the spatial development if Great Britain was created. Claiming that the territorial cohesion mentioned above does not serve any actual purpose and does only harm would be wrong on the opposite, the idea of introducing the principles that will lead to a better coordination between the actions of authorities in different areas of the EU territories is quite positive. The step that was considered strategically crucial to the concept of spatial planning suggested by the EU, the given concept promotes a better paced and a more coherent spatial evolution of the EU states in general and the United Kingdom with Lincolnshire in particular. At the same time, the invention of the territorial cohesion concept begs the question whether the entire process of spatial redesign should be located at the European level (Scholich 2009, 3). Indeed, the application of changes on a regional level with their coordination at the global one is fraught with serious misconceptions at best and irreparable damage at worst.
Local SMEs and the reconsideration of spatial planning: evaluating the effects
There is no reason to stress that the steps undertaken by the EU members in order to reorganize the UK spatial structure are aimed at upgrading the British economic activity within the realm of the global market. However, it is practically impossible to adapt the regulations created by the European Union for different states to the unique features of a particular state, mostly due to the restrictions imposed on the executives by the guidelines of the European Union (Dühr, Colomb & Nadin 2010, p. 5). As a result, the evolution of local SMEs, including the ones that are located in Lincolnshire, is paused because of the implementation of the European Spatial Development Perspective.
Service based economy and the spatial redesign of Lincolnshire: key implications and their analysis
It would be wrong to claim that the effects of the redesign suggested by the European Spatial Development Perspective are solely negative. Created to help the states in question integrate into the global market system and elevate their economy to the state of economic prosperity and well being that only the worlds leader states have, these measures clearly deserve being viewed as the steps to economic growth. Giving credit to where it belongs, one must mention that the European Spatial Planning program offers a perfect chance to enhance state entrepreneurship, therefore, boosting the GNP and GDP rates.
Indeed, the implementation of service based economy principles does work for the benefit of the SMEs development. Not only does it allow for the upgrade in the quality standards of the goods and services produced in the states in question, but also encourages the enhancement of sustainability principles. Therefore, it could be argued that technically, the EU has provided the solution to the possible ecological and environmental issues that may possibly emerge (European Commission 2011, 9).
Nevertheless, the positive changes to the state economy that the EU project allows for can be viewed as temporary, while the negative effects that these changes will have on the state political, financial and environmental state, are clearly going to be rather long lasting. Judging by the recent accounts of the EU project implementation in Lincolnshire, the lack of flexibility of the plans developed by the European Union is to blame:
The European social model, characterized in particular by systems that offer a high level of social protection, by the importance of the social dialogue and by services of general interest covering activities vital for social cohesion, is today based, beyond the diversity of the Member States social systems, on a common core of values. (Nadin & Stead 2011, p. 36)
While the idea of basing the model in question on a universal set of principles doe seem very legitimate, one still has to admit that changes must be made for the model to fit into any environment without damaging it. Unfortunately, the European Union does not seem to have either enough time, or enough resources, or both, to facilitate a more well-paced change process, which could be tailored specifically for the region that it is carried out in.
Transportation issue in the light of the economic specifics of Lincolnshire: what spatial redesign triggers
Needless to say, the development of new routes is bound to affect the Lincolnshire economy greatly and in the most positive way. Because of the lack of routes, the process of transporting goods from one location to another means spending considerable amounts of money for the local SMEs. The losses taken in the process, therefore, affect the companies financial state and drag them down to the bottom of the list of efficient enterprises. Hence, the redesign of Lincolnshire will clearly allow for more business opportunities, including the expansion of local companies and their further integration into the global market (Fischer et al. 2014, p. 2).
