Category: Criminal Justice

Unveiling Systemic Injustices in the Criminal Justice System

Introduction

Sociology is beneficial to society because it offers both micro and macro-level theories that explain societal problems. These theories are valuable because they explain why social problems exist and how they can be alleviated. One problem that has been prevalent throughout history is crime. The purpose of this essay is to examine how lack of personal accountability contributes to crime, along with how social factors described in the Conflict Theory help perpetuate this problem.

Body

Understanding the Societal Framework

For societies to function properly, laws exist to give citizens rules by which to live their lives. These laws exist to protect both the state and the individual. Laws that prevent rape, assault, and murder safeguard individuals. Laws that govern selective service, taxes, and eminent domain protect the state. When laws are broken, crimes are committed. Society punishes lawbreakers to provide restitution, deter future crimes, rehabilitate offenders, and remove violent individuals from society for safety reasons.

According to free will, individuals are sovereign over their actions. Although personal accountability must be taken into consideration when examining crime, it is shortsighted to think that societal forces aren’t a contributing factor. These forces combine with individual action and free will to create most of the crimes that are committed. The Conflict Theory, which is a macro-level theory, explains how disadvantaged populations are affected by crime. Norms and laws are created for those in power and don’t have any standard of right and wrong. People from poor and lower-income backgrounds are more likely to be labeled as a criminal than those of middle and upper-income backgrounds. (Kendall, 2017)

Lack of Personal Accountability and Crime

According to the Conflict Theory, there is a power divide in all societies, and individuals and groups within these societies are in constant conflict to gain power and resources (Hagan & Shedd). Groups use their power to receive certain advantages in society. One of these is improved treatment within the criminal justice system. If someone is from a powerful group, they can commit crimes and be convicted at a reduced rate due to their resources. Conversely, if someone is a member of a minority group, institutional racism will make them more likely to be convicted and receive a harsher sentence.

Anomie happens when social control discontinues due to the loss of shared values and the sense of purpose in society. (Kendall, 2017) Robert Merton’s theories of anomie explain why individuals and groups engage in deviance. Association and social realities cause people to deviate from societal norms in response to the inequalities of the capitalist system. The criminal justice system is narrowing in on and becoming less lenient on deviant and criminal behavior committed by people of specific categories. “For example, research shows that young, single, urban males are more likely to be perceived as criminals and receive stricter sentences in courts (Rehavi & Starr, 2012).” (Kendall, 2017)

An example of this is affluence, which has a definite effect on how those individuals are treated in the criminal justice system in the United States. The United States criminal justice system is undoubtedly advantageous to those with affluence. When wealthy individuals are charged with a crime, they have the resources to hire talented legal teams that routinely eclipse the talent of the prosecution. This increases the likelihood that wealthy individuals will be exonerated even when they are, in fact, guilty. For example, look at the O.J. Simpson trial. The list of incriminating evidence against O.J. is astronomical: hair evidence, fiber evidence, shoe evidence, blood, and glove evidence. However, O.J. Simpson had the advantage because his lawyer, Johnnie Cochran, made the trial about race, not about double murder. O.J. Simpson had money and a lawyer to use his race in Simpson’s favor. O.J. Simpson would not have gotten away with this double murder had he been the average lower-income background African-American male.

Conflict Theory and the Dynamics of Crime

On the contrary, when low-income individuals are criminally charged, it’s common for them to be unable to afford bail or private counsel. This causes them to await their trials in jail, away from their families and places of employment. When cases finally begin, these individuals are often represented by public defenders who lack the investment, talent, and time to take their cases seriously. This leads to an increase in guilty verdicts.

Race also affects crime in the United States. The United States has a history of using its criminal justice system to suppress minorities. African Americans, for example, endured hundreds of years of slavery only to be victimized by Jim Crow Laws shortly after they were emancipated in the South. These laws, which made segregation legal, made it a crime for blacks to occupy restaurants, use public restrooms, or sit outside of their assigned seating in public buses (Iowa Department of Human Rights). When blacks violated these discriminatory laws, they were considered to be committing crimes and were identified as criminals.

Decriminalization and Societal Change

Although the Jim Crow Laws have been abolished, there are more recent examples of how race has affected crime in the United States. An example is the discrepancies between cocaine and crack-related convictions. Although these substances are chemically identical, sentences have been historically one hundred times harsher for crack-related offenses (Walsh & Walsh, 2017). African Americans are statistically poorer than whites, so they are, therefore, more likely to use crack versus cocaine due to its cheaper price. This resulted in blacks being more likely to be convicted for crack-related offenses, which carried a much harsher sentence. This was disastrous for the black community.

