Category: Criminal Behavior

Ted Bundy can be easily described as one of the most notorious serial killers of the late 20th century. He was also a kidnapper, burglar and rapist who attacked many young women during the 1970s. Ted Bundy is also known to have engineered two sophisticated escapes from prison and earned himself three death sentences in two separate trials. His case has inspired several popular novels and films devoted his serial murders. As a result of his handsome appearance, charismatic charm and intelligence, some even contend that the media had transformed Bundy into a romantic figure. With the renewed interest in Ted Bundy, keep reading to learn about his mother, daughter, wife, and other personal details.

Who Is Ted Bundy

Theodore ‘Ted’ Robert Bundy, (initially known as Theodore Robert Cowell) was born on the 24th of November, 1946, to Eleanor Louise Cowell and a father that had absconded when he discovered that Eleanor Louise was pregnant. He was born at the Elizabeth Lund Home for Unwed Mothers in Burlington, Vermont.

Eleanor Louise changed her last name to Nelson in 1950 and moved to Tacoma, Washington to live with her cousins. There, she met Johnny Culpepper Bundy and the two later got married. The couple had four children of their own and Johnny formally adopted Ted as his son.

In high school at Tacoma, Ted Bundy was arrested at least twice for suspicion of burglary and auto theft but when he reached 18, these details were expunged from his records, as is customary in Washington. He then graduated from high school in 1965 and spent a year at the University of Puget Sound before transferring to the University of Washington to study Chinese. By mid-1970, he got accepted into the University of Utah Law School and moved to Salt Lake City.

While at law school, Ted Bundy then started skipping classes in school, and gradually stopped attending them altogether. This was also when the murders began. Ironically, in 1974, the year the murders begun, he was the assistant director of the Seattle Crime Prevention Advisory Commission and even wrote a pamphlet on rape prevention. The first murder was reportedly on the 31st of January, 1974. Over the following months and years, more murders and disappearances followed. His modus operandi was to approach the victim feigning an injury and ask for their help, then lead them to a secluded area where he would knock them out with a crowbar and then strangle them while they are unconscious and then proceed to have sexual intercourse with their dead bodies; then he would leave the naked bodies in a wooded area.

At one point, Ted Bundy was questioned by the police but he was released because he did not seem to fit the mold of a serial killer. In November 1974, he was identified from a police lineup by a woman who had narrowly escaped him. Then In 1977, he was extradited to Colorado to be tried for murder but he escaped from jail by jumping out of the window. Though he was caught eight days later, he escaped again by sawing a hole in the ceiling of his cell. He then traveled to Tallahassee, Florida and lived under different pseudonyms.

Ted Bundy was arrested again by Pensacola Police for driving a stolen car. This time, he was tried and found guilty, and ultimately sentenced to death by electrocution. He confessed to a total of 36 murders, but it is believed that the number could be more.

Mother

Ted Bundy’s mother, Eleanor Louise, initially told him that her parents were his parents; and his grandparents raised him for the first three years of his life as their son, in order to avoid the social stigma that comes with having a child out of wedlock. Everyone, including young Ted, was made to believe his grandparents were actually his parents and it was not until 1969 that he found out the truth when he came across a copy of his birth certificate. He became resentful towards his mother for not telling him about his true parentage.

Eleanor Louise died in 2012 in her hometown of Tacoma, after a long illness. Her death was confirmed by Rev. Melvin Woodworth, pastor of Tacoma’s First Methodist Church, a church she attended until her health prevented her. She was 88 at the time of her death.

Girlfriend

Ted Bundy was involved with a number of women. But the most prominent was Elizabeth Kloepfer, the woman who turned him in. They met in a bar and it did not take long for them to fall in love. She had been unaware of his crimes but contacted the police as soon as she became suspicious. In 1981, she published her book The Phantom Prince: My Life with Ted Bundy under the pseudonym Liz Kendall. Since then, she has stayed out of the spotlight.

Wife & Daughter

Ted Bundy met Carole Anne Boone when he was working for the Department of Emergency Services in Olympia, Washington. Bundy proposed to her in court, when she took the stand in his defense. An old Florida law provided that declaration of marriage in front of a judge is a binding agreement. When she accepted his proposal, Ted Bundy declared to the court that they were married.

While in prison, though they were not allowed conjugal visits, the inmates occasionally pooled their money together to bribe the guards to permit them alone time with their female visitors. Through this, Ted and Carole Anne conceived a daughter while he was a death row inmate. Very little is known about his daughter who has chosen to keep a low profile.

Three years to his execution, Carole Anne divorced him, changed her name, and left Florida for good. She has not been heard from ever since.

Is He Dead or Alive?

On the 24th of January, 1989, Ted Bundy died at 7:16 am in the electric chair at the Florida State Prison. He was 42 years old at the time of his death. His death was celebrated by spectators with champagne. His body was cremated in Gainesville. His ashes were scattered at an undisclosed location in accordance with his will.

Before getting into despise violations, one must comprehend wrongdoings from the definition has numerous definitions. For a general comprehension, a hate crime is an offense dependent on the inability, race, sexual inclination or sex, religion, and additionally estimations of another. This type of crime has numerous points since it can depend completely on who or what the motivation behind the despise wrongdoing, for example, for a conceptual purpose or condemning, detailing, and applying a reason. This paper will illuminate one of the hate crimes and the types of hate crimes.

One class of hate crimes is a racial hate crime. Racial crime is the most overwhelming in open offenses in wording details because the same number of individuals fall casualties to this type. The six most as often targeted in 2016, as indicated by the FBI, “were African-Americans, lesbians, gays and bisexuals, whites, Jews, Latinos, and Muslims.” The race kept on being the most widely recognized classification, involving 57 percent of all violations. Racial crime is so normal since on most occasions it doesn’t make physical mischief to the people in question, however it has mental and passionate harm to the people in question.

Another classification of hate crime is sexual orientation and or gender. Individuals in the general public today are proclaiming their sexual introduction as gay, lesbian or straight. Be that as it may, other individuals don’t prefer their sexual orientation or gender realized which may prompt disarray of a people’s sexuality. “In 2017, 7,175 hate crime incidents were reported, 1,130 of which were based on sexual orientation bias and 119 on gender identity bias.” These numbers mirror a five percent expansion in revealing hate crimes spurred by sexual orientation and a four percent decline in detailing detest wrongdoings inspired by sex personality inclination. “However, of incidents reported that were motivated by gender identity bias, 106 targeted transgender people, representing a one percent increase from 2016.” Hate Crime against sexuality emerges when an unfortunate casualty is mixed up as one who has a place with a given sexual introduction, which is against his or her real sexual introduction.

