Category: Criminal Justice

What are some of the challenges faced by the police today that are
different fro

What are some of the challenges faced by the police today that are
different from the challenges faced by the police 20 years ago?

Must be 15-20 pages not including abstract, title page, or references. Including

Must be 15-20 pages not including abstract, title page, or references. Including an introduction, literature review, methodology, findings, analysis, and conclusion. Must have 30 References with an annotated bibliography. References must be within the last 5 years. Only doi from crossref.org is allowed. If no doi is available, the URL for the publisher is allowed.
Topic: Overcrowding American Prisons
ID Problem – Overcrowding in American prisons is due to sentencing guidelines, the aging population, recidivism rates, and staff shortages, creating an unsustainable correctional system.
ID Solution – We need to find a way to incentivize rehabilitation and penalize recidivism for those who operate our prison systems, whether private or public institutions.
Thesis Statement:
Stabilizing American correctional facilities requires an incentive-based rehabilitative system for those private and public institutions that operate these facilities.
Discussion:
When the justice system removed and/or restricted the death penalty, it was replaced by life with or without the possibility of parole. This, along with other sentencing guidelines like the 1994 crime bill, mandatory minimum laws, and three-strike laws, filled prisons and aged the prison population. As jails and prisons became overcrowded, rehabilitation programs became less accessible. This increased the recidivism rate to an unsustainable level. Overcrowding increased stress levels for staff and inmates. Correctional staff already live in a constant state of alertness while inside the facility walls. Overcrowding multiplied the levels of stress causing shortages, which also affect recruitment efforts. All this has caused some facilities to shut down due to safety concerns for both inmates and staff. This is not an issue that is only affecting private or public-run facilities. One strategy to address these issues has been to simply release prisoners. Many states are using this as a temporary solution. The focus should instead be on enhancing and incentivizing rehabilitation programs, which is a primary goal of the justice system. Releasing inmates negates the retribution, deterrence, and incapacitation goals of the system and does not allow for programs to rehabilitate offenders. Therefore, recidivism is almost guaranteed, especially in the case of those convicted of more serious offenses.
References
Fleenor, D. (2023). A look at prison overcrowding from the inside. Journal of Prisoners on Prisons, 32(2), 56–59. https://doi.org/10.18192/jpp.v32i2.6850
Di Vita, G. (2020). Recent legislative measures to reduce overcrowding of prisons in Italy: a preliminary assessment of their economic impact. European Journal of Law and Economics, 49(2), 277–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-020-09639-5
Queirós, C., Passos, F., Bártolo, A., Marques, A. J., da Silva, C. F., & Pereira, A. (2020). Burnout and Stress Measurement in Police Officers: Literature Review and a Study With the Operational Police Stress Questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 587. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00587
Elizabeth Jeglic, & Cynthia Calkins. (2022). Handbook of Issues in Criminal Justice Reform in the United States. Springer. Handbook of Issues in Criminal Justice Reform in the United States (apus.edu)
Haney, C. (2015). Prison overcrowding. In B. L. Cutler, & P. A. Zapf (Eds.), APA handbook of forensic psychology, Vol. 2: Criminal investigation, adjudication, and sentencing outcomes; APA handbook of forensic psychology, Vol. 2: Criminal investigation, adjudication, and sentencing outcomes. (pp. 415-436, 545 Pages). Prison overcrowding – ProQuest
Gramlich, J. (2020, November 20). What the data says (and doesn’t say) about crime in the United States. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2020/11/20/facts-about-crime-in-the-u-s/
Gramlich, J. (2021, December 6). U.S. public divided over whether people convicted of crimes spend too much or too little time in prison. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/12/06/u-s-public-divided-over-whether-people-convicted-of-crimes-spend-too-much-or-too-little-time-in-prison/
Mackenzie, D. L. (2001, July). Sentencing and Corrections in the 21st Century: Setting the Stage for the Future. https://www.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh241/files/archives/ncjrs/189106-2.pdf
Travis, J. (1997, January). Key legislative issues in Criminal Justice: Mandatory Sentencing. U.S. Department of Justice. https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications/key-legislative-issues-criminal-justice-mandatory-sentencing
United States Sentencing Commission. (n.d.). FY22 quick facts on mandatory minimum penalties – ussc.gov. https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/quick-facts/Quick_Facts_Mand_Mins_FY22.pdf
Walker, L. S. & Mezuk, B. (2018, November 29). Mandatory minimum sentencing policies and cocaine use in the U.S., 1985–2013 – BMC international health and human rights. BioMed Central. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-018-0182-2
Annotated Bibliography
Fleenor, D. (2023). A look at prison overcrowding from the inside. Journal of Prisoners on Prisons, 32(2), 56–59. https://doi.org/10.18192/jpp.v32i2.6850
David Fleenor surveyed forty inmates at the Joseph Harp Correctional Center. His focus was to understand the effects of Oklahoma’s eighty-five percent law. This newly enacted law requires violent offenders to serve a minimum of eighty-five percent of their full sentence before they are eligible for parole. He learned that those serving sentences after the law was enacted, served reduced the number of years in total when compared to those serving sentences prior to the new law. He found that the Oklahoma parole board was unwilling in most cases to approve parole for those who served twenty-five consecutive years or more. These two factors greatly contribute to the overcrowding in prisons today.
Di Vita, G. (2020). Recent legislative measures to reduce overcrowding of prisons in Italy: a preliminary assessment of their economic impact. European Journal of Law and Economics, 49(2), 277–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-020-09639-5
Giuseppe Di Vita analyzed two Italian reforms that were aimed at reducing overcrowding in prisons. One allowed for house arrest for prisoners with final conviction and the second allowed for house arrest for criminals arrested awaiting trial. He focused on their economic impact and found that both resulted in long-term positive economic impacts, with the exception of violent crimes. This study is extremely important because addressing overcrowding in prisons is not solely to reduce the number of inmates. It also aims to focus on the other goal, which is rehabilitation. Reducing unemployment rates, raising the level of education and other impacts show how these reforms positively impacted Italians.
Outline:
Topics: Sentencing Guidlines/Aging Population/Recidivism Rates/Staff Shortages
-Define Overcrowding: Lack of Space in the facility to hold prisoners and Lack of staff-to-inmate ratio causing restrictions on using facility space.
-Dangers of Overcrowding to inmates and staff
-Calls for reform
-Goals of prison system and criminal justice system (The four primary goals in response to criminal acts are retribution, rehabilitation, deterrence, and incapacitation (Mackenzie, 2001).
-Removal of Death Penalty (The 1970s began the conversation around capital punishment in the United States. The Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty, as it was being imposed at the time, was a violation of the Eighth Amendment, violating the “cruel and unusual punishment” restriction. ) This caused an aging population of inmates requiring different things for prisons for which they were never designed for. Retirement Holmes instead of prisons. Increased need for medical care.
-Strict sentencing guidelines (3 Strike Laws and 85% laws)
-Parole Denial (Fleenor, D. (2023))
– Recidivism
-Staffing Shortages 9Queirós, C., Passos, F., Bártolo, A., Marques, A. J., da Silva, C. F., & Pereira, A. (2020). Burnout and Stress Measurement in Police Officers: Literature Review and a Study With the Operational Police Stress Questionnaire. )
-Strategies for reducing overcrowding (DiVita, G. (2020)).
– Solution (Stabilizing American correctional facilities requires an incentive-based rehabilitative system for those private and public institutions that operate these facilities.)
Over the history of the world, punishments have ranged from instant death to public humiliation and everything in between. As a society forms, they collectively decide what behavior is acceptable and appropriate. They then determine the consequences for transgressing against an individual or the community. Sentencing practices have four primary goals: retribution, rehabilitation, deterrence, and incapacitation. As society’s views change, their response to transgressions and the desired severity of punishment shifts; new laws are added, some are removed, and others are amended. When a society believes crime rates are rising, they tend to demand stricter enforcement and more severe punishment for crimes. This paper will examine the mandatory minimum sentencing laws and the current calls for reforms in sentencing practices.
The four primary goals in response to criminal acts are retribution, rehabilitation, deterrence, and incapacitation (Mackenzie, 2001). Retribution focuses on the cost of committing a crime, the eye for an eye punishment. Rehabilitation focuses on changing the inmate’s path by changing their worldview to prevent them from committing more crimes in the future. Deterrence attempts to show that the cost of crime is too severe to deter offenders and the public from committing these crimes in the future. Incapacitation removes criminals from the public to provide a safe environment for the community.
The historical focus of the criminal justice system shifted from rehabilitation to retribution, deterrence, and incapacitation around 1975 (Mackenzie, 2001). Robert Martinson examined the rehabilitation programs in the United States and argued that these programs were ineffective and had no positive influence on recidivism rates. The report’s views were widely accepted, with conservatives arguing that judges and correctional officials were too lenient on criminals and liberals claiming that the vast power in the rehabilitation system allowed for inequities in punishment based on gender, race, and class (Mackenzie, 2001). These are the same views on the current sentencing system today.
In the 1980s, cocaine use became prevalent and was described by the media as the cause of increased violence in urban areas (Walker & Mezuk, 2018). The “War on Drugs” and Anti-Drug Abuse Act (ADAA) of 1986 enacted mandatory minimum sentencing based on the type and quantity of drugs involved in an arrest. The federal government also passed the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, which required states to amend their laws to ensure prisoners served at least 85% of their sentences in exchange for the federal aid provided through these programs. By 1994, every state employed some form of mandatory minimum sentences (Travis, 1997). In addition to mandatory minimum sentences, states began introducing three-strike laws, which doubled or tripled the minimum sentences for repeat offenders convicted of violent crimes. Between 1975 and 1997, the incarceration rate grew from 106 inmates per 100,000 adults to 445 inmates per 100,000 adults (Mackenzie, 2001). In fiscal year 2022, only about 30% of all cases nationwide carried a mandatory minimum sentence, with about 70% of them involving drug trafficking (United States Sentencing Commission, n.d.). The percentage of criminals with mandatory minimum sentencing requirements was so low because 43% of offenders received relief due to “safety valve” provisions or by assisting the government in prosecuting offenders (United States Sentencing Commission, n.d.). This amount of relief from mandatory minimum sentencing has been a consistent trend from 2018 through 2022. Despite the amount of relief, minimum sentencing, recidivism rates, and life without parole are creating overcrowded and understaffed prisons and jails (Mackenzie, 2001).
Before the shift toward retribution, deterrence, and incapacitation, mandatory minimum sentencing was introduced and revoked due to its inability to address drug use in America. In 1956, the Narcotic Control Act introduced mandatory minimum sentences but was repealed fifteen years later as they saw an increase in the use of narcotics (Walker & Mezuk, 2018). In the years following the Anti-Drug Abuse Act (1985-1990), the National Survey on Drugs and Health found a decrease in use trends for some drugs. After the Fair Sentencing Act (2009-2013), there was no significant change in the use trends of drugs (Walker & Mezuk, 2018). The effectiveness of mandatory minimum sentencing is unclear due to other factors affecting these congressional efforts.
Though most Americans believe crime rates continue to rise in America, the Federal Bureau of Investigations and the United States Bureau of Justice Statistics show that crime rates have consistently fallen since 1993 (Gramlich, 2020). Contrarily, 60% of Americans surveyed describe climbing national crime rates with decreasing local crime. Calls for reform in our sentencing practices stem from either a desire to enforce the law more strictly due to the perception of higher crime rates or the desire to find alternative responses for minor offenses (Gramlich, 2021). Parole and probationary programs must be expanded to provide an alternative to the increasing prison population in America.
Minimum sentencing has been shown to increase the prison population and limit the correctional facility’s ability to provide rehabilitation programs, which increases recidivism rates. Alternative programs can provide reintegration into society for non-violent offenders and should alleviate the overcrowded correctional facilities (Mackenzie, 2001). Lawmakers should focus on these efforts before the prison system reaches a point where they cannot support the inmate population.