Rather than providing community outreach, prevention, or substance abuse treatment, African Americans were routinely sentenced to lengthy prison sentences. This separated families and increased the prevalence of single-mother households in black neighborhoods, which created a snowball effect for many of these already struggling families. In addition to this, it also created criminal records for offenders, which made difficult sentences to access higher education, employment, and housing. An example of institutional racism within the criminal justice system is the fact that prisons are made up of 37% African Americans, despite their population being only 13% of the general population (Walsh & Walsh, 2017).

Personally, I believe the change needs to start with the criminal justice system. If we are choosing to imprison people as punishment, we need to establish a form of rehabilitation for those who wish to conform to society’s norms. Rehabilitation is necessary for progress. The definition of insanity becomes more prevalent to me daily. How can we keep putting people behind bars without any rehabilitation? How can we expect different results from doing the same actions repeatedly? Those who are incarcerated will do the exact same acts of deviance and crime that got them arrested in the first place. As well, I feel society needs to be a little more understanding that not everyone is raised in the same background. Many people are taught from a young age what others are taught is wrong. In that aspect, everyone is raised differently, so the result is always going to be different. Decriminalizing victimless crimes such as prostitution and recreational drug use would be extremely positive for our society. Fewer people going to jail for crimes that aren’t physically endangering will save taxpayers money, save people from suffering in an endless cycle, and cause crime rates to lower.

Conclusion

To recap, there are obvious prejudices within the U.S. criminal justice system. This system treats people preferably when they’re wealthy and members of non-minority groups. The Conflict Theory theorizes this is a result of people in positions of power creating an unfair system to protect their resources. Individuals with affluence can use their resources to gain an advantage in this system to maintain their wealth and freedom. On the contrary, individuals who are poor or who are members of historically persecuted groups, such as African Americans, are treated harsher by this system. Although individual action and personal accountability must be taken into account when evaluating crime and how it impacts different populations, the larger picture must also be taken into account, which the Conflict Theory helps accomplish.

References

1. Kendall, D. E. (2017). Sociology in our times: The essentials. Cengage Learning.
2. Hagan, F. E., & Shedd, C. (n.d.). Power Conflict Theory. In Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Springer.
3. Rehavi, M. M., & Starr, S. B. (2012). Racial Disparity in Federal Criminal Sentences. The Journal of Political Economy, 122(6), 1320-1354. doi:10.1086/668812
4. Walsh, J. M., & Walsh, C. A. (2017). Crack cocaine sentencing disparities in the United States: A reflection of a systemic bias against impoverished communities. Race and Social Problems, 9(3), 187-201. doi:10.1007/s12552-017-9217-5
5. Iowa Department of Human Rights. (n.d.). Jim Crow Laws. https://humanrights.iowa.gov/cas/jim-crow-laws

Biological and Sociological Theories of Criminal Justice

Introduction

The authors (Cox et al.) of Juvenile Justice: A Guide to Theory, Policy, and Practice discussed five theories, four of which are considered to be the main theories. These five theories are scientific theories, biological theories, psychological theories, sociological theories, and integrated theories. The main theories are scientific theories, biological theories, psychological theories, and sociological theories. The remainder of this paper will analyze and discuss the differences between biological theories and sociological theories. Isaiah 55:8-9 says, “For my thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways my ways, declares the Lord. For as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways and my thoughts than your thoughts” (English Standard Version). As Cox et al. (2018) points out, linking the opening between theory and practice is vital to “controlling delinquency and improving the juvenile justice network” (p. 113).

Biological and Sociological Theories

Cox et al. (2018) explain to us that biological theories of causation raise various important concerns. Based on the biological theory, initially, delinquency was founded on the assumption that delinquency is hereditary. On the other hand, Sociological theories of delinquency causation deal more with the social class and/or even family indifference.

Biological Theories

Biological theories, according to Akers and Sellers (2013), examine a combination of “effects of biology, behavior, and the environment” in regard to criminal behavior (p. 10). The biological school is based on a view of crime, which is referred to as biological positivism, and claims criminal behavior is an outcome of biological or innate defects or abnormalities (Akers & Sellers, 2013). As with Cox et al. (2018), delinquency, based on biological theories, was initially founded on the assumption it is inherited.

