Category: Criminal Justice

You must submit a 2-3 page summary of the assigned readings from this week. This

You must submit a 2-3 page summary of the assigned readings from this week. This is not the appropriate place to discuss whether or not you enjoyed the material but is instead a means to assess whether or not you understood the material well enough to briefly summarize it. In other words, do not make your own argument in the summary papers (you will do that on your exam answers), instead summarize the study or key arguments the author(s) is making.

The potential threat posed by cyberterrorism has provoked considerable alarm. Nu

The potential threat posed by cyberterrorism has provoked considerable alarm. Numerous security experts, politicians, and others have publicized the danger of cyberterrorists hacking into government and private computer systems and crippling the military, financial, and service sectors of advanced economies. Psychological, political, and economic forces have combined to promote the fear of cyberterrorism. From a psychological perspective, two of the greatest fears of modern times are combined in the term cyberterrorism. The fear of random, violent victimization blends well with the distrust and outright fear of computer technology.
Debate continues to exist regarding the nature and definition of cyberterrorism. Using the assigned readings and additional resources, discuss the extent to which cyberterrorism exists and the characteristics that distinguish cyberterrorism from cybercrime. Provide specific examples to support your application and analysis of the debate surrounding the nature and definition of cyberterrorism. In addition, discuss the potential effects of cyberterrorism, providing specific examples. Your paper should be 4–6 pages in length and include at least five specific examples of different types of cyberterrorism that might be conducted and the associated effects that would be expected from such an attack.
Use at least two credible sources beyond the assigned reading and discuss how you evaluated the credibility of each source. You may consult the Library, the internet, the textbook, other course material, and any other outside resources in supporting your task, using proper citations and references in APA style.

Juvenile court takes place in civil court, not criminal court. This is purposefu

Juvenile court takes place in civil court, not criminal court. This is purposeful in its approach. Given that we want to avoid stigmatizing juvenile offenders, an approach taken is to handle their legal violations in civil court where family court issues are handled. The idea here is that handling juvenile offenders in criminal court would result in a “conviction” rendering the juvenile offenders convicts, thus stigmatizing them.
However, in civil court, whether it is used for family court, civil process, lawsuits, or juvenile offenders, has always utilized a different standard of evidence than the criminal court. Read In Re Winship and conduct a legal brief on this landmark ruling. A legal brief requires the following: the case title, statement of the issue of the case, the details of the case background, and the way in which the court ruled, with an explanation supporting that ruling.
At the conclusion of your case brief, take a stance for or against the ruling handed down. Do you agree with The High Court’s stipulation on the standard of evidence required for adjudication of a juvenile offender? Why or why not?
Include citations please APA

1. Identify, discuss, and compare the roles of members assigned to a crisis team

1. Identify, discuss, and compare the roles of members assigned to a crisis team. As a minimum include (a) negotiators, tactical team members, and health care/mental health professionals. Please make sure to discuss (in specifics) what each brings to the team and how they can or and should be used. As part of the latter, include a discussion related to soft versus hard negotiations.
MINIMUM 14 PAGES OF WRITTEN PAPER. PLEASE ADD ABSTRACT AND REFERENCE PAGES. I ADDED 2 TO THE PAPER REQUIREMENT TO ACCOMMODATE.
MINIMUM 10 PRIMARY REFERENCES NEEDED. I ADDED 4 ARTICLES THAT CAN BE USED.
minimum of 14 double spaced pages of written content (not including title page, images, charts, abstract, table of contents, and or reference pages). The inclusion of a “running head” is not required.
Note: This paper is linked to the following 6 course learning objectives:
CO2: Summarize the phenomenon known as Stockholm Syndrome, to include traits associated with both survivors and succumbers;
CO3: Recommend actions for negotiating in various circumstances; to include negotiating with individuals with past military experience, and the emotionally disturbed;
CO4: Outline the warning signs and appropriate law enforcement actions regarding suicide by cop;
CO5: Compare and contrast soft versus hard negotiations;
CO6: Examine successful versus unsuccessful traits of hostage negotiators, to include the impact and method of dealing with polarization;
CO8: Extrapolate the role that health care professionals, hostage negotiators, and tactical team members play in successfully dealing with crisis and hostage situation.
This research paper must be written using the most recent version of the American Psychological Association (APA) manual and style. In part this must include the following: (b) Times New Roman style, (c) 12-point font, (d) double-spaced, with (e) 1 inch page margins all around. For general guidance see the current Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.

