Category: critical thinking

Ethical Problems of E-Commerce Essay

Ethics is a concern of humans who have freedom of choice. At the early ages of its emergence, the Internet only became the platform to search for information and to communicate with each other’s. But now, we can say that the Internet has been commercialized (thus the term ‘e-commerce’ emerged). Nowadays, we can see almost all trading and business activities, including banking, can be done online. This trend gives a lot of advantages both to consumers and business organizations. However, the bad side of e-commerce also cannot be ignored. What we mean by the bad side is about ethical issues in e-commerce. These issues involve irresponsible parties who always pose threats both to consumers and business organizations.

Customer privacy has been the most discussed issue concerning every kind of business transaction, especially in e-commerce when data is stored and transmitted electrically. Consider that most e-commerce business transactions, including accessing the website, providing personal information, ordering products, arranging payment via credit or debit cards, etc., occur indirectly throughout the Internet without customers’ control. Lots of consumers assume that their privacy is attacked by cookies – a record of repeat visitors for a particular site, and spam – irrelevant messages that are unexpectedly sent to users over the Internet. Nevertheless, consumers’ privacy is seriously invaded the most by such issues: identity theft (identity is stolen via the Internet or used illegally by other people), lost or stolen personal information (personal data is revealed unintentionally, stolen, or sold to another party), fake websites (where customers go to purchase products is fake to steal money from customers’ credit cards), or victim of spying and hacking (a customer’s account is spied or hacked by employers or strangers). For that reason, privacy becomes a critical concern, so companies first have to recognize ethical issues and then design a set of privacy policies to protect their customers. A framework of the privacy policy was provided by the United Kingdom’s Data Protection Act in 1984 as an ethics guidance for companies, consisting of the following principles: private information should be handled fairly and equitably; private information should be collected for a specific, accurate and authentic reason; private information should be adequate and not be kept in longer than the necessary time; a person must be informed by which his or her personal data is subjected to any other processes, including making decisions, being rectified, erased or blocked, or disclosed to other third parties; and appropriate security methods will be taken against any actions of violating rules of personal data privacy.

Security in e-commerce engages with confidentiality (refers to the assurance of securing data so that it is only available for authorized parties), availability (ensures a timely and reliable manner for authorized users to access personal data), integrity (makes sure that data is collected accurately and truthfully), authentication (confirms that the person or organization who are using the data is the one who claims to be), and nonrepudiation (guarantees that online customers or commerce partners cannot be wrongly denied accessing to the data). In e-commerce, it is important for the stakeholders to feel confident that online data collected by the companies is safe and every electronic transaction is secured. Many information-security breaches can not only have a bad influence on stakeholders but also damage the company’s shares and financial strength. For example, denial of service – an attack that makes access unavailable for users, and viruses imply the company’s incapacity of securing data causing customers to lose trust and loyalty and investors to stop buying company share prices. Moreover, unethical practices of security can lead to a company’s negative consequences in the long term, and individuals or organizations who violate rules of privacy and security can be suited by the victim and receive punishment by law. Therefore, to ensure e-commerce security, the business has to create strong data system management. A model for e-commerce security which is recommended by Turban (2009) includes senior management commitment and support, security policies and training, security procedures and enforcement, and security tools (hardware and software). This model combines many components of e-commerce: commitment, people, process, training, and technology. As shown in this model, e-commerce security begins with the commitment and support of the manager in which insecure procedures or immoral activities will not be accepted. Data will be collected and protected, and access to data will also be controlled from attack vectors or criminal communities by the company’s strict policies with the help of hardware and software such as firewalls or anti-virus programs. Employees would be trained on such policies, for instance, to not download data by smartphone or use the data outside the company to avoid information leakages. Solutions for security breaches should be pre-planned by the company for any instant problems.

E-commerce trust is another ethical issue I am going to talk about. According to Parboteeah & Cullen (2013), e-commerce trust, also known as e-trust, indicates the situation that consumers believe in online trading where they make business transactions. For example, when a consumer purchases a product in an online shop, e-trust recognizes the expectation of that person to receive exactly the product he or she has ordered. A study shows that three factors included in e-trust are as follows: Internet trust – trust in the Internet’s performance as speed or integrity, vendor trust – trust in the producer or the organization who sells the product, and other parties trust – trust in the intermediary or the third party exists between the transactions (McCole, Ramsey & Williams, 2010). It is agreed that e-trust plays a critical role in commercial transactions on the Internet. Consumers are more likely to engage themselves in e-commerce with the company they trust the most. Companies will also be evaluated for having good ethical performance if they practice good e-trust and thus, develop customer relationships. Therefore, building trust that ensures a strong reputation over transparency and ethics and leads to satisfied clients becomes a crucial task of every company doing online business.

And finally, intellectual property. Along with security and privacy, intellectual property (IP) is the most discussed issue relevant to e-commerce concerning ethics, politics, and society. Generally, IP issues in e-commerce from the ethics side is about how individual as well as organizations respect the property that belongs to others. On the other hand, society has seen the issue as related to the value of protecting IP through the Internet, and from a political point of view, the question is how IP in e-commerce can be protected by the government while creativity and innovation can also flourish. IP includes all products of the human mind, which are both tangible (assets, physical properties, inventions, industrial designs, etc.) and intangible (such as knowledge, new ideas, and original expressions). For instance, the creation of an e-commerce site of a company will be protected in law by IP to protect the right to use this site solely by the company and earn financial benefits from that. The value of IP in e-commerce has increased recently due to the development of the Internet and technological innovations in the modern economy. Digital works such as music, pictures, software, designs, and models that are traded online make it possible for thieves to duplicate or steal. Besides, the Internet allows people to make a huge number of illegal copies of others’ works and distribute them to web users for free. The conception of innovations has significantly occurred that some businesses start taking no consideration for patterns, copyrights, or trademarks and freely use them. IP precisely lawfully controls this kind of area. IP consists of the protection of three main types, namely, copyright, patent, and trademark. Copyright protects literary forms of works, including writings, arts, music, motion pictures, and computer programs from being copied without the author’s permission. For example, even though the HTML code for creating web pages is available to every browser, it is not easy to make a copy and use it for commercial purposes legally according to the Computer Software Copyright Act. The only drawback of copyright is the inability to protect the fundamental idea behind the entire program. A patent refers to the protection of inventions. E-commerce business model patenting aims to encourage businessmen to invent valuable gadgets as well as advance the new technology distribution across licensing and shrewd imitation of the published patent. Trademark is defined as a form of intellectual property protection to identify and distinguish goods and indicate their source. In other words, trademark laws’ purpose is to protect both the public and the owner who spent time, money, and energy on taking the product into the market, from robbery or unlawful abuse. Some of the trademark laws regarding e-commerce can be mentioned such as cybersquatting (registration of domain names to trademark to make profit from authorized holders), cyberpiracy (registration of domain names to trademark to alter web traffic to their own sites), or meta-tagging (usage of trademarked words in a site’s meta-tags). The challenge of IP is the restriction of distribution, where Internet distributors have to pay for the owners to use their works. Nevertheless, it is critical for e-commerce to do business according to product licensing and patent, as e-commerce develops its value in business through intellectual property ethics and laws by having patent portfolios and trademarks that ensure benefits of their inventions and web-based works such as branding, customer recognition while preventing from piracy or uncontrollable theft.

Given the widespread use of the Internet and its commercialization, ethical issues are becoming relevant in relation to it as well. Issues such as customer privacy, security, trust in e-commerce, and intellectual property discussed in this essay are some of the most debated issues related to e-commerce.