At long last, disability hate crime is another class of detest wrongdoing. People with incapacities are significantly more powerless to exploitation because of individual and situational factors which cultivate disconnection, reliance, and helplessness. “Studies have shown that the chance of being physically or sexually assaulted can be 4 to 10 times greater for individuals with developmental disabilities.” Albeit certain hypotheses of ethnocentrism recommend that negative frames of mind toward individuals from another gathering are reduced with nature, this neglects to remain constant for those with handicaps who are frequently exploited by paid overseers or potentially relatives. “In those situations where the crime is brought to the attention of authorities, the diminished mental capacity of the victim may make it difficult to prosecute the case. Disability was added to the list of protected categories when Congress reauthorized the Hate Crime Statistics Act in 1994.”

All in all, the word ‘hate’ can be misdirecting. This is on the grounds that in a hate crime law, ‘hate’ really does not mean fierceness or outrage or even broad anger or dislike. It implies inclination against people with unique attributes that are also characterized by current law. ‘Crime’ in abhor wrongdoing is regularly savage, similar to ambush, murder, vandalism, or dangers to carry out such violations regardless of whether the wrongdoing was never perpetrated. Hate crimes have an adverse effect on its exploited people and can lead to the untimely passing of the people in question if the law does not help. Teaching the general population about hate crimes is essential, as it will help diminish the demonization and predominance of wrongdoing since individuals will know about hate crime and its outcomes.

Have you ever thought about the death penalty? What it is, why it happens, what they do to deserve it, or if some of the people that are convicted and murdered were even guilty? Imagine, if you were put on trial for raping and murdering a women. You were put on death row and executed. But after you were murdered, more evidence was found that you were not guilty. Oops sorry, you’re dead.

There is no erasing that giant mistake that cause your death. But in all seriousness, death penalty is not something to be messed with. I mean 40% of people that are accused of things worthy of the penalty are actually guilty. Which means 60% of the people on the death row are not guilty. Which is why the death row needs to go. Not only that reason, but there are many more reasons. Just like it’s inhumane to murder, once your dead new evidence can be found. Imagine you being the one who is on death row. What are you feeling, what are you there for? Did you even do it? I mean really think about it. What are your final words to your family going to be, “love you,” “see you later.” It’ll be the last time that you talk too them, so it has to be important. But really, imagine your life being taken whenever you innocent. It’ll be hard to make those last words count.

Just take the case of Cameron Todd Willingham, he was accused of murdering his own children in his home. Amber, two years old and his one year old twins. Not only murdering them, but burning them alive while they slept. I don’t know what you find wrong with that sentence, but i can tell you one thing, he was convicted because they found his DNA all over the place. Guess what, it what his home where he lived, of course his DNA was all over the place. But further evidence showed that he didn’t kill them. But not only was the evidence wrong, but so was the media, they betrayed him as a monster, beating and abusing his wife and children. While in reality, the wife begged the judge to believe her.

He died claiming he was an innocent man, and he was. But nobody would believe him. Whenever, Mr.Willingham’s case was brought to the judge, the office of Gov. Rick Perry could never fully state what the case was about, He never read the file. Meaning he sent the guy to death assuming he did what they said he did. So with all of these questions being asked they Decided to re-analyze the evidence, after he was dead. The article, “Cameron Todd Willingham: on Improper or Wrongful Conviction,” states, “All other experts concluded essentially the same thing as Gerald Hurst: that Cameron Todd Willingham had been convicted and executed based on flawed forensic evidence.” But it was too late too do anything about it. Since he was already gone. The wife not only lost her children, she lost her husband too.

Even though that person could have something wrong does not prove anything. They could still be innocent. Just because they could have committed a crime does not mean that they for sure did it.

One of the main things that I have heard people say of why the death penalty is okay is that , ”the constitution doesn’t protect them or they have no rights,” but in reality, they are a member of the United States, and our founding fathers created the bill of rights to protect them for reasons like this. So even though they say that people on death row don’t have rights, they really do. Of course i agree that some people do deserve to be on death row for what they’ve done. Child melesters, rapist, etc. But in reality, killing them is more than likely giving them the attention that they want to have. There are other punishments that would work just the same and it’ll be cheaper.

Money plays an important part in every decision we make, so how about this fact. A study done in California showed that it is so much more expensive to actually execute someone, then it is too house them in a jail cell for the rest of their lives. It costs an average of 1.26 million per year for taxpayers in kentucky. While cases without the death penalty only costs 740,000. By doing the death row, you’re costing taxpayers more money than just holding them in prison would. That’s a very pricey way to murder someone. Over 250,000 dollars more. So in conclusion, as you can see the death penalty is a very horrible cruel punishment. But the worst part is that death row goes against the 8th amendment which is no cruel or unusual punishment. Which is why it’s not only wrong for you too punish someone with death. But it’s wrong for other reasons too. Like new evidence can be found once you’re dead, it cost so much more to murder them than to make them rot in jail and it’s inhumane to kill.

With the innovative ways of technology, the dynamics of the current environment, the need to fight terrorism, national security, and privacy concerns in respect to rights and justification, the gravity and nature of electronic and Internet surveillance have increased in recent times, which has sparked debates on ethics and surveillance. This issue has been at the forefront due to the vigorous use of modern technology in surveillance and the complexity that surrounds it. As we accept how technology has and continues to transform and revolutionize the way we live, it also presents substantial challenges in our operations especially security and our privacy. These have been issues that need to be discussed and addressed in policy and decision-making as well as laws and policies.

With the innovation of technology and the wider use of the internet to include social media platforms, electronic surveillance has been on the increase due to the significant number of information collected. Over the past 15 to 20 years, state governments have been using various means and platforms to surveil and monitor their citizens using complex surveillance tools. Technologies such as video and audio recordings, databases, social media platforms, and other technologies are invading the privacy of more people. As threats continue to increase and the nature of our environment changes due to proxy wars, and national security, the innovations of technologies have become more innovative and advanced.

As technology, continue to advance, the abilities of governments to monitor their citizens increase. This has raised and brought about ethical concerns in regards to surveillance and people’s privacy. In terms of collection, technology has been extremely good in monitoring real-time events but the ethical issues recently must be addressed and weigh the outcome of surveillance and the need to protect people’s privacy.

While technology is its advantages and disadvantages, technology has caused many ethical problems as a result of either negligence or the misuse of complex surveilling equipment. While the debate and argument continue to grow with no absolute conclusion and ethical issues continue to rise whiles government continues to strengthen its security, the need to balance ethics and surveillance must be addressed to bring stability. In this review of the literature, we will examine the ethics of government monitoring in regard to the privacy and national security.

