Category: Criminal Behavior

In the book “The Cases that Haunt us” by John Douglas and Mark Olshaker it talk about different murders and murderers.Some of the Cases it talks about are the JonBenet Ramsey case and the Lindbergh kidnapping. All of the murder cases in the book are about unsolved cases even though it talk about Certain people they never found the murder of they never found that person guilty.They talk about most these case because they seem to stick throughout time and they are all the time.

The first Chapter in the book is about Jack the ripper.It’s about a serial killer the roamed the streets of London in the months of August and November of 1888 they referred to Jack the Ripper.They refer to theses as “one of the biggest crime stories of all time.”.At the times the murders happened they would refer to the East side of london as the “Abyss” because it was it was strange, distant and, fearful.At the times the murders happened the only thing they could use was stuff around the they didn’t have fingerprint analyse or a lot of the other things that we have now so its was much harder to find a murderer.Some of the cluse they had was behavioral cluses based on how the murder victims were left and the wound they had.it says that he had us “blitz style’ based on the bruising on the face the book describes it as “to neutralize his potential victim quickly and unexpectedly before she could put up a defense.”. No one could find a motive for all of the killings but, they thought that it was the work of a sex maniac.In the book it says that the murder mostly went after homeless prostitutes so that if they were killed no one would really care.

Later one in the murders they thought that is was some kind of monster or a foreign species.The murders started to get “famous” so people started going to to the murder sites as if they were tourist attractions.While they were looking for the murderer rumor arose and one of the biggest rumors was about and leather apron that was by the victims.the rumor was that the police when around and asked “the ladies on the streets” about it and they said that someone called “Leather Apron” would go up to the girls a demand money and he wore the leather apron because he was a shoe maker.Later on in the murder arouse some postcards from Jack the Ripper that basically he wasn’t Leather Apron nor a Doctor.Needless to say that they would keep getting leads on who Jack the Ripper was but it always lead to a dead end so they never really found who the real murderer was.

Chapter two was about Lizzie borden.Lizzie Borden was accused of killing her he father Andrew Borden and her step-mom Abby Borden in the nineteenth century.It was said that she had killer both her father and step-mother with either a hatchet or ans axe and with that being said a rhyme had come out because of the murders and went ¨Lizzie Borden took an axe gave her mother forty whacks once she saw what she had done she gave her father forty one¨.The murders happened on Thursday August 4, 1892.When they had first found Andrew Borden’s body it was almost unrecognizable there was also no other wounds on his body except for his head.When Maggie Sullivan and Alice Russell when up stairs they found another brutal discovery they hand found Abby on the floor of the spare bedroom propped on her knees lying face down.That night they had left Andrew and Abby’s bodies in the dining room on the table because they didn’t have anywhere else to store the bodies.Before Deputy Marshal John Fleet had questioned Lizzie borden if she had any ideas on who would have killed he father and step-mother and she said that her father and a man she didn’t know had gotten into an argument but other then that she didn’t have any idea.In the book it says the “Lizzie had seemed to many observers to be emotionally flats…” that became a key issue because you would think that someone who just lost their stepmother and their father.There was no sign of any break in and there was no sign of robbery so that means one they were either let in the house or snuck in and they were either killing for fun or hatred.When they had interviewed Lizzie her story had holes and a lot of them on of them of which was important because there was sign that Abby Borden ever left the house.Lizzie later when to trial and they had hired a Lawyer by the name of Andrew Jennings.Lizzie was later proven guilty and the case had went to the supreme court.She was later found not Guilty and she want to live the rest of her life with people hating her and no very many friends.

The fourth chapter is about the one and only Zodiac Killer.The Zodiac first killed a girl by the name of Cheri Jo Bates.They had no idea who killed this girl but they did get a letter from the killer that said she wasn’t the first and she won’t be the last and it also talked about how he killed her and who his next victim might be but, they weren’t sure if it was all true.They would keep getting notes from “Zodiac” but they never truly found out who he was.They called him The Zodiac Killer because he would leave zodiac signs where his victims were found he would also sign a Zodiac at the end of almost every letter he wrote.They never really found out who the real Zodiac Killer was even though they had a sketch of him they couldn’t find anyone that look like the sketch our resembled the sketch.

In Conclusion I would recommend this book to anyone that is interested in unsolved murder cases.This book was very interesting to me because I like to know what it’s like to work with these types of cases.I also liked it because I like to know what would ever motivate someone to do theses kind of things and i also like to know how that could pull something off like that and feel no remorse.So if you are interested in any of those things i highly recommend this book.

Encounter with Ted Bundy: A Chilling Introduction

On a chilly afternoon in late 1977, a young, newly-wed woman of 26 was dropped off at her Volkswagen Beetle by her sister-in-law. Her name was Gini McNair. She waved goodbye to her companion, unlocked the driver’s door, and stepped into her vehicle. Sitting at the wheel, with the key in the ignition, she glanced around the deserted Boulder Canyon Road located outside of Boulder, Colorado. While waiting for her dusty red Volkswagen to warm up, she saw another one, light blue, heading down Sugarloaf Road towards her. When she glanced at the driver as he went past, he took the opportunity to look her over as well. With piercing eyes, Ted Bundy quickly examined Gini as he drove by her. When his eye caught hers, Gini immediately felt like she had just been delivered a swift punch in the stomach. He turned around at the bottom of Sugarloaf Road and drove over to where she was parked. As he walked over to her window, she rolled it down. He leaned in close and asked, ‘Are you having car trouble?’

Gini didn’t tell many people the story of that day, she figured that it was just one of those weird things that happen sometimes. One night, a few months later, she and her husband were watching the news and a story about Ted Bundy came on. While the young couple watched for a few minutes with a mixture of disgust and interest, it showed a picture of the famous ‘Ted’. Gini’s mouth opened in surprise; that was the same face and those were the same eyes that stared at her that day in Boulder Canyon. He was caught in Florida not long after she encountered him and was given the death sentence for the murders of many women from various states within the past five years. From that day forward, Gini always trusted that little voice in the back of her head. The voice that was present that very day when she escaped from one of the most famous serial killers of our time: Ted Bundy.

Early Life and Background of Ted Bundy

Theodore Robert Bundy was born November 24th, 1946 in Burlington, Vermont. His mother, Louise Cowell, was twenty-one when she gave birth to him. The only thing that Ted knew about his father was that he was in the armed forces. Ted was raised to the age of four by his grandparents, who had his last name legally changed from Cowell to Nelson. Soon after, Louise moved with her son to Tacoma, Washington, a Puget Sound harbor and mill town. Louise met Johnnie Bundy, a thirty-year-old cook at the Madigan Army Hospital. Louise and Johnnie were married May 17, 1951. It was at that point when Ted took on the Bundy name (Larsen, R. W.).

Louise and Johnnie had four children together: Linda, Glenn, Sandra, and Richard (Larsen, R. W.). At the age of thirteen, Ted discovered pornographic magazines in a trash can behind a store. He was immediately interested and captivated by them. As time went on, he became more and more addicted to violent images in the books and soon realized that they weren’t enough anymore. He needed something real (Dobson, J.).

Ted Bundy’s Academic Journey and Early Signs of Violence

Ted was a good student and graduated with a B+ average from Woodrow Wilson High School. He only dated one girl in high school, who described him as shy. His first year of college was at the University of Puget Sound, located close to his parents’ house. Here, Ted felt he didn’t fit in. Most of the students came from upper-class families and were high achievers. After a year at the University of Puget Sound, Ted decided to move to Seattle and enroll at the University of Washington. There he met Diane, an older and wealthier woman. Diane drove a red Mustang, while Ted drove a 1933 Plymouth coupe. Despite their differences, their relationship lasted for several years (Larsen, R. W.).

Ted received his bachelor’s degree in psychology from the University of Washington. He worked on the 1968 Rockefeller campaign and also took a part-time job at the Crisis Clinic at Seattle’s Harborview Medical Center. He answered phones and counseled numerous people who were experiencing emotional troubles. One of his co-workers mentioned that ‘Ted always seemed to respond to callers with sort of a cold lecture, telling them they should learn to discipline their emotions, to take charge, He didn’t seem to have the compassion, the understanding that these people were unable to take control.’ (Larsen, R. W.).

In 1972, Ted involved himself in Governor Dan Evan’s reelection campaign. With complaints from his advisors, he soon became assistant director of the Seattle Crime Prevention advisory committee. He even wrote a pamphlet instructing women about rape prevention (Burns, K. S.).

Ted Bundy was considered ‘handsome and smart’ by his friends and the people he met. His girlfriends described him as ‘romantic and tender’, but to the women he tortured and killed, ‘he was a nightmare.’ (Burns, K. S.).

The Onset of Bundy’s Killing Spree and His Modus Operandi

Ted Bundy began his killing spree in late 1973. One source, (Ted Bundy) states that his first victim was a young girl of 15. Her name was Kathleen Merry Devine and she was murdered on November 11, 1973, in Seattle, Washington. Her body was found on December 6th, almost a month later. Another recent source, (Burns, K. S.) says that Ted was falsely accused of murdering her. Another man, William E. Cosden, who was also accused of killing Devine, was tried in March of 2002 and found guilty.

In Washington, Joni Lenz was attacked by Bundy in the night and was found on January 4, 1974. She was found by the police, severely beaten in her bed after a call from her frantic roommate. She survived but had no memory of the incident (Burns, K. S.).

Later that day, Bundy approached an 18-year-old girl from Seattle by the name of Sharon Clarke. He pretended to have a broken arm and was having trouble carrying his books. She, being a helpful person, approached him and asked if she could help. Bundy had many ways of pretending to be helpless in order to get a young woman to help him. That day, Sharon was led back to Bundy’s Volkswagen and was attacked, raped, and assaulted. She somehow managed to get away and later testified against him in the trial (Burns, K. S.).

Lynda Ann Healy was a 21 year old who lived at the University in Washington. She worked for a radio station and got up every morning at 5:30 to bike to work. The morning of February 1, she disappeared from her basement bedroom, leaving her bike behind, (Burns, K. S.) and was not found until March of 1975 on Taylor Mountain (Ted Bundy).

While Ted was stalking and attacking girls one by one, he also had a steady relationship with a girl by the name of Cas Richter. They met at a bar while Ted was attending college at the University. They dated for a long period of time and were engaged to be married after he would be finished law school. (Larsen, R. W.).

Living a double life, Bundy killed Donna Gail Manson, a 19-year-old student at Evergreen State College. Bundy murdered her on March 12 and the police never found her body. The next girl was an 18 year old by the name of Susan Elaine Rancourt. She disappeared from the campus of Central Washington State University in Ellensburg, Washington on April 17. Her body was found among many others in March of 1975 on Taylor Mountain, hours away from where she disappeared (Burns, K. S.).

Roberta Kathleen Parks, 22, disappeared in Corvallis, Oregon on May 6, 1974. Her body was also found on Taylor Mountain. Brenda Baker,15, was murdered in Seattle and her body was found on June 17, 1974 (Ted Bundy).

In Seattle, a number of women went missing with only one clue to each disappearance. They all left with a man in a Volkswagen who introduced himself as ‘Ted’. Police in Washington searched many Volkswagens without any clue of who the mysterious ‘Ted’ was. Meanwhile, Cas, his fiance, thought it was a funny coincidence. Her Ted drove a Volkswagen, but he was harmless. He was quiet and respectful and incapable of anything like this. With these thoughts constantly running through her mind, the once quiet and respectful Ted was shamelessly murdering numerous women.

Brenda Carol Ball, 22, was last seen on June 1, 1974, in a tavern. Next was Georgann Hawkins, an 18-year-old college girl who disappeared from the University of Washington on June 11, 1974. Janice Ott, 23, and Denise Naslund, 19, were both conned by a good-looking man with a sling. He approached both of them at Lake Sammamish Park in Seattle. Janice was tanning on the beach the morning of June 14, 1974, when Bundy asked her for help loading his boat. He led her to his car and said that he had to drive to the other side of the lake to get to his boat. Janice warily stepped into his vehicle and was never seen again. Less than 8 hours later, Bundy was back at the beach looking for another girl. He found Denise and gave the whole speech once again (Larsen, R. W.). Both bodies were found in September in a remote wooded area over two miles away (Ted Bundy).

From Washington, Ted went to Utah to finish law school where he added more victims to his ongoing list. Laura Aime, Nancy Wilcox, Melissa Smith, Nancy Baird, Caryn Campbell, and Debbie Kent were all conned by Ted and their bodies were dumped in various places around the state (Ted Bundy).