Task summary:
Write a 4 part task, Each part is a 1 page summary of each of the

Task summary:
Write a 4 part task, Each part is a 1 page summary of each of the 7,8,9,10 chapters found in the Client’s dashboard, login details are given to the assigned freelancer.
Full order description:
Dear Freelancer,
please write:
MAIN DETAILS:Client:
” There’s 4 topics from each chapter 7-10 that has to be summarized in depth. There’s no book in the class but the chapters is in modules.
“When accessing the Client’s dashboard, please use VPN for USA

Competency
In this project, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following c

Competency
In this project, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following competency:
Explain the processes and procedures used in courts
Scenario
You are a Community Outreach Coordinator for your local chapter of the National Criminal Justice Association (NCJA). A recent study found that people in your area are often unsure of court processes, procedures, and outcomes. As a result, they often are not able to make informed decisions at this critical time in their lives. Using this published research, you have applied for and been awarded a small grant to create community outreach materials to educate the public about court processes.
Directions
The community outreach materials you create should show your knowledge of the following criteria. A template and other possible presentation formats are included in the Supporting Materials section.
Describe how a defendant moves through the criminal justice system from arrest to sentencing. In 150–200 words, address movement from one step of the process to the next for each of the following:
Arrest
Arraignment
Pretrial hearing
Bail
Trial
Verdict
Sentencing
Appeal
Describe alternative processes and their impact on the criminal court system. In 150–200 words, address each of the following:Plea bargains
Restorative justice principles
Describe the function of juries in the trial process. In 150–200 words, address each of the following:Civil casesHow is this type of jury selected?
What is the responsibility of this type of jury?
Criminal casesHow is this type of jury selected?
What is the responsibility of this type of jury?
Describe the impact of specific sentencing guidelines. In 150–200 words, address each of the following:Why do sentencing guidelines exist?
Identify 2–3 examples of sentencing guidelines.
Describe the effects of each of the sentence guidelines you identified.
What to Submit
To complete this project, you must submit the following:
Educational Material
For this project, choose the format that works best for you. Please note there is no requirement related to the way you show your knowledge, as long as you meet the rubric requirements by following the directions.
We have created the following optional template to aid you in completing this project:
Project Two Template Word Document