Teamwork Is Better Than Individual Work Essay

“Teams are the fundamental unit by which work is conducted in organizations.”

Introduction

A team is a group of people who collaborate on a task towards a common goal. It is an essential component in any basic organization of work. Forming and managing a team can set forth many issues and road bumps and therefore it requires a lot of techniques and specific practices to ensure not only effective but also successful teamwork.

What is teamwork?

Nowadays, teamwork has increasingly become a way of life in numerous organizations. Teamwork is when a group of people work together cohesively, combining individual strengths, ideas, and perceptions, supporting each other towards a common vision or objective. This creates a positive working atmosphere as it brings people together with a sense of companionship and accomplishment.

What problems can one face in teamwork?

When a team has been formed, it encounters several issues and concerns before it can successfully perform. These issues mainly arise through various forms of misunderstandings and miscommunication. One of the most common problems a team faces is the building of trust. Trust is proven to be a key building block of all relationships, whether it be professional or personal. Google’s Aristotle Project, proves how important building trust within a team is for effective teamwork (The New York Times Magazine, 2016). A lack of trust can break down a team as it threatens team productivity, causes demotivation, and creates a toxic atmosphere as members may be afraid to communicate with the fear of being shut down. Another very common issue that arises is conflict and tension. This is a big challenge that almost every team faces. A difference of opinion can quickly cause arguments and misunderstandings and can cause poor communication between members which in turn can hinder team performance and threatens their work. Social loafing is another issue that a team is very likely to face. This is when people tend to put in less effort when working in a team than they do when working individually. This creates a problem as each individual is not putting in an equal amount of effort and hence can lead to one member working harder than another. Ineffective leadership can also cause poor teamwork as team leaders may not be able to establish clear visions for their team or not delegate responsibilities effectively, hence confusing members. Such issues are critical to the team, as learning and overcoming them assists the team in developing a sound understanding of their members and their different attributes, all of which combine to form the perfect team for optimum performance.

How can these problems be addressed?

All of these problems stated above can be addressed and overcome with many simple solutions. A team can build trust with their members in several different ways. Members can simply start by being themselves within the group. When a person is their authentic self, it becomes easier to establish interpersonal relationships as they are based on honesty and open exchanges. Simple team-building exercises such as ice-breakers, can help members get to know each other and hence allow them to loosen up and be more open and comfortable around each other. Conflict and tension can be overcome through healthy debates, which can be useful for teamwork as it allows team members to listen to each other’s ideas and opinions through structured communication. This causes team members to talk to one another in an honest and meaningful way, think differently, and take all ideas into account, in turn expanding each other’s knowledge, leading to flourishing results. Poor leadership problems can be fixed through effective management of the team. The team can work together to get to know each other and choose a group member who they think is most suitable for their team. As John Adair’s Leadership Theory (1960) demonstrates, the leader should be held responsible for their team, achieve a common task, build the synergy of teamwork, and then respond to individuals’ needs by ensuring that tasks are being completed correctly and successfully. The team can also collectively come up with a common goal and work on achieving it together. Leadership also assists with social loafing. A good leader can distribute tasks evenly and fairly and then should ensure that each team member is completing the tasks assigned to them within the given deadline. This diminishes any procrastination and guarantees that team members aren’t passing on their work to each other.

A team’s developmental stage

[image: ]Bruce Tuckman’s model of ‘Team Stages’ (1965) suggests that there are five important cycles in a team’s developmental stage. The first stage is the forming stage. This is the most essential stage as it is when the team is initially forming. It is when most members are positive and polite as they are getting oriented to one another. The next stage is the storming stage. This stage is the most difficult and critical stage to pass through. It is a period when an individual’s personality and skills emerge. Conflict may begin to arise as members may disagree on team goals or ideas and team performance may decrease as a result. The third stage, norming, is when any conflict gets resolved and unity within the team emerges. The group comes to a consensus and the leader is decided and individuals are assigned their roles. Team performance increases and cohesion and harmony arise. The fourth stage, also known as the performing stage is when the team is organized and well-functioning. A clear plan and structure has been established and is being successfully followed. The team is actively focused on problem-solving and meeting team goals and objectives. The last stage is the adjourning stage. This is when the majority of the team’s goals have been accomplished, final tasks are being wrapped up and preparation for disbandment is underway. A team needs to experience every stage of the development stage for successful and efficient teamwork.

Management techniques during the developmental stage.

To complete each cycle of the developmental stage and pass on to the next, several effective and efficient management techniques can assist a team. (Glenn M Parker, 2008). During the forming stage, team members must begin to get to know one another by learning to trust. Communication between members through conversations and icebreakers is very significant as it allows members to build safe and comfortable relationships with one another. Throughout the storming stage, the team should focus on team building and avoid any conflicting issues that may arise. Teams can use specific strategies such as recognition of members and their efforts and success, recognition of contribution, effective communication, and setting clear visions for the team to follow, to overcome this stage effectively. Team members should also show cooperation and understanding towards one another by always being willing to share and listen to each other’s ideas. Assigning roles and clear task delegation to members of the team can assist in team building as members are being held responsible for their share of the work. To get through the norming stage, team members must show high cohesiveness and harmony. This can be achieved through continuous defining and reminding of the team’s goals and values, celebrating any success together, communicating effectively, and giving and receiving feedback from one another to keep improving. To accomplish both the performing and the adjourning stage, a team requires motivation. This motivation can be achieved through mutual accountability. When clear performance goals exist, and members have been given tasks to complete, individuals may feel mutually accountable for their parts and hence this encourages them to perform to avoid letting the team down. Encouragement and praise are also very efficient during this stage. When members are being encouraged and praised by one another, and their work is considered meaningful, they are more likely to increase effective performance (Glenn M Parker, 2008). Overall, there are several management techniques a team has to consider and apply to produce optimum results through effective teamwork.

What roles do members play to operate effectively?

There are several roles individuals in a team must be held responsible for and continue to upkeep while completing their teamwork. The most important role is the role of a team leader. A team leader ensures smooth and effective operations of the team. They ensure that all members have roles delegated to them and that they all actively participate in teamwork. Then we have the team recorder. A team recorder documents the main ideas of the team’s discussion. A timekeeper monitors the time to ensure that all work is being completed as per the deadlines and schedules. A team can also choose to have a researcher or a resource investigator. They explore various platforms and collect specific sources and data that can be helpful for their work. While individuals may have their specialized roles, they all still have to participate as active team members and have equal responsibility as other members.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we can gather a firm understanding of how not only the existence of teams but also the formation and the developmental stage of the team is crucially essential in producing optimum and efficient teamwork. Although these stages may cause problems or confusion amongst team members, we can now understand that there are several effective management techniques and practices that can be used to overcome these encounters and in turn produce healthy and hardworking teams.

Essay on Tesla Corporate Social Responsibility

Using the Big Five to measure Elon Musk’s personality as a leader:

Openness of experience

Through establishing PayPal, SpaceX, and Tesla, Elon Musk has shown a high level of openness to experience. He is innovative and proactive about building a new business that can change the industry.

Conscientiousness

Musk devotes most of his time to work and fully participates in the operation. Through the financial and production problems in SpaceX and Tesla, Musk takes responsibility and tries his best to convince the investors to keep the companies running. However, according to Kalshoven et al. (2011, P.352), Costa and McCrae (1992) suggest that “people who acquire a high level of conscientiousness are more likely to behave after thorough thinking and comply with morality and their responsibility.” Musk’s impractical ideas can be considered unaccountable to his employees, and they might feel both physically and mentally stressed out by his unrealistic thoughts.

