Category: Criminal Behavior

Introduction

The use of hate and violence can often result in unfortunate events for those involved, leading to strong emotions, uncontrollable behavior, and other actions motivated by negativity. Hate speech can also lead to violent and criminal acts, as discussed by the following articles in this paper. However, the restrictions that are often imposed on hateful rhetoric or actions can walk a fine line between protecting individuals’ rights and protecting the free expression of thoughts and opinions. Understanding the fine differences that separate hateful actions against hate crimes are important to distinguish because this helps us formulate better policies that ultimately protect all existing constitutional rights, while also ensuring peace and safety in a society characterized by multicultural values and other important individual differences.

Hate crimes are not a serious problem

In his article for the New York Times in 1999, Andrew Sullivan makes a peculiar argument about hate, hate crimes, and society’s way of dealing with them. Sullivan begins his article by seemingly trying to comprehend what motivated some of the most gruesome, senseless, and brutal hate crime killings in recent US history. Sullivan concludes his introductory paragraph by stating that, “for all the society’s definitions of hate, people still do not really understand it and are thus unable to approach and resolve the problem of hate in a meaningful way.”

According to, the New York Times says, Sullivan (1999) argues that hate is far less of a clear concept than prejudice, bigotry, or bias. He questions whether hate is meant to stand in for all these concepts or represent a combination of them. Here, Sullivan makes the mistake of making a false dichotomy. He argues that, if hate encompasses everything mentioned above, then the fight against it is quixotic or meaningless. If, on the other hand, hate refers to a specific object, then fighting against it would be unconstitutional (Sullivan, 1999). There are a lot more ways to categorize hateful behavior and subsequently deal with it than Sullivan would have his readers believe.

Among other things, this means that hate has evolved and so should our understanding of it. Throughout his article, Sullivan argues that figuring out what is hateful and what is not was a lot easier in the “good old days” (1999). Because it is hard to determine the delicate boundaries between hate, prejudice, bias, and anger, Sullivan thinks people should just grow a thicker skin and embrace hateful and racist behavior as daily parts of their lives. I strongly disagree with this sentiment, especially now, when our society is divided than it has ever been before. Instead of giving any kind of hate a giveaway, as Sullivan would seemingly have us do, our legislators, media, and ordinary citizens should strive to mitigate it as much as possible, if not eradicate it altogether.

Hate crime laws are unnecessary

Throughout this article, Hate Crime Laws Are Unnecessary in 1999 taken from Robert H. Knight’s testimony before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary and is in relation to the Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 1999. Knight testified as a representative of The Family Research Council and argued against the said law on grounds that it would give too much power to the federal government and infringe upon the right of free speech. The law was meant to give the Federal Government greater power in fighting hate crime. As Knight saw it, the law created special classes of victims and provided them with a higher level of protection than those who did not fall under these specially created classes.

According to Knight (1999), seeing the law would compromise free speech and equate it with hate speech. Knight brings to mention the popular novel 1984 and the concept of “thought policing”. While the author brings some insightful points in their article, drawing this kind of comparison is patently absurd. Knight seems to be especially concerned with the “normalization” of homosexuality, as he returns to this issue several times throughout the article (1990). The law said, according to Knight, “would make it a federal offense to say anything negative about homosexuality” (1999). Indeed, Knight states that “homosexual activists have characterized even mild formulations of opposing views as a proximate cause of violence” (Knight, 1999). Having the mindset of how terribly homosexuality had been treated in the past, I really have no objection to laws that would provide extra protection for them. Knight also bashes NGO agencies that are dedicated to gathering statistics pertaining to violence against the homosexual population. In the article, Knight dismisses their data as inconsistent and plainly wrong. In the final analysis, Knight seems to be bothered by the fact that homosexuality had begun to enter the mainstream of American society. He seems to be bothered by this a lot more than the actual law he is testifying against.

The definition of hate crimes should not be expanded

As its title implies, the third article argues that the current legislature is more than enough to deal with all violent crimes, including hate crimes. The article The Definition of Hate Crimes Should Not Be Expanded was written by Fred Dickey and originally published in the Los Angeles Times Magazine in 2000. Like previous authors, Dickey also begins his article with an anecdote involving an angry white man who had been convicted of hate crimes against women. As it turns out, Billy McCall (who is the man in question), is an unstable individual who is prone to lash out and attack indiscriminately in his fits of rage. Dickey (2000) used McCall as an example of the relative inefficiency of hate crime statutes and uses his case to argue against expanding the legal definition of hate crimes.

The core of Dickey’s article is the author’s claim that hate crime laws are a product of good intentions that ultimately do more harm than good. The author states that this kind of legislature is ostensibly aimed at punishing terrorists and high-profile hate crimes. Instead, the main offenders consist of poor and uneducated people who are more prone to “throwing punches than bombs” (Dickey, 2000). Basically, Dickey believes that the people who are most likely to be prosecuted for hate crimes will not even be aware that this kind of legislature exists. Furthermore, Dickey echoes Robert H. Knight’s statement about thought policing by claiming that prosecutors will go out of their way to link the offenders with racist beliefs and behavior.

While Dickey makes some solid points in his article, I am still left unconvinced that the US judiciary system should just ignore the fact that many of the violent crimes that happen are indeed motivated by hate towards “others”. Even though the expanded legislature may very well fail as a deterrent, it will still put the violent and hateful behind bars.

Alana Baranov’s (2016) view on hate crimes is that it starts with a spark and that it can grow out of proportion. Hate speeches do not only lambast one individual but the whole group that they represent, thus sparking an even bigger defense system that may involve violence. Baranov claims, that one should not stop the hate with hate (2016). It creates a cycle of vengeance and perpetuates hatred.

Thus, the Hate Crimes Working Group has stepped in to educate people about the dangers of provoking hate crimes by coming up with laws that make acts of hate unacceptable. These initiatives are meant to be carried out with awareness campaigns starting from influencing young people to learn from history’s lessons of hate’s repercussions on mankind in order to build a brighter and more love-filled future. Baranov reminded readers of the dehumanizing effects of the Holocaust and genocide. Her suggestion is to nip the suggestion of hate in the bud, meaning people should be vigilant in calling out anyone who makes a negative, prejudicial comment against someone. For some, it may start as a joke meant to offend someone as well as the group he or she represents. Baranov says this is also known as ‘identity crimes’ because it hurls pain and destruction at one’s identity (2016). She advocates respect and acceptance of diversity and does not tolerate slurs and racist remarks. People need to look beyond their differences and uphold each other’s dignity despite the negativity that may prevail around them. This can significantly help in healing from the wounds of the past and not further aggravate them by replenishing them with more pain due to hateful actions and words.

According to (Crime laws defined in Stop the Hate presentation Farmer, 2016) defined what hate crimes are, so that people may better understand hate crime laws. He differentiated hate crimes from bias incidents, with the former being crimes motivated by hatred towards a certain population, and the latter an act not involving a crime even if it is perceived as offensive. This distinction helps in evaluating acts of violence against others, whether through actions or words. Additionally, it assigns the appropriate fines and punishments, such as prison terms to each deemed as a hate crime. Hate crimes are those meant to hurt others because of their differences from the offender such as the victim’s gender orientation, disability, race, etc., and is mostly considered discrimination. Towards the end of the article, Farmer mentions the need to also check into bias incidents, as perhaps these could lead to hate crimes if not suspended from the onset (2016). The author encourages sessions discussing hate crime prevention so that more people can understand its devastating effects on the human spirit.

Hate crime laws

This last article from Issues and Controversies (2019) questions the effectiveness of Hate Crime Laws. Hate crimes in this article are defined as crimes motivated by the offender’s bias against the victim’s “race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender or gender identity” (para. 1), which echoes the two other articles’ inferences that such crimes are very discriminatory and prejudicial. This article is lengthier than the other two, detailing findings of hate crime, such as the percentages allotted to categories of biases that motivated the crimes. As of 2017, it was found that the greatest motivator is racial discrimination, followed by religious differences and sexual orientation. Some hate crimes are motivated by the offenders’ biases against gender identity, gender, and disability. The rise in the prevalence of hate crimes has been attributed to the presidencies of Obama and Trump, and these are debated upon by their respective followers. However, the focus of the article was on hate crime laws such as the Hate Crimes Prevention Act (HCPA) which was passed by Congress in 2009. Such laws advocate severe punishment for crimes motivated by discrimination against the victim’s race, color, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability. However, there are also people who question it, because it penalizes the offender’s right to free thought and speech.