Please see attached files which are the discussion posts of three students each

Please see attached files which are the discussion posts of three students each one should be answered in agreement with and i a pro American conservative view with one bible citation and reference written in apa 7 graduate doctoral format please make each response a separate file for each student

Capstone Paper 1
The first paper is about the scope of the problem and issues yo

Capstone Paper 1
The first paper is about the scope of the problem and issues your policy or
program is trying to address, as well as the history of your policy or program
and its goals. Think of the first paper as offering all of the background material
your reader will need before being able to assess the evidence as to whether or
not your policy or program is working.
For example, if you were writing about drug courts, you would begin by
covering our nation’s history with illegal drug use. How big of a problem are
illegal drugs? What are the outcomes of illegal drug use for users? How has
the CJ system attempted to deal with illegal drugs, and when and why did drug
court emerge? The answers to these questions would be essential for the
reader to know, and would transition nicely to the next question for paper two,
which is: do drug courts work as intended?
A second example: if you were writing about police use of nonlethal force, you
would begin by covering what we know about how often police use force, what
percentage of that force is nonlethal, what forms that force typically takes, and
what guidance officers have historically received in using force. Then you
could discuss what more modern forms of use of force policies look like, thus
demonstrating how police use of force policy has changed over the years. This
would transition nicely to the next question for paper two, which is: does police
use of force policy impact officer behavior?
Be careful to also to note gaps in our knowledge or places where the
information does not rest on firm ground. If there is an important background
question that is unanswered, or has been only marginally explored, that’s worth
noting. This might happen if the program or policy is relatively new. There also
may be a lack of information on the scope of the problem, and that’s worth
noting too. For example, there is not a national database on the shooting of
US citizens by police. For that kind of info, we have to rely on individual news
accounts or compilations of shooting in certain places (e.g., cities) by scholars
or journalists, so that’s worth discussing in the first paper.
Be sure to also discuss what the advantages or goals the advocates had for the
policy at the outset. This will allow you to nicely transition into the second
paper about whether or not the policy works as intended and whether it
achieves its stated goals. Please be sure to leave out any evaluations or
discussion of how the policy works, as that’s going to be the entirety of
paper 2.
In terms of expectations, the first paper should be about 4-6 pages using
traditional font size and margins in MS Word. You can have an intro and
conclusion for the paper, but understand that you’ll likely edit this later when
you merge the paper assignments together. It would probably be best to end
the first paper with some kind of transition to the second, which will address
whether or not the policy/program works as intended.
Resources
APA Style Guide, In-Text Citations: use this to guide how you cite your sources
in-text
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting
_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_author_authors.html
APA Style Guide. Reference Lists: use this for your bibliography
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting
_and_style_guide/reference_list_author_authors.htm

Written Research Assignment: Position Paper:
Each student will be required to s

Written Research Assignment: Position Paper:
Each student will be required to submit a position paper as to his/her support regarding an assigned courtroom case that dealt with forensic science evidence admissibility. Regardless of the position you take, the paper must include your reasoning for choosing that position. In essence, you will “pick a side” and argue for that side. You are responsible for “convincing” the instructor as to why your position is correct and fair. Specifically, you will review ALL the facts of the case and, based on your research, you will argue FOR or AGAINST the admissibility of the forensic science evidence and/or technique used to describe/analyze the evidence. Students will utilize at least three (3) scholarly references to support the student’s position and will properly cite the sources. The paper must be prepared in a manner acceptable for university level work. The paper should be between three(3) to five (5) pages (excluding the references page, abstract page, and cover page) and will be completed in proper APA 7th edition format. This assignment is worth 20% of the course grade. [LO#2, #3, #6]
The completed position paper will: (a) Use 12-point font, double-spaced format, and one-inch margins throughout the paper; (b) Include a header (i.e., the shortened title of paper and page number); (c) Follow APA regulations (refer to your APA manual) which require a reference page, including all references ascribed to in paper and properly cite the sources both in the body of the paper and on the “References” page; and (d) Include three (3) scholarly references (i.e., peer-reviewed scholarly journal articles or law citations) Additionally, the University Core Values, as appropriate, should be designed into and discussed as they relate to the topic of the paper.
Please choose one (1) case from the following three forensic evidence admissibility cases below:
State v. O’Key ~ 321 Or. 285, 899 P.2d 663
Bloodsworth v. State ~ 76 Md.App. 23, 543 A.2d 382
Maryland v. King ~ 569 US XXX ~ No. 12-207
Pick one case, I don’t care which one