Conclusion: Reconsidering the Scale of Changes Required for Lincolnshire
Denying the EU Spatial Project its economics, finances, and business related benefits is impossible the spatial redesign of states is obviously aimed at increasing the number of SMEs and major enterprises within the areas in question. However, when EU does not notice or, perhaps, doe s not want to notice is that in the long run, the
Recommendations: improving the cohesion between the EU legislation and Lincolnshires concerns
It can be suggested that the steps planned by the EU would be more successful and easy to implement once the organization cold trust the local authorities enough to allow the latter shape the EU regulations in order to make them suit the economic, environmental, political and financial features of a particular region, state or even country. Because of the major differences in the strengths, weaknesses and asses of the states in which the EU spatial planning is used in order to redesign the place an adapt it towards the global standard, the city, area of state in question may become extremely vulnerable to the outside influence, as well as lose control over its own economic processes (CEC 2010b, para. 3). Hence, the necessity to allow local authorities more freedoms appears, as the case of Lincolnshire shows in a very graphic manner.
Solving the possible conflicts: when changes require more time
While the plan suggested by the EU obviously includes a number of positive changes to the United Kingdom in general and Lincolnshire in particular, it still fails to not only utilize the regions key assets in order to promote economic growth, but also to ensure that the instructions for introducing the required elements into the state economic infrastructure differ depending on the specifics of the region, in which these instructions are put to practice.
Reference List
CEC 2010a, Investing in Europes future fifth report on economic, social and territorial cohesion, Brussels. Web.
CEC 2010b, Europe 2020 a European strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, CEC Publishing, Brussels. Web.
Dühr, S, Colomb, C, & Nadin, V 2010, European spatial planning and territorial cooperation, Routledge, New York, NY. Web.
European Commission 2011, Bio-based economy for Europe: state of play and future potential Part 1, Brussels, European Commission. Web.
Fischer, T B, Sykes, O, Gore, T, Marot, N, Golobi
, M, Pinho, P, Waterhout, B, & Perdicoulis, A 2014, Territorial impact assessment of European draft directives the emergence of a new policy assessment instrument, Routledge, European Planning Studies. Web.
The artwork is normally one of the ways of keeping history. Artwork can be of different forms, including paintings, statues, carvings, columns, and monuments. The ancient people preferred to raise monuments in order to preserve their history for as long as the monument will be in existence. The builders considered culture, religion, and traditions while building the monument (Worth, Lecuyer, & Wade, 1996). The monuments and other works when viewed today, a person can interpret the setting of the community that built it. In order to understand art, one needs to understand its physicality too. The paper is about the Trajan Column in Rome. It elaborates on the physical elements of the column as well as its social, cultural, and historical elements.
Identification
Trajans Column is a triumphal column situated in the capital of Italy, Rome. The purpose of the column is to commemorate Trajan, the Roman Empire, after his victory in Dacian wars. The construction of the column was under the supervision of architecture Apollodorus. Apollodorus was from Damascus. The column stands at Trajans Forum. Its completion took place in 113 AD.
The dimensions of the column are evident. It is about 98ft (30 meters) high, 125ft (35 meters) wide. The builders of the column made its shaft using 20 colossal Carrara marble drums. The shafts diameter is 11ft. The frieze that is 625ft (190 meters) winds around the shaft 23 times (Pollen, 2011).
The constructors lifted the capital block (53.3 tons in weight) up to 34 meters above the ground. To complete the column, they put a statue of Trajan at the top. The statue of Trajan deteriorated with time due to wear and tear until it finally disappeared. Currently, a bronze figure curved to mimic the appearance of St Peter stands at the top of the column.
According to Stephenson (2013), frieze forms the largest part of the column. Twenty-nine Luna marble blocks are the shaft of the column. The spiral staircase made of 19 blocks with 14 steps make a full turn of the staircase. The column was not complete without decoration. The constructors decorated the walls with carvings and paintings that described their culture and the political state at the time of its construction (Lepper and Frère, 2002).
The walls have carved decorations of sailors, soldiers, statesmen and priests. At some point, there are two sections with trophies on each side to represent victory. Sculptors of military men looking up to the emperor and others of the military engaging the Dacians are present in the frieze. The highlight of the column is the inscription at its foot. The inscription is a dedication of the column to Emperor Ceaser, the son of Nerva, from the Senate of Rome.