Chapter 3 is all about the “causes” of crime. We have to use the term “causes” o

Chapter 3 is all about the “causes” of crime. We have to use the term “causes” of criminal behavior very carefully. It may be better to say there are no “causes” of criminal behavior but rather facilitators of crime. Since Criminology is a Social Science determining causality is difficult. That said. I would like you to tell us what criminological theory best explains crime in your opinion. You will first need to tell us a little bit about the theory. This should be no less than 150 words. Next, tell us why you think this theory best explains criminality. This can be done in no less than 150 words.
Finally ask a question about criminology in general, perhaps questions about a particular theory, or anything that relates to the chapter. I’ll answer it as best I can. You may want to look at the Critical Thinking exercise for this module and ask a question.
Use social disorganization theory

Responses to each question should be at least 500 words each (not counting sourc

Responses to each question should be at least 500 words each (not counting sources and references) and each question should have at least 2 different sources properly cited in accordance with APA.
Questions with 2 parts (and there is 1 question like this) will require a minimum of a 1,000 word total response…500 word minimum per question part, and 2 references per question part)
Must include references in answers
There are 4 separate questions that must be answered. Question 1 is a two part question and should be 500 word response to each question.

Now that you understand a bit about criminological theory let’s put that informa

Now that you understand a bit about criminological theory let’s put that information into practice. For this, you’ll need to pick a theory, perhaps the theory you used for your discussion. Anyway, pick a theory and relate it to a current criminal justice practice or program. As an example, Routine Activity Theory (RAT) says that if a motivated offender, a lack of capable guardians, and a suitable target are present then criminal behavior is more likely than not to occur. Thus if someone that needs money to pay their rent (a motivated offender) knows there is a house in the neighborhood with a lot of cash (a suitable) target where the occupants the are gone ( a lack of capable guardians) the likelihood that house is going to be burglarized is increased when compared to other houses in the neighborhood. A proper criminal justice response would be to counter 1 or all 3 of the components of RAT. Perhaps we increase police patrols. That would increase guardianship? How would we make our house less suitable for burglary? Perhaps public service announcements to the public about not putting your vacation plans on social media?
Use social disorganization theory
Crime rates are high in particular neighborhoods because they are
“disorganized”-
Disorganized neighborhoods=transient, no/low collective efficacy,
heterogeneous, impoverished, communal fear, no/low social mobility
Low informal social control a result thus high formal social control in
attempt to fill void