The comprehensive increase in terrorist acts since the September 11, 2001 (9/11) attacks in the United States have surely helped focus on the need for surveillance equipment to protect people and their society. Over the past years and essentially from the 9/11 attacks, complex surveillance equipment has vividly increased across a wider spectrum of areas that directly or indirectly influence and likely affect people’s daily operations. With the huge advancement of technology and the need to combat and prevent terror, organizations and government agencies have the ability to maintain a more comprehensive vision of people’s actions using the internet and social media to track information, movement, etc. using surveillance to collect a huge amount of data. Within the data-profiling sector, it may be a surveillance mission due to developments and innovations in electronic surveillance that have contributed to massive growth in personal life, ethics, and the way data is collected. Supposedly, databases held by government organizations as well as business organizations might be connected to other user systems, which may raise ethical concerns.

The ethical concerns surrounding electronic surveillance look likely to increase with the innovations and advances made with respect to technology. Within these issues, there probably needs to be a connection or relationship between practical and logical ethical standards. Therefore, governments and organizations ought to consider this when making decisions concerning electronic surveillance.

Data collection may be collected in numerous ways. Law can require it provided law enforcement agencies follow all protocols to get approval from the attorney general. The issue facing the collection process is to determine the ethical necessity of the information gathered and avoid any obstacles to human rights.

Privacy encompasses surveillance, collecting, and keeping the information in its anticipated range. When information is moved outside or further than its planned range unintentionally or viciously, privacy is breached and ethical concerns are raised. A breach of privacy may occur when information is shared with a party for whom it was not intended and may occur when information is abused for a different purpose other than what it was intended.

The conception of risk regarding information privacy has been suggested as a precursor of information privacy concerns (Dinev and Hart 2006) and is often defined as the degree to which an individual perceived potential for a loss associated with personal information (Featherman and Pavlou 2003). Smith et al. (1996) explain the extreme usage of personal information damages people’s privacy in some essential ways. The inappropriate use of personal information is due to a lack of proper privacy measures and controls. In addition, the unapproved use of personal information without the personal consent for the purposes external to the original purpose (Culnan 1993).

Currently, a major concern on privacy is how young adults or teenagers are freely giving out information through social media mostly without any privacy settings. Marwick, Murgia-Diaz, and Palfrey (2010) specify that young people are viewed as a generation that is depicted as being more comfortable with technology and hence different ideology compared to adults. A publication by Dratwa (2015) present different views and addresses the concerns of surveillance and security as well as privacy from an ethical view. Data continues to present the legal and authority from the European perspective on how technology has the potential to intrude on people’s privacy and why states or organizations require a case-by-case justification. In addition, Dratwa enforces why states must be accountable for their actions whiles measures are put in place to monitor compliances.

The Ethics of Surveillance (Macnish, 2017) portrays how sometimes surveillance may be good or bad depending on the situation. Macnish explains how different situations are used in surveillance that bring about some ethical issues in each instance. Macnish further explains the rationale behind surveillance used by organizations and the effects it brings.

The continuation of threat and the increase in adversary’s complexity has given rise to more surveillance on the Internet using much-sophisticated technology. Although authorizations are given to agencies to monitor and protect national security, much of the process is abused which hinders people’s privacy as well as ethical issues. Bellaby (2012) provides a strategic framework of how intelligence monitoring adopts to the changing environment and new emerging threats on the current environment. Bellaby further explains how abuses of some detention facilities such as Guantanamo Bay have increased the use of technological surveillance and using torture as a means to gather intelligence and thus the need to make a clear policy on intelligence practices to mitigate ethical issues. Ashcroft (2007) provides insight, analysis, and authorized the Federal Bureau of Investigations to conduct investigations based on threats to national security by collecting foreign and domestic intelligence using all abilities and techniques to protect the United States from threats.

The standards of reasonable practices are outdated and require the need to be expanded to accommodate new innovations to include surveillances (Marx, 2006). Marx discusses that; the use of surveillance to monitor people should be based on the means. In addition, Marx outlines some conditions such as not seeking the right approval may be considered a breach of an individual’s privacy.

Years after the 11 September 2011 terrorist attack on the United States, issues of information surveillance and collection between the intelligence communities were raised due to ethical issues. After the outcome, policies and laws were passed to increase surveillance and collection methods. In addition to this, there have been amendments to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act as well as the Patriot Act. The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) establishes procedures and authorizes the use of electronic collection methods of foreign intelligence (Meason, 1990). Also, the FISA Court was established to approve the use of electronic surveillance for foreign intelligence purposes (Meason, 1990).

In the past few years, due to leaks and domestic issues relating to terrorism and espionage, the Attorney General issued guidelines, which gave liberty to the FBI to use technical methods in intelligence collection. As such, data and information may be obtained without the approval of authority if a situation is imminent. Under the guidelines of the Attorney General, the FBI may have overreached stepped their boundaries in collecting data.

In an October 2018 ruling unsealed and posted on October 8, 2019, by the Office of the Director of Intelligence, the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) found that the employees of the Federal Bureau of Investigation had inappropriately used data collected under Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). The FBI was found to have misused surveillance data to look into American residents, including other FBI employees and their family members, making large-scale queries that did not distinguish between US persons and foreign intelligence targets” (Gallagher, 2019).

Finding the balance between security and privacy is hectic for the government due to national security issues. As long as collected data does not become the norm of the day, it may be okay for citizens to feel safe if personal information is not used against them and instead used in crimes and fighting terror. This will bring about trust between the people and the government. According to Pulver and Medina, “it is important to evaluate the people’s trust in the government, as mistrust can lead to national security issues. The public has been informed through media, to some degree, of these alleged intelligence collection programs and they are concerned with governmental surveillance”.

History predicts that after an attack on the homeland, laws, and policies are passed and tightened to prevent another attack. In this review, after the September attack, the authority was given to law enforcement agencies and organizations to use electronic surveillance to collect technical communication and analyze intelligence, both domestic and foreign in order to combat terror. With the advance in technology, more capabilities are developed and surveillance and collection processes have infringed on individuals’ privacy in recent years. The use of social media platforms has also made it easy to gather information. Although those data are private and not ‘releasable’ to the intelligence community for intelligence purposes, that information is stored and used to provide security measures. In addition, the Snowden leaks increased awareness on privacy issues as well as more security measures in place to prevent further and more leaks.

Intelligent agencies and the Attorney General must take practical and realistic percussions to protect personal information derived from the Internet especially United States persons. When personal data must be used, it must be relevant for the purpose, such as crime and terror activities. In order for all the security policies to be enforced, there must be compliances across all the agencies and intelligence communities and enough policies to protect citizens’ privacy and rights whiles protecting national security. Finding the balance between ethics, surveillance, and collecting information continue to be hectic but there needs to be a system of oversight and vivid policies that must be based on how technology advances and the current environment.