Description of Trajan column using the social, cultural and historical content
The Trajan column surely is a historical monument to commemorate heroes in Italy. The column portrays the social elements of the people before 113 AD (Sroiculescu et al., 2014). Within the frieze, we find carvings used as decorations. The sculptures show sailors, statesmen, soldiers, and priests. From the carvings, researchers can conclude that the people at that time practised trade and fishing using the boats.
The images of statesmen portray the political aspects of the people. At the time, the emperors ruled the towns of Italy. The soldiers in the painting represent the military men that went to war. Trajan was a military man, and the column serves to remember him and many other soldiers that engaged that Dacians with him (Sroiculescu et al., 2014). The priests in the carvings are a perfect history that the people of Rome were Christians. Religion was common, and it formed a part of the society.
Culture is the way people live their lives, beliefs and practices that guide them. Ancient Romans were traders. The people traded with other countries to acquire what they did not have (Derudder, Bassens, and Witlox, 2013). An Emperor led the towns. The emperor also headed the Senate. The Senate made and implemented the rules that guided the Romans. From the military, a leader was appointed to lead the soldiers to conquer their enemies. Trajan is the leader being commemorated by a monument in this case. It was a culture for the senate to honour a hero as in this case, Trajan is honoured by the column.
The Trajan column was built in 113 AD. So much history is derived from the monument (Campbell, 2000). The method of construction is an illustration of the architecture of the Romans at that time. The Romans possessed barbaric arms, and their methods of war were crude as viewed by the forts, ships and the weapons on the carvings in the frieze. History on the inscription revealed that the inscription was read from below, and the letters at the bottom of the monument were smaller than those on the top. The writing shows the level of the writing and the historical mode of writing by Romans (Kirkpatrick, 2013).
Conclusion
Artworks are essential in preserving history. The details of an artwork often tell more things about an object as compared to what the eye can see. The Trajan column is a historical monument to commemorate the victory. Like many other monuments, this one was built with the features to make it memorable and understandable to the people today. The column reveals so many aspects of the past that describes ancient ways of life for the Romans.
References
Derudder, B., Bassens, D., and Witlox, F. (2013). Political-geographic interpretation of massive air transport developments in Gulf cities. Political Geography, 36, pp. A4-A7.
Campbell, B. (2000). The writings of the Roman Land Surveyors. Introduction, Text, Translation, and Commentary. London: Roman Society Publications.
Kirkpatrick, J. (2013). Rome: Continuing Encounters between Past and Present. Journal of Historical Geography, 40, pp. 110-111.
Lepper, F. and Frère, S. (2002). Trajans Column: The Detailed Character of the Monument. Sroud: Sutton Publishers.
Pollen, J. H. (2011). A Description of the Trajan Column. London: Adegi Graphics LLC.
Sroiculescu, R. C. & Huzui, A. E., Gavrilidis, A., Nita, A., Patru-Stupariu, I. G., Calin, I. & Cuciulan, A. (2014). What is the spatial link between the Roman civilization and cultural landscape in Romania? Journal of Maps, 10(2), pp.297-307.
Stephenson, J. W. (2013). The column of Trajan in the light of ancient cartography and geography. Journal of Historical Geography, 40, pp. 79-93.
Worth, G.A. Lecuyer, C. Wade, R.C. (1996). TRAJAN: A tool for analyzing trajectories from molecular simulation. Journal of Molecular Graphics, 14(3), pp. 173-182.
Comparison of approaches of An Epoch of Typographic Genius and Art Noveau
Graphic design has been developing throughout centuries. There were several significant and even revolutionary changes in alphabetic letters (Meggs and Purvis 108). For instance, researchers point out that the 17th and 18th centuries were the epoch of Typographic Genius (Meggs and Purvis 108). One more significant epoch was the reign of Art Noveau which was characterized by the evolution of Asian art. Both of these forms of art seem to originate from one point and then influenced by different factors were shaped into their eminent outcome; society, religion, and governance are some of the factors that influence these two forms of art (Meggs and Purvis 140).