Extroversion

It is likely that Musk might be an introvert rather than an extrovert since he enjoys reading and prefers to spend his time alone exploring new knowledge and then sharing his creative thoughts with others.

Agreeableness

Musk is viewed by his employees as an extracting boss who wants everything to follow his rule. Likely, Musk is not generally trusting and caring, and he prefers to participate in everything and make sure the companies work perfectly, while this might indicate he has a low level of agreeableness.

Neuroticism

Musk presents a calm and stress-resistant attitude toward the crisis in Tesla and SpaceX which can consider the necessary characteristics as a leader. However, Musk might be good at dealing with the emergency but have hostile behavior. During the interaction between Musk and his employees and investors, it seems that Musk sometimes would harshly treat his staff and become aggressive if there was a disagreement with him.

What implications does Musk Musk’s leadership have from the perspective of ethical and responsible behavior in organizations?

Musk’s participation in every part of the operation

Musk’s full participation might be responsible for his position, but it might also indicate Musk’s low willingness to share the power. Brown et al. (2005) note that ethical leadership should “provide followers with voice.” De Hoogh and Den Hartog (2008) also state that “Leader’s social responsibility was positively related to the combined scale for ethical leadership (morality and fairness, role clarification and power-sharing,” but “power-sharing may be more related to employee creativity and innovative behavior rather than effectiveness in the organization.” That is, the power-sharing in the organization might allow Musk to listen to the employees’ voices and develop their new ideas.

Abusive supervision

Musk’s abusive behavior might be both a mental and physical burden to the employees. Brown et al. (2005) provide that “ethical leadership is positively related to affective trust in the leader and negatively related to abusive supervision.” On the other hand, Taylor et al. (2018) suggest that followers who receive abusive supervision in the long term might consider abusive supervision normal and act abusively with others in the organization. Therefore, the abusive behavior in the organization might trickle down from the top management to the lower level of the organization.

Which specific event described in the case do you find particularly relevant from the perspective of ethical and responsible behavior in organizations?

The event that one employee’s one-day absence because of his newborn child has shown Musk that employees should prioritize their work with no excuses. He considers the employees are supposed to participate fully as much as he does, and this might show his carelessness and lack of compassion for the employees’ situation. Howell and Avolio (1992, cited in Blair et al.,2017, p.336) suggest that “ethical charismatic leaders cannot feel and might ignore followers’ needs and aspirations.’ A survey from De Hoogh and Den Hartog (2008) measure “concern for others” as one of the categories to score leader’s social responsibility, which has a positive relationship with ethical leadership. De Hoogh and Den Hartog (2008) also note that people who get a higher score in the leader’s social responsibility would get higher in ethical leadership compared to despotic leadership. Musk chooses to ignore the condition of the employees and push them to work harder which might be regarded as unethical leadership.

Reference:

1. Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 97(2), 117–134. https://doi-org.ezphost.dur.ac.uk/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002
2. Blair, C. A., Helland, K., & Walton, B. (2017). Leaders behaving badly: The relationship between narcissism and unethical leadership. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 38(2), 333–346. https://doi-org.ezphost.dur.ac.uk/10.1108/LODJ-09-2015-0209
3. De Hoogh, A. H. B., & Den Hartog, D. N. (2008). Ethical and despotic leadership, relationships with leader’s social responsibility, top management team effectiveness and subordinates’ optimism: A multi-method study. Leadership Quarterly, 19(3), 297–311. https://doi-org.ezphost.dur.ac.uk/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.03.002
4. Kalshoven, K., Den Hartog, D., & De Hoogh, A. (2011). Ethical Leader Behavior and Big Five Factors of Personality. Journal of Business Ethics, 100(2), 349–366. https://doi-org.ezphost.dur.ac.uk/10.1007/s10551-010-0685-9
5. Taylor, S. G., Griffith, M. D., Vadera, A. K., Folger, R., & Letwin, C. R. (2018). Breaking the cycle of abusive supervision: How disidentification and moral identity help the trickle-down change course. The Journal Of Applied Psychology. https://doi-org.ezphost.dur.ac.uk/10.1037/apl0000360

Expectancy Theory in Leadership Essay

Expectancy theory was proposed by a professor named Victor Vroom who taught business at the Yale School of Management. Vroom’s initial research was on the expectancy theory of motivation. This idea was an attempt to explain why people choose to obey certain courses of action and prefer certain goals and outcomes over others in the workplace, mainly in decision-making and leadership. In this theory of expectancy, Vroom suggests that motivation is influenced by a person’s belief that their mindset will lead to performance, which then leads to specific results, and then those results are either nurtured by the person or neglected. So, for example, let’s say there is a basketball player and he is already skilled. He does not believe that increasing the amount of time spent training will significantly take his game to another level. He will not train any harder because he does not see a positive outcome in doing so. Vroom broke the expectancy theory down into three different categories and that is expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.

Expectancy is the postulation that an increase in effort leads to an increase in performance. For instance, if you work hard in class, then you will prepare a great presentation for your upcoming project. There are numerous amount of variables that could affect this belief. Some examples of these components would be available resources like raw materials and time allotted to get the job done, having the necessary skills for the obligation, support from supervisors, and having correct intel about the job. These aspects point to the belief that the job is under control.

Instrumentality is a belief that all suitable rewards will be received when the employee puts on the right type of performance. The reward for the first performance usually affects how the employee performs from that point moving forward. An example of a reward given in the workplace would be a pay raise, bonus, promotion, or extra time off. Valence is the importance that an individual puts on the result that is expected. For example, if you already have an income of $1500 a week, you would only be motivated by obtaining an amount that is higher than that. Thus, if that person cherishes bringing in money over anything else, then they will not be enthralled by the chance to take time off. Another strong example of instrumentality is a salary that is based on commission. When an employee’s performance is directly correlated to an outcome, which is the salary of the employee, the employee is more likely to work harder. the theory is affected by the following factors which are, the rules of the reward must be clear and cut. Meaning, that there should be a precise understanding of what the reward will be for having the appropriate performance. Everyone performing must have trust in the authority figures in charge because they decide the outcome of what will be received by which individuals. The process of rewarding for given performance must be straightforward.

A manager’s proficiency in the expectancy theory is significant in the workplace. It allows them to assign employees reasonably challenging objectives that trigger self-confidence and intellectual development. Instrumentality can also be enforced. Managers/ Leaders should strive to keep the promises they make to their workers as it maximizes the follower’s ability to trust and have faith that a manager is capable. Instrumentality comes from the belief that performance generates promised results. Finally, valence dictates that a leader should be able to see the value of an outcome from their followers’ perspective.

Expectancy theory has a ton of strengths but there are also some weaknesses. First, let’s start with the strengths. When it comes down to it, certain employee expectations are generated by receiving rewards and incentives. With the perfect goals set in mind, it can spark a motivational series that can improve production. Sometimes administration has an un-yielding grasp of expectancy principles. This is so they can use those ideas to be more effective when creating work groups to accomplish their business plans. Management will be able to better understand exactly what needs to be done to motivate their employees, look for any pauses in any specific techniques that need training, and commit to giving rewards. One of the advantages of expectancy theory being instilled in the workplace is that employees will be willing and determined to take place in work projects. This is mainly because they will be prompted by the opportunity to perform, and acquire rewards that they see as relevant.