In November of 1974, one girl by the name of Carol DaRonch, was window shopping in Salt Lake City when Bundy approached her and said he was a policeman. He asked her if she was parked outside and when she said yes, told her that a man had tried to break into her car. He asked her to accompany him outside so she could see if anything was stolen. As she followed him to her car, she began to suspect something was wrong. He was not wearing a uniform and was very unprofessional. She asked to see his ID. He showed her what looked like a police badge and it was enough to satisfy her suspicions (Summers, C.).

They got to her car, made sure that nothing was missing, and Bundy asked her to come to the police station to make a statement. She followed him to his old and battered Volkswagen, took a close look at the torn seats, and questioned him again. He told her that his name was Officer Roseland of the Murray Police Department. She was still suspicious but entered the car anyway. In the small confines of the VW Beetle, she could smell alcohol on his breath. She soon realized that they were headed in the opposite direction of the police station. She panicked and at the next stop, tried to escape. Bundy was quicker than she was and managed to handcuff one wrist but she struggled more and he pointed a gun at her. She glanced back and saw a car in the distance and in one quick move, opened the door, threw herself out, and ran (Summers, C.).

After that incident, Bundy moved his way into Colorado and murdered Julie Cunningham, 26, in Vail. Her body was never found. Denise Oliverson, 25, lived in Grand Junction and was killed on April 6, 1975. Then Melanie Cooley in Nederland and Shelley Robertson in Golden (Ted Bundy).

Bundy’s Arrest, Trials, and Escapes

After being in Colorado, Bundy was traveling back through Utah and was pulled over by Highway Patrolman Bob Hayward. He found a balaclava, a crowbar, an ice pick, a pair of handcuffs, and a ski mask in Bundy’s car. Ted was arrested but remained very well mannered and was constantly explaining that he needed the mask and balaclava for skiing, and had found the other items. He denied ever having been in Colorado but after a search of his apartment, the police found a brochure from a hotel in Snowmass (Summers, C.).

He was later identified by Carol DaRonch as the man who had assaulted her. Apparently, when Bundy and DaRonch had wrestled in his car, she scratched him and as a result, he left blood spots on her coat. These blood spots were identified at type O blood. Bundy was a type O. In his glove box were receipts from gas stations that showed that he had gotten gas at or near many places where the girls in Colorado had vanished. Ted was kept in custody until he was convicted and sent to Colorado (Ted Bundy. A Serial Killer.).

He was sent to jail in Colorado but escaped out of a window in the courthouse in June 1977. Eight days later, he was recaptured. The authorities were sure that they had incarcerated the right ‘Ted’ with a Volkswagen and were determined to put him away for good once they got proof of his murders (Summers, C.).

But in December 1977, Bundy cut a hole in the ceiling of his cell with a hacksaw blade and escaped yet again. Afterwards, he headed to Florida. By the time he got there, he was very disheveled and was living off of food he stole from grocery stores. On January 15, he entered a sorority house in Tallahassee, Florida. He strangled Margaret Bowman and beat Lisa Levy to death after assaulting her (Summers, C.). They were both left dead in their beds. Three other girls were also in the sorority house; Kathy Kleiner, Karen Chandler, and Cheryl Thomas were all beaten with a wooden club but were still alive (Ted Bundy).

Final Crimes, Arrest, and Execution of Ted Bundy

Bundy’s final victim was a young girl of 12. Her name was Kimberley Leach and she was abducted from her school gym, sexually assaulted, and strangled. Her body was left in a deserted hog shed.

Finally, on February 15, 1978, Bundy was arrested for driving a stolen car. He went on trial for the sorority house murders in June. Ted stood no chance against the evidence against him. There was a witness who had seen him leaving the sorority house after the attacks and there was a mask found in the house that resembled another that he owned (Ted Bundy. A Serial Killer). But the best evidence was the bite marks he left on Lisa Levy’s buttocks. The prosecution brought in a forensic odontologist to match Bundy’s teeth to the bite marks. They matched perfectly. It took the jury only six hours to find Bundy guilty. He was sentenced to death by the electric chair by Judge Edward Cowart, who said to him, ‘I bear you no animosity. But you went the wrong way, partner. Take care of yourself.’ (Summers, C.).

Ted Bundy spent 10 years on Florida’s Death Row all the while pleading innocent to the charges against him. The night before his execution, he gave an interview to James C. Dobson and his camera crew to admit to the world that he was guilty. Ted said that he felt he owed it to society to warn everyone of the dangers of pornography and to explain how it led to where he was. He made sure that people knew that he was not blaming pornography, but that it shaped his violent behaviors.

He began explaining that he grew up in a great household and had a great childhood. But he soon found and became addicted to pornographic material which eventually led to more. In this interview, Bundy states that ‘Once you become addicted to it…you look for more potent material…Like an addiction, you keep craving something which is harder and gives you a greater sense of excitement, until you reach…that jumping-off point where you begin to think maybe actually doing it will give you that which is just beyond reading about it and looking at it.’ Bundy admitted to every single one of the murders he was accounted for. He also admitted to nearly a hundred more that had not even been reported or linked to him (Dobson, J.).

In his final hours, Ted admitted that he was scared to die. He was afraid, what was going to happen to him afterward. He said he knew he deserved it, he knew he deserved every bit of it. At one point during the interview, the lights dimmed and flickered. James Dobson looked up with a worried look on his face and Ted told him that they would be on in a minute. Ted knew what caused the lights to flicker: they were testing out the electric chair that would take his life the next morning. At the end of their interview, Bundy stated that being within arms reach of death was, ‘…just an experience we all share.’ (Dobson, J.).

As the sun came up over the horizon on January 24, 1989, Ted Bundy was getting ready to face his death. Head shaved, he was strapped to the electric chair inside Starke prison. He nodded in the direction of his lawyer as the straps were placed over his chest and mouth. A steel cap, full of electrodes, was gently placed over his head. At 7:07 a.m. the executioner flipped the switch that sent 2,000 volts of electricity through Bundy’s body. Outside in the morning air, dozens cheered as the hearse drove by carrying his lifeless body (Summers, C.).

Ted Bundy’s Legacy and Impact on Victims’ Families

The families who suffered from the actions of Bundy would never be whole again, but they would know now that no one else would suffer. In the horrifying words of Theodore Robert Bundy, ‘We serial killers are your sons, we are your husbands, we are everywhere. And there will be more of your children dead tomorrow. You will feel the last bit of breath leaving their body. You’re looking into their eyes. A person in that situation is God!…’ (Ted Bundy: A Serial Killer).

Introduction

The definition of ‘serial killer’ accepted by the police and academics says that a serial killer is someone who has killed, spaced through time, three or more people who were previously unknown to him. (Haggerty, 2009) However, as Haggerty (2009) states this definition can present some difficulties as other individuals who have killed three or more unknown people should be defined as serial killers when they are not, such as dictators or terrorists who kill those who do not share their beliefs.

Ted Bundy was a famous serial killer in the US during the 1970-80s, and his case brought to light the existence of serial killing. During the time that Ted Bundy’s case developed, serial killers were a newly discovered phenomenon this resulted on his case being notorious among the other cases that were occurring at the time. Thanks to the amount of attention that Bundy’s case had, there are a lot of information about his killings as well as personal information about him, which help professionals study this type of cases and, possibly, find ways to avoid them in the future.

Literature review

According to Arndt, W. B., Hietpas, T., Kim, J. (2004) one of the explanations of serial killing relies on the description of the perpetrator. They argue that the age of a serial killer differs depending on the type of killing, for example sexually motivated killers will range from 16 to 48 years old and that the median age of the first murder is 27. Furthermore, they argue that the Hispanic and Asian serial killers are rarely reported compared to other ethnicities. (Arndt, W. B., Hietpas, T., Kim, J., 2004) Another explanation for serial killings is the Trauma Control Model by Hickey (2013). This model states that during their early years, the future killer is traumatized by different factors such as sexual and physical abuse, the death of a parent, or negative parenting among others. The consequences of these lead to feelings of rejection and a sense on incompetence hidden behind a mask of self-control and self-confidence. Many facilitators, such as violent pornography, creates fantasies and further their need to kill. Next, these fantasies become an addictive reality as they start stalking and entering and eventually killing their victim. The murdering serves as a substitute for their early trauma and therefore they feel the need to continue killing in order to satisfy their needs. (Hickey, 2013)

R. Bartels and C. Parsons (2009) made a social study involving data from the court hearing of Dennis L. Rader, a serial killer who confessed to have killed 10 people and was charged for it. They concluded that there were three different major debates after analysing Rader’s talk in court: the perpetrator as ‘driven by sexual fantasy’, as a ‘serial killer’, and as ‘sympathetic’. Rader explained that sexual fantasy was behind many of his crimes and actions, which aid to justify his actions and excuse him. Second, by categorising Rader as a ‘serial killer’ it allows Rader to behave in a certain way typical of said category, not allowing him to have a choice over his actions. Finally, Rader’s version depicts his actions as sympathetic, helping the construction of a picture where he is a caring, understanding and positive person and therefore trying to neutralise presumptions suggesting a violent motive for his actions. Summarising, these three ideas show the construct that a serial killer can be a good, caring person who cannot control their sexual fantasies and just happens to be a serial killer. (Bartels, R., Parsons, C., 2009)

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (2008) categorised the motives they believed lead to serial killing. This includes among others: anger, where the offender exhibits hostility towards a certain subgroup of the population; psychosis, the offender suffers a severe mental disorder and is killing due to the disorder, and sexually-based, where the offender is driven by sexual desires/needs which would support Bundy’s final confession where he stated that his killings were because of pornography. Furthermore, the FBI also provides an explanation as to how offenders select their victims as it states that it depends on vulnerability, availability, and desirability. Vulnerability is described as the degree to which as victim is prone to be attacked. Availability refers to the lifestyle of the victim that permits the offender access the victim, for example some of Bundy’s victims were at a crowded community party where they were more accessible. Finally, the desirability is explained as the attractiveness of the victim to the offender. It involves several factors based on the offender’s motivation such as race, gender, age of the victim, or other specific preferences. (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2008)

Overview of Ted Bundy’s case

Ted Bundy preyed on young women by lying to them, often by wearing an arm or leg fake cast. He used this fake disability to convince the victims to help him to his car. Bundy began his killings near his home in Washington at first, but then moved to Utah, Colorado, and Florida. Bundy raped and murdered an estimate of 30 women during the 1970s. He used to strangle or hit the victims on the head repeatedly as well as sometimes even mutilated them after death. (Crime Museum, 2017)

As the number of bodies arose and witnesses’ descriptions circulated, people reported Ted Bundy as a matching suspect. However, police dismissed this based on his presentable appearance and upstanding character. Ted Bundy was arrested for the first time in 1970s, in Utah after running away from a patrol car. In his car, police found handcuffs, rope, masks, and other items although they were insufficient to link them to the killings. After being released, he was again arrested months later for the kidnapping and assault of one of his victims. Ted Bundy managed to escape prison twice, during which he continued his killing spree, before he was sentenced to death in 1980 and finally died in the electric chair in 1989. (Crime Museum, 2017)

Discussion

There are some possible explanations as to what the motivations behind Ted Bundy’s killings were. One of them is criminological explanation of the labelling theory. This theory divides the creation of a criminal into two phases: primary, and secondary deviance. It describes how an individual who commits an offence for the first time (primary deviance) is labelled by the community as a criminal. This relates to Bundy’s teenage years as he was a known shoplifter and was caught peeking through neighbours’ windows. Once the community labels him, they start to treat the offender differently, either by cutting relationships with him, insulting him, etc. This behaviour would lead the delinquent to offend again (secondary deviance), but by committing a bigger criminal offence. In Bundy’s case, kidnapping and killing. (Walsh, A., Jorgensen, C. ,2018)

Also, there are some possible psychological explanations that could explain Bundy’s behaviour. During the trials, his attorneys aimed to prevent Ted Bundy from entering jail due to a series of mental disorders that were later rejected. However, the behaviour he showed throughout the whole investigation shows symptoms of possible mental health disorders, such as psychopathy antisocial behaviour. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, also known as DSM-5, some of the symptoms for antisocial behaviour include using aliases and conning others for personal pleasure, normal cognitive empathy but low affective empathy – understanding someone’s feelings but not wanting to help them -. More symptoms that he showed include lack of responsibility and reckless disregard for his safety when he decided to represent himself in court as he believed he was a unique person that could only be associated with other high-status people, like the judge during his trials. (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) Furthermore, other psychological disorders could lead individuals to offend, such as Peter Sutcliffe who suffered from schizophrenia and murdered 20 women and attempted to kill another 7 women, and Andrei Chikatilo who suffered from borderline personality disorder with sadistic features and sexually assaulted, murdered, and mutilated 43 women and children in a period of 12 years.