In other words, crime is “in the blood” (Akers & Whittaker, 2015). Akers and Sellers (2013) add that criminal acts committed by individuals are because of a ‘biological’ or “genetic defect” (p. 12). Because of these abnormalities, crime is the result. Cesare Lombroso is the man known for the theory of the “born criminal” (Cox et al., 2018). Lombroso, based on the results of his research, believed that criminals were atavists, hereditary throwbacks.

In relation to biological theories, Crews and Crews (2009) write that “positivist theories contrast with classical theories, which argue that people generally choose their behaviors in rational processes of logical decision making, and with critical theories, which critique lawmaking, social stratification, and the unequal distribution of power and wealth” (para. 1). Biological theories are viewed as a subtype of the positivist theory (Crews & Crews, 2009).

As it currently sits, liberals are inclined to view biological theories of crime as “efforts to shift responsibility away from social factors that cause crime and onto criminal individuals” (Akers & Whittaker, 2015, para. 4). While on the other hand, conservatives are more supportive of biological theories, but become tenser when having discussions of their history “a perspective suggesting that scientific truths are contingent upon social factors” (Akers & Whittaker, 2015, para. 4). Although there is presently ample resistance to biological theories of crime, there are theorists who believe that antagonism is “likely to crumble over the next several decades” (Akers & Whittaker, 2015, para. 4).

Theorists believe that this resentment is frequently genuine when new theories are newly introduced. “But when a new theory resonates with other culturally dominant factors, as current genetic, evolutionary, and neurological explanations do, opponents often come around” (Akers & Whittaker, 2015, para. 4). There are theorists of biological criminological theories who prophesy that “we are on the threshold of a major shift that could lead to various genetic and other biological ‘solutions’ to criminal behavior” (ibid.).

Sociological Theories

During the 1930s, there were a number of theorists focusing on a model to describe crime and delinquency (Cox et al., 2018). Robert Merton, while adapting Emile Durkheim’s anomie theory, proposed an altogether different theory. Although it is indirectly a theory of delinquency or crime, Merton’s theory is important due to the delinquency theories that consequently relied on it (Ill, 2002). Merton suggested that there are highly emphasized cultural values resulting in society-wide goals that individuals should attain. Additionally, the objectives were achieved through standard methods, which Merton called legitimate means (Ill, 2002). Conversely, not all and sundry have the same access to these customary means of attaining society-wide goals. The lower classes overall have less access and consequently discover ways of adjusting to the problem (Ill, 2002).

Sociological theories of delinquency lean in the direction of identifying some type of socialization as the source of delinquent acts. Socialization has predominantly engaged in the method of parenting and school-based education during the last few decades. It can be observed from the modest sources of delinquency projected in the early theories of delinquency that theorists are now suggesting versions that are much more difficult (Ill, 2002). Some of the present theories, such as Charles Tittle’s control balance theory, are so multifaceted that testing them is very challenging (Ill, 2002). With that being said, the more complex theories are most likely much more precise in their reflection of real-life reasons for delinquency (Ill, 2002). Simultaneously, the now multifaceted versions are inclined to remain sociological in their focus; that is, they usually disregard both biogenetic and psychological factors (Ill, 2002).

Conclusion

Cox et al. (2018) stated that Rafter (2004) has concluded that in today’s vernacular, biological explanations have begun to gain credibility and are joining forces with sociological explanations in such a way that they are “partners in explaining crime and delinquency” (p. 85). Additionally, Rafter states and agrees with the research that students of crime and delinquency to become “familiar with the biological tradition that includes physiognomists, phrenologists, Lombroso, Goddard, Hooton, the Gluecks, and Sheldon,” to mention a few (Cox et al., 2018, p. 85). Sociologists look distrustfully at “biological risk factors” as they ignore social influences that may influence criminal behavior, whereas criminologists tend to ignore social factors because they distract “from the important work of scientific research” (Akers & Whittaker, 2015, para. 4).

References

1. “Just Mercy: A Story of Justice and Redemption” by Bryan Stevenson
2. “Are Prisons Obsolete?” by Angela Y. Davis
3. “Punishment and Inequality in America” by Bruce Western

Understanding Criminal Behavior: Exploring Theories in Criminal Justice

Introduction

Many people want to know the reason(s) why people do what they do, especially when it comes to criminal behavior and even more so for really horrendous crimes. Explaining why someone did what they did is not always an easy assignment. There are many theories on why someone participates in criminal activity. Typically, only one theory cannot be applied to every crime, crime category, or criminal because we understand that every person, antecedent conditions, and criminal acts are unique situations. In many cases, multiple theories may be applied to a criminal or criminal act/behavior. This essay will discuss four of many theories used in the criminal justice field in an attempt to explain behavior, specifically criminal behavior: Attribution Theory, Biological Theory, Cognitive Theory, and Differential Association Theory.