Even though the expectancy theory has helped a lot of people in the workplace, it also has its negative effects. The model describing the expectancy theory of motivation says, “Motivation is equal to expectancy multiplied by Instrumentality multiplied by Valance. Under the theory if any of the factors are zero, the employee will be unmotivated”. But, in real-life situations, individuals tend to work hard at most times even if they’re not so sure they’ll get the reward they think they earned. As such, research included in the ‘Oxford Handbook of Motivation states, “The equation should be additive: Motivation equals Expectancy plus Instrumentality plus Valance”. Expectancy theory’s biggest strength turns out to be one of the biggest weaknesses. This theory is logical, implying that employees always act purely out of self-interest, and their need for a reward. Nevertheless, the theory also excludes the possibility that an employee may be motivated by other factors. Many workers are motivated to do the right thing or to be team players, regardless of the reward. Because the theory doesn’t account for this, it can lead to an employer missing out on an excellent motivational tool. The theory of expectancy peeks at every motivational factor. While viewing the theory, employees work on a task for certain types of rewards, then they go on to the next level for the next reward. The expectancy theory does not take into consideration an employee who does the right thing on an assignment out of a want to get a raise. Employees are motivated by rewards, but not motivated by rewards tied to a task. This makes the expectancy theory fragile at foreshadowing long-lasting patterns of behavior. Employees usually don’t stroll into their managers’ cubicles with planned-out lists of the rewards they want, arranged in order of how desperate they want them. nonetheless, expectancy theory speculates, ‘that managers have access to employee instrumentality and valence factors. Without knowing exactly what employees want and how badly they want it. it becomes quite difficult to foretell how motivated they will be to take on a project, even if a reward is offered. In the article “Problems with Expectancy”. It states, “Sales contests are a microcosm of this. Invariably, the prize gets a few producers excited while the rest tune the contest out and achieve slight if any, productivity gains. This event happens because, in the real world, managers do not always know how to motivate each member of their teams”.

Expectancy theory has a lot of illustrative examples that produce useful outcomes and un-useful outcomes. Optimism is one of them. Optimistic people always view the positive side of things. Optimists believe if they stay positive and put forth a great effort, then they will be rewarded. Sometimes optimist can get their feelings hurt though. This is because if they aren’t given the reward they thought they would receive. But this won’t stop them from being positive. Individuals who are mentees can also be affected by expectancy theory. This is because if someone worked hard their whole life to obtain the things they want, mentees might look up to them. If those mentees see that their mentor is happy and living the life they want. Their mentees will be inspired and motivated to improve their performance to get a reward. But if those mentees see that their mentor is unhappy then that can shy them away from being motivated. Gamification is the action of turning tasks into a competitive state like gaming. This usually increases motivation towards a project, especially if the individual is competitive. They think that doing the best job on a task will reward them. This will motivate them and others to do their best. However, in other cases, this demoralizes employees because they believe if they do not come out on top then they won’t get the reward they want. This ends up decreasing motivation.

I believe that the expectancy theory is vital when it comes to businesses and everyday life situations. In this paragraph, I would like to talk about my personal experiences. When I learned what expectancy theory was I realized that I have been using this theory throughout most of my life, and it helped me a lot. This theory helped me figure out when I should go hard for something I want and when I should give little effort. For example, I remember when I was in the 8th grade and the staff announced to us that we had to pass all of our classes with B’s or better to graduate. If achieved, we didn’t have to pass the compass test at the end. After hearing that, I realized that all I had to do was ace my classes. The whole school year I worked as hard as possible to get all A’s because I was motivated by the end goal of not having to take the course seriously. After attaining the grades I wanted, I was no longer motivated to finish out the school year strong. My parents insisted that I still study for the course, but after considering all of the possible outcomes I knew it was in my best interest to not study or try my best. There was no reward in the end for me. Another example is when I used to work at Gwinnett Place Honda. This example of expectancy theory is a little different than others. My job was commission-based. I was motivated to get as much work done as possible, and I made sure I did my best because I thought I would be rewarded with more money. But after a while, I noticed that there were ways to make more money while putting less effort into my work. This made me less motivated to do my best work but made me more determined to find shortcuts to make work easier.

As stated in the beginning, expectancy theory has a lot of pros and cons. The main objective of expectancy theory is to come up with the greatest possible outcomes. With that being said, to retrieve the maximal performance from individuals, managers must use clear and cut systems that can come close to relating rewards regarding performance. One more thing to take as food for thought is that the rewards propounded must be yearned for by the employees. The essential aspect is that employees must believe that the more effort they put in, the better the result will be for them. Expectancy theory has been around since 1964 and I believe it’s never going anywhere. This is because everyone will always have decisions to make. Individuals will always weigh the advantages and disadvantages of situations which then affects their thrive and motivation to obtain whatever is offered.

Essay on Toyota Corporate Social Responsibility

Organizational culture is a value system that defines people’s beliefs within an organization, or company. In this case study, GM seemed to only care about the profit rather than the safety of their customers. The ignition switch was an issue for over a decade and the issue was addressed but not properly taken care of. As a result of their ability to act 13 people were killed and one at GM seemed to step up and take responsibility for it (Kuppler,2014). Their CEO Mary Barra produced a plan to change the culture of GM for the better internally and did what she could throughout the transformation within the company. In my estimation, GM seemed to have more weaknesses than positives as they turned a blind eye to this issue and lacked genuine concern for their customers without a sense of urgency in resolving the issue, speaking their reaction toward the issue was incredibly poor (Kuppler,2014). Rather than employees stepping up and voicing their concerns on the ignition switch issue they kept their heads down and just did what they were told to not jeopardize their jobs felt a lack of management understanding, or didn’t feel the issue was important enough for upper management to react and take action towards (Kuppler,2014). The organization model I feel best fits General Motors within the company is the Autocratic Model because within General Motors the decision-makers are the managers. It is the managers within the company that should be listening to their employee’s concerns, and issues to make GM, and their vehicles well-built and safe for public use with operational know-how taken into consideration as well.

The Autocratic Model is a successful way to run some businesses as it gives companies the ability to make quick decisions, creates a clear line of communication, counters team inexperience, improves productivity and efficiency, and can control employees’ stress (Gaille, 2018), but in this case, it seems to work against GM. For GM it seemed this model worked against them as management felt the issue did not take precedence over other matters and wasn’t important enough for immediate attention, As a result of this matter their subordinates felt management took zero action toward this then they felt comfortable to do the same (felt the downfall would fall on management anyway). In my research, there are 5 types of organizational behavioral models which are autocratic (GM’s model before the crisis) supportive, custodial, system, and collegial (Five Models of Organisational Behavior,2015). Supportive is a model that inspires leadership, the custodial is based on creating loyalty from benefits and wages, the collegial model is based upon teamwork, and lastly, the system model ties all of those models I mentioned earlier into a behavioral model where it takes all of these models into account to reach an organization’s goals and objectives (Gaille, 2018). Comparing this to other car companies GM has many competitors within their industry, but its largest competitor globally is Toyota Motors.

Toyota at the time had a better sense of how to treat its employees, and primarily followed the collegial model which means college. This means a group of employees having a common purpose in their work, goals, and objectives. The collegial model relates to a teamwork-based model highlighting delegation and mutual understanding. The foundation of the collegial model lies in management’s building a feeling of partnership with their employees and a common goal that can be mutually achieved. Under the collegial approach, employees feel needed and useful thus making them more vital toward the end product. They consider managers as joint contributors to organizational success rather than as bosses (MODELS OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR, 2014-2019). This model is crucial because it gives employees a sense of self-worth and promotes unity amongst staff as managers guide their employees rather than the Autocratic Model directing employees around without a goal or their customers in mind. This then results in a more proficient working environment as employees aren’t in fear of punishment, and with the custodial model employees depend on the organization rather than themselves in comparison, collegial builds teamwork, which is the goal of all organizations, especially these days bosses (MODELS OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR, 2014-2019).

