Category: Criminal Justice

Explain what a pretext arrest is. After reviewing the case, discuss whether you

Explain what a pretext arrest is. After reviewing the case, discuss whether you believe that an officer’s “subjective intentions” should not be considered in evaluating the “reasonableness” of an arrest and search. Finally, create a factual scenario involving a “pretext arrest” which you believe would be constitutional according to the ruling in the Whren case.
As in all of your main discussion posts, be sure to support your comments with at least one APA formatted reference, adding citations to your discussion where appropriate. In this question, be sure to add the case, using the citation for it in the textbook as well.

Overview
The criminal court system is supported by many professionals with varyi

Overview
The criminal court system is supported by many professionals with varying roles and responsibilities. In this practice activity, you will identify specific roles and describe their responsibilities. You may draw on the information from your required readings or do additional research on the criminal court system.
Prompt
Specifically, the following rubric criteria must be addressed:
Complete the Module Three template Word Document to show the roles and responsibilities of allied professionals in the criminal court system.
Include at least four roles.
Include at least three responsibilities for each role.
What to Submit
This assignment must be completed using the Module Three Practice Activity Template. Any references should be cited in APA format.

For this discussion, please tell us your original one-sentence definition of div

For this discussion, please tell us your original one-sentence definition of diversity from the diversity slideshow. Did you use any of the words from the list on the next slide in your definition? How close was your definition to the one that the slideshow gave?
Aside from the questions above, can you share whether you considered more than race/ethnicity in your idea of diversity? We all use the word diversity commonly when we talk about the racial composition of a group (i.e. a class, a town, or a neighborhood); however, we rarely think about things like gender, age, and other factors. Do you think that’s common throughout the country or specific to the region in which we live?

As a criminal justice professional, you may be required to perform a program eva

As a criminal justice professional, you may be required to perform a program evaluation or conduct policy research and analysis and deliver actionable conclusions. Familiarity with evaluation strategies will help you design an effective assessment and collect meaningful information on programs and policies.
This week you will synthesize what you have learned about policy analysis and program evaluation to develop an evaluation proposal.
Preparation
Review your Weeks 1 and 2 assignments.
Assessment Deliverable
Create a 1,050- to 1,400-word proposal in which you present your plan for a program evaluation for your selected criminal justice program. Develop your proposal from the perspective of a criminal justice professional proposing an evaluation plan and strategies to a supervisor.
Use the following headings in your proposal and address the following prompts:
Program Evaluation Planning: Model and Methods Selection
Briefly summarize the criminal justice program (e.g., mission, goals, objectives) you selected in Week 1.
Explain which program evaluation model (i.e., embedded evaluation model or the SARA model) you will use to conduct the evaluation. Justify your choice by explaining why the model is most suitable for the program evaluation.
Explain the program evaluation method(s) (e.g., formative, summative, qualitative, quantitative, mixed method) you will use to analyze the program. Justify your choice by explaining why your selected method is most suitable for the program evaluation.
Program Evaluation Planning: Evaluation Questions Creation
Create 2 or 3 evaluation questions you intend to answer as a result of conducting the program evaluation. Provide rationale for each question.
Program Evaluation Planning: Survey Tool Creation
Design a 3- or 4-question survey to collect data related to the evaluation questions you created. Note: Refer to Exhibit III-4, “Tips for Developing Surveys and Survey Questions,” on p. 62 of “Measuring Excellence: Planning and Managing Evaluations of Law Enforcement Initiatives” from the U.S. Department of Justice – Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS).
Explain who will take the survey.
Explain what you hope to discover as a result of administering the survey.
Identify challenges you may face in conducting the survey or reviewing survey results.
Policy Evaluation Explanation
Briefly summarize the criminal justice policy that you selected in Week 1 that is related to the program outcomes. Explain how research or analysis of your selected criminal justice policy is related to your proposed program evaluation.

Call To Action/Collaborative Approach to Evaluation
Recommend 1 or 2 action steps the supervisor should take after reviewing your evaluation plan.
Cite 2 scholarly sources, in addition to the textbook.