A look into the mind of Ted Bundy the best known for being the most notorious criminal in the late 20th century. He was known for killing at least 36 women in the 70s. He was born on November 24, 1946 but with his mom’s parents being very religious and were ashamed due to him being an illegitimate they adopted him as their own. Therefore, his mother became his sister. Eleanor, Ted’s mother went on to marry Johnnie Bundy and taking Ted with her and having Ted take johnnie’s last name. They lived as a working-class family but at a young age Ted started to show interest in more than kid friendly things. Family and friends always stated that growing up he was a bright child but was very shy and never got along with his peers. As he hit got older more of a darker side of him started to emerge, as he would show up in other people’s widows. He was very smart growing up which showed by the time he got into college in 1972 he graduated from the University of Washington with his degree in psychology. He will have soon be accepted to law school but never got his degree. However, while attending Washington Ted Bundy met and fell in love with a very pretty women that was from California. Diane was wealthy, had class, and the influence of people however after their breakup we will start to see his following victims would start to resemble her. After this we see a very big change within Bundy we see him start to get more involved in political and social matters as well as becoming more confident in the situation that he was put in. While we are unaware of the exact time frame when he stated to kill the authorities have said his rampage started around 1974. After studying we have discovered that he often lured these young females by being cunning, charming, charismatic and most times acting like he was injured. He prayed on the kindness of these females.

Ted Bundy was diagnosed with many personality disorders towards the end before he was executed. A group of psychologists in 2007 sat down and almost all agreed that he had antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Many of them decided that he was the perfect example of antisocial personality disorder, as he checked off all of the criteria’s outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical manual of mental disorder. Ted Bundy Witty and charming, good at flattery and manipulating other people’s emotions, often arrogant, and breaks laws repeatedly. The definition of ASPD is “Antisocial personality disorder is a mental condition in which a person has a long-term pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating the rights of others without any remorse. This behavior may cause problems in relationships or at work and is often criminal.”

A good example as to why victims so willing to go up to Bundy he was charming and had the ability to build relationships but did have the inability to sustain them. He would only use women for the public eye so females would admire him for the sole factor that he had an attractive woman by his side. But once the woman would attempt to build their relationship farther along emotionally Bundy would immediately leave. Another example is Bundy was a very good-looking man and very charming he used this to lure his victims He would often wear a sling and ask women for their help. Another example was when they did eventually arrest him the authorities said he was not working with them and was talking in third person. This allowed him to be able to manipulate the jail system and eventually escaping twice.

Ted Bundy as a child never fit in with his classmates or the children around his age. He was always very awkward around them. He would dress up and wear make-up to fit in the crowd. But during summer camps he also would build ground traps and wait for someone to fall in and would never show remorse.

From the text book it is found that “As in Freud’s theory, we often rely on defenses to keep the information from entering awareness.” Maslow stated “Freud supplied to us the sick half of psychology,” Which is why Ted Bundy is a great example of this. Freud focuses on the unhealthy part of psychology but that is not a bad thing because we see a lot of good examples when we use his theories for Bundy.

Freudians Concepts of psychanalytic theory on personalities when we add his concept we get a new outlook on things. Freudians early childhood experiences explains how Ted Bundy’s unconscious mind that stored his issues that were not resolved and that happiness would not be found until all his problems were solved. Bundy had a hard time processing the truth that his mother was also his sister and that his very rich and very beautiful girlfriend had broken up with him due to the fact that she thought he had no future. Ted was very capable of listening to his Id this would explain why he was addicted to aggressive pornography and raping and killing the women.

Freud’s defense mechanisms explain the reaction formation that occurs when your feelings are shameful and or unacceptable and you have to convince yourself that you feel the opposite. Bundy knew that he was wrong but he killed and kept killing. He had convinced himself that he wouldn’t change. Displacements, is when it takes place when you redirect unwanted undesirable aggressive or sexual urges to another person, rather than confronting the actual person. Ted Bundy took his pent-up anger out on the women he took and raping them.

Ted Bundy was organized and did not know how to deal with his past issues there for he could not be happy if we are going off Freuds theory. He also knew what he was doing yet had no remorse towards the victims or their family.

When we talk about Ted Bundy when it comes to the social/behavioral. When we define social psychology the branch of psychology that deals with social interactions, including their origins and their effects on the individual. And when we define behavioral s a theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.

We look at examples according to Bundy he had an uneventful, normal childhood. His family and friends usually back those statements up. But if you look closer it shows that his childhood was awkward who from time to time crossed the lines of propriety, legality, and morality. Because he thought his mom was his sister for so long and that his grandparents were his parents. We start to see some weird behavior that could have been the reason behind his future.

When Ted Bundy was a child and would go to the summer camps with all the other children’s he would go off by himself and make ground traps and wait for the other children to fall in. There was an incident where a little girl was running and fell in the whole. In the whole was a huge stick with nails she fell on her side in there and was severely injured. “In Conversations with a Killer: The Ted Bundy Tapes, Sandi Holt, who grew up with Bundy, shared that he was teased for having a speech impediment and that he couldn’t keep up with his fellow Boy Scouts.” He also did not get along with his step dad. “Jealous of his mother’s new relationship, Bundy had a deliberate public tantrum at Sears, wetting his pants as part of the display.”

It was also stated that “Though Bundy wasn’t a bad athlete, he didn’t make his school basketball or baseball teams, a failure that was difficult for him to deal with. In high school, he was a loner who went on only one date. He later explained, ‘It wasn’t that I disliked women or were afraid of them, it was just that I didn’t seem to have an inkling as to what to do about them.’”

Ted Bundy was many things but was very lost and had a lot of confusions from the start of his life to when he was executed on January 24th, 1989. His life was thrown out for everyone to know about and people waited outside of the prison and shot of fireworks when he had finally been killed. Ted Bundy will forever be one of the most studied serial killer that we will study.

References

1. Ted Bundy. (2019, August 28). Retrieved November 23, 2019, from https://www.biography.com/crime-figure/ted-bundy.
2. Antisocial personality disorder: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. (2019, November 6). Retrieved November 23, 2019, from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000921.htm.
3. Ted Bundy. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://serial-killing.weebly.com/ted-bundy.html.
4. Cross, K. (2013, March 18). Ted Bundy. Retrieved from https://prezi.com/wely-tglyd-p/ted-bundy/.
5. Burger, Jerry M.. Personality (p. 259). Wadsworth Publishing. Kindle Edition.
6. Burger, Jerry M.. Personality (p. 261). Wadsworth Publishing. Kindle Edition.
7. (n.d.). Retrieved November 28, 2019, from https://www.netflix.com/title/80226612?s=i&trkid=13747225.
8. Kettler, S. (2019, July 30). Inside Ted Bundy’s Troubled and Disturbing Childhood. Retrieved from https://www.biography.com/news/ted-bundy-childhood.