One aspect you must look at is the similarities in the culture that GM and Toyota conducted themselves. There are differences between the organizational model in this case study and those used by other organizations within the auto industry. Every industry tries to establish its own culture within the business or organization, and not one business has the same outlook, goals, and aspirations for its company. Other auto industries may adopt other models such as the custodial model, in which the employee will base their work on benefits and rewards as their main driving force to be productive and efficient. Another may adopt the supportive model which solely relies on proper leadership, as this model promotes teamwork that focuses on training and development in the hopes of making their employees happier and more efficient. What works in the auto industry may not work in the manufacturing industry as the manufacturing industry Is focused on the production of quality goods as quickly and efficiently as possible. A cohesive and well-trained staff makes this possible whereas an industry such as sales drives their employees with commission and is every man for themselves, as they make, they’re living off how many sales are achieved per quarter or annually depending on the business. Historically, Japan has always been a proud nation so when issues arise, they seem to keep things internal, although they use the Collegial model as a basis for their internal employees’ regulation, going public with things is pretty much forbidden which gives them the Autocratic Model as well.

GM was sort of the same concept as the United States is a very proud nation and GM has been a staple for the US for some time now, they have become accustomed to turning their heads and forgetting the customers should be the main focus of all automobiles built. One way Toyota made the right decision that GM didn’t was that once they knew the airbag was going to affect people, they made it public as soon as possible to recall vehicles and pressed people to not have passengers in the passenger seat until the issue was resolved, showing concern for their customers which is something GM lacked. It took GM eleven years to address the issue and for the information to reach top management which purely showed the resolve of managers adopting the autocratic model (Kuppleer,2014). I feel that many companies within this industry have a sense of autocratic models of behavior because they were not called out by the public.

The auto industry is a very fast-paced industry and many employees just do what they must do to keep their jobs without question. Those who had concerns were ignored making safety a huge issue as time went on and culturally this became the norm within GM and many other auto companies as well as manufacturing companies. In saying this, it doesn’t mean all car companies have this mentality. As mentioned earlier Toyota seemed to take some responsibility in recalling defective airbags, as GM took over a decade for things to become apparent there was an issue (Kuppler,2014). When base-level employees and management get along and work together more can get accomplished (although Japan was secretive as well, they had more of a collegial approach to public safety concerns). Every generation has a different model to follow in terms of the concepts and things that motivate them. The concept of motivation will never change, so a smart business owner should always pay attention to the things that motivate people to be productive, accurate, and efficient so their business can run smoothly. Without a substantial market to impede on, or a product that has the quality to sell within the market niche your business is doomed to begin with. In the end, GM woke up and admitted their faults. Employees must take ownership in what they do and that starts from the culture created within the organization, and in this case, Mary Barra did just that. Many people have reviewed this case study and have wondered what kind of leadership style, and organizational behavior is being exuded throughout the company during the time of the ignition switch crisis.

Ultimately, people have different perspectives as to what leadership is. Some feel a leader is an individual with followers, others feel a leader is someone with stature within a company (hierarchical), and another person may feel a leader is someone who empowers others around them. All of these are examples of what some may feel defines a leader. As these ideas were formed by leaders within their organizational niche, in my opinion, a natural-born leader who can adapt to situations and become more diverse in motivating others to accomplish a common goal is extremely important. Throughout my research, the definition of a leader that resonated with me the most was written by Kevin Kruse, a contributor to Forbes, and the author stated: “ Leadership is a process of social influence, which maximizes the efforts of others, towards the achievement of a goal”(Kruse,2015). The leadership style that GM expressed at the time was autocratic as many top leaders within the company made decisions and expected their subordinates to comply even if the evidence said otherwise. Top leaders had known about the issue for many years now but took what was called the “GM nod”, meaning upper management officials would nod their heads in agreement with a consensus at the end of discussions and meetings, without the intention of following through with the proposed course of action when issues arose (Kuppler,2014). Another form of management style that was exuded is called the Laissez-Faire Leadership style, also known as delegation leadership. Laissez-faire is the leadership style where the leader gives full freedom to his subordinates to act on their own. Here, the leader once defines the goals, policies, programs, and limitations for action and then leaves the remaining process to be accomplished by the subordinates on their own (Business Jargons, 2016). Within GM many top officials took the hands-off approach in terms of ground-level operations which allowed mid-level members to make the decisions. There are some pros to this style when your employees are properly trained, and trust is built, and proven, throughout the chain of command. At GM it seems that leaving tough decisions to the group ended up hurting them as upper management has neglected the issue for 11 years (top-level autocratic approach despite mid-level delegation evidence) and expressed what was known as the “GM salute”, meaning top officials crossed their arms and passes responsibility when issues were faced and put the blame onto others (Kuppler, 2014). Resulting in the group doing nothing about the issues that were presented because top officials didn’t seem interested.

Essay on Why Dress Code Should Be Banned

They tend to target girls more on dress code than they do for the boys. The dress code bans clothing that girls commonly wear and requires clothing that is not easily available for girls but is for boys. Clothing like tan-tops and leggings are often banned from some schools. Guidelines such as the “fingertip rule” stating the need that students’ shorts must be longer than the fingertips when hands are down at sides are a lot easier for boys to adjust to than girls (Barrett). They prioritize boys’ needs. Many times, the wording of a dress code tells girls they should dress in a specific way because their clothing is “distracting” to boys. Banning this clothing takes away a student’s comfort level at best, and at worst, suggests that boys should be comfortable but girls do not have the same needs for class comfort (Zhou). School dress codes encourage victim-blaming instead of holding perpetrators of sexual assault responsible. Dress codes encourage making it okay for people to say, “You should not have been wearing that, what did you think was going to happen?!” policing what people wear, instead of teaching others to be respectful and consensual assumes the false idea that certain outfits will protect you from sexual assault while others will make you feel unsafe. It also promotes the harmful heteronormative rhetoric that “boys will be boys” and “cannot control themselves” (Barrett).

The dress code enforces gender stereotypes. Dress codes force trans and non-binary folks to wear either “male” or “female” clothing. It seems that fashion has a gender identity. Transgender students have been sent home for wearing clothing dissimilar to what is expected of their legal sex, while others have been excluded from their yearbooks (Zhou). Dress codes entrust school authorities with student identity and can establish discriminatory standards. The prevalence and convergence of today’s protests suggest that schools not only need to update their policies, they also have to recognize and address the latent biases that go into creating them (Firestone). For example, on December 5, 2020, a male student was given in-school suspension for wearing nail polish at a Texas high school. The student named Trevor Wilkinson, an openly gay teenager had been called out of school and was put on in-school suspension for wearing nail polish. He was originally given a suspension on Monday at Clyde High School after he returned from Thanksgiving break with his painted nails. The painted nail supposedly disobeys his school’s dress code. Trevor had tweeted on Monday and said “Imagine your school not allowing boys to paint their nails and giving boys in-school suspension for it. And the whole administration being okay with it, homophobic and sexist? Welcome to West Texas.

Synthesis on GMO Role Essay

The role of Biotechnology in Agriculture is defined as any technique that uses live organisms viz. bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeast, animal cells, plant cells, etc. to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to engineer micro-organisms for specific uses.

Agricultural biotechnology is a collection of scientific techniques used to improve plants, animals, and microorganisms.

Before Agricultural Biotechnology:

The Green Revolution led to a tremendous increase in food production worldwide between the 1930s and 1960s.

This revolution included the use of high-yielding crop varieties, increased use of fertilizers, and improved methods of irrigation.