Attribution Theory

This theory “Focuses on how people explain others’ intentions.” (Greene et al., 2019, p. 30) It relates a person’s motive to their behavior and the cause and effect of the situation. Example: Someone behaving rudely, is this because they are reacting to external stimuli or internal characteristics? There are two types of attribution: Situational and Dispositional. Dispositional is based on a characteristic or trait that is internal rather than external. Situational is an external factor to their behavior. (researcher, 2016) Dispositional Attribution – The person is rude because the person has a rude personality. Situational Attribution – The person was rude because they were insulted by another rude person. Typically, people are quick to apply an external factor to their personal situation but then apply the dispositional attribution to others.

Biological Theory

This theory has an emphasis on a person’s mental health, genetics, biological makeup, and or DNA. This theory relies on the idea “that something physical is the cause of the mental illness” (Miller, 2019), which leads to the behavior a person displays or partakes in. Biological influences comprise such things as genetic stimuli, gender, hormone levels, nutrition, and brain chemistry. Mental health plays a major role in one’s behavior, actions, and choices. One’s mental health will determine if a person is capable of making informed decisions about their behavior. The longer a person with a mental illness goes without treatment, their behavior is at risk of becoming unstable and possibly criminal.

Cognitive Theory

This theory is used as a way to comprehend what motivates human behavior. The intentions, consequences of the act, and social pressures are considered by the perpetrator. (Kessler, 2013, pp. 865-867) Using this theory, a person would or would not commit a crime because of their reasoning on how others may view them after committing the act, as well as the possible consequences. Many law-abiding citizens do not commit crimes because they reason the actions are not worth it. Some people commit crimes without any reason at all. We would not apply this theory to a person’s behavior who did not display some sort of consideration for the person, property, or law. This theory is important to criminal behavior and motives by allowing the investigators to apply the right charge to the right crime. In criminal justice, there are different charges for killing someone depending upon the degree to which it was planned and what the motive was.

Differential Association Theory

This theory “formulates the process as one whereby criminal behavior is learned in association with those who have criminal attitudes and values, as compared to associations with those who have noncriminal attitudes and values.” (Jeffery, 1995, p. 294) The learning theory implies that the behavior is connected to the long-term environment of the person, known as classical conditioning. This is a very obvious reason why some people are prone to criminal activity over others. If a young person is raised in an atmosphere where the law is not respected, where the law is outright disregarded, and where there is teaching on how to break the law, then it is not likely this person would be able to fit into a law-abiding society.

Conclusion

Many theories have been established in an effort to label behavior characteristics in hopes of understanding, anticipating, and changing criminal behavior. Trying to understand a person’s motives for their behavior can be complex. There are many offenders, if asked, who would not be able to tell you exactly why they did what they did. There are things in our own lives, noncriminal, of course, that we may not be able to explain the root reasons why we do or don’t do certain things. It is important to understand these theories when working within the criminal justice system. Part of the role of the criminal justice system is to prevent and deter criminal activity. These theories can provide insight into what type of prevention and intervention programs can be created to help the community.

References

1. Greene, E., Heilbrun, K., & Wrightsman, L. S. (2019). Wrightsman’s Psychology and the Legal System (9th ed.). Boston, MA, USA: Cengage. Retrieved from https://purdueuniversityglobal.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781337672412/cfi/24!/4/2@100:0.00
2. iResearchNet. (2016, January 18). Attribution theory in social psychology. Retrieved January 20, 2020, from https://psychology.iresearchnet.com/social-psychology/social-psychology-theories/attribution-theory/
3. Jeffery, C. R. (1995). Criminal behavior and learning theory. Contemporary Masters in Criminology, 56(3), 175–186. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9829-6_11
4. Kessler, E. H. (2013). Encyclopedia of management theory (Vol. 2). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
5. Miller, K. (2019, August 28). What are Mental Health Theories? (Incl. List). Retrieved January 18, 2020, from: https://positivepsychology.com/mental-health-theories/. 