These two kinds of art vary as Art Noveau could be characterized by a more general, international approach since the Asian artist used western concepts and the influence of the Asian technique on European and American art. On the contrary, the so-called Epoch of Typographic Genius relied on European forms: artists involved in the design of the alphabetic letters majorly used western concepts. It is quite clear that different political or religious issues had an impact on art as some could design the alphabetic art and some could not; limitations were placed on how prints could be made. In Asia, various dynasties had their own rules regarding the kind of art that was to be produced.
In the epoch of Art Nouveau major changes did take place. For example, China influenced the Western countries, as well as Asia, was influenced by Europe and America.
Art Nouveau which was a new and fresh art movement took place after a somewhat suffocating Victorian era. The period before early Modern Art came into use in everyday life: lots of decorative designs appeared. Many talented artists from Japan did contribute to the development of Art Nouveau by integrating new concepts into their designs. Interestingly, such images also portrayed daily life activities and did penetrate the daily routine. Artistic techniques that influenced Art Nouveau include the Rococo style, cultic design, the Arts and Craft movement, the European painting, and the Japanese Art forms for decorating (Meggs and Purvis 115).
Art Nouveau applied many symbols in its whole artwork. Art Nouveau had elements of life, birth, growth. Concepts of death and decay were also represented. People in England put the focus on illustration and designing graphics. The artwork was spread worldwide through the use of periodicals.
During the Epoch of Typographic Genius, the artist attempted to develop alphabetic letters that were attractive to the reader. In the same way, people utilized the Harpers magazine art work, which was placed on the cover as an effective means of attracting people. The form of artwork that was placed in the magazines included mixed imagery and text; people were portrayed as reading the magazine. Similarly, John Baskerville used a gravestone slate to show his potential customers his carving skill and range of lettering styles.
Pic. 1. An imaging depicting a ball advert is depicted in bright colors capturing elegance, carefree, and happy atmosphere.Pic. 2. An image of a gravestone with attractive writing used to show the potential of the artists skill.
Peter Behrens design work and approach
At the dawn of the twentieth century, Peter Behrens applied a new aesthetic technique. He also played a significant role in the creation of what is referred to as Art Nouveau and later came to be known as Art Deco. Peter Behrens was also involved in the Jugendstil movements in Australia and Germany. Peter Behrens was also active in industrial, graphic, and architectural design.
The fact that Germany was ruled by different kinds of regimes with differing policies at different times allowed it to develop a more flexible approach towards how German artists viewed different regions. German artists considered different regions to be unique diverse cultures which had a lot of similarities. Therefore, Peter Behrens developed his skills by the same trend which can be found in many works of his peers.
By the year 1890, Peter Behrens had already moved into Munich. This city was rich in both culture and finance. While still in the city of Munich Peter Behrens was influential in introducing a movement known as Jugendstil (Anderson 33). It was in this movement that he began climbing the ladder of his artistic and design profession.
Peter Behrens had covered a curriculum similar to any other art student. This included paintings and drawings, stained glass, mixing dyes, iron art, and stone masonry. However, in the late 1800s art became rigid and stultifying. At this time there emerged new techniques referred to as fin de siècle. This technique did emerge differently across different cities found in Europe but was mostly expressed in arts. Regardless of this term being French, its general idea is European. This period was marked with self-awakening and cultural awareness. This time had also elements of decadence which was most evident in Belgium and France.
Nonetheless, the German and the British did not display decadence, instead, their aesthetic believes were somewhat pure. The Spanish, Belgian and the French integrated decadence and placed their faith on shared destiny, which was a hindrance towards the termination of traditionalism. In all this, the British, the Scotch, and the German artist upheld a very different kind of approach.
Likely, the fatalism that existed within the Catholic concepts and the pragmatism of the Protestant countries created this kind of variance in which it is still present (Lupton 167).
Pic. 3. An image of a company logo created by Peter Behrens (the work was probably influenced by Catholicism)
Peter Behrens viewed art, just like other artists, as a form of unique language and a combination of symbols unlimited universally. Nevertheless, that concept had been diminished or even lost with the emergence of the industrial age and wars that seemed not to cease.
Alternative measures were taken by the secession group which rejected conservationism and influence associated with the salons. Instead, artists started writing and drawing the images using the language of the movement.