Although the Green Revolution tripled the worldwide food supply, it was still not enough for a growing population.

Farmers have also used agrochemicals (pesticides and fertilizers) to increase crop yields.

Is there a way to use our knowledge of plant genetics to produce new varieties and increase yields? Can we reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers and use a more environmentally friendly approach? Yes, agricultural biotechnology has given rise to genetically modified crops that solve all the above problems.

Genetically Modified Organisms:

You must have heard the term GMO used by people around you or in the news. what does this mean? GMO stands for ‘genetically modified organism’. GMOs are plants, animals, bacteria, or fungi whose genes have been modified by genetic manipulation. Genetically modified crops or GM crops are used in the following ways:

• They are more tolerant of stress such as drought, cold, heat, etc.
• They are insect-resistant and therefore less dependent on chemical pesticides.
• Genetically modified crops help reduce post-harvest losses.
• They help increase mineral utilization by plants, thereby preventing early exhaustion of soil fertility.
• Genetically modified crops have increased nutritional value. Example – Vitamin A-rich rice.

Genetic modifications help industries tailor plants to provide alternative resources, such as fuels, starch, and pharmaceuticals.

BT Cotton:

This is a genetically modified version of cotton. Bt stands for the microbe Bacillus thuringiensis.

This microbe produces a pesticide protein or toxin that kills oats

Insects such as tobacco germs, flies, mosquitoes, beetles, etc. This is because it is dormant in the bacillus. It is activated only once when the insect meets the alkaline pH in the intestine when the insect swallows it. The active toxin then binds to the surface of epithelial cells and makes pores in it. This causes the cells to swell and louse, eventually leading to insect death.

Scientists isolated the BT toxin genes from Bacillus thuringiensis and incorporated it into various crop plants such as cotton. This variety is ‘Bt cotton’. Since most BT toxins are insect-group specific, the choice of genes to be incorporated depends on the crop and the targeted pest. A gene named cry codes for the toxin protein and there are a number of these genes. For example, the genes cryIAc encode toxins that control cotton bollworms whereas the gene cryIAb controls the insect corn borer.

Pest Resistant Plants:

Many nematodes live as parasites on many hosts such as plants, animals, and even humans. A specific nematode affects the roots of ‘Meloidiagnae’ and causes a huge reduction in yield. To prevent this violation, a novel strategy was adopted which is based on the RNA interference (RNAi) process.

RNAi is a method of cellular defense in all eukaryotes. It involves the silencing of a specific mRNA by a complementary double-stranded RNA that binds and inhibits the translation of this mRNA. The complementary RNA can come from infection by viruses that have RNA genomes or genetic elements called ‘transposons’.

Scientists took advantage of this process and introduced nematode-specific genes into host plants using Agrobacterium vectors. The introduced DNA produces both sense and anti-sense in host cells. These complementary strands then produce dsRNA, initiate RNAi, and thus silence specific RNA of the nematode.

As a result, the parasite cannot survive in the host that expresses this RNA, leading to resistance against that parasite.

Related work on Biotechnology in Agriculture:

Modern biotechnology represents distinctive applications of science that can be used for the betterment of society through the development of crops with improved nutritional quality, resistance to pests and diseases, and reduced cost of production and vice versa. The following are given below:

Micropropagation of disease-free plants like Banana:

Banana is generally grown in developing countries where it is a source of food, employment, and income. Micro-propagation represents a means of regenerating disease-free banana plantations from healthy tissues. It has all the advantages of being a relatively inexpensive and easily applicable technique.

Agriculture on acid soils:

Improving aluminum tolerance in grains: To maintain the pH of the soil, lime can be added to the soil to increase pH. This treatment is expensive and temporary. Advanced farming that is tolerant to aluminum can be developed alternatively. Rye shows a fourfold increase in aluminum tolerance over wheat.

Fortification of crops:

Certain crops are enriched with nutrients to reduce the malnutrition of children in developing countries. ‘Protato’ which is a genetically engineered potato in India produces about one-third to one-half more protein than usual, it also has substantial amounts of all the essential amino acids such as lysine and methionine Protein deficiency is widespread in developing and under-developing countries. Potato is the staple and cheapest food of the poorest people. Similarly, Golden rice has been genetically engineered to produce

Beta-carotene is the precursor to vitamin A.

So, it can be used to recover the vision problem caused by Vitamin A.

Breeding and reproducing in Aquaculture:

Reproductive biotechnology in fisheries provides opportunities to increase the growth rate improve the management of cultivated species and limit the fertility of genetically engineered species. Genetic engineering is an active area of ​​research and development in aquaculture. The large size and hardy nature of many fish eggs allow them to be easily manipulated and possible in gene transfer by direct injection or electro-orientation of a foreign gene, with an electric field aiding gene transfer. Gene transfer in fish typically involves genes that produce growth hormones and has been shown to dramatically increase growth rates in carp, salmon, tilapia, and other species. In addition, a gene from a winter founder that produces an antifreeze protein was put into salmon in hopes of expanding the fish farming range. The gene did not produce sufficient amounts of protein in cold water, but it did allow the salmon to grow during the colder months when non-transgenic salmon would not grow. These applications are still in the research and development phase and currently no transgenic aquatic animals are available to the consumer.

Artificial insemination (AI) and Multiple Ovulation/ Embryo Transfer in Livestock:

Advances in artificial insemination (AI) and ovulation after embryo transfer (MOET) have a major impact on livestock improvement and development programs already in developed countries and many developing countries as they speed up the process of genetic improvement, risk Reduce transmission of the disease and expand the number of animals that can be bred with better parents.

Genetically Modified Crops as Animal Feed:

Genetically modified crops, products derived from them, and enzymes derived from genetically modified microorganisms are widely used in animal diets. Mixed feeds are mainly used for poultry, pigs and dairy cows and are prepared from a range of raw materials, including maize and other grains and oilseeds such as soybeans and canola. There was no evidence regarding adverse effects in animals fed transgenic products for any measured parameters, such as nutrient composition, rumen fermentation, growth performance, or carcass characteristics.

Pest and Herbicide Resistant Cultivars:

The common soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis gene has been inserted to produce a specific protein in the cotton crop. This protein is toxic to some insects such as pink bollworms and cotton bollworms (Helisoverpa zea), and is partially effective in controlling tobacco worm worms and armyworms.

Genetically engineered Herbicide-tolerant (HT) crops:

A gene from the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tomfaciens is used in genetically engineered HT crops. This makes the recipient plant tolerant to the broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate. HT crops can reduce production costs and help with weed management. An HT crop named Roundup Ready (RR) was developed.

Genetically engineered Drought Resistant crops:

The technique of gene transformation of crop plants has been applied to identify genes responsible for drought resistance and their transfer. There are mainly two approaches, namely the targeted and short gun approach facilitating genetic engineering to obtain transgenic plants that face drought resistance. Similarly, RAJ cultivation of wheat is developed for rain-fed areas of Pakistan.

For this purpose, wheat content from international and local germplasm is seen with special emphasis on drought tolerance and disease resistance. RAJ was evaluated for grain yield, diseases drought resistance, and other agronomic traits. This variety produced the highest number of grains.

Production of Biofuel by Agricultural waste:

Biofuel is a great substitution for fossil fuel. Many agricultural waste products are used for the production of biofuel. In India, banana plants are used. A banana pseudo stem is commonly available to be used as a lignocellulosic substrate. Banana pseudo stem is a source for bioethanol production. Aspergillus ellipticus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are used in pre-treatment saccharification of cellulosic substrate.