A thorough discussion of hate crimes that persisted throughout history was presented in this last article Issues and Controversies (2019) chronicling several events that raised much outrage on the trampling on the victims’ dignity. Such dehumanization has pushed authorities to protect the victims and sanction the perpetrators. Most of these crimes were caused by racial prejudice. Later, it spread to various other discrimination issues. Hate crime laws came to impose more severe punishments on the offenders, and those opposed to it defended their stand as a just exercising of their freedom of speech and thought as they voice out their negative opinions of people and issues. For them, being restrained from doing so may be considered a crime, violating the First Amendment of the United States Constitution encouraging the freedom of speech as well as the Fourteenth Amendment which advocates for equal protection of the laws.

Although hate crime laws have become a sanctuary to victims and the marginalized, offering them comfort and security, it continues to be controversial in the face of its opponents. Lawmakers continue to find the best measures to address hate crimes so that they are significantly lessened, if not eradicated, without sacrificing the right to free speech and thought. In all three articles, it is maintained that violence is not a solution and human dignity should always be upheld regardless of a person’s identity, culture, and orientation. That remains to be the most significant of human rights.

Picture a society that doesn’t believe in rape culture, they don’t joke about serious issues such as sexual assault, they don’t use misogynistic language and objectify a women’s body, they don’t glamorize the idea of sexual violence, they don’t disregard a women’s rights and their safety, they don’t refuse to acknowledge the harm caused by sexual violence and they don’t trivialize rape.

I have a strong belief in fairness and justice for those victims of rape culture. Rape culture perpetuates the belief that victims have contributed to their own victimization and are responsible for what has happened to them. This makes it seem as though rape and sexual assault are acceptable when in fact it is the opposite. Rape culture should not ever have been and should never be acceptable.

Sexual assault case statement made by the Chief Judge, he argued, “because the victim wore very, very tight jeans, she had to help him remove them, and by removing the jeans it was no longer rape but consensual sex. This became known throughout Italy as the “jeans alibi” (‘Denim Day’, 2020). Victim blaming is a devaluing act that happens while the sufferers of a criminal offense or an accident are held liable for crimes that have been committed in opposition to them.

Why should someone be blamed for something they did not deserve?

I’ll tell you why, these perpetrators believe that just because the victim wears provocative clothing, is by themselves in a street at night, or is getting drunk on a night out that a victim wants to be sexually assaulted.

The poor victim that had to endure the pain of not only the physical abuse but mental abuse that will affect them for the rest of their lives. The victim experiences shame – internalizing some of the emotional and mental injury perpetrated; that is in addition to how the abuse, such as physical or sexual, may mark a sufferer physically. (Schroeder, 2020).

While being masculine isn’t automatically a negative trait, the expectations and enforcements that lead an individual to act as “tough” as possible are often linked to several negative phenomena, including body image issues, the suppression of emotions, and violence against women. Toxic masculinity, therefore, leads to a society where the victimization of women and empowerment of men is normalized and accepted in an exceedingly widespread manner, also known as key elements, to rape culture.

One of the fundamental ideas at the guts of “rape culture” is that the concept of rape is inevitable, men can’t help themselves, and ladies must consequently work to protect themselves against it. In the context of rape culture, the concept that men are entitled to sexual experiences is deeply entrenched. The UN researchers discovered that this mindset is pervasive among the rapists they surveyed. many of the men who acknowledged that they had sexually assaulted someone else, greater than 70% stated they did it due to “sexual entitlement.” 40% said they had been angry or wanted to punish the woman and approximately half of the men stated they did not feel even a pinch of guilt.

Society is told “don’t get raped” rather than “don’t rape”.

The 1970s was one of the most terrifying decades for America, the most notorious and dangerous serial killers ran wild during this decade. One gripping serial killer that made everyone’s stomach twist at the call of his name was Theodore Bundy. Bundy was very different from everyone else in a strange and dark way. The man with the world at his fingertips; He was smart, outgoing, and handsome, but behind the disguise was an absolute nightmare. Theodore Bundy was the epiphany of true evil, killing many young women in the 1970s, causing a public uproar that led to his execution in 1989 and justice for the victims of the devil himself.

On November 24th, 1946 in Burlington, Vermont, Eleanor Cowell gave birth to who no one knew at the time would become the most threatening serial killer of all time. Theodore Bundy never had an easy life. Bundy never had the chance to know who his real father was. His mother married a man who went by the name of Johnnie Bundy in 1951. As Ted Bundy grew up he lived with his grandparents; he was told that his mother was his sister. In those times, not having a father was rather odd. Theodore was bullied and ridiculed in his early school years. The Biography of Ted noted that from a very young age Ted Bundy was always intrigued with knives and darker materials. Bundy from the exterior looked like any normal young boy, however, he was fighting his own demons inside.

Ted Bundy graduated from the University of Washington in 1972 with a degree in Psychology. After Bundy graduated in 1972, he was looking to further become a lawyer by attending law school in Utah, however, the beginning of his serial killer ways arose and he would never finish law school. While Theodore attended the University of Washington according to The Biography of Ted Bundy, he dated and fell completely in love with everything he wanted in life. This woman was beautiful, had money, class, and influence. Bundy fell in love with her and the materialistic things she owned in her life. Ted Bundy was destroyed after their breakup. Many victims of Bundy had similar features to his ex-lover.

January 1974 was the beginning of a true nightmare. The rampage of the devil had begun. Early beginning of January, Theodore Bundy killed his first victim, Karen Sparks. Karen Sparks was an eighteen-year-old student at the University of Washington. He broke into her apartment while she was sleeping and beat her with a rod. He sexually assaulted her and eventually killed her that night. The very next month Theodore Bundy struck on a very well-known young woman in the community. Lynda Ann Healy, 21, lived in the University District of Seattle, where the main campus of UOW was located. Lynda Ann Healy did the daily ski report on the radio. He abducted her and then strangled her to death. The sad body of Lynda Ann Healy “was later found on Taylor Mountain outside, located about 25 miles outside Seattle”(Canning, 5). Theodore Bundy killed many women in Washington and Utah. He began killing young college women left and right.

Ted Bundy murdered around 36 women that we know of. There have been rumors and investigations that prove he in fact killed way more women than anyone thinks. Not just a serial killer, Bundy saw himself as an actor playing a role. That is exactly what Ted Bundy did. At first glance, a lot of women thought he was very attractive and it drew them to him immediately. Ted Bundy was known for driving the same yellow Volkswagen Beetle. Bundy most times would dress himself up to look injured and ask women for help. He would be charming and trusting to these women. He knew how to lure the women in. Detectives, who were receiving hundreds of tips a day, dismissed the suspicions, thinking that a law student could not possibly be the perpetrator. Theodore Bundy was truly conveying. He would lure women to his car then sadly sexually assault them and kill them. His charming ways toward everyone even helped him escape. Theodore Bundy was on the FBI’s Most Wanted List and yet he was still able to escape from jail twice. In jail, he was able to build trust with outsiders, gaining a legion of women who fell in love with him. Theodore Bundy was very intelligent with how he could talk to people. He was very confident in himself and knew how to play his own game.

Theodore Bundy escaped court two times. In 1977 police finally started to link Theodore Bundy to crimes. On the night of his capture, Bundy was driving his Volkswagen Beetle. The police pulled him over and asked him to search his car. In the Biography of Ted, they bring up what they found in Theodore Bundy’s vehicle,” The following year, he was pulled over by crowbar, a face mask, rope, and handcuffs”(A&E Television Networks, 13). Theodore Bundy was then linked to the Murder of Caryn Campbell. Ted Bundy was charged with first-degree murder. He was then transferred from Utah to jail in Aspen, Colorado to hold a trial. Bundy eventually was allowed to assist in his own defense, he had the right to use the library whenever he wanted. On June 7, 1977, Ted Bundy jumped from the second-story window of the Pitkin County Courthouse with the motive to escape. He ran for the mountains and made his first official escape. He was captured eight days later. In December Bundy escaped from prison yet again, he climbed out of a self-made hole in the ceiling of his cell, having dropped more than 30 pounds to fit through the small opening. The authorities did not discover that Bundy was missing for 15 hours, giving the serial killer a big head start on the police. On that last escape, Bundy made his way to Tallahassee Florida on January 14, 1978. He broke into the Chi Omega Sorority house and attacked four of the young female residents, killing two of them. On February 9 Bundy kidnapped and murdered a 12-year-old girl named Kimberly Leach.