Another explanation to his behaviour is the social structure theory of Urbanism. This theory explains how murder rates are usually higher in cities highly populated. Ted Bundy moved around the country during the time of his murders, always from and to densely populated states. This is usually associated with poverty, broken homes, disassociation, and social disorders, which could link with the Dark triad mentioned above or other mental health disorders. Furthermore, due to the density of population on the cities where Bundy killed, the possibility of becoming a victim because of frequently coming across strangers increases. (Haggerty, K., Ellerbrok, A. 2011)

Gottfredson and Hirschi developed the Low Self-Control Theory which agrees with the classical idea that the result of uncontrolled human impulses to enhance pleasure is crime. They argued that people with low self-control have the traits that put them at risk of offending. These traits are: lack of patience, and diligence, to which crime offers a quick way of obtaining sex, money, etc.; being self-centred and insensitive, so they are able to commit a crime without any guilt; and being more focused on the present rather than the future, and so crime gives them an immediate satisfaction rather than delayed. These traits can be seen in Ted Bundy’s behaviour as he showed no guilt towards the victims and the crimes he committed, his need for sex being this the cause of his crimes as he confessed later, and overall reckless behaviour regarding his future. (Walsh, A., Jorgensen, C. ,2018)

One more possible explanation to Bundy’s behaviour and crimes is the Social Bond Theory by Hirschi. He found that the typical offender Is a young male who grew up without a gather and has a history of difficulty in school. He inferred that those more likely to offend lack the four components of social bonding: attachment, commitment, belief, and involvement. (Walsh, A., Jorgensen, C., 2018) A lack of attachment to parents and respect to them becomes a lack of attachment and respect for bigger social groups, such as children at school and others in the future. Those who lack commitment, such as school dropouts like Ted Bundy who abandoned university before obtaining his degree, do not have a sound investment in traditional behaviour and are therefore more likely to commit an offence. Hirschi argued that involvement is a consequence of commitment and that non-involvement in traditional activities increases the risk of contact to illegal activities. Hirschi also argued that a belief system empty of traditional morals is bothered only with self-interest. Therefore, this theory would explain why Bundy became an offender as he grew up without a paternal figure until his mother married the man who would adopt him, making him Ted Bundy, as well as showing no commitment with school as he caused trouble during high school and then dropped university and social norms. Furthermore, during his teenage years he was caught shoplifting and peeking through neighbours’ windows, showing that from a young age he was inclined towards illegal behaviour. (Walsh, A., Jorgensen, C., 2018) (Serena, K. 2019)

Conclusion

Overall, there are many different explanations to criminal behaviour, in this case serial killing. These theories focus on the psychological health of the offender, whether the offender – Ted Bundy in this case – suffers from any behavioural disorder such as psychopathy antisocial behaviour disorder. These mental disorders have symptoms that could explain this behaviour, such as narcissism, lack of emotional empathy, lack of responsibility towards his safety and others, and being masters of manipulation in order to achieve what they want. Other explanations focus on how society and their interactions with it might influence their behaviour, such as Gottfredson and Hirschi’s theory of low self-control. Nevertheless, referring to the crimes Ted Bundy committed, many explanations concur by stating that the main motivation behind these was a sexual motivation as the gender of the victims and the method of killing show this. However, although many have attempted to explain the reasons for crime, there is no official explanation but a variety of them focusing on different aspects of the offenders’ lives.

REFERENCES

1. American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition. American Psychiatric Publishing
2. Arndt, W B., Hietpas, T., Kim, J. (2004) ‘Critical Characteristics of male serial murderers’, American Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol29.
3. Bartels, R., Parsons, C. (2009) ‘The social construction of a serial killer’, Feminism and Psychology, Vol 19, pp. 267-280
4. Crime Museum (2017) ‘Ted Bundy’. Available at: https://www.crimemuseum.org/crime-library/serial-killers/ted-bundy/
5. Haggerty, K. (2009) ‘Modern serial killers’, Crime, Media and Culture, 5(2), pp.168–187
6. Haggerty, K., Ellerbrok, A. (2011) The social study of serial killers, Criminal Justice Matters, 86:1, 6-7
7. Hickey, E.W. (2013) Serial Murderers and their Victims 6th edition, Wadsworth
8. Federal Bureau of Investigation (2008) Serial Murder: Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives for Investigations, National Centre for the Analysis of Violent Crime. Available at: https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/serial-murder
9. Serena, K. (2019) ‘Does Ted Bundy’s childhood hold the key to his madness?’, All That Interest. Available: https://allthatsinteresting.com/ted-bundy-childhood
10. Walsh, A., Jorgensen, C. (2018) Criminology: The Essentials, 3rd Edition. SAGE: USA

Hate crime is hard to characterize, measure, and clarify. In the wake of condensing a portion of the main applied issues and hypothetical points of view, we talk about the viable challenges related to information assortment. Even though the research writing stays little and to a great extent descriptive, ongoing research has started to relate hate crime examples to financial cycles, population streams, and changes in the world of politics. The task ahead is to stretch out these analyses to different settings and levels of aggregation of hate crime.

Imagine you are a man or a woman approached by a hater that throws acid in your face because you a transgender or because of your race or because of your religion, how would you feel? or what will you do about it?. Now before I dive into this very controversial subject, I should probably define what hate crime is so you will have a better understanding of what I am talking about…

Hate crimes are unfortunately a common occurrence within our society and as an outcome, are a consequence of discrimination. These criminal acts committed are based on a bias against an individual or group based on their race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, disability, and religion. Two words with very high meaning. Hate crimes are occurring in new york lately, some operate the news, some go on social media and others don’t even make it to the point of any social knowledge at all. Hate crimes are targeted attacks that should not be taken carelessly.

Discrimination is a serious issue that needs to be addressed, particularly due to the criminal activity that is acted based on this idea causing violence and harm that impacts the victims and our society as a whole. It is why people must take these critical steps to reduce and stop these crimes, resolve the issues that have been planted as a result of this idea, and help change the mindset to a more positive and no threshold towards hate crimes. Criminal justice officials and state policymakers need to realize that it is key to make or adjust hate crime legislation because groups of hate crimes have had a tremendous impact on social behavior for a long period, hate crimes impact the entire society causing public damage, and the overall threat of hate crimes acts on the society without the repeated use of punishments. To stop hate crimes from happening, all of America needs to work together.

While hate crime action has a long history, it has only been in the last several decades that research took to understand this type of crime has been carried. The purpose of this research paper is to discuss the history of hate crimes, the analyst reports of hate crimes, the Judicial System and Rights, and the understanding of the motive of hate crimes and solutions to hate crimes.

To have a better understanding of hate crime, we have to discuss the history of hate crime. During the 1960s in the American South, civil rights workers, and social activists faced violence and threats from members of the Ku Klux Klan and other organizations perpetrated to separation. Local prosecutors and police were often unwilling to prosecute these crimes. For Example, According to Malone, Clare. “Daily Meme: A Brief History of the Hate Crime.” The American Prospect, 14 Apr. 2014. “in 1964 in Mississippi, members of the Ku Klux Klan killed civil rights workers James Earl Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner. After local officials refused to prosecute the case, some of the assailants were tried in federal” this shows hate crime was identified before it was in common.

The term ‘hate crime’ came into common usage in the United States during 1985 when it was issued by United States Representatives John Conyers and Mario Biaggi. Although the term hate crime and societal benefit in it are nearly recent developments, hate crime has deep historical meaning. Throughout US history, a significant balance of all murders, assaults, and acts of vandalism and profanation has been fired by hatred. As Native Americans have been described as the first hate crime victims, hate crimes have existed since the United States’ initiation. Since then, members of all immigrant groups have been subjected to discrimination, harassment, and violence.

Starting from the Roman Empire the Romes killing of Christians transited to Hitler ( Nazi) butchery of Jews, hate crimes were acted by people and governments long before the term was commonly applied. A major part of determining a crime as a hate crime is that it is focused on a historically oppressed group. As Europeans began to conquer the world from the 16th century onwards, domestic people in the colonized areas, such as Native Americans increasingly became the targets of bias-motivated intimidation and violence. For example, According to Malone, Clare. “Daily Meme: A Brief History of the Hate Crime.” The American Prospect, 14 Apr. 2014. “During the past two centuries, common cases of hate crimes in the US include African Americans, mostly in the South, and Mexicans and Chinese in the West”. This shows that hate crime wasn’t only in the united states and it shows how that term transited from Europe to the United States.

If an interview was conducted with individuals across the United States whether they have been a victim of a hate crime because of their gender or gender status, thousands have stories to tell. An analysis from Denver, Brian. Hate Crime in New York State 2016 Annual Report. Criminal Justice Research Report, Office of Justice Research & Performance. “Determined that between 2015 and 2019 more than 10,000 hate crimes targeting victims gender took place on average each year, which almost 13 percent of all hate crimes reported by victims in New York.” this shows that hate crime is a serious issue in New York especially and it’s rising over the years.

Particularly about half of hate crime victims report the conflict to police, According to Denver, Brian. “Hate Crime in New York State 2016 Annual Report.” Criminal Justice Research Report, Office of Justice Research & Performance. It stated “topmost reasons for not informing the police are reached to another executive, not significant to police and private concern.” this clarifies that even when people choose to report hate crimes, what they believe to be an act of hate may not meet the legal standard and people might be terrified to speak to police because of the feeling of guilt or shame. Hate crime victims may prefer to express to their supervisors or school administrators, rather they may prefer not to report it at all because they don’t want to be dismissed by the police, That’s more possible to occur in societies that historically do not believe the law and policy, which refer to the transgender community and racial communities.

Police are likely to ask the victim about bias motivation when there is no other obvious motivation, An example would be if a person was knocked, but the intruder did not take their belongings. According to Chapman Ben, and Katie Honan. “New York City Sees Surge in Hate Crimes.” The Wall Street Journal, Dow Jones & Company, 8 Oct. 2019 emphasizes that “When it comes to rape victims, police don’t ordinarily ask them if they are targeted because of their gender.” this proves that its different types of hate crime, not just gender and different motives behind each crime. Some police departments may not report gender bias crimes because various state laws do not defend gender or gender identity in the same way that they protect race, religion, or sexual orientation.

There has been a collective effort to set analytical reports of hate crimes at the national level, the possibility still exists about whether the hate crime rate is rising or falling. Nationwide the amount of hate crime conflicts looks to have increased dramatically in 1994, sustained and handled during the following 2 years, then increased again in 1996. According to the FBI reports, five States still did not collect hate crime data. even if all States were reporting these conflicts it would be hard to estimate the level of the hate crime problem in this country because bias-motivated crimes typically are underreported by both police and victims.

It is important to transform the justice system and its procedures for administering these attacks to stop the non-punishment of these hate crimes. This is anticipated to the many problems that result from the system and prosecutions of hate crimes, including the obligation of the laws that connect to them. According to Glickhouse, Rachel. “5 Things You Need to Know About Hate Crimes in America.” ProPublica, 7 Aug. 2019 “despite the attempt made to discuss hate crimes within department policies, there is no thorough a version of the requirement for actual implementation”. This proves that hate crime isn’t taken seriously throughout the judicial system, and prosecutors tend to ignore certain cases of hate crime, this makes hate crime victims more ups

Avoidance within the system generates problems for continuing criminal crimes, therefore, resulting in unpunished hate crimes. The problems inside the judicial system generate problems within the system and prosecution of hate crimes and join on to the problem. According to Glickhouse, Rachel. “5 Things You Need to Know About Hate Crimes in America.” ProPublica, 7 Aug. 2019 “legal actions inside the justice system aren’t sufficient for victims, therefore, they attend to outside the law for justice. Numbers of these problems lead to hostility, unreported hate crimes, and revenge crimes because of the absence of development towards resolving this problem”. This shows that victims of hate crimes are afraid to express themselves because the justice system isn’t sufficient for them which leads these victims traumatized and tend for revenge.

Boundaries of social justice are the most significant because unlike a few people, but an entire society becomes perpetrators on a large system. It converts extra difficulty for there to be the right solutions due to the careless support of the jury racism in society. According to Devine, Catherine. “Millions Are Victims of Hate Crimes, Though Many Never Report Them.” Center for Public Integrity. “current racism is adapted to be arranged by victim criticism leading to support of more powerful expressions of hatred toward a whole minority group due to the shortage of punishment for the criminal act”. And as a consequence, this shows the problems within the justice system do have a significant impact on the victims and everyone else. The next dilemma is an unequal system that doesn’t correctly direct and prosecutes these crimes. prosecutors stated the idea of what a real hate crime is based on the properties of the negative motive of the victim, no contact preceding between the offender and victim, and through critical voice at a particular individual.