Question 1: (1) Street-level bureaucrats in the criminal justice system share a

Question 1: (1) Street-level bureaucrats in the criminal justice system share a variety of characteristics, including direct citizen interaction, bureaucratic discretion, autonomy, inadequate resources, excessive demand for services, vague and difficult to measure work goals, clients who are involuntary involved with the system, and work that is subject to public accountability. How do these characteristics affect the work of those on the front lines of the criminal justice system, both for better and for worse? (2) Many aspects of bureaucracy constrain the work of those in the criminal justice system, including specialization, division of labor, formal rules, regulations and the law: what is known as the “state-agent narrative.” At the same time, other aspects of their work, including professional experience, autonomy, and agency culture allow workers a greater degree of discretion: the “citizen-agent narrative.” Discuss the tensions between these two narratives. Is it more appropriate for these officials to follow the state-agent or the citizen-agent narrative when carrying out their work in the criminal justice system? (3) Accountability manifests itself in different ways for those working in the criminal justice system. The criminal justice worker is accountable to whom and why? Discuss the differences between top-down and bottom-up accountability. Which, in your opinion, is more important for street-level bureaucrats implementing policy in the criminal justice system? (4) What are the antecedents of the often held belief that immigrants are more likely to commit crimes than nonimmigrants? (5) What data most clearly refute this belief? (6) What strategies could be employed to counteract the myths about immigrants and crime?
Question 2: Read the 3 assigned journal articles and answer the 3 sets of journal article questions provided below.
First Journal Article and Assigned Questions: “Measuring the Impact of Police Discretion on Official Crime Statistics: A Research Note”
Identify the three research questions as stated by the authors.
Identify the type of analysis that was used to predict the effect of the independent variables on the likelihood of discovering contraband.
What are some of the important issues that the ‘typical’ conceptualization of police experience highlight?
What were the key findings and policy implications of this study?
What type of analysis was used by the authors?
Identify the dependent variables, and explain how they were measured.
Identify the research hypothesis, and state whether they were invalidated or supported by the study’s findings.
What were the key findings and policy implications of this study?
Second Journal Article and Assigned Questions: “Collaboration between Federal and Local Law Enforcement: An Examination of Texas Police Chiefs’ Perceptions”
What is the author’s goal?
What instruments were used to collect the data for the study? Identify the sample populations.
Identify the independent variables and their levels of measurement and identify what measures were taken to avoid problems with data and extreme scores?
What were the key findings and policy implications of this study?
Third Journal Article and Assigned Questions: “Demographic Change and Ethnically Motivated Crime: The Impact of Immigration on Anti-Hispanic Hate Crime in the US”
Identify the research hypothesis as stated by the author and what sources were used to collect data?
What is Blalock’s (1967) minority threat thesis, and what does it predict?
Do the findings support or reject the author’s hypothesis and the minority threat thesis?
What were the key findings and policy implications of this study?
Question 3: (1) What is a mandatory arrest policy? How does it differ from pro-arrest and discretionary arrest policies? What factors led to the adoption of mandatory arrest policies in the United States? (2) What types of unintended consequences do mandatory arrest policies have? Who is most likely to experience these unintended consequences? Can you think of other unintended consequences not discussed in this chapter? (3) The domestic violence arrest policies for each state are published online. What type of arrest policy does your state have? What types of incidents are included in that policy? Are police mandated to arrest in cases of same-sex intimate partner violence and/or intimate partner violence in dating relationships in your state? (4) Given the benefits and costs of mandatory arrest policies identified by Durfee, do you think that your state should mandate arrest? Why or why not? (5) Discuss the key distinctions between forms of drug policy (criminalization, de facto legalization, decriminalization, legalization, harm reduction). What is the dominant form of drug policy in the United States? (6) Discuss racial disparities in the application/enforcement of drug laws in the United States. Why do these disparities exist (and persist)? (7) There are indications that U.S. drug policies may be “softening.” Discuss the reasons for this, and examine recent developments in drug policies in your state.
Question 4: Read the 4 assigned journal articles and answer the 4 sets of journal article questions provided below.
First Journal Article and Assigned Questions: “Twenty Years of Mandatory Arrest”
Identify the situational variables used in the study.
What are the authors’ four research hypotheses?
What are some of the methodological issues that the authors faced?
What were the key findings and policy implications of this study?
Second Journal Article and Assigned Questions: “When an Arrest is not an Arrest: Exceptionally Clearing Cases of Intimate Partner Violence”
Identify the three research questions as stated by the authors.
Identify the type of analysis that was used in the study.
What was the statistical significance of all the variables used in the study?
What were the key findings and policy implications of this study?
Third Journal Article and Assigned Questions: “Should Violent Offenders be Excluded from Drug Court Participation?”
What are the goals of the study?
Identify all of the statistical tests that were used in the study.
How did the authors define violent offender?
What are the limitations of the study? What were the key findings and policy implications of this study?
Fourth Journal Article and Assigned Questions: “Success of Drug Court Programs”
Identify the four hypotheses as stated by the authors.
Identify the sample population used in the study.
What are the dependent variables and how were they measured?
What were the key findings and policy implications of this study?
Question 5: (1) What are “magic bullets” and how does this concept explain limitations of programs dealing with gangs? (2) What role has the media played in inflating the “gang problem”? (3) What did Jacqueline Montañez mean by her statement: “I did what you said I did, but I’m not who you say I am?” Why does it matter? In what ways can stereotypes of gangs actually cause harm? (4) How have states in the United States changed the way they respond to youth crime in recent decades? (5) How do current juvenile waiver policies reflect change in the treatment of delinquent youth? (6) What are the advantages and disadvantages of prosecuting juveniles in adult courts?