Ted Bundy was not able to kill all of his targets. However, the ratio of him successfully murdering the poor victims to failing was very drastic. There was a survivor of the devil in the 1970s. Carol DeRonch was eighteen at the time and despite hearing all the rumors about a serial killer, wasn’t afraid to go in public alone. On November 8th, she drove herself to the mall and entered a bookstore. Shortly after arriving at the mall, she was approached by a police officer or so she thought. He seemed like any other officer. The police officer warned her that someone had tried to break into her car. Carol DeRonch noticed all of the signs were there; he had smelled like alcohol, he was driving a bug instead of a patrol car, and there was nothing missing from her car. However, the 1970s were a different time and since he had a realistic badge, she decided to trust him. DeRonch followed him and got into his car. Carol felt eerie the whole time and noticed things were going south until he was pulled over by an elementary school. She noticed that the handles on the passenger side were easily accessible. Carol began to panic and he cuffed one of her wrists to the handle inside the car, holding her at gunpoint, and threatened to kill her. Carol DeRonch stated that she “ had never been so frightened in her entire life …whole life went before my eyes”( Mederios, 5). Carol fought with every dying breath and finally ran away from the monster.

Bundy’s final act on the run was a high-speed chase in Pensacola, Florida. He was in a stolen vehicle, with 21 stolen credit cards, that marked the end of his murderous crimes. The most crucial evidence that helped connect Bundy to the two Chi Omega murders at FSU, was bite marks on one of the victim’s bodies. They were a definitive match to Bundy’s. In July 1976, he was convicted for the two society murders at FSU and was given the death penalty twice. He received another death sentence in 1980 for the murder of Kimberly Leach. ​Ted Bundy’s death and execution was a famous, national event for onlookers outside the prison gates and millions of viewers watching from home. “Burn, Bundy, Burn!” adorned protest signs and comprised the chants of hundreds. After nine years in the Florida State Prison, on January 24, 1989, Ted Bundy was put to death by the state of Florida. Within minutes, two thousand volts surged through the wires. Bundy’s body tensed and his hands tightened into a clinch. The most notorious killer was dead.

Theodore Bundy was one of the most notorious killers in American History. On the outside, he may have been a charming, attractive, and intelligent man, but on the inside, was a terrifying world. He defined darkness. Theodore Bundy was the epiphany of true evil, killing many young women in the 1970s, causing a public uproar that led to his execution in 1989 and the justice for the victims of the devil himself.

Rape is a very sensitive topic that has a lot of meaning behind it. The definition of rape online is “ unlawful sexual activity and usually, sexual intercourse carried out forcibly or under threat of injury against a person’s will or with a person who is beneath a certain age or incapable of valid consent because of mental illness, mental deficiency, intoxication, unconsciousness, or deception.” (Merriam-Webster). Unfortunately, the only people who are aware of rape are those whose loved ones have experienced this. Which should not be the case. As a culture, we need to take a stand and change the culture.

It becomes a hot topic when you start realizing this happens all around and not many open up to admit it for several reasons. Because now the word “rape” is considered a joke. People who have been rapped are 3 times more likely to suffer a major depressive episode due to the trauma of sexual assault. According to Suicide.org., over 70% of women let their partner seduce them when they don’t want to. Seventeen percent of American women have been victims of sexual assault at some point in their lives. Only 39% of rapists get reported to the police, and only 3% of them go to jail. About 13% of the rape victims commit suicide (Caruso).

There have been different occasions where rape has been taken as a joke, the first time she got rapped, her boyfriend broke up with her because she had “cheated on him. He put a knife to her throat and told her he would kill her if she said she didn’t want to. When she wanted to report him, people told her she couldn’t because she didn’t say “no” to him. At least half of the babies that at born to minor women are fathered by adult men. With at least 10 or more age difference. Now girls aren’t able to wear skirts without them saying “she’s asking for it.” When she went to a party when she was 14 and wore a skirt and a guy kept touching her butt all night, her mother said it shouldn’t have happened if she wore sweatpants. When a 16-year-old girl who had her first orgasm while getting raped, had to watch her 34-year-old rapist go free because she had an orgasm. When a guy friend told her and her friends he had gotten raped by a woman when he was 12, a “friend” laughed at him and he said he should be happy he got laid at a young age. Her 17-year-old best friend’s parents let her 14-year-old brother walk outside till 12 pm, but she has to be home at 9. A guy from her old school got raped by another guy, but because he is gay, they said it’s not considered rape. A 19-year-old lesbian got raped by a guy, and didn’t go to prison because “ he only tried to turn her straight so she would be accepted by her parents.” In some cultures, girls & boys are still getting thrown out of their families because some guy/ girl sexually assaulted them. They’re still teaching girls to walk faster at night instead of teaching a guy they shouldn’t rape. Because I have to explain “rape”, it makes me angry.

There are times people think they can handle rape if it happens to them. But if they don’t report it, there could be another victim after them. We live in a culture where men feel that reporting rape is a weakness because a man’s sexual encounters should always be seen as positive no matter what. Society doesn’t create a safe place for men who have been abused. Women on the other hand are often mocked or blamed when they share their stories. It even gets more complicated for individuals who identify as LGBTQ. It can happen between families and friends, making it even more difficult to speak up.

Rape happens all the time and people don’t realize it and often when they do people don’t take it seriously. People need to understand that it happens more often than thought. We need to create a world where it needs to be taken seriously. They say that education is one of the most powerful tools to change anything and to take a stand. We need to express ourselves and share our stories. Silence only hurts us. When we don’t talk about it rape continues. When we don’t talk about it suicide happens. Educating people about rape will save lives.

Introduction

Closed-circuit television or as we know it CCTV is the system that helps you to keep an eye on your business, which allows you to see what’s going on inside and around the premises of your business. The use of a monitor and cameras installed around the premises enables you to see events live as the action is happening and allows you to record the footage so you can archive it for future reference. This technology has been around for a number of years but recent improvements made this system more effective at capturing criminals during the crime, the recording of the action could be also used as evidence against the offender.CCTV could supply benefits to the business whether they want to detect any type of crime or to keep an eye on employees. These systems helped in increasing use in law enforcement in different types of issues, from traffic observation to observation of high-crime areas and domestic communities. It is stated that around 65% of the CCTV cameras are installed in Asia as different human activities influenced the locals to use surveillance camera systems.CCTV providers argued that this technology is effective at solving and deterring crime, this could provide enough protections that the individual’s right to privacy could fairly be weighed against the benefits of surveillance. In Europe, the European Convention on Human Rights protects the rights of the individual including the right to privacy.

The use of CCTV and its advantages

During the years, CCTV systems made a huge improvement not only in their capabilities but also to connect with other security technology. Several statistics are showing that the rate of crime is increasing significantly and each year, businesses and homes are being the main target of various robbers and thieves. This shows that nowadays, public and personal security is of paramount importance. Although there are many different systems and ways how one can secure their property or business, CCTV is still the most used technology and the most effective tool in preventing crime. With improvements that were made during the last decade, it is easier that one can install a CCTV as the problem of wires, monitoring station and DVR is not an issue anymore. Nowadays they store the recordings in the cloud and have remote monitoring capabilities which could easily allow the user to keep an eye on what the camera is recording with an application on the mobile phone. It is normal that one notices that CCTV cameras are common in the business areas and in public spots but according to studies it shows that a low majority of people install a surveillance system in their homes which gives an advantage to burglaries and thefts in residential properties.CCTV cameras are one of the most considerable options in improving security and keeping an eye on a vast area.CCTV is a handy option in deter criminals, as it is normally that thieves usually target easy places and when they notice a surveillance camera covering the property, they will surely move for another option. According to statistics carried by the FBI, one of every three houses that are unprotected has a high risk of being burglarized while those protected by CCTV have only one chance out of 250 houses at risk. The same goes for shoplifting and petty fraud, according to NASP, yearly in America, business owners lose around 13 billion dollars in goods because of shoplifting.CCTV helps to decrease this loss to the owner as proof shows that not only the shoplifting will decrease from the shop but also sales will also increase. Having a surveillance camera around your premises really helps as they also provide evidence in cases that were recorded which will help the investigators to understand exactly what happened. With CCTV, crimes could be solved sooner and easier which will help in location, time, and suspects identification. This will also help in prosecution, as criminals recently are prosecuted with the evidence that is collected through the security cameras. In court, they consider the evidence collected from security cameras as an essential element of prosecution which also helps in improving safety to the society as they are finding people guilty from records taken from these cameras.