Course Activities for Chapter #2
Watch this video of the Lakewood Ohio Community

Course Activities for Chapter #2
Watch this video of the Lakewood Ohio Community Policing Division. Next, search the police or sheriff’s office, which serves your community, and determine if they utilize the Community Policing philosophy. If it is not on the website, you may have to call and ask them if and how they utilize community policing. Ask whomever you talk with a few questions about the program. I know this seems odd, but if your department does use the program correctly, it is something they want to communicate with the public. Describe your thoughts after reviewing this resource in the form of three paragraphs including the following:Describe the concept of community policing.
Explain how community policing is different from ‘traditional’ policing?
Which agency did you contact?
Does the agency you contacted employ community policing? If yes, how and to what degree? If no, how do you know? Explain why and how.
What community policing efforts would you implement in a department you managed?
Omitted…
Visit www.neighborhoodscout.com and search the city that you live. To use the free side follow these directions (enter the city and state you want to search in the search box, hit enter and then click on Crime Rates; unfortunately you cannot compare individual neighborhoods without paying). Review the crime rates which occur in and around your city. Then look at another city and then search a town that you believe has a very high crime rate. Be sure you spend some time using this resource. Describe your thoughts after reviewing this resource in the form of two paragraphs including the following:Give some crime rate statistics for your neighborhood (city) compared to state, another city, or national rates.
Were you surprised by the crime rate in your or your relatives’ town? Why or why not?
Were there areas, which had higher crime rates or more severe type of offenses?Does this support the concept of ‘Hotspot Policing’? Explain.
As an administrator, how would you address the issue of high crime areas?
Conduct an internet search for videos of police brutality. Select one, which you would like to discuss this activity. (Hint: It may be useful/necessary to search for the incident and see any written or news reports, so you have a complete picture of what occurred on both sides.) Describe your thoughts after reviewing this resource in the form of three paragraphs including the following:Include the link to the video in your submission
What type of violation is alleged to have occurred? (privacy violation, false arrest, assault, restriction of speech, etc.)
Where there any other factors suspected to have been an issue? (racism, gender, etc.)
Do you believe this incident will affect the police community relationship? Explain.
As an administrator, what would you do to the officer(s) who is in the video? How would you address the situation to the media and the community to recover from this incident (regardless of if the office was in the right or not)? Please spend at least a full paragraph on this.

Scenario: Criminal Law
Review a scenario in preparation for this assignment.
In

Scenario: Criminal Law
Review a scenario in preparation for this assignment.
In a 3- to 4-page paper:
Identify at least four alleged crimes and at least one possible civil action.
Explain how qualified immunity can protect government officials from lawsuits.
Identify the differences between criminal law and civil liabilities.
Cite case law regarding the possible civil action that could be taken against the police officer, the department, and the city.
PLEASE NOTE: This assignment will require outside research. Use at least three credible sources. You may consult the Library, the internet, the textbook, other course material, and any other outside resources in supporting your task, using proper citations in APA style.