Creation of human lead that almost every activity is performed for a reason. On almost every occasion there is something that makes an individual demonstration. A large group of components may make an atmosphere wherein individuals, roused by their predispositions, make criminal moves. Such factors incorporate poor or unsure financial conditions, racial generalizations on TV, hate-filled talk on syndicated programs or political promotions, the utilization of racial code language, and a person’s close-to-home encounters with individuals from specific minority gatherings. When an atmosphere of detest is made, a solitary occurrence can trigger a flood of despise of wrongdoings.

Outer Influences Hate crime acts are touchy outside occasions. A few instances of outside impacts, In the 1980s, when Japan was cutting into American offers of autos and electronic gear, there was an expansion in assaults on Japanese. During the Gulf War, there was an expansion in assaults on Arab-Americans. According to DeAngelis, TORI. “Understanding and Preventing Hate Crimes.” Monitor on Psychology, American Psychological Association, ‘There is a feeling of the counter. One thing occurs and individuals need to settle the score. There is an adolescent posse attitude. Where it resembled they got one of our own we’ll get one of theirs.’ this shows that humans tend to want revenge in any situation that happened against their beliefs and this motive is dangerous because its more aggression behind it. After the bombarding that occurred in California, there was an underlying overflowing of hostile to Arab-American assessment that took steps to heighten however was subdued when it became realized that the central suspects in the shelling were Caucasians conceived in the United States. Which shows that prejudgment plays a big role in people’s mind where if an incident happened they already know who did it. This is not the case in that example.

Some hate crimes researchers have noticed that hate crime violations will in general ascent during times of monetary vulnerability. Truth be told, a couple of states that a general relationship exists between the open’s view of the condition of the economy and the degree of despising violations. According to DeAngelis, TORI. “Understanding and Preventing Hate Crimes.” Monitor on Psychology, American Psychological Association, “The perception of how things are is almost more important than the reality”. This shows that the more an individual takes things by what they are whether bad or good it’s more important than real life. Albeit some vibe that the association between hate violations and the condition of the economy is overemphasized, despise wrongdoings do appear to increment during times of monetary vulnerability. During these periods, minorities end up viewed as the reason for the negative conditions that others are encountering.

Trigger Incidents Once an atmosphere for hate wrongdoings exists, all that is required is a shocking, prominent racial occurrence, called a ‘trigger incident,’ to set off a cycle of retaliatory occurrences or even considerate issues. A trigger incident that happened a while back in 2012 where it had been videotaped beating of a black 17-year-old African-American teenager named Trayvon Martin in February 2012, Trayvon was beating and gunned down because of an officer who killed him because he looks suspicious in Florida, police officer accused in the assault. News of the acquittal sparked huge rioting, looting, vandalism, and furnace setting in South Florida. The following month, the stage of hate crimes commenced extending in many jurisdictions across the Nation. Similarly, the perfect stage of bias-motivated incidents in New York City passed off at some stage in the month immediately following the assault on a group of black guys in Brooklyn, New York.

The most significant thing that grown-ups can do to decrease the spread of hate crime-inspired conduct is to assist youthful with peopling figure out how to regard and commend decent variety. Research shows that youngsters between the ages of 5 and 8 start to put esteem decisions on similarities and contrasts among individuals. Also, children’s racial dispositions start to solidify by the fourth grade, making the direction of grown-ups during this timespan especially significant. Grown-ups talk straightforwardly and sincerely with kids about decent variety, bigotry, and partiality. In schools, instructors tend to participate in instructive endeavors to dissipate fantasies and generalizations about specific gatherings of individuals and at whatever point conceivable work with guardians and neighborhood law implementation specialists so such exertion is bolstered on numerous fronts.

All hate crime laws must work to ensure both essentially and typically the foremost imperiled bunches in society. We suggest probably that lawmakers should begin from the position that all strands of hate wrongdoing be treated similarly beneath hate wrongdoing statutes given that each strand has as of now been proven as being a significant social issue that’s deserving of specific legitimate assurance and as it were where there’s a compelling and genuine reason for unexpectedly treating characteristics should this be the case in law. Where laws are unable to be implemented in the home, the system should look for to either remove the organizations totally for all ensured characteristics or make revisions to the wording of the arrangements to guarantee that the law works decently and reliably over strands.

Practices must be encouraged by experienced and completely prepared helpful specialists who get the touchy flow of abhorring wrongdoing exploitation. Facilitators must give satisfactory planning to each member. Facilitators must guarantee that cooperation is intentional which partners are not tempted into partaking. Level One helpful experiences should not be utilized for hate wrongdoing unless satisfactory arrangement and intentional support can be ensured. And Facilitators should undertake to work in conjunction with other offices and associations when sorting out remedial gatherings (counting schools, home affiliations, neighborhood policing groups, community security units, anti-social conduct units, and social administrations). suggest that a national online hate wrongdoing center be made in arrange to make strides official detailing and recording of online occurrences. The center should be utilized as a stage from which detailed episodes can be surveyed by professional officers who are trained to respond specifically to online hate crime offenses. This will guarantee that a more all-encompassing approach is taken to tending to the requirements of both victims and perpetrators of hate crimes.

This exploration likewise has suggestions for current social arrangements. Notwithstanding the individual-level advantages that portray current master fairness contentions in the gay and lesbian rights banter, there are certain social externalities, for example, a decrease in hate crime violations, related to genius uniformity laws. Albeit popular sentiment on marriage balance remains reasonably firmly separated, the overall population is, generally, not isolated in its resistance to despise wrongdoings. In this way, the potential for state strategies to impact, if not fill in as, cultural powers in the creation of hate crime violations will be a significant thought for governing bodies and courts pondering marriage correspondence, hate crime, and work non-discrimination laws.

In the late 1970s, a young man named Billy Milligan, became a controversial public figure for being the first person in U.S. history, who was found not guilty of committed several crimes (including kidnapping, armed robbery, and raping three women), by reason of insanity, due to his suffering from multiple personality disorder. From the first moment Milligan was arrested and indicted, the results of his mental examinations made his face appearing on the covers of magazines and the front pages of newspapers. In the process of preparing his defense, the psychiatrists found that Milligan manifested as many as twenty-four distinct personalities, a rare case of extreme multiple personality disorder. Milligan’s attorneys presented an insanity defense, claiming that two of his twenty-four different personalities are the ones who committed the crimes and that is without Milligan’s knowledge. Milligan was the first person whose legal representatives successfully presented insanity defense based on the diagnosis of multiple personality disorder. Although there was no awareness nor attention given to this disorder back in the 1970s, Milligan’s case raised a number of difficult psychiatric and legal questions. What is multiple personality disorder? How can the psychiatrists diagnose and what is the ways of treatment to the patients? How can this disorder be treated in the courtroom? What is the criminal justice responsibility in multiple personality cases?

Multiple personality disorder (MPD) nowadays known as Dissociative identity disorder (DID), DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association 2013) has described DID as a perturbation of identity characterized by two or several separated personality states and this disorder is the result of extreme trauma or abuse. Population studies (in Europe, North America, Turkey) have found that DID is a comparatively common psychiatric disorder, manifest in about 1%-3% of the population in general.

Dissociative identity disorder may consider as a hard illness to diagnose. The psychiatrists may observe or the patient may inform that there are certain syndromes are present, that these personality states illustrate discontinuity in sense of self, followed by changes in behavior, emotion, memory, consciousness, perception, realization, sensorimotor functioning and frequent gaps in recalling everyday events, which lead to forgetting important personal information of every single personality living inside the patient. The diagnose will be done with a complete physical examination and medical history. Although no laboratory tests can diagnose DID medically, different diagnostic tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs might be used to abolish medication side effects or physical illness. If the physician did not find any physical illness, the patient may be transfer to a psychiatrist or psychologist, psychiatric social worker. They will do a clinical interview to be familiar with the full picture of the patient’s experiences in the past and current functioning.

The treatment’s goals for DID are to reduce symptoms, guarantee the safety of the patient and those around him or her, and “reconnect” the various personalities into one incorporated, well-functioning identity. Moreover, treatment aims to help the patient safely process painful memories and expand new coping skills, life skills, relationships and recall optimal functioning. The best treatment process relies on the patient, the temper of any identifiable triggers, and the seriousness of the symptoms. There are many ways of treatment for DID but most likely the treatment will be by psychotherapy, which is the main treatment for DID. There is no medication to treat dissociative identity disorders themselves. However, patients with DID, particularly those with anxiety or/and depression, might benefit from treatment with anti-anxiety or antidepressant medications. Patients with DID usually respond well to treatment. Nonetheless, the treatment of DID can be painstaking and a long process. This usually starts by empowering and identifying all the personalities to help them integrate into a fully functioning whole.

When it comes to the court’s treatment of DID, courts have different ways of dealing with such a disorder. First is freedom with mandated periodic treatment, when the person with DID is not guilty by reason of insanity and that is only if the personality that was in charge at the time of the criminal act was not the host personality, which is the real personality, the experts will look at the mental state of the personality and if the personality did not know what she/he was doing, the host personality will be criminally insane, taking Billy Milligan as an example. Second, prison or forced confinement in a mental institution, the person with DID is guilty as charged if the host personality and the alters committed the crime with the help of each other. Giving an example of Thomas Lee Bonney’s case, he was arrested for committing a murder of his own daughter by shooting her 27 times. His defense attorneys claimed that Bonney suffers from multiple personality disorder and one of his personality, an evil personality, was in control of his body at the time of the shooting act. After deliberations weather Bonney criminally insane or not, he was found guilty of first-degree murder for shooting his daughter.

I shall argue, the test of insanity to find whether the host personality was in charge or aware of the action or not, is not enough. As it seems to show DID is a complicated, different level of insanity the person who suffers from this disorder might legally consider insane just because he was not conscious in the criminal act and that does not necessarily mean the host person is crazy. Courts must clearly state how the insanity defense applies to patients with DID. They must put a standard different from the few courts that have considered this disorder. Instead of that, a person with DID should be found irresponsible if any of the disconnected alter did not know about or participate in the crime. The court’s choice should not be completely separated from metaphysical questions of the personal identity. Courts in this case, have to decide which person did the crime and if that person is responsible before they determine whether they can punish that person or not. Thus, it is necessary at first to fully understand the nature of alter personalities and that only happens if the patient himself understand the personalities he has. As I previously mentioned, treatment would help the person who has DID to safely recall the painful memories that he suffered and lead him to face this illness. Also, to help with developing coping skills, and to merge the different personalities into one functional person.

It is true, that there is a guilty alter. But the question is what about the other innocent alters? A guilty person’s mental state is a very necessary element of all the crimes. In order to be charged of a particular crime, there must be proof that the person who committed the crime have the required state of mind when the crime was committed. Those states are intentional, knowing, reckless, and negligent. But in DID’s case the person cannot have an intentional state if he/she does not have knowledge of his/he act. Of course, this means that a guilty person will be out there freely. But the criminal law system prefers to not punish a guilty person over punishing an innocent person and punishment of innocent people is seen as one of the worst kinds of injustice. From William Blackstone’s perspective “it is better to let ten guilty people go free than to punish one innocent person”. Thus, it is the criminal justice’s commitment to not punish innocent people requires them to not find multiples to be responsible. That is why, the experts who testify the insanity should and must examine each alters, not only the host or the alter that was in charge at the time of the criminal act.

Dissociative identity disorder raises number of issues, courts and psychiatrists should start acting in developing the ways of dealing with it. To reach the goals of achieving justice, achieving security in society, and legal stability, these are the main goals of the criminal justice system which lead only to one thing that is to punish only the blameworthy. Also, to give the DID patients the needed treatment and to make them feel whole again as a one independent identity.

Introduction to Psychoanalytic Theory and Criminal Behavior

Throughout history, many theorists have attempted to explain the mental and physical behaviour of humans, specifically, when trying to analyse criminal behaviour. Psychologists are absorbed in; learning, personality, aggressive behaviour, intelligence, developmental and cognitive theories (Ministry of Children, Community and Social Services, 2016). Within this essay, the psychoanalytic theory will be used to explain the criminal behaviour of of a famous serial killer from America, Edmund Kemper III. This theory will be applied to Edmund Kemper’s criminal behaviour, by explaining that Kemper was engrossed in the phallic stage of psychosexual development. Arguments will primarily focus on his underdevelopment of his superego, and immature use of defence mechanisms to supress his emotions and feelings towards the crimes committed. Relevant Psychoanalytic theories will be outlined, then applied to clarify Edmund Kempers necrophilia and homicidal behaviour. Additionally, supporting empirical research will be provided alongside the arguments, and provide understanding behind Kemper’s behaviour from a psychoanalytic perspective. Finally, the limitations of these arguments will be displayed to offer understanding in future research.