Background

The concept “white-collar crime” was introduced in late 1930s, when sociologists thought that crime is associated with poverty and only poor urban commits the crimes. That was the time when Edwin H. Sutherland (1930), an American sociologist comes with theory of crime. According to him criminal acts are not associated with the poverty, but the people of upper elite class commit more harmful acts due to their social respectability and gain more benefits for their social & business purposes.

White-collar crime is committed by non-physical mean for concealment of money & property or to avoid losses in money & property or to gain personal advantages (Bookman 2008). This means, The use of deception for illegal gain, normally involving breach of trust and some concealment of true nature of the activities. Edward Ross proposed the concept of “The criminaloid” back in 1900’s, he stated that these individuals are powerful people, whom actions are detrimental but not recognized and perceived as harmful as of that conventional crimes. White-collar crimes are generally committed by highly social personalities during their course of occupation. These crimes are non-violent, financially motivated & committed by “business and government professionals”.

The annual losses due to white-collar crime exceeds than street crime. Federal Board of Investigation (FBI report, 2007) states that, in 2006 estimated annual losses due to robbery & theft was about $17.6 billion. While, white-collar criminals committed loss of $300 billion annually, seventeen times of street crime loss.

The Transparency International (TI) ranked the Pakistan as 118th corrupt nation (country ranked 1st is least corrupt & 180th most corrupt) among the 180 countries of the world in 2018. According to Pakistan economist, Dr. Farrukh Saleem (The News, Karachi), the government of Pakistan buys goods and services worth Rs7.5 trillion every year out of which around 50 percent of the total goods & services are siphoned off by white-collar criminals.

As for as education sector is concerned, it was ranked the fourth most corrupt sector of Pakisan in 2010 by transparency International Pakistan during its survey of “National Corruption Perception”. While, “National Education Policy” of Pakistan highlighted corrupt practices such as diversion of allocated educational funds for personal benefits, influence of politician, non-merit based priorities in funds allocation to various educational institutes, political based recruitment & posting culture and corrupt examination & assessment system. These criminals are challenge for communication climate within the sector & thus protected from being reported by others who aware of the crime, especially subordinates staff who afraid of personal consequences. Therefore, the study is being undertaken to read the responses of auditors in education sector on emergence of white-collar crime and also focus on the challenges to communication climate of education sector.

Problem & Rationale

Corruption based the discrimination among individuals & groups because money is used for personal benefits rather than national interest. The uncontrolled flow of money suffered the public & private sector’s financing institutions as well. Resultantly, economic output falls down and rate of inflation rises. And money is no longer available to meet the basic needs & necessary expenditures of society i.e education, food, health.

Alike other organizations, educational institutes are facing difficulties in detection & prevention of white-collar crime. As evident from literature review, personal relationships & loyalties are becoming hurdles in communication of information to concerned authorities. Resultantly, institutes have to bear the financial losses. One of the main reasons of reluctance to share information on emergence of crime in institutes is insecurity of employees in term of personal consequences. Therefore, the study will also explore how employees can be motivated & encouraged to share these information and assured safe from personal consequences. Moreover, P Gottschalk (2011) illustrated the basic three approaches; investigation, confrontation & communication on emergence of white-collar crime by CFOs but not given the significant insight about the most appropriate situational approach on emergence of white-collar crime. Therefore, the main focus of the study is to investigate & explore the best appropriate situational approach of auditors on detection of white-collar crime in universities of Kohat.

Research Purpose, Objectives & Question

Purpose

Understanding how individuals cognitively represent the action on suspicion of white-collar crime & to read their responses accordingly, a constructivism study is undertaken which describe the responses of auditors on emergence of white-collar crime in universities of Kohat. The study will focus on understanding the essence of individual’s experiences to describe the lived phenomenon of “actions on suspicion of white-collar crime and to describe the most appropriate situational approach to actions”, collecting the responses by conducting primarily interviews of auditors of education sector, specifically from universities of Kohat and developing the theme from cluster of responses.

Objectives

Research will helpful to give the significant insight about most appropriate situational approach that may be adopted by Financial Managers on emergence of white collar crime. The unlawful activities like white-collar crime will be discouraged. It will strengthen internal control (internal audit system) & communication climate of the organization. As lower the misappropriation, the more will the money to facilitate the education system.

Research Question

The study is designed to answer the following research questions:

1. How auditors react when suspicion of white-collar crime emerges?
2. What is the most appropriate situational approach to actions on suspicion of white-collar crime in universities of Kohat?

Ontological Position

Ontology is the assumptions we make about the kind and nature of reality and what exists (Richards, 2003. In Short, beliefs of researcher about the nature of what is being studied and the social world is known as ontology.

The study is designed to answer the research question by interviewing the individuals (auditors) that may have different views about “action on suspicion of white-collar crime in universities” so that the reality is multiple. The responses from respondents are collected during 2019, so there is chance of variation in responses if researcher collects the same information from same individuals after some period i.e in 2025, therefore, study/reality is considered time bound. Similarly, the reality is context bound & cannot be generalized because the data was collected only from Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; it is not necessary, the response to “action on suspicion on white-collar crime” will same for USA, UK & China. Therefore, the study/reality is context bound & findings of study cannot be true beyond the geographical boundaries. The reality is subjective because it is based on experiences of the respondents & explained from their perspectives. Finally, it is impossible to capture the reality through formula or law of any discipline, so researcher is trying to explore the reality.

As the reality is multiple, time bound, context bound, non-generalized, subjective, cannot be captured through formula & not static but constructed in mind, therefore, ontological position of the research will be social constructivism because these all are the beliefs of social constructivism.

Epistemological Position

Epistemology is what constitutes acceptable knowledge. It is all about the relationship of the researcher and what is being researched. Simply it explains:

• What is knowledge?
• How do we gain knowledge?
• How do we know reality

While, collecting the responses of individuals about “actions on suspicion of white-collar crime in education sector (which is reality)”, the researcher was very active & close to the participants with intention to constitute the reality based upon themes developed from cluster of responses. The reality is interpretive because the researcher makes the interpretation of what he find from the individuals during the interview. The responses of individuals (auditors) are shaped by researcher’s own experiences, making sense or interpreting the meaning & response of respondents about the actions on suspicion of white collar crime.