In this assignment, you will look at examples of research projects where the res

In this assignment, you will look at examples of research projects where the results were tainted and evaluate why things were able to go wrong.
In this assignment, you will review summaries of actual research studies. For each research study, consider potential ethical and research design issues that impacted the study and its results (for example, lack of a review board for oversight, researcher bias) and what practices researchers could have followed to prevent such a situation.
Review the summary of each research study and then describe the ethical and design issues that impacted each study. You may find the studies in this assignment to be emotionally and intellectually challenging. As a professional in a social science field, you will often be faced with such situations and need to approach them in a respectful and professional manner. For this assignment, focus on potential ethical and design issues with each study and not your personal opinions about the topic of the study.
Specifically, the following rubric criteria must be addressed:
Describe ethical and design issues in the Stanford Prison Experiment and what practices researchers could have followed to prevent a situation like this. Use references to support your recommendation(s).
Describe ethical and design issues in the John/Joan research study and what practices researchers could have followed to prevent a situation like this. Use references to support your recommendation(s).
Describe ethical and design issues in the Behavioral Study of Obedience research study and what practices researchers could have followed to prevent a situation like this. Use references to support your recommendation(s).
1. Stanford Prison Experiment
This research study sought to explain how people respond to authority roles. During this study, the researcher, Philip Zimbardo, enlisted students to play the role of either an inmate or a prison guard. This study was planned to take place for two weeks and is referred to as the “Stanford Prison Experiment.” Zimbardo’s goals were to “see what the psychological effects were of becoming a prisoner or prison guard.” In the study, Zimbardo played the role of the prison superintendent. The “guards” were given no training and made up whatever rules they deemed necessary to maintain control of their “prisoners.” The guards used humiliation tactics to control the prisoners by stripping them, delousing them, and subjecting them to repeated rounds of push-ups and “counts” where the prisoners had to call out their prisoner number, as well as solitary confinement and physical confrontations.
The prisoners eventually rebelled, but this rebellion was quickly squashed when the guards called in reinforcements and order was restored. Eventually, the guards decided to use the prisoners against each other to help maintain order, and they created a “privilege cell” where the most compliant prisoners were allowed to have additional privileges such as clothing, beds, and special food, all of which the other prisoners were allowed to watch. Then, the guards decided to randomly shift the prisoners around and placed the “good” prisoners back in with the “bad” prisoners, and some of the bad prisoners were selected to enjoy the privileges of the good cell. The purpose of this tactic was to get the prisoners to direct their aggression toward each other and away from the guards. These authoritarian tactics and the psychological abuse sustained by the prisoners had a profound effect, and the prisoners became convinced that they were not free to leave. Zimbardo himself even began to feel as though his role and the situation were real when a fellow researcher questioned what his independent variable was and his response was anger at the question, because he “had a prison break on his hands.” In the end, the experiment was called off after only six days.
References
Lurigio, A. J. (2021). Stanford prison experiment. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Health. https://ezproxy.snhu.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ers&AN=93872284&site=eds-live&scope=site
Zimbardo, P. G. (1999). Stanford prison experiment. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20000621024753/http://www.prisonexp.org/slide-27.htm
2. “John/Joan Case” Research Study
A study done by Dr. John Money conducted research on the concept that gender identity is learned. In this study, unnecessary sexual reassignment surgery was performed on a male infant who had experienced a severely botched circumcision. The psychologist, Dr. Money, told the family that gender identity is primarily learned and was a proponent of the theory of gender neutrality, which proposes that gender identity is developed as a result of social learning and could be changed. With Dr. Money’s guidance, the boy was castrated and raised with a female gender identity. A factor in this experiment was that the baby had a male twin, making it possible for Dr. Money to have a control. Eventually, after years of psychological struggle and emotional angst, the boy was informed of what had happened. The child decided to resume life with a male gender identity. He died by suicide at age 38.
References
DocumentaryStorm. (2004). Dr. Money and the boy with no penis [Video]. YouTube. https://www.documentarystorm.com/dr-money-and-the-boy-with-no-penis/
Sloop, J. M. (2000). “A van with a bar and a bed”: Ritualized gender norms in the John/Joan case.Text & Performance Quarterly,20(2), 130. https://doi-org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/10.1080/10462930009366291
3. “Behavioral Study of Obedience” Research Study
Another research study was conducted by Stanley Milgram. His study sought to understand how and why individuals are willing to obey individuals in an authoritative role. Participants and actors were recruited to participate in this experiment, with the actors playing the role of the learner and the volunteers playing the role of the teacher. The teachers thought they were participating in a study looking to examine the effect of physical punishment on learning. The teacher would tell the learner a series of paired words, and when the learner got any of the paired words incorrect, the teacher was supposed to administer an electrical shock. Neither participant could see one another, but they could hear one another.
No actual shock was delivered, but the teacher did not know this, and they would hear screams, stomping, banging, and other sounds of pain each time a “shock” was delivered. The learner would intentionally get the word pair incorrect from time to time, and each time the electrical shock was supposedly increased. The highest shock, 450 volts, would have been lethal if actually administered. The teachers would occasionally stop to question whether they should continue, and the researchers would respond with four prods to try and get them to continue. Those prods were: “Please continue,” “The experiment requires that you continue,” “It is absolutely essential that you continue,” and “You have no other choice; you must go on.” In the first round of the experiment, 65% of the teachers administered the lethal shock. Subsequent rounds produced ranges from 28% to 91%.
Reference
Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. https://www.demenzemedicinagenerale.net/pdf/MilgramOriginalWork.pdf
Suggested Resources
Visit the Resources: Credibility page in the learning environment for access to resources that will support this assignment:
Contesting the “Nature” of Conformity: What Milgram and Zimbardo’s Studies Really Show
How to Get Out of the Stanford Prison Experiment: Revisiting Social Science Research Ethics
A Van With a Bar and a Bed”: Ritualized Gender Norms in the John/Joan Case
Investigating the Social World Interactive eBook, Section I: Chapter 3: Research Ethics and Research Proposals