In the Discussion Board for this unit, you are discussing qualitative and quanti

In the Discussion Board for this unit, you are discussing qualitative and quantitative research that has been used to improve public safety. Of the research shared, select your favorite 4 examples of qualitative and quantitative research. Using this list, draft an argumentative essay that convinces the reader why both qualitative and quantitative research are important to public safety. You will consider the following questions: What are the limitations of qualitative and quantitative research? What are potential issues in only using qualitative or quantitative research? What value comes from undertaking qualitative and quantitative research?
The specific steps are as follows:
Reviewing the unit Discussion Board, find your favorite 4 examples of research using both qualitative and quantitative research (4 examples in total).
Using this list, construct a 4-page argumentative essay convincing your reader of the value and importance of using both qualitative and quantitative research.
Address each of the following questions:Compare and contrast qualitative and quantitative research methods.
What are the possible limitations of using only qualitative methods?
What are the possible limitations of using only quantitative methods?
What is the mixed methods approach and why is it sometimes good to use it?
Use no fewer than 6 scholarly resources.

QUESTION: Discuss how race/ethnicity might be tied to the idea of unequal treatm

QUESTION: Discuss how race/ethnicity might be tied to the idea of unequal treatment in the juvenile justice process and analyze that relationship using specific examples
BOOK:
Juvenile Delinquency In A Diverse Society
Kristin A. Bates // Richelle S. Swan, 2020
Sage Publication

We are going to be using OJJDP’s website for this project as well(theirStatistic

We are going to be using OJJDP’s website for this project as well(theirStatisticalBriefingBookareais
probably the best). Most of the information will be found in the corrections and courts area, but you
might have to expand your detective work a bit as well.
Please create a single Word file to be submitted throughTurnitin. DO NOT INCLUDE THE QUESTIONS
only provide your answers to each numbered item.
1. Using your own words, using OJJDP information, what is meant by “the upper age of
jurisdiction”? What is the variation across the country? Before looking this up, did you know
about this variation? What is the federal definition of “juvenile”?
2. Who is the primary referring source of juveniles to juvenile court? What proportion does
this source refer?
3. Pick 6 topics from the OJJDP juvenile corrections FAQ and summarize, use you own words!
4. Describe the CJRP and JFRC. Discuss three useful descriptive data points from the survey.
The OJJDP site has descriptions, but you can look elsewhere too.