As the researcher is active, spends time in field with respondents to influence their responses based upon his own experience, close to the respondents for collaboration to mutually interpret / constitute the reality, therefore, the epistemological position of research is interpretivism.

Philosophy of Research

Philosophy is “a basic set of beliefs that guide action” (Guba, 1990). These beliefs have called paradigms (Lincoln & Guba, 2000; Mertens, 1998). A philosophy is the belief system to how you see things / objects in the world which are external to you. According to Cresswell (2003); there are four main research philosophies / paradigms / worldviews that frequently used in qualitative research. These are:

• Post Positivism
• Constructivism (often combined with Interpretivism)
• Advocacy / Participatory
• Pragmatism

The set of beliefs used by researcher designed to answer the research questions; “how will the auditor reacts when suspicion of white-collar crime emerges? And what is the most appropriate approach to actions on suspicion of white-collar crime in universities of Kohat”? The beliefs researcher about the reality of research is as under:

• The reality is multiple because during interviewing the individuals (auditors), it is quite possible that they have different views about action on suspicion of white-collar crime in universities. The case of multiple realities is used in constructivism.
• The responses from respondents are collected at specific point in time, so there is chance of variation in responses if researcher collects the same information from same individuals after some period. Therefore, study will considered time bound which is another belief of constructivism.
• Similarly, the reality is context bound & cannot be generalized because the data was collected only from Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; it is not necessary, the response to action on suspicion on white-collar crime will same in countries other than Pakistan. Therefore, the study is context bound & findings of study may prove false across the geographical boundaries. This is also a function of constructivism.
• The reality is subjective because it is based on experiences of the respondents & explained from their perspectives. Subjectivism also deals with constructivism.
• It is impossible to capture the reality through formula or law of any discipline, so researcher is trying to explore the reality and constructivism is philosophy where things or objects are explored.
• While, collecting the responses of individuals about actions on suspicion of white-collar crime in education sector, the researcher was very active & close to the participants with intention to constitute the reality based upon themes developed from cluster of responses.
• The reality is interpretive because the researcher makes the interpretation of what he find from the individuals during the interview.
• The responses of individuals (auditors) are shaped by researcher’s own experiences, making sense or interpreting the meanings of responses.

While, social constructivism is defined as “the philosophy where people understand & develop subjective meaning based on their experience of world. The meanings are multiple, different in nature and mutually constructed. The main focus of the researcher remains on responses & views of the participants (Merten, 1998)”.

The comparison of our reality with research philosophy of Constructivism shows that the research in hand follows the beliefs of constructivism philosophy. In view of the above, comparison of subject research & philosophy of constructivism, we come to know that research topic “ Actions on suspicion of white-collar crime in education sector” truly follows the beliefs of constructivism, therefore, it is illustrated that “philosophy of constructivism” is used in subject research.

References

1. Bookman, A. (2008). Innovative models of aging in place: Transforming our communities for an aging population. Community, Work & Family, 11(4), 419-438.
2. P Gottschalk (2011, Professional Issues in Criminal Justice Vol. 6(1&2), 2011; Actions on Suspicions of White-Collar Crime in Business Organizations, an empirical study conducted on intended responses of Chief Financial Officers in Norway
3. Sutherland, E. H., Geis, G., & Goff, C. (1983). White collar crime: The uncut version (Vol. 58). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Introduction

In a period of 15 years since 9/11, the US has been faced with a sense of fear mostly, by American Muslims who add up 1% of the community. This fear is embraced in the type of pestering, harassment, and violent behavior (Tonry, 2017). There have been great changes in the police and other law enforcement agencies. There have been also increased sharing of information, federal, state and local law enforcement and intelligence agencies (Weimann, G. 2005). The paper implies some of the changes which have occurred since the 9/11 the 9/11 attacks in the American policing.

How the structure of law enforcement changed with regard to the development and abolishment of various agencies

The involvement of the police has resulted in significant changes mostly in areas of leadership, structure, culture, policy, and technology (Weimann, G. 2005). There is also an adoption of new levels of transparency and aspect of understanding education and law enforcement.

How the management of policing and police activities changed

The change of the policy has led to improved police-community relations (Weimann, G. 2005). This has facilitated in building trust and mutual respect between police and communities. While on the other hand, police understands modes of communication, how to interact with citizens and not to use deadly force.

How the funding of police functions changed

Due to financial stability in police docket, police are able to cope with change in technology, whereby it facilitates further studies mostly in law education in order to ensure safety and security. The fund also facilitates the movement of the police from one place to another in case the need arises or for call of emergency.

The laws which were implemented to limit the enforcement of power or authority

The policies which were reviewed included community policing, use of force, bias and policing data (Weiss & Chermak, 2015). Departments of justice saw the confrontations between police and the public and came into an agreement to change the above policies in order, to enhance the relationship between communities and police for proper communication during crisis situations.

The overall changes in police function and activity which can be seen as a direct result of these changes

The overall for the change of these functions was the issue which concerned the investigations of officer-involved deaths. This issue made up the nine states to come up with procedures of improving transparency in regard to investigations of the officer-involved in deaths or allegations of police officers abuse of force.

How the noted changes affected the American people

These changes were set to better the lives of the American people. The changes in one way or another positively affected them, because the changes accomplished the purposes as per as reuniting the targeted population and communities was concerned. It also enhanced proper feedback between the police and the community.

If all these served to make the entity that is American law enforcement more effective or less

All these changes in American law enforcement have been effective to the nation in that, it has built up the trust between the police and the communities. Citizens now feel safe compared to 9/11 as there is proper security and peace has prevailed.

Efforts which can be taken to improve American law enforcement

The American authority should improve the juvenile justice systems around the country. Protect the youth as the future leaders of tomorrow. Establish some programs and initiatives so as to build up a police-youth relationship and prevent youth victimization and violence. They should also continue to fund the police in order to enable them to cope with the rapid change in technology.

References

1. Tonry, M. (2017). Why U.S. Incarceration Are Rates So High? Crime & Delinquency, 45(4), 419–437.
2. Weimann, G. (2005). The Theater of Terror: The Psychology of Terrorism and the Mass Media. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 9(3–4), 379–390.
3. Weiss, A., & Chermak, S. M. (2015). The News Value of African-Aerican Victims: An Examination of the Media’s Presentation of Homicide. Journal of Crime and Justice, 21(2), 71–88.

A criminal’s home can resonate with many different meanings. To understand a criminal, an individual must first understand their lifestyle. The origin of a crime can be nebulous, hence the fundamental importance of the criminal’s upbringing. Criminal tendencies distinctly tie to psychopathic or sociopathic personality traits. Underlying constituents could have triggered criminal behavior, provided that the criminal is not psychologically abnormal. People are not born criminals, a singular occurrence in their life could have guided them to this path.