Disadvantages and restrictions of CCTV

CCTV brings with it a lot of advantages but it also provides some disadvantages. One of the main disadvantages is breaching privacy. In a business such as shops, customers and employees might find a problem that they are being filmed and that they are under surveillance constantly. This could make the employer thinking that he’s not trusted which is not a good dynamic. If one wants to install CCTVs in his business, the employers must be informed and given an explanation why they are being used, for their own safety and security. Another drawback is that CCTV cameras can only record a limited area. In a robbery, the criminals could vandalize the system in several ways like spraying on the lens and sticking gum. Also because some cameras are flexible, the offender could rotate and change the angle of the camera so he cannot be recorded. Like any other technology, surveillance cameras are vulnerable which could be a big obstacle to those who are planning to install these cameras. There are certain criminals, who are determined to commit the crime no matter what, that’s why with their knowledge, they could easily disconnect or access the CCTV system. This brings with it some thinking on how to improve your safety so your system won’t tamper, such as buy your camera from a trusted manufacturer. While it is proven that with the presence of CCTV criminal activities had decreased or almost every time helps to identify the offender, alone they cannot prevent and stop crime, it can only capture the offense and crime being done.CCTV cannot do anything about it, the least it can do is to detect an alarm system that can inform the authorities. This shows that CCTV cameras aren’t the best way to stop crime on spot, while it is done. Because CCTV increased the information that they contain, it increased the risk that the system could be hacked. Hacking will lead to privacy issues such as taking images that were captured and will go around on the internet. It is difficult to protect the system from hacking as all systems that are connected to a network, will be exposed for hackers to hack the system from outside locations.

Improvements in the future

To keep premises secure and the guard will continue to be the main challenge over the years and throughout the years, CCTV cameras improved in their quality and in their main aim. that to protect and to create security, thanks to advancement that the technology did in a short period. Those things that we meet every day will be evolving and these changes will surely affect our day-to-day life. Looking in the future of this system, we could easily see improvements that will surely help in reducing criminals on the roads and reducing time for the authorities to solve cases and to react immediately when a crime occurs. There is no secret that companies’ objective when investing in a surveillance system is to protect their business but that doesn’t stop criminals as they know what they can do to say unrecognized. In the future we will see businesses’ security cameras more effective as video analytics will be able to notice unusual behavior, preventing the crime to go further and inform the security staff. Different than just recording the scene, this will increase to intercept, manage and prevent thefts and robberies, giving the real definition and use of CCTV. Video analytics will also give crucial insights which will help businesses to make more reasoned decisions about their business as this will provide footage of customers’ attitudes in the stores and recording of the car park. This improvement will give back the companies the chance to expand their security and will behave in return the maximizing of the system.

When a crime occurs and a CCTV camera has the footage of the offense, the police will have to look at all the footage that was recorded to try to create the crime’s timeline. But now, it is proposed that new cameras with advanced analysis abilities will be tested. These cameras will include the facial recognition of a person in a crowd of people. These security systems will analyze the recording of the scene and will put every person’s face who was in the area on different screens and group them in different instances. This will then provide the operator to click on the face and will know what was that person doing at that time to establish if that person was involved or not. Together with this, the investigators would want to know what that person was doing before and after the crime was done, which usually takes some time to create as it needs a lot of tracing and questioning. This will reduce the time drastically as this allows them to highlight the person from the footage and will find footages recordings of similar people. As facial recognition will have a good rate of probability that it will match, a human operator will still be needed to have the final determination in the cases. It’s hard to predict the future of Wifi security cameras as they will evolve more in the future. In the near future, we could also see drones flying around our roads and noticing crimes before they will happen which could be networked with police offices and informing the authorities for an instant response.

Nowadays, we are living in a time where technology is taking over a huge part of our world. With constant improvements and advancements, technology is facilitating one’s life for the better. As for security, as previously discussed, a CCTV system is only one method how to provide surveillance. Having said this, there exist other methods to ensure security however similarly to CCTV systems, these also bring about their advantages and disadvantages. Taking for instance security guards and police patrol, both provide service to businesses and citizens. Businesses usually install CCTV systems to prevent crime as much as possible however for added security, businesses also hire security guards or may rely solely on security guards. Taking a supermarket as an example, a CCTV will provide reliable 24/7 service coverage and recording. The system cannot be threatened or disarmed, opposingly the system may be equipped with an alarm system that goes off when a crime is detected. Having a CCTV surveillance camera is a one-time cost device purchase that incurs only running expenses. Security guards are able to provide better visual observations as well as a multi-sensory response when a crime such as a break-in occurs. The latter may detect dangers and crimes before the CCTV captures the area being affected. Guards could also be equipped with guard dogs when necessary to detect other types of crimes that may not be detected through security cameras. Although security guards provide a good service, they could cost the companies more than installing a CCTV which is likely to cost around €150 while wages for security guards are calculated to cost more along a period of time within which they are hired. Similar to security guards, police patrol can be used to protect the citizens by making random checks around the streets of the locality. Also, councils can increase the number of streets lighting, to reduce unlit areas which are the main aim for thieves. In terms of cost, this will be more useful for citizens and they will be paid for by the government and they will be able to do without a personal CCTV camera. Another competitor to CCTV systems is the IP cameras. Seeing how these two systems work, an IP camera provides a relatively similar service but with different costs and advantages. While a CCTV is considered to be lower in price than an IP camera, calculations show otherwise. CCTV cameras also use more cabling and DVR which is restricted in terms of storage. IP cameras, in reality, cost less than CCTV and may hold more storage, therefore, using fewer cables. This will, in return, reduce the cost of cables whilst benefiting recordings with better resolution and higher definitions.

Conclusion

All things considered, a modest CCTV camera provides security and protection for citizens in their neighborhood as well as business owners and employees within their premises advancements in such systems, incorporating alarms and facial recognition can further help in concluding crimes. It can be noted that following an increase in CCTV installations especially at residences has helped for a substantial decrease in robberies considering these were quite popular even in broad daylight.

Since 1998, the estimated number of women sexually assaulted in the United States is a staggering 17,700,000. The percentage of alleged perpetrators that have walked free is even more alarming at 99%. Why are these numbers so incredibly high? What is causing this problem? Unfortunately, modern-day society has normalized sexual assault and rape on innocent victims through media and popular culture, and oftentimes even making excuses for the perpetrator. Because of this, society has developed a rape culture. Rape culture is an ongoing problem with increasingly harmful repercussions on our society if something is not done to change the mindset of the people.

Rape culture is an environment in which rape, non-consensual intercourse, is prevalent and in which sexual violence against women is normalized and excused. It is having the mindset that a woman’s body is an object and glamorizing sexual assault which creates a society that disregards women’s rights and safety. It is a culture in which the behavior of men is excused and even laughed at by saying, “boys will be boys.” It is a society in which making crude comments towards women is expected to be regarded as harmless flirtation and that women should be happy that someone is paying attention to them. It is a society in which making sexually explicit jokes is the norm. It is a culture in which pressure is placed on the male to “score.” It is a culture in which women are taught how to avoid getting raped rather than teaching men not to rape.

The potential causes of a rape culture are varied and controversial. Among the factors that contribute to this are the decreased status of women within a society, pervasive media exposure of sex, availability of pornographic materials, especially those involving acts of violence, inadequate information or misconceptions regarding sexual behaviors, and the prevalence of child sexual abuse. When boys are at a young age, they are taught to be more aggressive than girls. They usually enjoy playing rough aggressive sports, while girls choose to play less aggressively. As boys, they grow up and think that they should get anything they want or have things their way, and when it does not go their way, some tend to get violent. When boys get older, they are taught to have multiple girlfriends and to not get “tied down” by one girl when they are young. They are supposed to “play the field.” Some boys think it is important to date pretty girls so they receive more admiration or get more approval from peers when they are dating one. Meanwhile, girls are often taught that they should have a steady boyfriend and to guard their “reputations” because when girls tend to have multiple boyfriends, people look at them in a different way. They are more targeted. Men see women as objects, while women are raised to have no power in relation to men and taught that in order to be desirable, they need to be sexually submissive. Society has made the assault on women trivial and even blurred as to what assault really is. Many artists have written songs with lyrics such as “You know you want it” and commenting on the “blurred lines” of consent. There have been shirts with slogans such as It’s not raping if…., this is my casual rape shirt, and I’m feeling rapey.