Foundations of Psychoanalytic Theory

Psychoanalytic theory, asserts both that there are divisions of the human personality that are in constant conflict with each other, and that there are a number of stages of development an individual must pass through to establish normal behavior. The Psychoanalytic theory, originally created by Sigmund Freud, asserts that there are divisions of the human personality that are in constant conflict with each other, and that there are a number of stages of development an individual must pass through to establish normal behavior (Santrock, 2017; Shoham, 1993). One of Freud’s famous analogies is that of the iceberg, relating to the consciousness only being the tip of the iceberg. Freud explained that there are three levels of the mind, which are outlined as the “Id, Ego and Superego”. These three parts of the mind function unconsciously and have independent roles but work alongside one another to add to an individual’s behaviour (Greene, 2011). The three components coincide with the levels of consciousness, with the conscious, preconscious and unconscious, being outside of the conscious thoughts and feeling processes. Id, ego, and superego mechanisms make up the personality and with that, the development of personality can be distorted by experiences that occur in childhood. (Greene, 2011). The development of personality surrounds sexual pleasure on the individual psyche (Stevenson, 1996). Psychosexual development encompasses a child growing through five stages that are linked with different erogenous zones. These five stages include oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. With each of the stages having separate internal conflict relating to them, that individual children must figure out and pass through in order to reach the full maturity and growth. Although, if a child’s demands and needs are not met, frustration and overindulgence can occur, causing the child to become fixated and not pass through that specific phase, therefore, that specific stage may dominate the individual’s personality throughout adulthood (Stevenson, 1996). Lastly, another variable that determines behaviour from the psychoanalytic view is the divisions of the mind.

The Intricacies of the Human Mind: Id, Ego, and Superego

Freud explained the divisions of the mind in the shape of the Ego, Super Ego and Id. The three structures, each conflicting with each other, function in different levels of consciousness, that interact coherently to help guide an individual’s behaviour (Stevenson, 1996; Greene 2011). The id, operating unconsciously, is psychical province, instinctually driving energies which are motivated primitively (Lapsley & Stey, 2011). This compels the individual to participate in essential life sustaining, “tension-reducing activities” which are which are felt as pleasure (Lapsley & Stey, 2011). The Ego works alongside the reality principle, which gratifies the desires of the id, however, these gratifications are determined by the superego (Shoham & Seis, 1993). The superego functions under a long socialization process, influenced mostly parental authorities. The values, morals and norms of the society are taught by the parents, and the superego internalizes these (Shoham & Seis, 1993). However, the ego has defense mechanisms that are portrayed when the id and superegos requests are too overpowering, causing the ego to become unstable (Stevenson, 1996).

The Egos defence mechanism is used to protect itself against strains from the id. Its responsible for the perception of danger, which allows the individual to avoid conscious awareness with these “anxiety-arousing ideas” (Colman, 2015). These defence mechanisms can include displacement and denial, and can be used in relation to the individual’s situation and personality. Finally, the three of these components work together to offer understanding into the criminal behaviour preformed by Kemper, through elements of his personality that have been disturbed in his childhood.

Edmund Kemper: A Case Study

Edmund Emil II and Clarnell Kemper were the parents of Edmund Kemper, who was born in 1948 (Riley 1998). When Kemper was young, his father left the family, (which also included an older and younger sister) leaving alcohol abusing Clarnell Kemper to preform extreme violence against Edmund, abusing him mentally and physically (Biography.com Editors. 2019). For eight months his mother punished Edmund by making him sleep in the basement (as she feared he would in some way harm his sisters). Kempers Mothers isolation and lack of true love towards kempers from a young age, caused him to go into a murderous spiral. Killing his cats first, and eventually killing his grandparents after feeling abandoned by both of his parents, because he just wondered how it would feel to shoot Grandma” (Cheney, 1976, as sighted by Riley 1998). He then was placed into the Atascadero State Hospital, at the age of 15, where he explained to one of the doctors that ‘I really killed my grandmother because I wanted to kill my mother’ (Cheney, 1976, as sighted by Riley 1998). Kemper was deemed to have “a very high IQ, but also suffered from paranoid schizophrenia” (Biography.com Editors. 2019). Kemper was finally released at the age of 21, but contrary to his doctor’s beliefs, Edmund was far from “cured”, in fact he went on to act out his fantasies by picking up hitchhikers at the University of California, murdering them and preforming cannibalism. His debut murderous act was on his mother and her best friend, for then he fled his town but finally called the police and turned himself in. Kemper is now imprisoned in California medical facility, where he will live out the rest of his sentence (Biography.com Editors. 2019). Altogether, the examination of Kemper’s behaviour can be connected to the key concepts of the psychoanalytic theory, due to the development of his personality being interrupted, due to his childhood by his abuse from his mother and desertion father.

The first characteristic of the psychoanalytic theory that is qualified to explain some of Kemper’s criminal actions, is the fixation he adopted within the phallic stage of psychosexual development. Freud explained this theory by describing it as, being centred around the effects of the sexual pleasure drive on someone’s psyche (Stevenson, 1996). The five stages include; the oral stage, which primitively focusses on the libidal energy, and around the child’s mouth from birth to one and a half years old. Next is the anal stage, where the child find pleasure in the expulsion of faeces (Stevenson, 1996). The next stage Is the Phallic Stage which is the most crucial stage, where the child will become more interested in their genitals, it also involves the oedipal complex. In the next stage, sexual curiosity lies dormant, therefore this stage is called the Latency period, making friendships and focussing on school (Stevenson, 1996). Lastly is the genital stage, which starts in puberty and progresses into adulthood. Where the child libido is focussed on heterosexual relationships and one’s genitals.

Kemper’s Fixation and the Phallic Stage

The major part relating the Kempers behaviour, is due to his fixation on the phallic stage. “child’s unconscious desire to possess the opposite-sexed parent and to eliminate the same-sexed one” (Stevenson, 1996).

When putting the crimes preformed by Kemper into context, it can be seen that the phallic stage is unique to his specific behaviour. Kemper experienced fixation on the phallic stage, with the most important part of it being the oedipal complex, which, “involves a child’s unconscious desire to possess the opposite-sexed parent and to eliminate the same-sexed one,” A child cannot act on the desires of incest towards his mother, or impulses of murder for his father, due to the fear of castration (Stevenson, 1996). Therefore, to avoid conflict, the child would adopt his father characteristics to identify with his (Shoham & Seis, 1993).

However, Kemper case is controversial to this, due to his development process lacking a real father figure. As a result of Kemper’s sever abandonment, where he could not adopt male characteristics or identify, was the primary reason behind his fixation. The loss of a Father has proven seen to have a greater negative effect toward a child throughout the developmental process (Wallerstein (2000) as cited in Jones, 2007). Wallerstein (2000) as cited in Jones, (2007) discovered that a divorce can impact children most severely “as they go in search of love, sexual intimacy, and commitment” therefore anxiety is conveyed in adulthood, concerning intimacy and relationship issues as well as having anger toward parents. Kemper proved the research to be correct, due to the loss of his father and high anxiety surrounding relationship development. In an interview surrounding Kempers acts of murder towards the girls, he answered that he was scared to death of failing at a male or female relationship (Riley, 1988). Confessions from Kemper also outlined that his deeds of necrophilia, instead of rape was due to them being alive, where they were distant, not sharing with him. Kemper wanted to form a relationship where there was not one (Leyton, 2003) as cited in (Healey, 2005). The statements from Kemper display a strong indication that his anxiety was extremely high, surrounding the formation of sexual relationships with a female, therefore, causing him to have intense anger towards his parents for not adapting these qualities as a child. Essentially, Kemper killed women in order to subdue his anxiety and decrease the risk of being abandoned or mocked like his parents caused him to experience. Due to Kempers abandonment from his father, he could not adopt the necessary moral values or male characteristics which would’ve helped him resolve the oedipal complex, causing him to overcome his sexual desires through necrophilia and murder in consequence.

Furthermore, Kemper’s fixation resulted in the non development of the superego division of the mind, which can be another reason for the criminal acts he undertook.

The super ego being the unconscious part of the mind (Greene, 2011) inhibiting “the id in pursuit of morally acceptable, not pleasurable or even realistic, goals.” (Stevenson, 1996). However, if the superego remains underdeveloped there can be negative consequences in personality formation and behaviour. According to Aichhorn (1955) cited in Shoham & Seis (1993) when the superego remains underdeveloped, delinquent behvaiours will form, thus also leaving the id unregulated. Lack of love and parental guidance provided to meet the child’s psychological needs is one cause of the underdevelopment of the superego (Shoham & Seis, 1993).with the lack of physical and emotional support from his mother as a child As a result of his mother not providing the support and the theoretical knowledge of what is deemed right and wrong, this resulted in Kemper’s id being unregulated and the unacceptable urges and impulses of death were not suppressed, illustrating Kemper’s criminal behaviour. “A strong superego allows one to renounce id impulses and urges and provides the basis of civilised behaviour” (Shoham & Seis, 1993). As a result of his mother not being emotionally present to meet the needs of his developing superego, it remained underdeveloped and Kemper was not able to suppress the murderous urges he felt towards women. This caused him to satisfy these impulses by brutally murdering and performing acts of necrophilia on the women he picked up. If Kemper’s mother had development Kemper’s theoretical knowledge of morality and provided the love and support he needed as a child he may have developed a strong superego and these crimes may not have occurred. Additionally, Kemper’s superego dysfunction also caused an imbalance in the ego division of the mind hence Kemper was not able to mediate internal and external conflict effectively.

Ego defence mechanisms are psychological strategies that are used to protect a person from excessive anxiety arising thoughts or feelings (Cramer, 2006). Whilst every individual has defence mechanisms, the operation of them are reliant on the individual and the situation they are placed in. The effective operation of an ego involves the guidance of the superego which embodies the moral standards and values of the person’s actions (Sammons & Putwain, 2018). However, as previously discussed, Kemper had an underdeveloped superego as a result of his mother’s maltreatment. This overall resulted in criminal behaviour as there were few inhibitions against acting out the aggressive urges he felt. Furthermore, the dysfunction of the superego created an imbalance within the ego’s functioning which resulted in the use of immature defence mechanisms. Immature defences are psychological processes that play an important role in supressing emotional awareness (Costa & Brody, 2013). However, the use of them prevent the conscious processing that is necessary for resolution of anxiety (Mullen, Blanco, Vaughan SC, Vaughan R, Roose, 1999). Finzi-Dottan and Karu (2006) found that adults who suffered emotional abuse in childhood used immature defence mechanisms which were produced by the detrimental effect of abuse on their personality. Additionally, Perry and Cooper (1989) as cited in (Cordess & Cox, 1995) revealed immature mechanisms are associated with psychological symptoms of personal distress, poor social functioning, and delinquent behaviour. Kemper experienced all of these psychological symptoms as a result of his mother’s abuse thus resulting in his criminal and delinquent behaviour. The first defence mechanism that was associated with these feelings and behaviour was displacement, which involves “the transfer of feelings from one target to another that is considered less threatening or neutral” (Townsend, 2014). Kemper effectively used this defence mechanism to displace his anger, aggression, and hatred he felt towards his mother upon other victims that were deemed less threatening. Kemper discussed during an interview that he was involved in killing co-eds because his mother was associated with college work, college co-eds, women, and had had a very strong and violently outspoken position on men for much of his upbringing (Riley, 1988). He also identified that the purpose of his crimes was to destroy “not what my mother was, but what she liked, what she coveted, what was important to her” (Riley, 1988). The use of this defence mechanism was used in an immature way as it was not effectively used to suppress his own anxiety and internal conflict but to create destruction in his mothers’ life.

Kemper also used denial as a defence mechanism which involves “refusing to acknowledge the existence of a real situation or the feelings associated with it” (Townsend, 2014). Kemper used denial to place blame upon his mother for the crimes he had committed. He quoted in an interview “six young women dead because of the way she raises her son, the way her son was raised, and where he grew up” (Vander Hayden, 2018). He disputed the external reality that he had committed those heinous crimes due to his hatred towards his mother, thus placing all of the blame onto her as a way to suppress the guilt and anxiety of taking human lives. This was an immature use of defence mechanism as it is only a short-term solution to the crimes he was accountable for.