Internal Factors of Criminal Development

Inside the head of every criminal is a foretelling past. The mind is an intricate path that shows distortion, inciting unlawful actions. Criminals are a product of the circumstances that encompass their lives. Former circumstances indicate the type of environment that will surround them in the future. Notably, figures who trigger unwanted memories from a killer’s past inadvertently cause the killer to target them. Serial offenders may go after people who remind them of childhood trauma. For example, one might attack drug addicts because that was what their parents were, believing that killing them was their way of “saving them.” By portraying themselves as a savior, the individual may even go as far as killing their own parents, which to them is logical. The ambiance of a person’s past or present home is an integral part of their crimes.Unmerited crimes occur because society drills hate into anyone willing to listen. Hate crime offenders surmise that groups of unfamiliar people are threatening and “…may not be motivated by hate, but rather by fear, ignorance or anger. These can lead to the dehumanization of unfamiliar groups and targeted aggression.” (American Psychological Association 1) Prejudice towards specific groups because of their religion, gender, or disability, encourage hate crimes.

External Factors of Criminal Development

Society associated with the criminal often lacks environmental factors crucial to positive development. The way a person was raised is a decisive factor for criminal behavior. Characteristics formed as a result of an involved or absent community may promote criminal development. Home is the natural school for children, reverberating future habits and morals associated with criminals. When negative societal behaviors enclose the individual, it makes it harder to differentiate their thoughts from others. Absent parental figures seldom decrease behavior linked to criminality. If a guardian is negligent of their parental duties, they take partial responsibility for all possible outcomes. “Sufficient supervision of children’s activities ensures that the child will not drift into types of antisocial and delinquent behaviors.” (Wright et al. 1) The morals of children, subsequently obtained from societal bonds, construct their future conduct. Illegal behavior can also be a lifestyle and not just a habit due to the criminal’s socio-economic status. Neighborhood dynamics in areas of economic disadvantage experience increasing crime rates. In high-crime neighborhoods, coercion caused by cultural goals and social structures drive people to commit crimes. “Individuals living in poverty are under immense stress and many resort to crime.” (Maryville University 1) Additionally, if the offender’s parents were criminals, the time they spent around crime can affect their behaviors. Whether illegal behavior is derived from the criminal’s home environment or not, the societal upbringing of the criminal plays a pivotal role in their crimes.

Motives Attributed to Human Development

Discerning the contrast between a motivated versus unmotivated criminal is, at times, complex. “A lot of people simply can’t comprehend the idea that sometimes the criminal has literally no motivation whatsoever to attack, but yet does so anyway.” (Ellifretz 1) Criminal actions are often influenced by outside forces, rather than solely internal conflict. Factors, such as drugs and alcohol, increase the chances of illegal behavior as they alter the person’s state of mind. The inevitable emergence of a dissociative and automatic state of mind majorly impacts the offender’s incentive. A considerable determinant in sexual assault cases is intoxication, which creates a sense of disconnection within reality. Although the individual’s initial intentions may not be violent, influences on the brain will disrupt their thought process. Usage of alcohol and drugs is a way to alleviate pain, escaping from overwhelming adversities in life. Addicts may even turn to crime to pay for their habit and spark a chain of reactions. The life of the criminal preordains the intoxicant path, which can lead to the criminal path. If the parent had drug problems when they were pregnant and now the child is unavoidably addicted as well, provides the implication of mental illness and increases their chances of addiction.

Professionals have tried to use different angles including biological, psychological and sociological angles to analyze why one will commit a crime.

Biological theories focus on the characteristics of individual criminals. Cesare Lombroso’s theories of ‘born’ criminal think criminal behavior is determined on the inheritance of the ancestors. If one ancestor is hunters, their posterity is more violent and tend to commit crimes. Yet, if one ancestor is farmer, their posterity having less chance to commit a crime. Besides, the early body type theory divides people’s physique into three types including endomorphs, ectomorphs, and mesomorphs to discern what body type will be more likely to be a criminal.

Biological theories proved that some criminal behavior can not restrain by the criminal as their genetic make them born to be a criminal. It introduces a scientific approach which can analyze criminals genetic or their characteristic according to the biological theories. Also, it explains some of the criminal behavior, like the crime committed by manic criminals who sometimes can not state the reason for crime commitment. Also, if we discover the children have the characteristic that matched the biological theories, the parent can bring them to see the doctor and prevent the child to have delinquency.

Yet, not everyone who has this characteristic must commit a crime, it stereotypes and labels people. People with the characteristic of criminals which mentioned in theories are more likely to commit crime as others may bully or discriminate them. Also, their appearance can be changed by external factors, like if one does exercise every day, he can change his body type from ectomorphs to mesomorphs. As the somatotypes are not fixed, it fails to use the physique to determine one will commit crime accurately. The biological theories emphasize that criminals are mainly affected by pathological factors and ignore the possibility of criminals affected by society.

Psychological theories focus on the characteristics of individual criminals like biological theories, yet it emphasizes the importance of unconscious mind, sex, aggression, and childhood experience. Sigmund Freud pointed there are three major elements in one’s mind, including the id, superego, and ego. The id is limited by superego and if the three elements cannot balance each other, one may commit crimes due to weak conscience. Many criminal offenders are characterized by no sense of guilt, no subjective conscience, and no sense of right or wrong. The balance of the three major elements depends on one’s childhood. If the child received the “faulty identification” from his or her parents, the child is more likely to commit a crime. Thus, loving relationships and attachment between children and their parents are the key points of child development.

The cognitive theory suggests criminal behavior comes from people’s thoughts about morality and the law. Lawrence Kohlberg came up with a theory concerning moral reasoning and stated that there were six stages including obedience, self-interest, social norms, law morality, social contract, and ethics. Children will reach a different level of moral development, such as the pre-conventional level and moral reasoning is based on obedience and avoiding punishment. At the end of childhood, the child reaches the conventional level and at this point, moral reasoning is based on the expectations that their family has for them. People who progress through the stages would value the laws of the social system, otherwise, they may arrest during their moral development, and consequently become delinquents

For the strength of psychological theories, it explains delinquent and criminal behaviors are based on one’s personality. As individual personality would be developed from early childhood, so that poor parenting styles would negatively affect children and they are more likely to commit a crime.