Question 6: Read the 4 assigned journal articles and answer the 4 sets of journal article questions provided below.
First Journal Article and Assigned Questions: “The Influence of Prison Gang Affiliation on Violence and Other Prison Misconduct”
How do the authors define gang members?
Identify the sample population used in the study.
Identify the dependent variables and how they were measured.
What were the key findings and policy implications of this study?
Second Journal Article and Assigned Questions: “Antigang Legislation and its Potential Impact: The Promises and the Pitfalls”
What is the purpose of this article?
What are the three strategies that have been developed to deal with gangs?
What are some of the methodological issues that scholars face when defining gang membership?
What were the key findings and policy implications of this study?
Third Journal Article and Assigned Questions: “Adult Crime, Adult Time”
What is the purpose of the study?
What are the independent and dependent variables and how were they measured? What type(s) of statistical analysis were used in the study?
How was incarceration defined?
What were the key findings and policy implications of this study?
Fourth Journal Article and Assigned Questions: “The Decertification of Transferred Youth”
What is the purpose of the study?
Identify the sample population used in the study.
What are the limitations of using decertification as a dependent variable?
What were the key findings and policy implications of this study?
Question 7: (1) There is a great deal of controversy surrounding civil commitment laws. Explain the controversy. (2) How do sex offender recidivism rates and patterns compare to criminals convicted of nonsexual offenses? (3) Describe the similarities and differences between the Jacob Wetterling Act, Megan’s Law, and the Pam Lychner Act. (4) Which arguments do you find most and least compelling regarding the concept of the supermax? Can you identify an argument for or against supermax prisons that was not identified in this chapter? (5) What is the ideal mission statement and architectural design for a supermax in your state prison system? What specific suggestions can you give to correctional policy makers who are considering building a supermax in a state where one does not yet exist? (6) Do you feel there is a need for supermax prisons for female inmates? Why or why not?
Question 8: Read the 4 assigned journal articles and answer the 4 sets of journal article questions provided below.
First Journal Article and Assigned Questions: “Recidivism Rates of Sexual Offenders up to 7 years Later”
What are the issues with conceptualizing recidivism?
How do the author’s define sexual recidivism?
Identify the primary research question as stated by the authors.
What were the key findings and policy implications of this study?
Second Journal Article and Assigned Questions: “The Effects of Sexual Offender Registration and Notification on Judicial Decisions”
What is the primary research question as stated by the authors.
How were the variables operationalized?
What were the limitations of the study?
What were the key findings and policy implications of this study?
Third Journal Article and Assigned Questions: “Parole, Snitch, or Die: California’s Supermax Prisons and Prisoners, 1997-2007”
Identify the primary research questions as stated by the author.
How does California’s prison system differ from other states?
Identify the racial/ethnic group that has spent the most time in California SHU’s.
What were the key findings and policy implications of this study?
Fourth Journal Article and Assigned Questions: “What Makes you the ‘Worst of the Worst?’ An Examination of State Policies Defining Supermaximum Confinement”
What is the purpose of the study?
What methodological issue has limited the generalizability of studies’ findings?
How do the author’s define ‘escape risk’?
What were the key findings and policy implications of this study?
Question 9: (1) Discuss the three procedural reforms to the death penalty made by the Court in the case Gregg v.Georgia. (2) In Furman, the Court overturned the death penalty, arguing that it was arbitrary and discriminatory. Has the practice of capital punisment today resolved the concerns of the Furman court? Why or why not? (3) Discuss the feasibility of the suggested reforms to capital punishment. What is needed from the criminal justice system in order to satisfy these concerns? (4) Historically, changes in correctional practices are caused by changes in social or political ideology. However, the authors argue that the unique economic climate contributed to changes in correctional practices. What does this tell us about the nature of criminal justice policy in general and correctional practices in particular? (5) The authors discuss how substance abuse hinders an ex-offender’s ability to maintain employment, secure suitable and sustainable housing, and adhere to his or her conditions of community supervision. Strict enforcement of substance-free supervision conditions can lead to high levels of revocation and inflate recidivism rates. What policy changes should be implemented to ensure adherence with supervision conditions and limit supervision revocations while being aware of the realities of addiction? (6) What role, if any, should policy play in reconciling the polarity between the social work and the law enforcement approaches to community-based corrections? (7) Which aspects of current correctional policies impede the development of therapeutic relationships between the community corrections officers and ex-offenders under their supervision? What policies should be enhanced or eliminated to endure the development of therapeutic relationships within the correctional context?
Question 10: Read the 4 assigned journal articles and answer the 4 sets of journal article questions provided below.
First Journal Article and Assigned Questions: “The Impact of Information on Death Penalty Support, Revisited”
What are the authors examining?
Identify the sample population used in the study.
Identify the three research hypotheses as stated by the authors.
What were the key findings and policy implications of this study?
Second Journal Article and Assigned Questions: “A Critique of Contemporary Death Penalty Abolitionism”
What are the author’s two primary goals?
Identify some of the arguments for the abolition of the death penalty.
What conception of sovereignty is used by the ACLU, and how does it differ from modern day sovereignty?
What were the key findings and policy implications of this study?
Third Journal Article and Assigned Questions: “Halfway Back: An Alternative to Revocation for Technical Parole Violators”
Identify the primary research questions as stated by the authors. Identify the dependent and independent variables and how they were measured.
What did the authors examine in the study?
How were parole violators and technical violation defined?
What were the key findings and policy implications of this study?
Fourth Journal Article and Assigned Questions: “Predictors of Law Enforcement Agencies’ Perceptions of Partnerships with Parole Agencies”
What is the purpose of this study?
How was police-correction partnership defined?
Identify the sample population. What type(s) of analyses were used in the study?
What were the key findings and policy implications of this study?