A police department wants to institute a hot spot policing program that targets

A police department wants to institute a hot spot policing program that targets a specific crime problem in a specific neighborhood. There are multiple anecdotal reports that this type of crime is rampant, but there is little data to back this up. The 911 calls are sparse and the community seems disinterested in communicating with the police.
Examine this problem through the lens of procedural justice: why might there be so few 911 calls for help? Why might the community be reluctant to communicate with the police?
What would you do to institute a hot spot policing program at this location? Describe specific pillars of procedural justice and how they might relate to different types of police/community partnerships. See attached files for additional information.
The response needs to be in APA Format and a length of 600-1000 words.

Adhere to previous guidelines in regard to title page, name, font etc.
Part 1

Adhere to previous guidelines in regard to title page, name, font etc.
Part 1
What would you do if a police officer asked you to get out of your
car after you had been stopped? The Supreme Court has said that it is
constitutional and thus reasonable to do so…do you agree?
Part 2
Media Tool
“Stop and Frisk Practices”
http://www.nyclu.org/issues/racial-justice/stop-an…
The New York Civil Liberties Union looks at the issue of stop-and-frisk practices by the New York Police Department.
Discussion: Discuss what issues the NYCLU has with the practices of the NYPD. What have courts thus far had to say these practices?
You must submit at least two pages for full credit.

REQUIRED Textbook: Jennifer M. Allen Rajeev Sawhney. 2019. Administration and Ma

REQUIRED Textbook: Jennifer M. Allen Rajeev Sawhney. 2019. Administration and Management in Criminal Justice (3rd Edition): Sage Publications (ISBN: 9781506361529).
1.What are the two main interaction processes that comprise transactional leadership?
Group of answer choicesCharismatic leadership and transformational leadershipContingent reward leadership and management by exception
Autocratic leadership and participative leadership
Trait-based leadership and situational leadership
2. What is the key difference between autocratic and participative leadership styles?
Group of answer choicesAutocratic leaders focus on goal achievement, while participative leaders focus on people.Autocratic leaders use charisma, while participative leaders rely on authority.
Autocratic leaders involve employees in decision-making, while participative leaders make decisions independently.
Autocratic leaders always customize their leadership approach, while participative leaders do not.
3. What philosophy has been adopted by criminal justice agencies to promote open communication?
Group of answer choicesThe philosophy of hierarchyThe philosophy of silence
The philosophy of empowerment and knowledge sharing
The philosophy of strict formal communication
4.What is considered one-way communication in the communication process?
Group of answer choicesWhen the sender encodes the messageWhen there is no feedback from the receiver
When there is interference or distraction
When there is feedback from the receiver
5.How is specialization addressed in modern policing agencies?
Group of answer choicesBy narrowing officers’ focus to prevent boredomBy isolating officers in specific specialties to avoid information sharing
By promoting renaissance officers with knowledge in multiple specialties
By eliminating specialized divisions altogether
6.What is one of the disadvantages associated with the paramilitary structure of police departments?
Group of answer choicesIt promotes flexible communication channels.It quickly responds to changes in the environment.
It results in unwieldy processes and procedures.
It encourages community-oriented policing.
7.How is federal court management organized in the United States?
Group of answer choicesThrough the state governorsThrough the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts
Through the Department of Justice
Through the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
8.What is the key responsibility of probation officers in the field of probation?
Group of answer choicesServing as role models for probationersReporting violations of conditions to the court
Brokering services for probationers
Determining the length of probation sentences
9.What role do private prisons play in the U.S. correctional system?
Group of answer choicesThey provide free services to the government.They exclusively house low-risk offenders.
They contract with governments to house inmates.
They focus on rehabilitation rather than punishment.
10.Which of the following is the suggested service quality approaches for correctional facilities?
Group of answer choicesReducing accreditation standardsIncreasing inmate-staff relationships
Reducing recidivism rates
Motivating and training staff, meeting new standards, and reducing overcrowding