However, these theories are unscientific as it is difficult to check the validity. It is impossible to test as one cannot see, identify, or measure the id, ego, or superego. It overemphasizes the importance and determination of the unconscious mind, sex, aggression, and childhood experiences do to criminal behavior. Also, psychological theories often neglect social and cultural factors.

sociological theories of criminology say that society creates conditions under which a person commits a crime. That is, people are influenced by society to commit crimes. both the biological and psychological approaches focus on the individual and treated crime as an individual problem. American sociologist, Robert K. Merton’s theory of anomie suggests that criminality results from an offender’s inability to attain his goals by socially acceptable means; faced with this inability, the individual is likely to turn to other—not necessarily socially or legally acceptable—objectives or to pursue the original objectives by unacceptable means. The strain theory, proposed by Robert K. Merton pointed out five types of people, including conformity, ritualism, innovation, retreatism, and rebellion due to their institutionalized means and cultural goals. One key idea that the sociological theories have in common is criminal behavior is not innate to humans and circumstances affect how people act. It proved that people are not born criminals, the environment in which they live that influences how they will turn out.

For the strength of sociological theories, it shifts more focus on how social factors influence one to be a criminal offender. For example, the number of crimes can determine by the working class demographics, there is less crime behavior during economic growth as many people can attain both institutionalized means and cultural goals. Also, it showed that anomie should blame not only the individual but also society. The types and seriousness of crime reflect what needs to be changed in society. If robbing is common in a society, it might reflect that most of the citizens are poor or even under unemployment, the government should have more education and welfare to change the social ethos.

However, it ignores the free will of one choose to commit crime as one may put too much strain and it causes anomie. Also, it fails to explain why some well-educated and wealthy people who would like to commit a crime, even they attain a higher social level. For example, some of them will rape a child and this criminal behavior might not be influenced by the societal factor, but it may due to a childhood experience or metal idleness.

In conclusion, biological and psychological theories of crime treated the crime as an individual problem, yet sociological theories tend to treat a crime is responsibility of society. Also, there are weakness and strengths of each approach, avoid just using or trust single angle point of view can analyze the crime behavior better.

Have you always wondered what are the underlying reasons why someone grows up to become a criminal in society? The world is filled with so much violence and with people who are heartless. Why is it that because of the violence and heartless people, we have human beings in our society who hurt others to fulfill themselves and feel pleased. Growing up from a loving and nurturing family, I believe that that is how everyone should grow up to see and feel. Unfortunately, there are circumstances where others were not so fortunate and had a rough childhood. Where they experienced neglection, violence, sexual abuse, etc. Some would say that criminal behavior is due to biological reasons, but adverse childhood experiences may actually be the cause of criminal behavior.

Criminal behavior is influenced by childhood experiences, negative social environment, substance abuse and child abuse. When you’re born, you don’t get to choose who your parents will be, nor choose how you want to live your life as a child Most convicted criminals have experienced a rough childhood and suffered from many abusing situations. Therefore, they believe that many situations they witness as a kid is what looks and seems correct to them.

Children who lived in a bad and negative home situation tend to become more like how their parents and to behave in those same behaviors. If there parents were There could be children living with parents who are abusing, who have some sort of substance abuse and this is what you grow up to see and do. The national traumatic stress center is a center for those who would like to learn more about trauma in children and how they are there to help them. It gives us information on the different types of behaviors a child may be showing. This quote explains that you may become very negative about yourself and others. You cannot trust anyone around you, and may believe everyone is out to hurt you. When you feel useless and powerless, you may try to find ways to make others feel how your feeling. Instead of wanting to change your negative thoughts to being more positive and changing for the best. Typically, they just become more negative and you can’t seem to change those expectations.

When you grow up in a dysfunctional home where there is violence and abuse, you begin to develop emotions and behaviors that as you grow older affect your everyday life and relationships with others. Feelings of anger, loneliness, sadness, anxiety and fear are the types of emotions both women and men may phase as a child and as they grow older in life. Women are typically more nurturing and caring, but If as a child there was maltreatment, sexual abuse, neglection. It is most likely to easily fall into dangerous relationships, drugs and delinquency at a young age and into adulthood. On the other hand, men may become more aggressive and express his emotions with more anger and violence. This affects the relationships they may be in because that’s how some men may become abusive towards their partner and others. Some may not be able to control their emotions and temper and it leads them to hurt themselves or others.

In addition, criminal behavior may start to show early on in a child’s life. If someone comes from a home of violence and abuse, children will typically feel this is normal to them and that is what they will portray to others. Early signs that a child may show could be hurting their peers in school, their family members or pets. Most of the time you start to see that there are behaviors that are not normal and it’s a sign of danger. From early in your childhood life, up to adolescence and to adulthood. These behaviors will become more common and intense. They start of by hurting animals, then to the people close to them and eventually killing. Like I said before when your whole life you are used to maltreatment and violence, you will start to get involved in drugs, substance abuse and in negative social environments. Which leads you to join gangs, witness crimes or even be involved in them. These criminal acts are a way of showing that you are strong and not weak. They will hurt others to please their needs and satisfactions to feel better about themselves.

There is a believe that criminal behavior is due to biological factors and that there is some dysfunction in the brain. However, adverse childhood experiences are the cause of criminal behavior. As a child you are exposed to different life situations where you can’t control them because as a child you are guided by your parents and can’t chose how to be raised. Some Biological factors that can take place into criminal behavior could be brain malfunction, where there are parts in the brain that are not connecting properly with areas of decision making and emotions. In the brain there is the amygdala that is where it produces fear, anger and it can reinforce such behaviors where you may act in harm to others.

However, the true cause of criminal behavior is due to the childhood experiences you went through. When you are a child you are not able to choose who your parents are or how you want to be treated and raised. Underlying reasons are that if you grow up in a home where you are being abused or you see violence and abuse at home, children usually tend to either produce the same actions as they grow older. Child trauma can affect their social life and have them feel anger as they grow older. If a child has parents who besides being abusive, have a substance problem the child will see everything and will look up to their parents, even sometimes if they don’t know that what they are doing is wrong. Parents can be at fault because they are either consciously or unconsciously showing their kids what is not right to do. Even though biological reasons could also influence criminal behavior, the actual reason is adverse childhood experiences because that is how eventually they suffer from mental problems or emotional problems because of their childhood life.

In conclusion, childhood experiences are a major cause of why people turn into criminals and why they behave with such anger and violence. Criminals come from a difficult and abusive home, with parents who were a bad influence in their lives and where they had no one to look up to, for guidance and for love and affection. That is how these criminals grew up to not care about anything or anyone but themselves, they grow up being heartless and doing anything, up to killing who ever in order to satisfy themselves. As a child they lived in fear of their own parents or of their life and when they grow older, they start to show those hurting memories and instead hurt others who they see as more fortunate then themselves.