Second Request Writer #274400566 if other writer is unable. This essay must have

Second Request Writer #274400566 if other writer is unable. This essay must have 1 approved academic sources. This includes peer-reviewed journal articles, government documents and reports, books, and court cases. No Wikipedia. No internet sources such as national news, blogs or websites and no opinion statements (used reference to explain topic). 12 font Times New Roman font with 1″ margins, and double space APA format, citations and references Header and footer no plagiarism Question(s)
“New York was a city consumed by filth and corruption, its massive immigrant population crammed together in the slums of Lower Manhattan. Dan succumbs to some of the deadly disease-carrying parasites that thrived in the filthy, overcrowded tenement buildings. He has a go at cooking with some cutting edge 19th century ingredients – clothes dye and floor cleaner – added to disguise reeking fetid meat. And he marvels at some of the incredible feats of engineering that transformed not just the city, but the world.”
Filthy Cities: Industrial New YorkLinks to an external site.

Watch this video in it’s entirety. Then from the readings and the video compare and contrast the Progressive Era and the Post-Progressive Era in a metropolitan area such as New York. What were the living conditions in the city and did it change after evolving into metropolitan area? How has it gotten better? Has it stayed the same or gotten worse? Be specific and list examples from the readings and video.
Please fully answer the question asked? the response answer the question in a logical and flowing method (i.e. is it well organized) to the reader? the response provide a in depth answer to the question asked beyond what is in the text? One book to reference chapter 3: Lone Star Politics Tradition transformation in Texas 6th edition Ken Collier/Steven Galatas/Julie Harrelson-Stephens Second book to reference chapter 2: Managing Local Government 18th Edition Kimberly L. Nelson/Carl W. Stenberg

Write a response on your belief, if racial discrimination truly exist within the

Write a response on your belief, if racial discrimination truly exist within the criminal justice system. Your response must be specific and must include facts to support your position. In addition you are to provide examples supporting your position. Paper must be no less than 1200 words. You must use no less than 3 additional resources (other than your required text) that support your position. All resources must be properly cited using APA style.
For credit you must include atleast 3 journal articles that support your information. The journal articles to be used must come from Saint leo University online library.
Use the information attached to create your belief why racial discrimination truly exist in crimal justice system. Also it is used for citation.

Using proper APA format in at least 800 words, provide a brief overview of terro

Using proper APA format in at least 800 words, provide a brief overview of terrorist use of improvised explosive devices (IEDs), such as pipe bombs and what is known about the fragmentation of pipe bombs with varying case thickness.

Please follow all directions on the doc. If you have any questions, please let m

Please follow all directions on the doc. If you have any questions, please let me know ahead of time so I can ask my teacher. Make sure to use peer-reviewed articles and websites. Use simple language.

In their review, Zaykowski (2015) addresses the debate surrounding the “penal co

In their review, Zaykowski (2015) addresses the debate surrounding the “penal couple” of victim and offender. Specifically, Zaykowski (2015) examines research and theoretical frameworks supporting a view that an overlap exists between victims and offenders, such that there is no distinct difference between the two; they are one and the same. A number of challenges are created for the criminal justice system as a result of this overlap, each bearing their own consequence on the functionality and capacity of the justice system to address victimization and offending.
-After reading Zaykowski (2015), explain the victim-offender nexus discussed in the article. Incorporate the appropriate APA in-text citation in your explanation.
According to Zaykowski (2015), discuss how this overlap between victim and offender impacts the criminal justice system. Incorporate supporting documentation (class readings, textbook, and/or scholarly sources) as evidence to support and/or illustrate this impact.
Identify and describe three (3) strategies that the criminal justice system can use to overcome the challenges associated with the victim-offender overlap discussed by Zaykowski (2015).