Diagnostics and epidemiology:

Advanced biotechnology-based diagnostic tests make it possible to identify disease-causing agents and to monitor the impact of disease control programs to a degree of precision not previously possible. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests have become the standard methodology for the diagnosis and surveillance of many animal and fish diseases worldwide, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique is especially helpful in diagnosing plant diseases and is proving increasingly so also for livestock and fish diseases.

Vaccine development:

Genetically engineered vaccines are being developed to protect fish and livestock against pathogens and parasites. Recurring vaccines can provide various advantages over traditional vaccines in terms of safety, specificity, and stability. Today, quality-improving vaccines are available, for example, Newcastle disease, classical swine fever, and rinderpest. In addition to technological improvements, advances in biotechnology will make vaccine production cheaper, and therefore improve supply and availability for smaller shareholders.

Advantages of Time Management Essay

Introduction

This essay shows that students who take responsibility for their academic success enhance and identify goals that help them to self-direct their studies to give them a positive outcome. The research will argue that study habits, peer and faculty relationships, and student active learning benefit students to better understand study skills to gain academic success. This essay may encounter demographical and cultural issues. Students need to take responsibility to gain academic success by investigating study habits, active learning, and relationships with peers and faculty to optimize students’ academic success. The essay will look into study skills and implementation to increase students’ productivity to hand in assessments on time and better performance on exams.

Strategies and study habits

The students taking responsibility for their learning apply effective study habits. Students taking responsibility for their learning apply effective study habits to optimize their academic learning. According to Bickerdik, Deamhuaigh, O, Flynn and Twathaigh, O (2016) found not having good time management shown in Bickerdik’s results, for example in the research high lights approximately 50% of students who studied consistently across the year did better than the 50% of students who crammed at the end of the course. The article shows that good study habits and strategies are vital for academic success efforts towards time management t and planning reflect on students’ academic success. Therefore incorporating good time management is not only less stressful but also assists the student in improving their understanding of academic material. Based on Ebele and Olofu (2017) (as cited in Marc, 2011) the importance of good study habits. Students who are anxious on exam day are typically procrastinators who come unprepared. students who organise their lives and stick to their established study schedule are confident a relaxed at Test-taking time (Marc, 2011). Results show a significant (67%) effect on students’ good study habits for academic performance. In consideration of good study habits having a good schedule, I’m faithful, and sticking to study plans saves time and better outcomes for students thus relating to the topic at hand.

Student engagement

Students actively learning and group discussion increases the potential for academic success. According to Ullah, and Wilson (2007) (as cited in Astin 1984) Examined the connection between learning and students’ involvement and presented his theory of student development – that students learn by becoming involved. Ask questions to better student understanding, for example, when questioning a subject of an unknown concept giving answers to clarity to students giving them a better result to the related statement. As Bonwell and Eisen (1991) stress, developing instructional strategies to help students learn to think creatively and critically has been recognized as one of the most pressing educational challenges facing today (pp. 76-77). Structuring a lecture to have open-ended questions facilitates an interactive behavior between student and lecturer to gain better knowledge of the educational materials for academic success. To Finding shows that information is broken down and Found in Cavanagh(2011)(as cited in Stead 2005) various techniques such as a short writing task, small group discussions, and sharing in pairs or even rest breaks not only to help students re-engage with the content(Young et al.,2009). Student group discussions allow different perspectives, thought development, and processing, to assist in understanding theoretical materials In correlation to the statement above.

Relationships with students, peers, and faculty

Quality influences in warm relationships with faculty, peers, and students prove that academic success is achieved. Thistlewaite (1960) reported evidence that if students perceive relationships with faculty as warm and informal, there is a positive correlation with the level of educational aspiration. This explains that by having confidence in approaching faculty the outcome is greater. This is evidence that building a positive relationship with faculty helps students to better grasp subject materials, which supports the above statement concerning students’ academic success. Thus, as faculty take on an increasingly significant- quality relationship in the students’ social environment, the more likely the students to be influenced by faculty attitudes and other socializing variables (Pascarella,1980). For example, when a Social trip is taken with faculty, students can connect and build a warm relationship with the faculty and peers which gives them the confidence to approach either party and this facilitates academic success. Chambers (1973) compiled evidence that teachers who affect the creative development of students do so, not in the classroom, but as a result of interaction in the laboratory, office, home, or other informal settings. For example, after the lecture has been completed file it’s been followed through with a practical class to assist students to better understand the concept of the study given, which supports the statement above.

Rebuttal

Based on Uygulama (2009)(as cited Holec 1981) learning autonomous is to Take the change of one’s directed learning, wish supports the Inter-learning for academic success. As proven in the above paragraph having several approaches to facilitate students’ academic success benefits students’ long-term understanding. Implementing good study habits, time management, active learning, and relationships between peers and faculty has a significant advantage on overall students’ academic success.

Conclusion

These findings, identify that students are responsible for their academic success. the benefits of studies begin in school, students who complete their homework successfully improve their chances for academic success. although it is key that the students receive sufficient knowledge from teachers is undefinable that academic stuff provides benefits to students to gain knowledge.

In conclusion, in this research, those students who took responsibility for their learning had higher academic success, as they have taken into consideration study habits, active learning, and peer /faculty relationships. which shows that they had taken direction to gain academic success Students who had taken study habits including time management strategies were able to get their assessments on time,active learners showed interaction within the class enabling them to understand materials given In-depth, building relationships showed that students were able to approach peers and faculty which proved significantly advantage on students’ academic success. This proves are students who took the reasonably have achieved academic success through the above avenues.

References

1. Lamport, M.A. (1993). Student-faculty informal interaction and the effect on college student outcomes. A literature review, 28(112),.
2. Uygulama, E.K. (2009). Autonomy in language learning. Do students take responsibility for their learning, 2(1304-9496), 148-169.
3. Ullah, H., & Wilson, M.A. (2007). Students’ Academic Success and Its Association to Student Involvement with Learning and Relationships with Faculty and Peers.
4. Lumpkin, A., Achen, R.M & Dodd, R.K. (2015). Student perceptions of active learning. College student journal, 49(0146-3934),.
5. Cavanagh, M. (2011). Students’ experiences of active engagement through cooperative learning activities in lectures. Active Learning in Higher Education, 12(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787410387724
6. Bickerdike, Andrea & O’Deasmhunaigh, Conall & Flynn, Siun & O’Tuathaigh, Colm. (2016). Learning strategies, study habits, and social networking activity of undergraduate medical students. International journal of medical education. 7. 230-236. 10.5116/ijme.576f.d074.
7. Uju, E.F & Paul, O.A. (2017). Study Habits and its impact on Secondary School Students’ academic performance in biology in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. Full-length research paper, 12(1990-3839),.
8. Akınoğlu, O., Tandoğan, R. Ö. (2007). The Effects of Problem-Based Active Learning in Science Education on Students’ Academic Achievement, Attitude and Concept Learning. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 3(1), 71-81. https://doi.org/10.12973/ejmste/75375

Essay on Postmodernism in Fashion

The genius designer Yves Saint Laurent was born in Algeria in 1936. He has had high artistic talent since childhood. The 17-year-old Yves Saint Laurent won third place in the International Wool Design Competition and was discovered by VOGUE. At the age of 21, he became the artistic director of Dior. In 1966, at a time when the perception of women wearing pants was considered off-kilter and inappropriate, The 30-year-old Yves Saint Laurent introduced the world to Le Smoking, a tuxedo-style suit that quickly became the epitome of sex appeal. Though today we view the iconic look as an interesting alternative to the Little Black Dress, it signifies more than a party outfit: It’s a statement for women (Kleist 2015). The le-smoking suit was made up of a wool jacket, a satin cummerbund, and fairly loose trousers. It perfectly supports the female shoulder line and the straight figure. “le smoking marked a shift in attitude towards gender differentiation in fashion. However, carried a certain sense of power with it that has remained timeless”(Bannerman 2018). Its emergence has given women who are eager for equality and freedom a vent. Saint Laurent’s design demonstrates the concept of gender equality, full of rich modus of postmodernism. This is not only an important milestone in the fashion circle, but also a sign of social progress in the 1970s.

