Category: Criminal Justice

please use the attached documents to assist in this project.
A literature revie

please use the attached documents to assist in this project.
A literature review is a critical summary of published scholarly research on a particular topic. Completing a literature review helps you become familiar with current thinking on a topic; by demonstrating this familiarity, you enable readers to understand the topic being investigated.
Instructions
In preparation for writing your literature review, please give careful attention to the way in which you will organize your sources. Your literature review must contain at least 10 scholarly sources within your major area of study, cited correctly in APA or MLA format (depending on your discipline). As you organize and synthesize your information, use citations and references appropriately. In all cases, remain true to the context of your sources, taking care not to misrepresent or quote out of context. This assignment must contain the following sections.
Introduction (Connection to Discipline and Explanation of the Issues)
Explain the issues and make a connection to your discipline. Introduce the topic with reference to your thesis or main question in the opening paragraph.
* Describe the issue or problem clearly and with enough relevant information that your reader will fully understand it. Make connections between your topic and important theories/facts/examples from your discipline or area of study (e.g., psychology, history). The purpose of the literature review is not to answer your questions but to situate your topic within the wider literature on the subject matter.
Source Finding Analysis (Accessing Information and Evaluating Sources)
* What databases did you use to find potential sources and why? (Reminder: Google and other search engines are not databases. Use the New Jersey State Library database resources.) What key word searches did you use, and which were most effective? What database or key word did you exclude from your search, and why? How did you make sure that your information sources were highly relevant?
* Explain how you evaluated and selected sources to use for this project. How do you know your selected sources are appropriate to your research question? How do you know you have chosen a variety of sources that are appropriate for the scope of your project?
* How did you make sure that you were fully complying with all ethical and legal restrictions on the use of published, confidential, and/or proprietary information?
Themes (Use Information Effectively to Accomplish a Specific Purpose)
* Synthesize the information from your sources in order to help your reader fully understand your topic’s background and relevant issues. What main themes emerge in the literature on this topic? What do different sources have to say about these themes? What patterns, differences, or similarities emerge from the sources? What significant scholarly disagreements have you noticed? Provide your reader with a sufficient breadth of the topic under your themes or means of organizing your sources so that the reader can be aware of and acquainted with the topic’s background and relevant issues. Be sure to situate the topic within a larger context and draw out themes and key ideas.
Curiosity (Sources and Evidence)
* What information have you found that illustrates both your interest and rich awareness of your topic? Why is this information so interesting? What ideas are you developing that are appropriate for your discipline?
Conclusion (Summary)
Finally, after you have completed the body of your review, provide a paragraph summary. What have you learned thus far?
Keep in mind, the literature review is not an extended annotated bibliography whereby you list each source you have read and provide a brief synopsis of it. Rather, the literature review is a running narrative that develops the background and context for your topic. Finally, additional research should continue to be done throughout the course until the final submission of the capstone project (which must include at least 15 sources in the final bibliography).

** Only accept this assignment if you commit to completing every assignment for

** Only accept this assignment if you commit to completing every assignment for this course.**
Please remember that this assignment is crucial and will most likely need multiple revisions to correct minor errors.  Do not accept the assignment if you are unwilling to revise the paper.
It will draw upon all previous assignments to complete. I will attach all previous assignments. 
The writer I choose for this assignment will essentially be the same writer for this course. This course is building the first chapter of my dissertation, so it needs consistency. Please keep all previous assignments accessible; you will need them to complete the next assignment.
This assignment is the first chapter of my dissertation. Thus, each assignment in this course builds on the previous one. I will build the literature review on this topic, which will be the final assignment for this course.
Degree: Criminal Justice 
Concentration: Homeland Security
Dissertation Topic.
***The relationship between mental illness and criminal behavior.***
Qualitative Research Questions: focus only on qualitative research for this research topic. 
1.     To what extent does mental illness contribute to criminal behavior?
2.     How do different mental health disorders influence the types of crimes committed?
3.     What are the implications of these findings for criminal justice policy and practice?
Instructions:
This week, you will write (or revise, if you’ve previously written) a literature review. The literature review should:
Include definitions of concepts relating to the topic of the research.
Add an expanded discussion of the framework identified in Week 4 and discuss the origin of the theory or model used as your framework. How was the framework used originally? How is the framework applied in current studies. Add 3-4 pages.
Include historically relevant information.
Contain critical analysis (strong and weak arguments).
Integrate sources to produce sound arguments and discuss issues related to the topic.
Include comparing and contrasting arguments and discussions.
Include a summary of the key discussions in the literature. Add a 1-page summary.
Reminders:
Apply APA format, writing conventions, and scholarly voice/tone.
Do not express your own opinion, agenda, or bias.
Include scholarly, peer-reviewed, or primary documentation.
85% of the sources should be 3 years old or newer.
15% of the sources can be a combination of seminal sources older than 3 years, books, cited legal language, and government sources.
Length: 10 pages