One of the many consequences of rape culture is victim-blaming. So many victims that do speak out are being “assaulted” twice because it is turned back on them as victim-blaming. There are so many victims that are remaining quiet out of fear that something worse will happen to them. Comments are being made claiming that women ask for it, saying that it would do some women good to get raped, and asking what she was wearing that caused him to do that to her? Such comments are making victims scared to tell their stories because they are afraid that nothing is going to happen to the perpetrator when they do or that they will be blamed for their assault. Individuals are being judged and perceived as being responsible for what happened to them whether it be because they were drinking or what they were wearing. Jokes are made that “No” means “Yes.” There have even been websites opened and dedicated to the “support of athletes accused of rape” and accusing victims of being career destroyers. More often than not, victims are being shamed for being victimized rather than comforted and made to feel safe and secure. Many women live in fear of being raped, while most men aren’t disturbed by this at all and often do not even give it a second thought. Women fear walking alone at night if even just walking from the store to their care or from car to their home.

Another problem created by rape culture is doubting the assault. When a victim starts talking about a rape assault, a person’s first thought is that it didn’t happen because there are no bruising nor open wounds. In their minds, they are thinking it really did not happen, but rape can happen in different situations. People are starting to keep all the experiences and horror to themselves because not too many people are standing up and listening to them.

With women having to hold this in, it is causing more damage, but it is also making them feel unsafe. If our judicial system is not doing everything in its power to get the man behind the incident locked away, how can women feel safe? How can they live without fear? This is an ongoing crime because too many individuals are getting away with it more and more each day. There have been numerous cases of men being completely let off of all charges and the judge claiming that the young girl that was raped was “of a much older age due to maturity” and even some cases where athletes were set free because it would be unfair to ruin their lives because of one small misunderstanding. What is this saying to victims all over the nation? What is this saying to potential perpetrators?

Women who take a stand against sexual assault are often referred to as radical feminists. They are often coined as being irrational “man-haters” insinuating that because they will not sit back and let the dehumanization of women continue, then they must be against men altogether. This is another crippling problem associated with rape culture. The differentiation between feminism and toxic feminism must be made.

Women need to know that it is safe, and it is okay to talk to someone about their story. They need to know that someone is going to fix the problem. They need to feel empowered in situations like this because all their power and dignity have been taken from them. There is too much at stake if this societal change is not made. The number of women and children being sexually assaulted each year is increasing. Suicide rates among victims continue to rise. Depression and PTSD are multiplying at alarming rates. While our society continues to teach individuals how to stay safe, the pornography and sex trafficking businesses continue to multiply only making the problem worse.

Ted Bundy has proven himself to be one of the most infamous people in America’s history. How a young boy raised by his family could turn into such a rageful monster and commit murder after murder for over a decade astonishes many. Bundy’s childhood, educated background, clean-cut profile, consistent moving, and romantic relationships would all work in his favor to keep law enforcement unsuspicious of his actions. These aspects of his life, combined with the poor techniques of forensic analysis are what allowed Bundy to get away with his crimes for as long as he did. Ted Bundy undoubtedly posed a great challenge for the law enforcement of the 1970s. As a result of this, we have Bundy’s case to thank for our much improved forensic techniques, better communication amongst police nationwide, forensic odontology, behavioral analysis, and DNA profiles.

Theodore Robert Cowell, more popularly known as Ted Bundy, was born November 24, 1946, in Vermont. Birthed by a single mother named Elanor Louise Cowell, he was raised and cared for by his grandparents to avoid the stigma of having Louise known as a young single parent. In 1951, Louise married a man named Johnny Culpepper Bundy who was believed to be employed as a cook for the U.S. military. Upon marrying Ted’s mother, he then legally adopted Ted as his own child, thus changing Ted’s last name from Cowell to the infamous Bundy. As their marriage progressed, they ended up having four other children together. Bundy’s younger years seemed to be quite average, it was as he approached his teenage years and went to college that things started to take a turn (“Ted Bundy”).

He graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in 1965, and quickly thereafter enrolled at the University of Puget Sound. After only being at Puget for a year, he transferred to the University of Washington to major in Chinese. Changing his mind once again, he dropped out of college and later enrolled at Temple University located in Philadelphia for only a single semester. He then decided to re-enroll at the University of Washington but changed his major to Psychology. He even graduated with an honors degree, which ultimately led him to go back to the University of Puget Sound Law School in aspirations of pursuing a career in criminology or law (“Ted Bundy: Serial Killers”). Although by this point in his life, he had already discovered his true passion of attacking and burdening women, he did a great job hiding it from his peers and mentors at school (moving around helped him get away with this). When applying for law school at Puget, one of his previous professors from the University of Washington even wrote in a letter recommendation for Ted, “I regret Mr. Bundy’s decision to pursue a career in law rather than to continue his professional training in psychology. Our loss is your gain” (“Ted Bundy”). While he was tricking his professors into believing the outward personality he put on for the rest of the world, he was partaking in some of his own hobbies when nightfall approached.

Bundy’s first confirmed attack occured in January 1974. He broke into Karen Sparks’ apartment at night who was also attending the University of Washington, and brutally woke her from her sleep and began beating her before he proceeded to sexually assault her. His violent actions forced her into a coma for approximately ten days, but she recovered soon after. Sparks was one of the few lucky victims that survived Bundy’s violent wrath. Under a month later was when Bundy killed his first known victim. Lynda Ann Healy’s remains were found bludgeoned and mutilated at the Taylor Mountain Site located near the University of Washington (“Ted Bundy”).

From 1974 to 1978, Bundy would go on to murder a confirmed number of 30 women located in Washington, Utah, Colorado, and Florida. Playing off womans’ sense of compassion, Bundy traveled among the states pretending to have crutches and or an arm sling to lure women to help him carry things to his 1968 Tan Volkswagon Beetle. Once getting them to his car, he would hit them over the head with a pipe and handcuff them before throwing them into his car where he had removed the passenger seat so his victims could lay out of sight as he drove away. Another tactic he would use was pretending to be an authority figure such as a firefighter or a police officer to gain their trust before coercing them into his car (“Ted Bundy: Serial Killers”).

After he had performed whatever sexual acts he wished and further beaten up his innocent victims, he would often take their bodies home with him and display their heads and or bodies in his room whilst he slept to re-live the satisfaction he felt during his experience of killing them. He would leave their bodies in his apartment as long as possible until the stench of their corpses became unbearable. Bundy drove their bodies to several different locations. One of the most popular places he took bodies was mountain sites or rivers. Bundy spoke about how after dumping bodies he would sometimes miss the women so he would go back and visit the sites where he dumped the women in hopes of gaining more satisfaction from the experience (“Ted Bundy: Serial Killers”).

Meanwhile, he was wooing a woman by the name of Elizabeth Kloepfer, who he met in a bar in Seattle in 1969. A casual fling between the two romantics soon turned into a rather serious, long-lasting relationship. They moved in together and even went as far as getting a marriage license, but they never actually got married because Kloepfer was afraid of her father’s disapproval. As the years passed, Kloepfer stopped taking her birth control pills along the way which eventually led her to become pregnant with Bundy’s child. After much dismay, the couple decided that neither one of them was ready for a child so they terminated the pregnancy. Shortly after the termination, Kloepfer becomes suspicious of Ted Bundy and begins to wonder if he may be linked to the string of women being murdered. She reported him to the police in 1974, but they simply dismissed her remark, claiming that Bundy was too educated and seemingly normal from the outside perspective. The police were so convinced of his innocence, that when Kloepfter reported him two more times several months later, they still ignored her denying the fact that Bundy being guilty was even a possibility. Lured back in by Bundy’s charm, Kloepfer got back together with him in 1975 (Mitchell).

In August, Bundy was pulled over for a traffic violation. They pulled him over and searched his car seizing handcuffs, an ice pick, and a mask they found in his car. The police report even mentions how his front passenger seat had been removed. This lead to his arrest on suspicion of burglary. However, shortly after he was brought into custody he was freed on bond and went to live with Kloepfer once again. Police started catching on to Ted Bundy’s criminal actions, and Kloepfter finally cut him off when he was arrested several months later for the kidnapping and assault of one of his victims (“Ted Bundy: Serial Killers”).