To satisfy the requirements for this project, you must prepare six short, 250-wo

To satisfy the requirements for this project, you must prepare six short, 250-word essays in response to five questions. Each question is worth 20 points. The five questions are based on the following scenario.
Imagine you’re working as an administrator in a police department in your local town or city. Each day, you interact with police officers in your department and other departments, members of your office staff, public officials, members of the public, representatives from the press, potential criminal defendants, and others.
As you prepare your answers to the questions, keep in mind that you’re a public official and that you have a duty to uphold justice and follow the law.
Ethical Dilemma 1: Gun Rally
You’ve received an anonymous tip that a local gun advocacy group plans to hold a rally in the town square the next day. The group hasn’t applied for a permit to hold a rally, but they’ve held such events in the past and they’ve always been peaceful. You strongly support Article 2 of the Constitution and the beliefs of the gun advocacy group, and you don’t want to do anything to offend the members. You believe the anonymous tipster is providing accurate information, but you can’t be absolutely sure. You also believe that no one else in your police department is aware of the impending event. What do you do? Give reasons to support your decision.
Ethical Dilemma 2: Chief’s Orders
Assume that in response to the tip you received about the gun rally, you decide to advise your fellow police officers. You gather a group of officers together the next day in case the unlawful rally is held. As the gun advocacy group begins to appear on the town square, you confer with the chief officer on duty. She tells you to wait until the entire group has gathered and then storm the area, with tear gas and billy clubs. You’re further instructed to arrest everyone you can and to charge them with unlawful assembly, trespassing, rioting, and anything else you can come up with. She also makes some very derogatory comments about anyone who supports such a group, claiming they’re terrorists and thugs. You personally disagree with the chief and believe she’s acting both improperly and immorally, allowing her personal beliefs to interfere with her legal responsibilities as a police officer. What do you do? Do you follow her orders? Why or why not? Explain your answer.
Ethical Dilemma 3: Accepting Favors
You’re asked to investigate the gun advocacy group and their activities. To do so, you need to work with the police department in the next county. After contacting their chief, you’re assigned to work with another seasoned officer who has also been conducting some preliminary investigations of the group. You decide to do some field investigations together the following day. While you’re out working on the investigation, the other officer decides to stop at the local convenient market for some lunch. He picks up a sandwich and coffee, waves to the owner, and returns to the police vehicle—without paying for the items. When you ask him about it, he says that he has an “arrangement” with the owner and not to worry about it. He explains that he and the store owner help each other out (meaning the officer provides additional protection to the store in exchange for the food). Finally, he says, “If you’re hungry, go inside and pick up what you want.” What do you do and what concerns do you have? Explain your answers.
Ethical Dilemma 4: Reporting a Deal
You happen to be in the courthouse during the trial of some of the members of the gun advocacy group. As you walk by the chambers of the judge who is presiding over the trial, you overhear the judge and the chief prosecutor discussing the case. The judge is talking about one of the defendants in the case and is making some very derogatory comments. You’ve often appeared in trials before this judge, and you’ve always found him to be fair and impartial. In this case, however, you’re concerned that the judge and prosecutor may be engaging in inappropriate activity. This situation is particularly troublesome because the trial is proceeding at the request of all parties as a bench trial, with the decision being rendered by the judge without the benefit of a jury. What would you do? Explain your answer.
Ethical Dilemma 5: Breaking Prison Rules
In the course of your investigation of the gun advocacy group, you have to go to your local county prison to question one of the group members being held there pending trial. This particular individual has been a problem inmate and is being held in solitary confinement. He’s to have no contact with other members of the group. You meet with him alone in a private interrogation room. He knows that you generally support the group, and he does his best to answer your questions, although his answers aren’t as complete as you would like. At the end of the questioning—just before he rises to leave the room—he slips you a note in a sealed envelope and asks that you give it to someone who is involved in the gun advocacy group. He says it’s very important and implores you to just hand it to the person or drop it in the mail. He then leaves the interrogation room. What do you do? Explain your answer.
Ethical Dilemma 6: Crisis Intervention or Use of Force?
While on routine patrol you’re dispatched to an apartment building where there’s been a report of a male disturbing the peace. As you and your partner arrive on the scene, the apartment manager informs you that the tenant on the second floor is threatening other tenants. Upon reaching the suspect you begin shouting commands for the subject to place his hands where they can be seen. The subject isn’t complying with the commands and is acting in a way that you’re trained to understand may be linked to mental health illness. What do you do? Explain your answer.
Prepare your answers to the ethical dilemmas in a word processing program. Each answer should be at least 250 words.
Double-space your answers. Use 12-point font—either Times New Roman or Arial—and one-inch margins.
Incorporate and properly reference any sources of information you’ve used to develop your answers. Use proper APA in-text citation formatting and include an APA References page at the end of your paper. For assistance with citing your sources and doing a references page, see the Research and Writing page in the Penn Foster Virtual Library: http://pflibrary.pennfoster.edu/c.php?g=633288
Read over your work carefully. Make sure it’s professional with correct formatting, grammar, and citations, along with adequate support for any arguments you make.
Submit the final draft of your work, along with the title page, only after you’ve completed writing your answers to each dilemma.

Short Response Paper Question 1: The documentary Three Identical Strangers looks

Short Response Paper Question 1: The documentary Three Identical Strangers looks at the possible connection between genetics and mental health. After watching the documentary, do you think that our genetics or our environment have a stronger influence on our mental health? Support your answer.
Note: It needs to be 600+ words.
https://www.thriveprogramme.org/mental-health-thre…

Textbooks: Birzer, Michael L. and Roberson, Cliff. Introduction to Criminal Inve

Textbooks: Birzer, Michael L. and Roberson, Cliff. Introduction to Criminal Investigation. Boca
Raton, FL: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2012.
2. Bandler, John and Merzon, Antonia. Cybercrime Investigations: A Comprehensive
Resource for Everyone. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.
For this assignment I was thinking about the Karen Reed trial since it is such a popular case right now, but it can be an interesting case. Please follow the rubric. No AI is allowed and it must be plagiarism free. APA 7th edition, times new Roman font, 12 pt, double spaced, 1 inch margins. Minimum of 3 references.

This assignment, you will play the role of a U.S. Supreme Court Justice articula

This assignment, you will play the role of a U.S. Supreme Court Justice articulating a legal opinion regarding a case that is
either up for consideration or that has been recently decided by the U.S. Supreme Court. To receive full credit, you will need
to thoroughly analyze all the details of the case, formulate an opinion on how you would rule, argue your position
persuasively, and defend it well, both legally and constitutionally. You may choose the format in which you deliver your
presentation: Written paper (5 pages).