Conclusion: Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective

Overall, the psychoanalytic theory is a useful method to identify potential correlations between the theory and how it could explain the behaviour of Edmund Kemper III. However, there are some weaknesses with the arguments made that need to be outlined in order to progress future research of this topic. The first weakness that was identified when applying Kemper’s behaviour to the theory is the primary focus around the unobservable processes rather than external. Thus, making it a weakness as there is no scientific validity that fixation in the psychosexual development stages can occur or whether Kemper even had an underdeveloped superego. Due to the scientific validity not having a strong effect when applying the theory to criminal behaviour it views the arguments being made as assumptions rather than having a strong argument about what is occurring in Kemper’s mind. Another key weakness that was experienced was that IQ was often deemed as an irrelevant factor. Due to empirical research and information of the theory being based around delinquent behaviour it causes a weakness in the arguments made towards Kemper has he had an IQ of 145, placing him in the genius category. Overall, it is clear that Kemper carried out delinquent behaviour through his crimes he committed, however, the theory itself does not provide any extended evidence on how a person can be classified a genius in intelligence but has a delinquent personality. Consequently, in the future to avoid such weaknesses, multiple theories may be applied in correspondence with one another to enhance the validity and allow more integrated explanations for criminal behaviour.

During this essay the psychoanalytic theory was effectively used to explain and analyse the criminal behaviour of Edmund Kemper III. The key concepts of the psychoanalytic theory identified Kemper’s fixation in the phallic stage of psychosexual development, his underdeveloped superego, and how he used immature ego defence mechanisms to avoid the anxiety and guilt that he may have experienced from murdering ten people. Whilst aspects of this theory were able to explain his criminal behaviour there were also weaknesses that were addressed and can be applied for future research.

Do you allow the government to invade your privacy and having access to all your personal information? Many people are trying to reach out to others around the world for many problems that they are having such as economic problems, privacy problems, and even security. They aren’t able to do so since their government makes it illegal to have free speech. Technology companies and the government in the United States allow us to be able to have free speech while in other countries it is illegal to do so. It is important to be able to follow through with the essential question to be able to show why they need to be able to make it legal so many people can have a right to speak through social media. There is a lot of things that are put out on social media and many videos of inappropriate videos all over Twitter and Facebook that it is impossible to block or remove. There are many stories where you aren’t able to not see certain things because it spreads way too fast and there is nothing that can be done. This should involve the government and the technology companies to be able to do a better job in doing so because right now all social media is chaos. There are many countries that already do so but is still controversial since you should be able to have freedom of speech and be able to hate on things that need to be hated on. In Germany, there is a law that makes it where there is no hate speech on social media, and is debatable because many people want to put their thoughts out there and not just in their countries. While others may believe that people should be entitled to their own opinion and should be kept within themselves, others believe that this is impossible with the fact that their information is being leaked and spread all around because the government is invading their privacy and also the government blocking or not allowing them to give an opinion. The government is also trying to keep away fake media because there is a lot of it spreading around.

Personal privacy is something that everyone wants and is constantly being difficult to have because many people are always being on each other lives and also privacy should have the ability to protect personal information and really protection is a security component. Also, security is something many people are concern about since it controls who can access that information which is sometimes being leaked because of lack of security. But these are still both different in many ways and an article states, “You can’t have privacy without security, but you can have security without privacy.” Thus, without security you can’t protect privacy therefore you need security to be able to protect personal information. In order to be able to keep things that you only want to see and not give access to other people and is way security is really important to have and to make sure that it doesn’t get out. This is happening globally and is happening in many different countries. Every country has its own problems with privacy and security and should be spoken out about. For example, Germany, France, United Kingdom, China, United States, and many more have this problem so it doesn’t only take place in one country even the best countries have this problem and is why this should be dealt with.

To begin with, the United States citizens have already been introduced to this issue and have long been divided in their views about security needs and personal privacy. A lot of this has been focused on government surveillance and how businesses use data. There has been a recent issue with Apple helping the FBI unlock iPhones to find one of the suspects in the terrorist attack and because of this many people are starting to become more scared about where and who their privacy is given to. An article states, “For instance, our survey shortly after the 9/11 attacks found that 70% of adults favored requiring citizens to carry national ID cards. At the same time, a majority balked at government monitoring of their own emails and personal phone calls or their credit card purchases.” Many of these people want their privacy to be private and made so they can only have to access it and believe that people should always be holding their IDs just in case something ever happens. They are giving backlash to the government for digging into many people’s personal emails, phone calls, and even credit card purchases. Another quote of how Americans feel is “Americans are concerned about preserving their privacy when it comes to their personal information and behaviors. Those views have intensified in recent years, especially after big data breaches at companies such as Target, eBay, and Anthem as well as of federal employee personnel files. Our surveys show that people now are more anxious about the security of their personal data and are more aware that greater and greater volumes of data are being collected about them. The vast majority feel they have lost control of their personal data, and this has spawned considerable anxiety. They are not very confident that companies collecting their information will keep it secure.” The U.S citizens are really scared and are nervous about where their information is going and are afraid that companies aren’t securing their personal data. Even big companies that are mentioned in the quote that many people aren’t really sure to trust them or not because they believe that it still isn’t secure enough and aren’t confident that the information that they are giving to these companies will be safe. The pole was set to show what people believed if they trust the companies or not. This shows how people aren’t ready to believe if these sites or companies are really reliable and is really risky to given our information out if we don’t know if it is trustworthy. But, this is not the only in the U.S, there are still more that are also questioning this also in their country.

Certain countries have a reason why they make free speech illegal and one of those countries is Germany. Germany has a law that requires all social media platforms to remove hate speech in 24 hours or risk huge fines. They also remove free speech to be able to create good intentions by democracies end up serving nefarious ends of autocracies. Germany also inspired Russian to do almost the same exact to so they don’t have people spreading negative content. Going more into Germany, they created a law called NetzDG and intended to stop social media sites that had gained lots of publicity by creating fake news and racist material, and this law helps to remove all of these sites within 24 hours. If this law is broken then they could be charged with 50m euros and can also be punished pretty harshly for creating this website. The main focus with this law is usually Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube then scout these sites out, and if they see something that is possibly breaking the law they will remove it in 24 hours and if this is not done they get punished. Germany had invaded around 36 people’s homes because they had engaged in hate speech on social media which shows this is a real thing.

Also, many other countries have been aware of these cases and heard from President Donald Trump who had made claims on the fake news media. Countries such as France, Malaysia, and Kenya had started to do something about this too. France created a law against false information and things along those lines while Malaysia had already done the same thing before and was already aware of this problem while Kenya followed. An article states, “ In 2017 a record 262 journalists were jailed, 21 of them for disseminating false information. We should add this to the continuous threat to free speech from private actors such as terrorists, drug cartels, and wealthy oligarchs.” This is talking about how many people have already been caught and punished for false news and were put to jail for doing so. They also want to apply this law to continuous threats to free speech from private actors such as all the bad people. This gives a good example of how they were able to follow through with this law and be able to prevent people from doing things that can harm someone. This is happening worldwide and keeps awarding more and more countries to be able to do something about this issue. Another quote that talks about how this is a problem in countries and leads to many problems states, “ Some argue that extreme expression such as hate speech or glorifying terrorism leads to conflict and violence. Another school insists that extreme speech should be countered with “more speech.” This quote is explaining how many people have different opinions on this topic and many of them believe that they should keep free speech out the way because it can create problems and cause much hate on people or topics. While still others want to insist to have more speech because they don’t have that freedom they need to speak out or reach many people.

Consequently, this is happening everywhere, free speech should be given without a doubt to the countries that disallow this. Such as the United Kingdom has had different opinions on this topic and almost has the exact same problem as all other countries. An article said by Jeremy Wright, a secretary, states “ If everything else fails,” Wright said, “we will look at simply denying the opportunity for some of these websites to operate in the UK.” What he is trying to say is that freedom of speech is an option that is given but if the people that are running the websites fail to abuse that “power” they will immediately shut those websites down. Where he goes on to say, “That is a power that is available elsewhere. It is technically feasible to do it. It is not without problems, I should make that clear. But I think it is right at this stage for the government to set out a full range of penalties, up to and including that one, because we need those companies, which are large, global companies … to take this regulator seriously.” This is almost the exact same thing that Wright was trying to say on his first claim but more so trying to make it clear that he wants the government to manage this and have a full range of penalties for breaking the law but also keeping many of these companies and websites alive because they are very important to them.

China has always been a really private country which they do not allow many things to be transferred to other countries. They are one of the strictest counties out there and are watching everyone’s move because they have cameras almost everywhere and there is no privacy for the Chinese people. It is also aware that many people’s privacy is being leaked and most of their privacy is not safe where many people will most likely be able to access it. An article states, “Something similar is happening with online privacy today. After years of Chinese internet companies building business models around Chinese people’s lack of awareness about privacy, users are getting angry about companies abusing their personal information. This growing privacy awareness emanates from people’s concern over data leaks, which often help scammers and criminals take advantage of unwitting Chinese individuals. The Financial Times reported that in a survey by the China Consumer Association, 85 percent of respondents said that their data had been leaked, including phone numbers sold illegally or bank account information hacked.” This is one of the biggest things that has been reported because many people believe that there is a strict thing along with privacy and security but shows that China has a lack of security. This is a really big problem and should be reported because people’s identities can be leaked since many of these people are giving out their information to websites, apps, or possibly even the government but is still not being taken with care since many of these people’s information and privacy is being out of there where anyone can see them. 85% of people’s data has been leaked and is very upsetting to see since many of these people again believe that their information is safe when in reality it is not and this should be taken into consideration.

Social media helps business owners to attract business, so primarily it serves as a means of marketing. Social media also serves as a great resource for businesses. Using social networks as a way to market involves little or no expense for the business. However, there are risks to businesses just like there are risks to individuals. A professional reputation can be ruined as easily as a personal reputation through social networking. Reputational circumstances can make a huge distinction between failure and success with organizations, businesses, and even political campaigning. Social media can also be a distraction to employees, which can result in decreased productivity. An employee may be spending more time viewing their friends’ posts and pictures, rather than focusing on their job. Social media can be addicting to some people. This should be monitored by all business owners. Employees can attend a party with people taking pictures, and then the pictures can be misconstrued or distorted. Online reputational concerns can be critical for businesses along with their employees. It can result in loss of employment, loss of economics, and unforgivable social humiliations. Businesses are at another disadvantage while using social media because followers can post negative comments on the business’s Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram sites. Also, a hacker can retrieve the company’s page and post false information. A business or organization’s reputation will suffer from these actions.

Each user should read all the conditions provided by the networks they interact with. A user ought to be savvy to control the privacy tools offered through Facebook, Twitter, or whatever networking site they interact with. Facebook has privacy options available to users such as controlling who sees your profile information, controlling who can search for you, controlling what activity appears on your friend’s page, and controlling what information becomes available to third parties. Each and every person should customize their profiles on the social network they are using to help protect their own privacy. It would be great if the social network’s privacy tools were automatically set so that the public could not view a person’s profile, but instead, it is set just the opposite. A person has to manually set their privacy tools to choose who they want to view their content on the network. Using common-sense can sometimes be the best advice while using social media. Unfortunately, Twitter does not have as many privacy tools available for users as Facebook. However, a user can protect their updates which will allow only their followers to view their tweets. Otherwise, anyone can see the tweets. Again, a user has to know how to use the privacy tools available to them through social networks. Even with all these steps a user can take to protect their privacy, it is still not enough, especially with data mining. A better solution to this problem would be to rebuild the operating software of the net with more functions available to respect a person’s privacy. It could be a centralized console that controls privacy and security by using a network intrusion detection system. There is probably not a chance this will happen in the near future.

Another attainable resolution might be the building of non-public privacy computer code created offered to people. This computer code would come with a tiny low plug-in kind device employed in homes. The device could keep all networking communications private and let users surf the web without being monitored by others. This could possibly replace the wireless router or become a part of the routers used today. It could also provide a privacy-secured web connection from a mobile device. People’s privacy would be more protected by storing their data on a physical gadget in their own possession rather than other’s data centers. Not only are individuals affected negatively through social media, but businesses and organizations are also. Businesses and organizations rely heavily on social networking for their day-to-day operations. One of the most popular social networking sites for businesses appears to be LinkedIn. LinkedIn helps a business to market itself. It also helps a professional to build their identity, discover business deals, and keep in contact with colleagues. Twitter is another form of social media used by professionals and business owners. Twitter seems to be the best way to attract larger audiences. When using Twitter a business owner can research a keyword that relates to his business. This helps in interacting with people in the same business. Other social networking sites used by professionals and businesses are WordPress, Google, and Blogger.