He had only been held in jail for a year when he was transferred from a jail in Utah to Colorado for another trial. In this trial, Bundy refused a lawyer and decided he wanted to use his previous education in law school to defend himself. Because he was defending himself, he was allowed several minutes of alone time in a room located on the second floor of the courthouse. In the few spare minutes he had, he successfully jumped out of the window and freed himself. His runaway spree didn’t last long, however, as he was recaptured within one week. Once recaptured, Bundy’s smooth tactics enabled him to crawl out of a hole in the ceiling of his jail cell, thus escaping for the second time on December 30th, 1977. This time, however, he was not caught as quickly (“Ted Bundy: Serial Killers”).

Bundy managed to get a flight to Chicago, ride a train from Chicago to Michigan, and then drive south to Atlanta where he rode a Trailway bus to Tallahassee. A police officer told ABC News that after Bundy disappeared, “Detectives said, ‘He’s going to kill again. It’s just a matter of time. We don’t know where or when but he will kill again’” (Tate). On January 15th, Bundy made the detective’s prediction come true. At approximately 3:15 a.m., an intruder, later identified as Bundy, broke into the Chi Omega Sorority house holding a wooden club. He went up to the second floor of the house where he killed two and severely injured three other women living there. When police got the call and rushed to the scene, they found Karen Chandler laying down on the floor bleeding rivers from numerous head injuries. Still responsive, she informed the police that she had heard a loud banging noise and mentioned her roommate (Kathy Kleiner) to the police. The officer rushed into their room and found Karen. One of the Police officers said, “Her jaw was actually hanging off one side. It was only, only one hinge was still attached… she was in total shock” (Tate). Kleiner says she still remembers lying in her bed at that moment trying to put words together, to let out a scream, or just say anything at all, but she couldn’t. Her jaw was broken in three places. Although these two women were brutally beaten, they are actually considered to be the lucky ones because they were both fortunate enough to survive. Karen Chandler was rushed to the hospital where doctors informed her that she’d broken ‘pretty much every bone in her face, but that she was going to live. Kathy Kleiner was also rushed to the hospital where they reported that her jaw was broken, but that she also was going to survive.

At the same time, back at the house, lay the dead bodies of Margaret Bowman and Lisa Levy. Bowman and Levy had both been strangled and beaten to death, with bite marks left on Levies.

Bundy didn’t stop there, however, he proceeded to go down the street 4-5 blocks to a house located on Dunwoody Street, where a woman by the name of Cheryl Thomas was peacefully sleeping. He broke in through her kitchen window and proceeded to do to her what he did to all the women, abuse them to their death. From the few eyewitness reports that were given, several of them pointed towards Bundy, yet the police once again didn’t think he was the one in charge of the crimes. Still free, Bundy moved on to abduct and kill his youngest confirmed victim, a 12-year-old girl named Kimberly Leach in Lake City, Florida (Tate).

A month later from his escape, Bundy was apprehended when a police officer noticed a suspicious car loitering at night. Once being pulled over, he attempted to pretend to be someone else with the use of fake IDs, credit cards, and stolen license plates. He was taken into custody but it took him two full days to reveal his true identity. The police then gathered that Bundy had been staying in a rooming house just a couple blocks down from the Chi Omega house, thus linking him to those murders as well. He was then charged with two more murders and three attempts at murder. This officially marks the end of Ted Bundy’s career as a killer. He spent the rest of his time in jail until he was sentenced to death and died in the electric chair on January 24th, 1989, where he officially admitted to killing 30 people (“Ted Bundy”).

One of the most pressing questions about Ted Bundy is how he managed to maintain such a clean-cut profile and tricked everyone into believing his seemingly upstanding character meanwhile killing tens of people. One speculation is that his highly educated background and seemingly normal upbringing, it made him appear as a responsible and sane individual. On top of this, he always seemed to maintain some sort of romantic relationship with a female partner. This relationship may function as a cover. If Ted Bundy was able to actually love a woman and not show signs of wanting or attempting to kill her, that leads police to immediately disregard the chance that he could be the killer. Moreover, Bundy’s educational background in psychology enabled him to know what ques he needed to give women in order to gain their trust. For example, he played off of women’s sensitivities and compassionate sides to ask them for help before he lured them into his cars. He was also very educated on the process the Forensic departments went through when trying to catch and identify a criminal. He made sure to avoid detection by leaving little to no evidence that could be picked up by the 1970’s techniques (“Ted Bundy”).

The struggle of catching Bundy ultimately brought about several major changes in the way our forensic department works today. For example, Forensic Odontology, better known as forensic dentistry, didn’t gain national attention until 1978 when it was used to help bring Ted Bundy down. One of the few mistakes Bundy made in covering his footsteps was the huge bite mark he left on Lisa Levy. Researchers were able to take two dental molds of Bundy’s mouth and teeth to compare them with the bite marks left on her body. When his molds matched the bite marks, it was a huge turning point in the case. It was the first case in the legal history of Florida that was prosecuted on a bite mark testimony and the first time physical evidence linked Bundy to one of the crimes he committed (Hinchliffe).

Moreover, a DNA profile created of Bundy is now helping solve several unsolved cases from past years. David Coffman, the chief of forensics at the Florida Department of Law Enforcement, uploaded Ted’s profile into the FBI’s DNA database. The police were provoked to enact Bundy’s profile subsequent to being contacted by Tacoma police offers. The officers in Tacoma had aspirations to solve the cold case of Ann Marie Burr, an eight years old who vanished from her house in 1961. Bundy was rather young at the age of fourteen and was also living in Tacoma at the time of Burr’s disappearance. When constructing his profile, the police were lacking evidence on him, until they uncovered a vile of his blood that had been stored away for years and years. Once having a completed profile, many cold cases have now been linked to Bundy as the perpetrator. It is because of the finalization of his DNA profile that many families have found some peace knowing what happened to their missing victim and that the victimizer has been served justice (“Serial Killers, Part 2”).

Furthermore, Bundy desired a specific type of victim which police would soon catch on to with the use of a new assessment of criminals that we still implement today. Howard Teten and Robert Ressler are the two agents who were part of a “groundbreaking behavioral analysis unit set up five years earlier for precisely this purpose: To study the behavior experiences and psychological make-up of criminals and suspects for patterns and insights that may help solve and prevent future crimes” (“Serial Killers, Part 2”). In Bundy’s case, he typically looked for victims where young people gathered, such as colleges, beaches, ski resorts, and discos. He seemed to prefer young, attractive, women, specifically with long hair parted down the middle. This recognition of his desired targets enabled the police to associate more of the crimes he committed with his record (“Serial Killers, Part 2”).

To add to it, Bundy abused the fact that police departments did not necessarily communicate very well with departments in other states. He traveled across the state to state performing murders. When he left one state, and the murders magically stopped, the local police that had been focusing on the string of murders assumed the killer had either died or had been convicted of a smaller crime. When in reality, it was just Bundy avoiding being caught by moving from state to state. It took a while, but the authorities slowly began to connect the dots between the murders happening in different states. Once they realized the murders were extremely similar, they finally came to the conclusion that they must be committed by the same person. Now having realized this connection, they were able to take crime scene data from all of the murders throughout the nation and tie it back to Bundy, ultimately allowing for his arrest and death sentence. The capture of Ted caused the realization of the importance of communication between all of the states’ departments, which enables a more efficient and quicker way of capturing criminals (“Serial Killers, Part 2”).

Conclusion

Overall, Bundy was one of a kind in the era he lived in and committed murders in. The police had not been quite this challenged by a criminal in history up until this point. Bundy’s childhood, educated background, clean-cut profile, consistent moving, and relationship with Kloepfer helped keep law enforcement off his back. These characteristics, combined with the lack of DNA he left behind, poor forensic analysis techniques, and the mediocre communication amongst police departments from state to state, ultimately enabled Bundy to get away with murdering people for as long as he did. His case has immensely changed the way law enforcement catches criminals today. We now use DNA profiles, better communication between police departments in varying states, behavioral analysis, and forensic odontology, to prevent cases like Bundy’s from happening again today.