Pic. 4. Image metallic mug by Peter Behrens image depicting the industrialized age.
Peter Behrens did carvings and also illustrations for woodblocks as well as created linoleum carvings. Peter Behrens specialized in this area. The movements policy was to maintain beautiful air in a persons life; filled with the inspiration and light that art brings with it.
The movement became even more visible as it was manifested in architecture and design, which could now be included in the aesthetics. Designers were able to produce much more art with much fewer restrictions, this could not be compared to any of previous experiences for about a decade before.
Peter Behrens himself was one of the most prominent designers of this remarkable period. He also did architectural work, beginning with his own home extending to outside commissions.
Pic. 5. Image of a chair done by Peter Behrens depicting his work at home.
Influence of modern art on the development of design thinking
Modernism in art defines chain movements that are sometimes radical. These changes can appear in music, architecture, literature, applied arts, or event photography. These changes emerged about three decades before the First World War. The modernist movement in the art can be traced back to the eighteenth century. More so, it can be still found deeply rooted in the changes that were taking place in the Western world in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century.
During the First World War, there was unease and tension regarding social order (Aynsley 180). This was evident in the revolution that took place in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century. The agitation parties that had radical elements in them inspired many artists. For instance, in 1913 a famous composer named Igor Stravinsky created a ballet that did depict human sacrifice.
Other artists like Henri Matisse and also Pablo Picasso were causing waves with their defiance. They challenged perspectives that were traditional techniques for paintings. These kinds of occurrences in art began to offer a new definition referred to as Modernism. Modernism embraced rejecting, disruption, and exploring beyond basic realism in the art (Childs 29). Visual arts, literature, and even music faced resistance which was characterized by dramatic alteration of music tonality. All these characteristics defined modernist. The ninetieth-century artists who inclined towards what they believed were progressive.
Those progressive artists were not considered to be radical they were members of the society and valued by it. They developed art forms that were valued by society, though at times these artists did critique some less desirable truths found in the society at the time. On the other hand, the modernist, while still having the elements of being progressive, viewed traditional social arrangements and forms as being obstacles towards progress. Therefore, the artists of the period of Modernism emerged as revolutionary entities that overthrew rather than brought enlightenment.
The artists that contributed greatly to Modernism have similar characteristics of being rebellious towards nineteenth-century historic and education traditions. They believed that earlier artwork techniques were becoming outdated.
Industrialization brought emerging trends regarding the society, economy, and also political aspects. These trends had their effects on various forms of art, various groups like Cubism, Symbolism, and atonality began to be noticed.
The First World War involved advanced technology that led to the slaughter of masses. Of course, such innovations fueled a lack of trust that there was any kind of reasoning. Within this kind of environment, art portrayed a life experience in which community, tradition, collective identity, and belief were wearing out fast (Hunter et al. 178).
In the twentieth century, a minor group of intellectuals known as avant-garde was able to attain popular support. The avant-garde became a persuasive, entrenching approach. Interestingly, it was also popular with large masses. Modernist opinion contributed to how culture and public entertainment was influenced, promoting moral relativism and individualism as a factor that did give guidance towards what was considered ethical. At the same time, it greatly influenced the transformation of the role of the spirituality of human life. It opened up a new horizon for people of the twenty-first century.
Works Cited
Anderson, Stanford. Peter Behrens and a New Architecture for the Twentieth Century. Massachusetts, MA: The MIT Press, 2002.
Aynsley, Jeremy. Graphic Design in Germany: 1890-1945. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000.
Childs, Peter. Modernism: The New Critical Idiom. New York, NY: Routledge, 2008.
Hunter, Sam, John Jacobus, and Daniel Wheeler. Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Photography. New York, NY: Prentice Hall, 2004.
Lupton, Ellen. Thinking with Type: A Critical Guide for Designers, Writers, Editors, & Students. New York, NY: Princeton Architectural Press, 2010.
Meggs, Philip B., and Alston W. Purvis. An Epoch of Typographic Genius. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons, 2006.