Clearly, many people do not want their information out there where anyone can see it and are scared that the government will be involved and know everything they are doing. Therefore, many people are upset that the government is not securing their information and believe that other people can get access to their information anytime. This is going around all over the world and many of these countries are also having this problem with their citizens not believing that their information is secured and not being able to speak out their information. But, the government is also aware of this but they don’t want fake news to spread and hack into other’s information to be able to keep them safe from any other terrorist attack.

A hate crime is a prejudice-motivated crime that happens when a perpetrator targets a sufferer due to the fact of his or her membership (or perceived membership) in a certain social team or race. Hate is a negative feeling toward someone that you would wish them harm. Hate is where murder begins. If we allow hate to stay in us and brood and grow, that is what it turns into – murder. Hate is when you can feel this sturdy emotion, but you cannot simply recognize what it is. Hate crimes can be caused by this emotion which can be very negative, dark, cold, and bitter, and unbalancing to good. It is when you do not like something to the point where you cannot manage it and possibly even attempt to abolish it. It destroys you as a character of what you stand for and contradicts your values. It can also lead to conspiring or asking some other person to commit such crimes, even if the crime was in no way carried out. Hate crimes have no judgment of right and wrong but a will to harm people or things.

Hate crimes have a broader effect than most other sorts of violent crimes. A hate crime victimizes not only the instantaneous target but also affects every member of the group that the direct victim represents. Hate crimes can influence families, communities, and on occasion the whole nation. Hate is everywhere. With hate, can come bullying which turns into hate crimes. Hate crimes have been going on in the world for a lengthy amount of time. Hate crimes are criminal actions intended to damage or intimidate human beings due to the fact of their ethnicity, religion, and/or sexual orientation. They are additionally referred to as bias crimes.

An individual’s ethnicity is one of the main things hate crimes intend to damage or intimidate. Our views and beliefs improve as we grow up and are influenced through friends and family, neighborhoods, schools, and what we see and see in the media. People who grow up in a family where racist views are expressed, or have friends who make racist jokes, may learn to agree that racism is ordinary and acceptable. This is especially the case if they have not had the chance to interact with people from different cultures or backgrounds. For instance, when an American individual makes an ignorant remark to an African individual that they don’t belong in America because they weren’t born here. Hearing these words and thinking isn’t America a “free” country. Yes, though the African individual wasn’t originally born from American doesn’t mean he doesn’t have as much of a right to live in the country as the American individual. Racism occasionally begins as a response to world activities or information stories. At other times, anyone who has had a painful, non-public journey with any individual from a racial group may blame every one of those races. Everyone makes assumptions. This can appear when they do not have the opportunity to research alternative views. It is in no way acceptable to discriminate against anyone primarily based on their race. If you are worried about how your views might influence different people, it can help to imagine being anyone else to strive and see their points of view.

Being different is one of the most common reasons why people are hated. Some religions are being targeted because of global events and mass media attention. Muslim men and women are specifically at risk due to perceptions that Islam and extremism are one and the same. Others recommended that an average lack of grasp of their faith, or a focal point on a small element supposed that they became targets. As a result, it must come as no surprise that young adults are regularly bullied due to the fact of their religion, particularly if it is not a common belief system. For example, Muslim women who wear hijabs (headscarves) and Sikh boys who put on patches or daystar (turbans) are regularly targeted for simply carrying visible symbols of their religion. Race and faith can be inextricably linked via preconceptions about belief and ethnicity. This capability that some individuals (regardless of their religion) can also be more likely to be objectives of the hate crime. Poor police understanding about distinctive cultures and religions as well as a perceived unwillingness to ask questions can limit police response. Nobody should have to ever experience judgment just because they hold an exceptional set of beliefs. Most would agree that regardless of a person’s religious beliefs if they are not unsafe to himself or others, he must be allowed to include and pursue their belief in peace. After all, an individual’s faith is just as much a part of them as their nationality, appearance, intelligence, skills, and interests. As a result, their faith must in no way lead to them being targeted, bullied, and ostracized. Everybody should be allowed to worship how they need without being afraid of being targeted for their beliefs.

Sexual orientation hates crimes that happen everywhere in the workplace, school, public places, etc. Homophobic bullying is when people behave or talk in a way that makes any individual sense bullied because of their proper or perceived sexuality. People may also be a target of this type of bullying due to the fact of their appearance, behavior, bodily traits, because they have friends or family who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or questioning, or even simply due to the fact they are viewed as being different. Like all forms of bullying, homophobic bullying can occur through name-calling, spreading rumors, cyberbullying, bodily or sexual and emotional abuse. For example, in school and individual can tell someone that looks or is gay something like “why are you gay, that’s a sign you’re going to hell”. Young people have described how they have been subjected to hate campaigns against them which can start off within the classroom and then move onto social media. This has devastated those being bullied and some have moved schools and had their lives disrupted due to the fact of the actions of the bullies. Not only does this influence a young person’s self-esteem, emotional health, and wellbeing but it additionally can influence their attendance at school and their attainment. This kind of bullying can additionally consist of threats to ‘out’ you to buddies and family about your sexuality, even if you are now not gay, lesbian, or bisexual.

In conclusion, a crime plus motivation for committing it based on bias equals a hate crime. In society, there is always going to be hate. Hateful emotions are very negative, dark, contrary to love, cold, and bitter. With this, it turns into hate crimes which are criminal actions intended to damage or intimidate human beings due to fact of their ethnicity, religion, and sexual orientation. Many people can also be very offended or upset about beliefs that are unfaithful or primarily based upon false stereotypes. However, it is not a crime to categorize offensive beliefs or to join with others who share such views. Hate crimes affect families, communities, and sometimes the whole nation. An effective crook justice response to hate crimes includes a number of essential elements: shut down police-community relations, public confidence in the effectiveness of the police response to reports of hate crimes as properly as suitable processing of these reports by the courts. The fantastic of police response to hate crimes is critical, as is the public perception of that response. If people sense that the criminal justice system is not responding correctly and vigorously to the problem of hate crimes, these incidents will continue to be unreported. However, nothing is greater essential than having an accurate concept of the true nature and full extent of the problem. This can solely come about if a higher effort is made to acquire comprehensive hate crime statistics.

By definition, “rape culture” is an environment and sociological concept that rape is not only pervasive but also trivialized due to societal attitudes about gender and sexuality shaped by customs and stereotypes formed by society (Waweru Nduta, 2018). Although the term was generated recently, this horrendous pattern of ignorance reflects on an already existing custom that dates back to medieval times. Rape culture is present in our nation like cutlery in a house and has intensely increased over the years. Reports of rape and attempted rape recorded in 2017/18 have increased up to sixty percent compared to ones recorded in 2011 and 2012 (WordsWorth Matt, 2018). As we are no longer oblivious to the dramatic increase of sexual assaults, it is time for us to make a change.

Many incidents of rape or sexual assault often go unreported, especially when it comes to teenage girls, simply because of the weight of shame, fear, and the belief that no one would believe them if they came forward to share, which places them in a very precarious position. The Australian Institute of Family Studies documented that “The perception that false allegations of sexual assault are common has negative consequences for victims of sexual assault and society more generally by perpetuating victims’ fear of being disbelieved or being blamed for the assault. This reduces the likelihood of reporting” (Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2019). Many women who were victims of rape or sexual harassment would put themselves in the perception of not by labeling themselves as a victim, but rather normalizing their experiences that a lot of men are just sexually and physically aggressive, which leads to them accept that they are to tolerate it because of the way society standardizes men and women. The culture we grow up in with today’s society articulates women or girls about what they can expect. However, this is not something that is blatantly said or put out there, but instead it is reinforced from an accumulation of the culture around them such as the language and micro-interactions between children. Furthermore, since many reported rape incidents don’t usually develop into a prosecution, it puts the victims in more disbelief since the case would get almost nowhere. According to the “Centres Against Sexual Assault” (CASA) Forum, it states that only 1 in 6 reports to the police of rape actually results in a prosecution. Another thing to mention is that there is another side of unreported rape crimes and one of them comes from victimized men, which have an even lower rate of reporting because most people cannot even conceive of that happening. The supplementary incidents to that would be when people are raped or sexually assaulted by someone they know because more reports happen if the perpetrator is a stranger rather than someone that they trusted. It puts the victims in a far more complicated spot and state of mind.

In the rape culture, false allegations are a particular factor that makes this crime different from any other crime. For example, nobody ever really “wins” rape cases because all the defendant ever has to do is plead not guilty since the regular standards of evidence don’t lend themselves well to rape as a crime. If you take murder for instance and shoot someone with a gun, there are various methods to trace the bullet to the gun, eventually leading to the shooter, but you can’t do that with consent to the sexual act which also, in turn, contributes to low rates of reporting among other things. There are numerous reasons regarding the motivation for someone making a false rape claim. It can even be as trivial and inessential as disliking the person and setting them up for it. In a recent event last month, a woman named Sarah-Jane Parkinson from Canberra, has been jailed for making a false rape claim against her ex-partner and sentenced to more than three years. The victim spent over four months in jail over this conviction and it almost destroyed him mentally as he told a court that his ex-partner’s crime “nearly drove him to suicide, changed who he was and shattered his faith in the legal system” (ABC News, 2019). The factors that are the most likely to influence whether the claim is believable or not are the consistency of the story, whether they know each other, and their behavior (Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2019). False accusations not only make it tougher for the legal system, but it also makes it harder for the people that are actually rape victims since their cases could also be seen as non-believable which puts a heavyweight on their shoulders.

When a rape case does end up resulting in a prosecution, it doesn’t mean that it ends just there. It is very hard to win a case like that or end in the proper conviction. For the years of 2009 and 2010 in Victoria, out of the 1643 cases that went to court, only 631 of them ended in a conviction. In 2015 New South Wales, there were only 934 convictions reported from 1734. According to the CASA Forum, “Only about 17% of reported sexual offenses result in a conviction” (Centres Against Sexual Assault). The reason why it’s so difficult for there to be a proper declaration of guilt in these cases simply goes back to the lack of evidence and the fact that it’s so easy for one side to say “it happened” and the other side to say “I didn’t do it” and leaves the jury and overall judgment in a very perplexed state.

In conclusion, rape and rape culture is a very touchy subject for many people and they cannot be blamed for it. I believe that we need to be very careful about what we do with these discussions since not even the victims would ever really be comfortable speaking about it. It is a very hard crime to come to a complete understanding of and it shouldn’t be overlooked. Our culture has the ability to decrease the rate of rape culture, but it is not something that will happen overnight. Rape culture will continue to be a serious social issue until we, as a society, choose to question the trivial details regarding the victim’s appearance and look over the predators’ actions. So, let’s start questioning and paying attention to the predator before the victim eventually becomes a loved one.

Abstract

This paper gives a point by point understanding behind the thought processes of individuals submitting violations. Specialists have named the individuals carrying out wrongdoing, where the violations were negligible and kept to a specific region of administration as Grass Eaters. Individuals included in cushy wrongdoings and which has spread in practically all fields of business are named as Meat Eaters. With the approach of innovation and development of instruction, cubicle wrongdoings are on the ascent, being secured by experts discovering escape clauses in the legal executive and backing from the administration by implication. This has made a nexus where individuals from practically varying backgrounds have begun shaping gathering to do office violations and being secured by experts in law. This has led to a circumstance where the little clocks have turned out to be office hoodlums. Discussing the commonness of office violations in India, they are spreading like a fast flame in each circle of society. Although debasement, one of the types of cushy wrongdoings, has been the most discussed issue in all circles social, financial and political, very little stringent steps/moves have been made to control this hazard. Along these lines, the worry of this paper is to characterize cubicle wrongdoing, examine its recorded improvement and detail speculative arrangements for killing the issue.