Theodore Robert Bundy, also known as Ted Bundy, was born on November 24th, 1946 in Burlington, Vermont. What his family did not know was that he was going to be known as one of the most popular American serial killers. Bundy kidnapped, raped, and murdered numerous young women and girls during the 1970s and earlier years. He confessed 30 victims, but the total is unconfirmed, meaning there could be numerous more that were not found or related to him. Bundy was raised by his “mother” who was his grandmother, Eleanor Louise Cowell, his father’s identity was never determined. Some say that the absence of his father figure could have contributed to what he had done. During the first few years of his life he lived with his maternal grandparents, who raised them as one of their own. Bundy was told from a young age that his grandparents were his parents and his mother was his older sister. Later on, he found his original birth certificate, finding out the truth about his family and expressing a lifelong resentment towards them. This makes me think that his home life had a huge impact on the way he acted and his mind. Apparently, he even acted out on strange behavior when he was as young as three, an example would be playing with knifes. Ted remained distant when his mother remarried, he was included, but did not have the desire to do anything with the family. While his family would go off and do things, he would roam around the neighborhood looking through trash barrels looking for naked pictures of women. He also used to watch crime stories that particularly had to do with sexual violence. During high school, he was well liked, but was also arrested twice on suspicion of burglary and auto theft. I feel that from a very young age, he displayed numerous amounts of unusual behavior such as his fasciation in sexual violence and the body of women. I think that since he was not around the family that often, it is possible that they could have missed it, but it seems like when he would act out the family would sweep it under the rug.

Bundy went to college for a while, but then proceeded to drop out and work minimum wage jobs. When he traveled back to Washington, he met Elizabeth Kloepfer, their relationship continued well past his incarceration. In the mid 1970s, he enrolled back into University of Washington, majoring in psychology where he was an honors student. On top of all the schoolwork, he took a job at Seattle’s Suicide Hotline Crisis Center. I think it is crazy that he majored in something like psychology and the job he had then went on to do all those things. This looks like to me that he wanted to learn psychology in order to help his acts that he performed against other women. He wanted to manipulate them, and this was something that helped him do so. In the fall of ’73, he got accepted into Seattle University School of Law. This was also crazy to me, it seemed that he wanted to know the ins and outs of the law and how to get around them. After attending the law school for a while, Bundy began skipping class and therefore, the school dropped him. Around this time, young women started disappearing in the Pacific Northwest.

There is no telling the amount of women Bundy truly killed, inside his mind he did not do anything wrong or even perform the murders or rapes at all, he convinced himself he never did any of those and for the longest time continued to deny, deny, deny. I watched a documentary about him, and it was fascinating how he convinced himself, the whole story is crazy or at least the information that we know. He seemed to always tell different stories and tell them to different people, it was hard to believe what he said, he did not confess until days before his execution which finally gave some answers to others. Apparently, he attempted his first kidnapping in 1969 in Ocean City, New Jersey, but did not kill anyone until the early 1970s. However, he also reported to someone else that he did kill two women in Atlantic City while visiting family. He also hinted to two other murders that involved hitchhikers in Seattle. In early January, he entered the apartment of Karen Sparks, an 18-year-old student. He sexually assaulted her He beat her with a metal rod, and sexually assaulted her, leaving serious long-term injuries. The next month, Bundy broke into a basement room, beating Lynda Ann Healy unconscious, dressed her into a different outfit, and carried her away. After this, female college students seemed to be disappearing like flies, the estimate was about one per month. On March 12, 19-year-old student, Donna Manson, left her college dorm to attend a concert that she never arrived for. In April, another student disappeared while on the way to a meeting, this was Susan Rancourt. There were numerous encounters where young female students left their dorms and never arrived to where they were supposed to be. Later on, other students reported a man wearing an arm sling asking for help loading books in his brown or tan Volkswagen Beetle. This was great that the students came forward with information, the description of the car helped, but there is a thousand of those vehicles. This seemed to be only the beginning for these investigators.

The police departments were grew increasingly concerned and seemed to be getting nowhere. I mean after all; he did not leave behind physical evidence and there were no connections between the women missing. On the first day of June, Brenda Ball disappeared after leaving a tavern. People reported her last seen in the parking lot with a brown-haired man with his arm in a sling. I feel that this also contained an important detail, which was brown hair and the sling. They could connect the sling to the earlier reports, but it seems like the details of this case were pouring in very slowly. A week or so later, another girl, Georgann Hawkins disappeared while walking down a brightly lit alley. The next morning homicide detectives went to that alley, combed through it and found absolutely nothing. After the last disappearance was brought to the public, witnesses came forward reporting that they saw a man in the alley who was on crutches with a leg cast, struggling to carry a briefcase, then proceeded to ask for help to put the case in his Volkswagen Beetle. After this, I would imagine that the departments started making all sorts of connections with the disappearances. During this period of time, Bundy was working at Olympia as the Assistant Director of the Seattle Crime

Prevention Advisory Commission, where he wrote a pamphlet for women on rape prevention. This part really blows my mind, I cannot believe he did all these things to those women and would go to his day job and write about rape prevention, it truly baffles me. He also got involved with the DES, this agency in involved in the search for the missing women. I could see how this could hide his tracks, he put himself in the efforts to find these missing women and had a creditable job. I cannot tell if he was being ahead of the game or if he truly did not believe he was doing anything wrong.

Fear was instilled and spread among the public, all the information was released as to what to look out for and to be cautious when being out late. Shortly after, there were two broad daylight abductions of two women off of a crowded beach. Witnesses came forward describing the look of the kidnapper, the vehicle, and also that he went by the name “Ted”. To me, I feel that this would be a huge break in the case, not enough to completely catch Ted, but it was a great start. The police provided a sketch, putting that sketch all around asking if anybody had seen a person that looked like that. Elizabeth Kloepfer, who was a DES employee and a “partner” or “lover” of Ted’s, reported Bundy to the police, recognizing the sketch. With his record, the detectives completely blew Bundy off. A new string of homicides began in September, numerous young women disappearing and being raped. Kloepfer reported Bundy again after reading that young women were disappearing in towns that surrounded Salt Lake City. She was then interviewed in detail. During this time, Bundy rose high on the suspicion list. He was put in a photo lineup and the witnesses that came forward did not identify him. Bundy then continued his criminal activity, but was aiming it eastward this time, from Utah to Colorado. He then proceeded his killings, beatings, and raping’s of younger women. On August 16th, Bundy was finally arrested by Utah Highway Patrol, Bundy was cruising then he saw the patrol and quickly tried to speed out of the area, thus getting pulled over. Based on the condition of the car’s seats, the patrol officer searched the car and found various things from a ski mask, a rope, an ice pick, etc. Sadly, for the police, they had to release Bundy because they did not have enough evidence to keep him. Looking back on this information, I cannot believe how easy it was for Bundy to get away, he was very smart in terms of covering his tracks.

Bundy went on to sell his Volkswagen Beetle to a teenager, but the Utah police went on to impound it and the FBI searched it where they found hair samples of one of his victims. Bundy was then put in another lineup; except this time, he was recognized. There was more than enough evidence to charge him for aggravated kidnapping and attempted criminal assault for one case, but his bail was set, and his parents bailed him out. In February of 1976, Bundy stood trial for what he was charged with previously and was sentences to one to fifteen years in Utah State Prison. In October, he was found hiding in the prison bushes with an “escape kit”, then was sent to solitary. The beginning of June, Bundy was transported to Garfield County Jail for a preliminary hearing. During a recess, he escaped through the library window proceeding to find a place to hide. After much desperation and giving up, he went into town and was recognized, landing himself back in jail. Late December, Bundy then broke through the ceiling, changed into street clothes and then escaping, again. The jail’s crew did not discover the escape until noon the day after, Bundy was already in Chicago. He then found his way to Tallahassee, Florida and decided to stay. A week after his arrival, he terrorized young women of FSU’s Chi Omega sorority house. Sexually assaulting and beating numerous young women. With growing paranoia, Bundy fled driving westward. A few days later, he was stopped by a Pensacola police officer after a check on the vehicle he was driving, the officer then proceeded to arrest Bundy and take him to the jail. Bundy then stood trial for the sorority homicides, they convicted him for three counts of attempted first-degree murder and two counts of burglary. Six months later, a second trial took place for in Orlando, for an abduction of another one of his victims. He was found guilty once again for the abduction and murder of Kimberly Leach. During this trial, Carole Ann Boone, a former coworker, testified on his behalf for both trials, and was asked to marry him in the middle of the courtroom. On February 10th, 1980 he was sentenced to death by electrocution for the third time. Days before his execution, he admitted to 30 killings, in grave detail, he confessed to detectives all the things he did to those young women. Bundy died on January 24th, 1989 by the Raiford electric chair.