When people are still immersed in the elegant modernist style, designers begin to use the post-modern bold and lively design to impact and replace traditional art. Vivienne Westwood, a punk godmother from the UK, In a rude manner, leather, cloth, burrs, wood, acrylic, plastic, and other unpredictable materials are combined to lead the ridiculous trend of wearing underwear or rocking with an unorthodox bold attitude. She is also a contradictory researcher: she loves history but she has never been respectful. She has drawn from traditional historical costumes into a post-modern style of design. She has constantly brought the qualities of traditional costumes from the 17th and 18th centuries. In particular, she brought street fashion successfully into the main field of fashion. At the same time, she brought the charm of the Scottish plaid to the utmost, pushing the British charm to the highest point. She is always looking for creative elements from tradition, reappearing outdated corsets, platform heels, and classic Scottish plaids, and again becoming a new fashion item, which is undoubtedly the charm of Vivienne Westwood. In all respects, Vivienne Westwood is an unconventional postmodernist designer and deconstructing artist, both in behavior and in design.

Essay on Overview of Fashion Industry

The fashion industry is a multibillion-dollar international agency devoted to the enterprise of developing and promoting clothes. Some observers distinguish between the trend industry (which makes “high fashion”) and therefore the garment enterprise (which makes everyday clothes or “mass fashion”), however by using the Nineteen Seventies the boundaries between them had blurred. Fashion is fantastically described surely due to the truth of the fashion or varieties of clothing and add-ons worn at any given time using companies of men and female.

There may additionally be up-to-be versions between the luxurious designer fashions shown on the runways of Paris or large apple and consequently, the closely produced sports clothing and street styles supplied in department shops and markets around the world. However, the trend company encompasses the planning, manufacturing, distribution, marketing, retailing, advertising, and merchandising of all sorts of garb (men’s, women’s, and children’s) from the crucial rarefied and pricey haute couture (literally, “high sewing”) and clothier fashions to daily everyday clothing—from couture ball gowns to casual sweatpants. Sometimes the broader time length of “fashion industries” is employed to ask myriad industries and offerings that rent many human beings internationally. When we suppose about areas of analysis that make a difference interior the world, disciplines like medicine, public fitness, and law first come to mind.

One self-discipline that will now not make the record is fashion. However, the fact is that trends influence and influence the world in many ways and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. Perhaps clothing industry leader, Frances Corner, sums it up wonderfully in her book, Why Fashion Matters.“Fashion matters,” she writes. “To the economy, to society, and every people personally. Faster than something, what we put on tells the story of who we are — or who we would like to be. Fashion is that the most on-the-spot and intimate variety of self-expression.”Here’s a higher take look at the importance of the fashion and luxurious industry, the challenges it faces, and therefore the need for passionate, creative, and educated leaders to energy its future. Why We Need FashionWhere would we be barring fashion? To apprehend that, we first understand the range of roles vogue performs in society, which includes the following: Fashion as a Form of Self-ExpressionIn its most personal sense, trend is about self-expression and self-adornment. While styles and trends can also change, human beings will need to categorize their individuality. Fashion is one of the best and most notable methods to do this.

Fashion in Arts and Culture“Fashion deserves to be taken seriously, warts and all, and celebrated for its beauty, creativity and entrepreneurial spirit,” Corner asserts. “The apparel agency is amongst the important aspirational, industrious, and dynamic of all industries. Its best designers, like all amazing artists, think about provoking and omitting subculture.”Fashion and the EconomyThe style company is both huge and complex. According to the fashion corporation community Common Objective (CO), the global apparel market is without a doubt well worth $1.34 trillion in retail sales annually — and that’s now no longer includes shoes or jewelry. This is pretty much the whole economic machine of Russia! It takes tons of people for the duration of breadth and depth of jobs working at the same time in all locations on the planet to continue to be the trend organization. “Fashion provides many people international with their livelihoods and builds business ties between nations,” Corner continues.

“Goods designed in one us of a are frequently manufactured in some different until now than being shipped and bought in extra global locations spherical the world.”Fashion and CollaborationWhile we frequently use phrases like ‘competitive’ and ‘cutthroat’ to provide a rationalization for the fashion and luxurious business enterprise world, ‘collaborative’ may additionally now be larger relevant. Not Just a Label explains that “collaboration comes in several forms, whether or not matching designers with one-of-a-kind designers, social influencers, or distinctive creative sorts like photographers and artists. There are several reasons for collaboration too, from how to push your employer past your very own creativity or trade its stereotype, to undertaking a wider target target audience.

In situations, it is indispensable for an emerging clothier to collaborate to develop or survive. They may moreover obtain to share expenses and use of facilities, fill gaps in their expertise, and use the foundations of a greater manufacturer to push their ideas by and attain exposure. The way creatives work, their consequences, and the way they reap publicity have changed, specifically with the make bigger of social media.”In the twenty-first century, the layout tendencies of the fashion industry dominate the planet pretty they ever did, and control now no longer entirely the way human beings costume but also characteristics in domestic ware design, make-up fashion, and people’s regular attitudes. In the 60s counterculture didn’t only recommend flares and tunics, it summed up the entire mindset of a generation, and this is normally even greater unique today. Nowadays, vogue is bold and daring, and this shows a noughties technology it is no longer afraid to point out what they think or wear what they prefer. Fashion is not just a way of clothing your body, it’s the essence of your persona and beliefs, and designers are cognizant of the facility they hold.

Designers’ predictions and patterns for the approaching season are extra hotly predicted than the different revelations within the world. Trends in style unify females and guys spherical the world, but they though allow human beings the strength to portray their very own individual style at an equal time. A length of your time portrayed all via a photo is frequently identified at once in reality via the capacity of the layout of clothes the human beings are wearing, and this sums up simply how fantastic and all-encompassing vogue is. Fashion can alternate from one 2d to subsequent, alternatively what by way of no means adjustments is that the preserve it’s over society, and hence the function it performs inside the instances. Fashion is so critical that entire magazines are dedicated thereto, TV purposes commit hours of TRM to the difficulty count number, and different people discuss it between their pals continually.

To keep up with the present day fashions, human beings subscribe to trend magazines, hold a keen eye on what has been regarded in stores and what has been there for a lengthy time, and attend trend suggestions to confirm what the designers are inserting on the catwalk this season, and therefore what is going to make it into the shops. For the quite wealthy, they would perhaps have a private personal relationship with a fashion designer who will keep them on top formerly of the contemporary trends, therefore, many people searching to be aware of what the new fashion strains are getting to be will watch what celebrities are wearing. Being earlier than fashion is for a variety of, the closing word is an achievement, although being too before the trend is truly as awful as being in the again of it! If you are to some distance until now human beings will assume what you are carrying is now not in fashion, due to the fact it isn’t, yet. Designers although market the importance they understanding people’s positions on fashion, and different human beings hold close on to designers’ every and every go inside the fashion world, for this reason as long as this consists of fashion will nevertheless preserve its dominant position in society for a clearly while to return. It influences no longer only what we wear, but the entirety we do, say and even think.