Overview
For this assignment, you will create a PowerPoint that describes progra

Overview
For this assignment, you will create a PowerPoint that describes programs and potential issues for each of the three Routine Activity Theory elements covered in last week’s activity, Elements of Routine Activities Theory.
Scenario
You have been assigned by the police chief to recommend effective crime prevention programs for the community. Choose one of the programs you identified from each of the three Routine Activity Theory Elements on the worksheet you completed last week. You should have one program that addresses Motivated Offenders, one that addresses Suitable Targets, and one that addresses Lack of a Capable Guardian.
Instructions
Prepare an 11-slide PowerPoint presentation (including speaker notes) for each of the three programs, in which you address each of the following elements. Note that except for the Title Slide and the Source List slide, you may organize the remaining 9 slides in the order that you feel best presents the content.
Determine three programs that would each address one of the elements of the Routine Activity Theory (Motivated Offender, Suitable Target, and Lack of a Capable Guardian).
One title slide.
Three program outline slides:
One for Motivated Offender.
One for Suitable Target.
One for Lack of a Capable Guardian.
Evaluate a potential ethical issue for each of the three programs.
Three slides.
Propose policies to address the identified ethical issue for each of the three programs.
Three slides.
Support the writing with at least three sources to support your writing. Choose sources that are credible, relevant, and appropriate. Cite each source listed on your source page at least one time within your assignment. For help with research, writing, and citation, access the library or review library guides.
One Source list slide.
Note: You may use Integrating Social Disorganization and Routine Activity Theories and Testing the Effectiveness of Neighborhood Crime Watch Programs: Case Study of Miami-Dade County, 2007–1 as one of your sources.
This course requires the use of Strayer Writing Standards (SWS). The library is your home for SWS assistance, including citations and formatting. Please refer to the Library site for all support. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Apply criminal justice theories as a problem-solving tool for identified situations.
Demonstrate effective communication via multiple channels.
Demonstrate effective research and analysis of complex criminal justice issues and policies.
Analyze policy in order to create and implement appropriate revisions.
Resources
Integrating Social Disorganization and Routine Activity Theories and Testing the Effectiveness of Neighborhood Crime Watch Programs: Case Study of Miami-Dade County, 2007–1
Criminal Justice Research Collection