Introduction

White collar crimes occur in large and complex organizations. These offenses are committed by people with a sophisticated understanding of disciplines of finance, management, engineering, medicine, organizational theory, information technology etc. The harm caused by white collar crimes is, in most cases, palpable. For example, tax evasion leads to reduce revenue for the treasury, bribery lead to biased governmental decision making, inside trading lead to loss of investments in investors. There are moral complexity and uncertainty in white collar crimes which is not visibly other offenses. The identification of victims is very difficult, and victims are unaware of victimization. It is common knowledge that certain profession offers lucrative opportunities for criminal acts and unethical practices which hardly attract public attention; there have been crooks and unethical persons in business, various professions and even in public life. They tend to unscrupulous because of their neglect at school, home, other social institutions, their greediness, profit-making mania, or want to reach on top by a short cut. These deviants have scant regard for honesty and other ethical values. Therefore, they carry on their illegal activities with impunity without fear of loss of prestige or status. The crimes of this nature are called, “White Collar Crimes’. They are essentially an outcome of the competitive economy of the mid-twentieth century. Today, a criminal considers the world as his field of operation. He commits especially in his field, profession, business, trade and this kind of persons are not from any criminal background or with hardened arms and ammunition, they do crimes through their privileged position, The widespread political, social, economic and technological changes as well as variation in legislation, procedures and policies in different countries on mutual assistance in criminal matters have allowed this white collar white collar crime groups to become increasingly active in the international arena. These kinds of criminal groups arena taking full advantage of the globalization of world markets, dismantling of trade barriers, and the liberalized migration policies, high-tech communicated equipment, and sophisticated electronic techniques to enhance their deviant activities. White collar criminals are engaged in such felonious activities such as fake employment placement rackets, black marketing, medical deviant activities, tax evasion, cybercrime, credit card fraud and procedure large profit and create the incentive to “legitimate” the ill-gotten gains through money laundering and many more.

What is white collar crime?

White Collar Crimes are the crimes committed by a person of high social status and respectability during his occupation. It is a crime that is committed by salaried professional workers or persons in business and that usually involves a form of financial theft or fraud. Sociologist Edwin Sutherland in 1939 defined the term ‘White Collar Crime’. These crimes are non-violent crimes committed by business people through deceptive activities who can access large amounts of money for financial gain.

The common feature of all this criminality is that the same which is born out of greed, advance and capacity; and committed during trade, industry, commerce, business and profession of upper and middle classes. These crimes have adversely affected the social and economic fabric of the state and the community alike and have been planned development for the future a very difficult job. Sutherland has called these crimes, “white collar crime”, while Sayre has described them, “public welfare offenses’, there are others who call these crimes ‘regulatory offenses’ and yet others ‘crime of strict liability’, while many others have called it as “socio-economic crimes also”. The genesis of socio-economic crimes/white collar crime has almost the same throughout the world and it would be found that socio-economic criminality is in a way the product of industrial revolution, although renaissance and reformation also had contributed to the emergence of these crimes in no small measure.

Crimes committed by the affluent during normal business activities:

• Conspiracies – use position for gain
• Expanded by some to include a wider range of “middle-class” criminality and “high-tech” Crimes
• Legitimate business, deviant activity
• Internal vs. External judgments
• Secrecy
• Opportunity structures
• Institutional crimes

Chronological Setting of Appraisement of White Collar Crimes

The most punctual recorded instance of white-collar crime law goes back to the fifteenth century in Britain. There has been a case famously known as the Carrier’s instance of 1473, where the operator was endowed to transport fleece and he endeavored to take some of it for him. Consequently, the Star Chamber and Exchequer Chamber of the English Court of Law received the breaking mass’ convention as it comprised the crime of burglary. In any case, the development of mechanical private enterprise in the eighteenth century introduced a new history of crime and culpability. The very base of modern free enterprise depends on intimidation and burglary. Presently, before we talk about the point let us comprehend the importance of free enterprise the procedure of rising of these adapted was named by Karl Marx as primitive gathering’ while in the expressions of Adam Smith, it was the previous collection.’ In this way, the Dutch Marxist, William Bonger fought that criminal frame of mind creates among the common laborers under private enterprise because of states of hopelessness and in the meantime, the criminal mentality creates among the bourgeoisie from the insatiability cultivated when free enterprise strives. It is prevailing in the United States of America in 1890 when Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act which stepped up and makes the monopolistic exchange illicit. Other industrialized nations like Great Britain had a background marked by punishments including white-collar crime at that point, yet it was not as clear as the Sherman Act. A few countries executed a sprinkling of these laws, known as rivalry or antitrust law, however, did not have a solid restricting power for quite a while. Be that as it may, progressively against office crime notion rose in the late nineteenth century and mid-twentieth century in the United States because of a gathering of columnists known as maligners. They laid much spotlight on the pervasive stock extortion, protection misrepresentation and insidious practices of monopolistic organizations that had gotten under the Sherman Act. The mud slingers’ open offered to ascend to open hatred and consequently called for in some change. By 1914, Congress endeavored to cement and reinforce the slant set somewhere around the Sherman Act, which was utilized against worker’s guilds, with the Clayton Antitrust Act. This Act was a lot stricter and went a lot more remote than the Sherman Act in making specific monopolistic practices unlawful.

Types of White Collar Crimes

By far, the most common type of white-collar crime is fraud. Fraud involves the intentional misrepresentation or omission of a material fact. That misrepresentation must be reasonably relied on, and someone must suffer a monetary loss as a result. The most prevalent types of fraud include:

• Computer fraud: The act of stealing a bank, credit card, or proprietary information from a computer.
• Bankruptcy fraud: The concealment of assets, misleading creditors, or illegally pressuring debtors.
• Health care fraud: The acceptance of kickbacks or billing for services not performed, unnecessary equipment, and/or services performed by a less qualified person. This type of fraud applies to all areas of health care, including hospitals, home health care, ambulance services, doctors, chiropractors, psychiatric hospitals, laboratories, pharmacies, and nursing homes.
• Telemarketing fraud: The use of the telephone as the primary means of communicating with potential victims.
• Credit card fraud: The use of someone’s credit card information to make unauthorized purchases.
• Insurance fraud: The falsification, inflation, or “padding” of insurance claims.
• Mail fraud: The use of the U.S. mail to commit a crime.
• Government fraud: The act of engaging in fraudulent activities with public housing, agricultural programs, defense procurement, educational programs, or other government activities, including bribery in contracts, collusion among contractors, false or double billing, false certification of the quality of parts, and substitution of bogus parts.
• Financial fraud: The act of engaging in fraudulent activities relating to commercial loans, check forgery, counterfeit negotiable instruments, mortgage fraud, check-kiting, and false applications.
• Securities fraud: The act of manipulating the market and stealing from securities accounts.
• Counterfeiting: The act of printing counterfeit money or manufacturing counterfeit designer apparel or accessories.

White Collar Crimes in India

White collar criminality has become a global phenomenon with the advance of commerce and technology. Like any other country, India is equally in the grip of white-collar criminality. The recent developments in information technology, particularly during the closing years of the twentieth century, have added new dimensions to white-collar criminality. There has been unprecedented growth of a new variety of computer dominated white collar crimes which are commonly called as cybercrimes. These crimes have become a matter of global concern and a challenge for law enforcement agencies in the new millennium. Because of the specific nature of these crimes, they can be committed anonymously and far away from the victims without physical presence. Further, cyber-criminals have a major advantage: they can use computer technology to inflict damage without the risk of being apprehended or caught. It has been predicted that there would be a simultaneous increase in cybercrimes with the increase in new internet web sites. The areas affected by cybercrimes are banking and financial institutions, energy and telecommunication services, transportation, business, industries, etc. in India.

Laws Relating to White Collar Crimes

The white-collar crimes which are common to Indian trade and business world are hoardings profiteering and black marketing. Violation of foreign exchange regulations (ie. FERA) and import and export laws are frequently resorted to for the sake of huge profits. Further, adulteration of foodstuff, edibles, and drugs which causes irreparable damage to public health is yet another white-collar crime common in India. White Collar Crimes are difficult to prosecute because they often involve sophisticated systems and even many different people. The government of India has introduced various regulatory legislation, the breach of which will amount to white-collar criminality. Some of these legislations are Essential Commodities Act 1955, the Industrial (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951., The Import and Exports (Control) Act, 1947, the Foreign Exchange (Regulation) Act, 1974, Companies Act, 1956, Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002.

The Indian Penal Code contains provisions to check crimes such as Bank Fraud, Insurance fraud, credit card fraud etc. The Reserve Bank of India has issued directions to be strictly followed by the banks under KYC (Know Your Customer) guidelines. The banks and financial institutions are required to maintain the records of transactions for a period of ten years. To tackle with computer-related crimes, Information Technology Act, 2000 has been enacted to provide legal recognition to the authentication of information exchanged in respect of commercial transactions.

Section 43 and 44 of the Information Technology Act prescribes the penalty for the following offenses:

• Unauthorized copying of an extract from any data
• Unauthorized access and downloading files
• Introduction of viruses or malicious programmes
• Damage to a computer system or computer network.
• Denial of access to an authorized person to a computer system.
• Aiding any person to facilitate unauthorized access to a computer. Though the focus of the Information Technology Act is not on cybercrime as such, this Act has certain provisions that deal with white collar crimes.

White Collar Crime in the Legal Profession

The white-collar crimes became a development to be reckoned with the industrial revolution. The modern industrial free enterprise that evolved with time became advanced in nature because it developed a growing business nexus among insurance, banking, stocks, and related company matters. This successively gave rise to crucial legal intricacies regarding property rights and different legal matters that paved the method for the birth of a replacement category of professionals of advocates who within the name of providing justice started abetting within the wrong

and thereby pursued their slender interest. an oversized variety of advocates evolved, who forget the pious oath of serving the society and commenced trying to find the legal loopholes and concentrated in the main in serving to out the wealthy entrepreneurs to grow richer. They made an extensive study to undertake out ways that for optimum evasion for these wealthy company personalities still as for themselves. The white-collar crimes committed by these legal practitioners solely reach in finding out contraband ways of tax-evasion. There are frequent instances of unscrupulous and unethical practices like that of fabricating false evidence, participating skilled witnesses, thereby violating moral standards of the legal profession and dilatory techniques in collusion with the ministerial workers of the courts. The instances of white collar crimes committed within the Indian society by the lawyers, there lie the shameful illustrations of Magistrates and judges concerned in committing crimes. They within the name of decoding the laws typically act because the protecting shield for the goons having or not having any political color and permit them to travel free whereas they must have been subjected to deterrence. it’s the foremost unfortunate scenario at constant time devastating because here the crimes are committed by those people who are being given by the State the responsibility to confirm justice.

White Collar Crime in Medical Facility

In India, the white-collar crimes are so widespread that it doesn’t confine itself within the legal arena. Similar unfortunate instances are often drawn from different professions too, like that of medical practitioners, engineers, educationalists, businessmen, politicians and therefore the list goes on. The medical practitioners are usually found concerned in the issuance of false certificates, carrying out illicit abortions, merchandising out sample medicine and drugs, even in some cases adulterated medicine and medicines to the patients. They usually adopt dilatory techniques in providing treatment to their patients with menswear to extract a vast quantity of cash, no matter the person has a good practice. several ill-famed instances have been seen, where the medical professionals put up before the society the optimum level of brutal character they will reach for the crave of making cash. Dishonorable and pretend promotional material claiming absolute cure is additionally one of the frequent malpractices being allotted within the medical profession. the matter lies within the incontrovertible fact that, they usually escape penalization, since they cannot be aforesaid to own desecrated the letter of law, but, by violating the spirit of the law, they commit crimes that are anti-social and creates monumental harm to the public health and safety at large.

White Collar Crime in Educational Institutions

The matter involves the white-collar crimes educational institutions do are available in the league to operate with freedom. A nastier role is played by the private institutions that are least bothered in providing the education, however only concentrate on creating a business at the price of a child’s future. Even rackets operate in these institutions for procuring students to appear within the examinations based on manipulated eligibility certificates, thereby damaging the quality of education in India. once it involves the Governmental institutions, the academics and staffs of the establishments are usually found to be involved in unscrupulous practices, since they will hardly build a fortune from the inadequate pay they receive from the government. academics typically drag the scholars for taking private tuitions and even move to the extent of blackmailing them of ruination their future, if they deny doing so.

White Collar Crime in Corporate Firms

There are solely a handful of instances of white collar crimes practiced in day to day life by certain professionals within the course of their profession. the most important role in committing white collar crimes are played by the business tycoons and politicians, whose greed and desires multiply with the additional they acquire. In India, whenever any major scandal involves the media focus, a thorough investigation continuously finds an unlawful involvement of political parties in it. so far because the businessmen are involved, their acts of white collar crimes go beyond count. they’re termed because the company criminals who often, are involved in felonious contracts, combination, and conspiracies of trade restraints, unfair labor practices, merchandising of adulterated foods and medicines, bribing of public officers so on and so forth. They cash in of the company veil and indulged during several crimes. The Satyam scam case is one of the worth-mentioning illustrations, wherever it had been seen how an individual, concealing himself within the veil of incorporation, take pleasure in defrauding crores of cash.