Welcome again to the course. All of the 7 module assignments will look similar

Welcome again to the course. All of the 7 module assignments will look similar to this one. Good Luck!
Study chapters 1-2. If you find the materials at the end of the chapters to be useful in your study, use them. Pay careful attention to the key terms often shown in colored font or listed at the end of the chapters.
Draft your responses to the assignments below and submit them via the Module 1 drop box. Always use your own words. I never want to read words from the text! If you understand the material, you should be able to put it in your own words (3 pts. each unless otherwise noted).
Most questions require a paragraph response but a few require a list. No question should be answered in less than two sentences (2 SENTENCE RULE). Students should give complete, thorough responses. When the question seems to demand only a short response, you can always expound on the general topic of the question. Curt responses are never acceptable. Your answers should demonstrate an understanding of the topic even if the question only seems to require a short answer.
It is very helpful to use BOLD BLACK when you prepare your responses to differentiate the answers from the questions. An EXAMPLE is available.
1- Review the chart on page 13. Note the 5 stages of the criminal justice process (across the top). Note the funneling effect, that is, the number of crimes is much greater than the number eventually sentenced. The criminal justice system funnels people out of the formal system (see attrition).
What are the 5 stages of the criminal justice process? List them and give a two sentence explanation of each. Remember, I’ve already read the book so use your own words when responding. (10 pts. – 2 pts. each)
2- What is stare decisis?
3- In two good paragraphs, explain to me what probable cause means. What is it for? When is it necessary? (5 pts.)
Memorize the following definition of probable cause. It is the definition we will use throughout the course, especially in the police and courts chapters.
probable cause:
1) a set of facts, information, circumstances, or conditions
2) that would lead a reasonable person to believe that
3) a crime has been committed or is about to be committed and
4) a certain individual(s) is responsible.
I have cards laminated with this definition. This is an important topic for this course and in virtually every CJ course, if you might take others later. I keep the cards in my office and if you mail me a self-addressed, stamped envelope, I’ll even mail a card to you. It’s that important!
4- Explain the Hierarchy Rule.
5- The dictionary used in this course also has a review of important US Supreme Court cases. In your dictionary, read the following cases:
Gideon v Wainwright
Mapp v Ohio
In re Gault
Terry v Ohio
Miranda v Arizona.
Explain what the Supreme Court decided in each case and why the case is so important to us today. Prepare a paragraph on each of the 5 cases. (15 pts. – 3 pts. each)
6- What is the definition of criminal justice? What would your personal definition be?
7- Review the Wedding Cake model. What type of cases make up the smallest layer?
8- Explain mens rea.
9- Review the attachment on corpus delicti and prima facie. Sometimes students find these to be difficult concepts so I gathered a few different definitions for you of each. What is a grand jury, a prima facie case and what is an indictment? Explain all that to me. (5 pts.)
10- What is actus reus?
11- List 3 facts about NIBRS.
12- What is an aggravating circumstance?
13- For what crime(s) was Miranda originally convicted?
14- Explain the Crime Control & Due Process Models.
15- Distinguish voluntary manslaughter from involuntary manslaughter.
16- Can a person be assaulted without ever being touched? Explain.
17- What makes an assault an aggravated assault?
18- How is robbery different from theft?
19- Explain insider trading.
20- The Federal Witness Protection Program and RICO were created to combat organized crime. I had the pleasure of working with the FWPP for many years. Review those two topics and thoroughly explain them to me. (5 pts.)
21- List the Index Crimes. What does it mean to be an Index Crime?
22- Explain procedural law and substantive law.
23- Generally speaking, in the last 30 or so years has crime in America generally risen or fallen? Explain your answer. Feel free to use sources other than your text.
24- What is the “dark figure of crime” your text explains? Why is it so important?
25- List three facts about the UCR.
26- What is the NCVS? What do the letters NCVS stand for and how does it compare to the UCR? How do the findings of the two compare?
27- Who are more criminal, young, or older people? Explain.
28- What is a mitigating circumstance?
29- Explain “beyond a reasonable doubt.” What does it mean?

Each of the pieces of media I had you all read and listen to for today directly

Each of the pieces of media I had you all read and listen to for today directly or indirectly touched on this idea of “bad apple” cops, and why this perspective is a problem.
There’s this prevalent idea that racial disparities in policing are because of individual police officers’ racial bigotry – on the ‘old’ definition of racism. And so, attempts to solve this problem are targeted at officer’s racial attitudes and how that translates to behavior and the way they treat people, specifically people of color.
Some perspectives want to zoom out a little further and say, hey wait, maybe the problem isn’t the individual apple – it’s the orchard, the institution of policing itself, that is shot through and through with a racially biased disposition and culture. So, we need to see solutions aimed at this level of analysis. We need to address the culture of policing as a whole. There are others who take it a step further, and say, it’s not the individual ‘bad apple’, it’s not the orchard the apple comes from. It’s the entire ecosystem in which the orchard, and the apples, exist. This is the level of analysis at which we need to address these problems, if we really hope to solve them, instead of just treating their symptoms, which are things like systematic police killings of unarmed black men.
What does this metaphor translate to? It means looking at the whole society that produced these conditions.

Discussion Questions:
Alex Vitale
What is the purpose of policing, according to the myths we are told by the media and popular culture?
How does this misrepresent what police actually do?
What is the “liberal view” of policing that Vitale talks about?
Have you personally ever reported a crime to the police, or know anyone who has? Was it resolved? (you do not have to go into detail about the event. If you are not comfortable talking about it, you can just say “yes, but I’m not comfortable talking about it”).
What is wrong with trying to address racism in policing by trying to root out racial bias in individual officers?
What is the true purpose/basic purpose of police, according to Alex Vitale? What historical examples does he use to support this?
How does this tie into class concepts we have already learned about? What concepts specifically?
Mariame Kaba
What evidence does Kaba provide for her main argument that we cannot reform police?
Where does it overlap with evidence that Vitale gives?
What concept of safety is she challenging, and how?
What case does she make about why policing reforms will continue to fail?
What does she argue we should do instead?
What objections does she entertain, and what response(s) does she give to them?
What are some examples of alternatives she offers?
Daily Show
What does Patrisse Cullors say that police defunding is actually about, in contrast to the misconceptions that have been circulating about what people think it is?
What overlaps do you observe between points made in this podcast and points that Vitale and Kaba make in the other sources assigned for today?
Why is it so hard to imagine a world without police?
https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/panel-discussion-on-radical-police-reform/id1334878780?i=1000477378734&l=es-MX
https://www.beyond-prisons.com/home/the-end-of-policing-feat-alex-vitale

Distributive justice refers to the perceived fairness of an allocation or, more

Distributive justice refers to the perceived fairness of an allocation or, more broadly, to how people judge what they receive. In this week’s discussion please research and detail two examples of distributive justice. please show sources

Question: Individuals are responsible for their behavior, but, at the same time,

Question: Individuals are responsible for their behavior, but, at the same time, society may shape their views and actions. For example, societal views about sexual identity and gender-appropriate activities may shape how an individual views and reacts to anyone who presents as different than what the individual might consider to be “normal.” What changes might you make to society to reduce a particular type of deviance or the stigma associated with it? What moral or other problems might arise from such changes?

There are still many cultures throughout the world where aspects of their crimin

There are still many cultures throughout the world where aspects of their criminal justice system practices retributive justice. In this week’s 3-5 page short paper please share your understanding of the retributive justice argument. Is retributive justice effective and fair?

Students are expected to write short papers based on prompts from the instructor

Students are expected to write short papers based on prompts from the instructor in multiple weeks. 5. Students will completely address the questions posed and properly cite 2-3 academic or professional resources using APA standards either “in text”, or as end notes; including separate works/resources cited page. 6. All short papers will be between 2-3 pages of text, double spaced and using either Arial, or Times New Roman, 12 point font.
Question
This week we’ve been introduced to the Social Bonds Theory by Travis Hirschi. Is he correct, do more tethers one has to their family, friends, activities, and community make it more likely that they will remain “grounded” and less likely to offend? If so, why? Be sure to cite at least 3 sources in your work.

Final Assessment
Your task is to devise a fictional WMD strategy and response, b

Final Assessment
Your task is to devise a fictional WMD strategy and response, beginning with the attacker, and ending with the response.
1) Describe your attacker’s background, motivation, and strategy in detail. Are they a state or faction within a state, a non-state group, or an individual? What are their motivations for their attack, and why have they elected to use a WMD to execute their attack over some other form (conventional or nonconventional)?
2) Describe the attack plan in detail from conception to execution. What kinds of materials are needed? What economic or technical barriers does the attacker need to overcome to achieve its construction? What risks, if any, are attendant on the attacker in pursuing that construction (i.e. if they are discovered), and can they mitigate those risks?
3) What are the effects of the attack, if successful? How might others respond
a. To try and prevent the attack;
b. In the aftermath of the attack should it be successful?
This should integrate all of your knowledge to date, plus any additional resources required to complete your description. I will be available for consultation on your research and can assist with any extra materials, but please—in good faith—try it yourself first. Google Scholar is a powerful tool to find resources, many openly available. UML Library has access to a large number of security journals, and a great interlibrary loan program. There are also a range of websites that are highly reputable that focus on WMD security issues:
ATTACHED IS FURTHER DIRECTIONS AND LINKS TO RESOURCES INFORMATION. IF ANY FURTHER CLASS INFORMATION/LECTURES ARE NEEDED LET ME KNOW