I have read many books and watched a few documentaries about Ted Bundy, his case was one of the most interesting to me. I was even more interested after watching a Netflix documentary about him, the actors putting a visual on what he did was crazy. A downside for me was how long it took him to get behind bars and to stay that way, he escaped twice and got away with so much, but that is not necessarily the detectives and police departments fault. I could not imagine someone like this being on the loose right now, thinking about how well he hid himself and how he never left evidence is scary. I haven’t read much on American serial killers, but Ted Bundy was one of the smartest and craziest to me, I could go on and on about this case, there is so much detail and so much information.

Works Cited

1. Dielenberg, Rob. “Ted Bundy: A Visual Timeline (Hi-Res) Sampler.” Academia.edu, www.academia.edu/30617453/Ted_Bundy_A_Visual_Timeline_Hi-Res_sampler.
2. “FindLaw’s United States Supreme Court Case and Opinions.” Findlaw, caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/479/894.html.
3. Jenkins, John Philip. “Ted Bundy.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/biography/Ted-Bundy.
4. Montaldo, Charles. “Biography of Ted Bundy, Serial Killer.” ThoughtCo, ThoughtCo, 17 Aug. 2019, www.thoughtco.com/profile-of-serial-killer-ted-bundy-973178.
5. OpenLibrary.org. “Ted Bundy.” The Internet Archive’s Open Library: One Page for Every Book, openlibrary.org/subjects/person:ted_bundy.
6. Piel, Jennifer. “Serial Killers: The Psychosocial Development of Humanity’s Worst Offenders.” Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 1 Dec. 2015, jaapl.org/content/43/4/541.
7. Rule, Ann. The Stranger Beside Me. www.murders.ru/Ann_Ru_stran_vnytre.pdf.
8. “Ted Bundy.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 28 Aug. 2019, www.biography.com/crime-figure/ted-bundy.
9. “Ted Bundy.” FBI, FBI, 30 Nov. 2010, vault.fbi.gov/Ted%20Bundy%20.
10. “Ted Bundy: Serial Killers: Crime Library.” Crime Museum, www.crimemuseum.org/crime-library/serial-killers/ted-bundy/.
11. Kettler, Sara. “Inside Ted Bundy’s Troubled and Disturbing Childhood.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 30 July 2019, www.biography.com/news/ted-bundy-childhood.

Introduction

The most common problem is reducing gang wars in Canada. The Canadian government has consistent to reduce gang crime with applicable criminal laws. Though the criminal activities are increasing rather than decreases in the social platform, the main reason behind the criminal activities is a huge attraction in gang crimes. The government has tried to locate and detect all reasons before gang activities occur in social life. The government has taken many policies and builds a strong team to prevent this kind of gang crime activity. Recently, It was found that many of the gang crimes are directly related to politician’s support. Many of the youth are directly attract and involve in this kind of criminal activity. Easily money and power build these two are mainly the backbone of this underworld. They are not promoting crimes only also create terror in human daily life. The gang members have work on a perfect plan to achieve success in their mission. The assignment was based on ‘Canada criminal Justice’. The main target behind the case study is to prevent any kind of criminal activity and destroy the main chain of the system. In the assignment, it has assumed that youth involvement and their interest to promote terror in social life. If the government has to fulfill all the basic needs of the youth then it is easy to change the tract of the common youth people. The government has created a proper structure to prevent gang activities with youth involvement.

Discussion

The Canadian criminal jurisdiction plays a vital role to provide overall security, safety, maintain the productivity and wellness of citizens. The main highlighted part is to create a suitable and effective law for every citizen and prevent this kind of criminal activity in public life. The government has ensured its citizens to prevent this kind of terror in daily life. The government has introduced different kinds of laws and punishments to provide a better secure life for the nation’s people (Ferdous, Khan & Dulal, 2018). The whole process totally depends on proper structure and route map to prevent this kind of social threat. The government has completed a basic survey on this project. Ultimately, they found some suspicious things that mainly charged up the youth’s to join the gang of a mafia group. A study controlled by the ‘office of Juvenile Justice’ examined all related factors which generate illegal criminal activities in social. In this assessment, the chosen topic is Vietnamese youth gangs. The gang has maintained some rules and follow the proper structure before they engaged in any kind of criminal offense (Woodbury, Furimsky & Chaimowitz, 2018 ). The major problem is that they don’t reveal their gang policies. From many other topics, the chosen topic is more interesting and easy to analyze all the government laws.

The reason behind the criminal activities in the Canadian nation has depended on some politician’s support, competitive smugglers deals and greediness to achieve power in the nation. This assessment is based on Vietnamese youth gang activities. The assignment report has found that most criminal activities are encouraged and planning by Vietnamese gang involvement. In this case, one of the most interesting points has found that most of the criminal activities are the involvement of Vietnamese refugees. The Vietnamese refugees are living in a small place name ‘Little Saigon’.

The Canadian government has declared that 18 percent of total democracy and 49 percent of the Asian population are directly involved in the gang wars activity. The Canadian government has provided different policies to protect its citizens from criminal activities and gang wars. The social life is highly affected by criminal activities. Many of the cases some general casualties occur during the gang wars in public places. The Canadian government has improved its law structure and introduces some punishable laws to prevent criminal activities. The research has truly based on the general life of Canadian citizens and their problems. The gangs are developed by the common and general male Vietnamese. The age of the common gang members are between twelve to twenty-one age groups (Flannigan et al. 2018). This research has identified all related environmental issues that mainly influence the people in this kind of criminal activity.

Some non-governmental organizations are promoting education in this refugee camp to move back them in general life from criminal activities. Some youth development projects and skill development projects are also introduced by the Canadian government. In some correctional homes has provided skill development facility to the Vietnamese in their language or English. It is easy to differentiate two different groups based on their activities.

Canadian justice policies are best compared to other world nations. Many of the nations are follows the Canadian jurisdictional system and introduce the laws, rules, and regulations in their constitution. 99 percent of Canadian citizens are satisfied with all government crime-related policies, personal safety, and security.

In this assessment, it was found that the particular reasons behind the gang involvement.

It is easy to distinguish between non-gang people and gang members in this case study. In the first assumption, the gang members are more efficient in their work and believe in the traditional workflow. The head of the gang is also known as a gang leader or Don. The leader has maintained and follows the rules to select gang members for their team arrangement (researchgate.net, 2019).

The most important second definition is known as a social activity. One of the group members must be provided basic knowledge of social criteria. Through this process, it is easy to train other members and influence them to join this youth gang group. It is easy to motivate youth in this kind of activity and brainwash to change their correct track. The worst part is the Government could not locate the main gang leader due to his financial strength and foreign support. The definition is defined as the nature of the gang members. In this assessment, most cases of gang members are distracted from their real-life for the avoidance of government policy. But it is possible to identify the youth characters at an early stage and motivated them with proper guidance and education. The government has identified the current situation and rectifies them with an implication of proper law. In the case study, it was found that many youths are left their education in early life and join the gang movement. 12 percent of common youth people are traditionally joining gangs (Crocker, 2018). On the other hand, 85 percent are deflecting their track due to social disturbance.

The focus of the study is Vietnamese culture and the traditional behaviors in the gang. Through, the research based on cultural movement and non-traditional cultural aspects which help to promote youth gang development in Canada (Dawson, 2018). The most interesting part of this study is a mixture of three cultural traditions and five non-traditional culture hypotheses using build a strong gang involvement in social areas. Cultural hypothesis depends on cultural issues such as acceptance and people’s rejection of refugee Vietnamese.

One cultural hypothesis denotes that low Vietnamese identity is mainly involved in gang culture. They promote own cultures in gang activity to highlight their presence in Canada. On the other hand, non-cultural hypotheses are suggested to youth to join criminal gangs for their benefits (researchgate.net, 2019).

The above study has indicated that culture explanations are not important in the presence of known cultural tradition. The study has indicated that Vietnamese who refuse their origin identity and difficult to adopt American identities are not common Vietnamese youth. The belief is to locate the real identity of the Vietnamese gang members through their traditional behavior. Through, the above study has found the two major factors that easily identify the Vietnamese gang involvement (hsdl.org, 2019).

Conclusion

The above study has pointed out and highlighted all the reasons behind the youth involvement in gangs. The main reason is acceptance in the social environment and the negligence of the government system. Many of Canadian citizens are degrades the Vietnamese refugees and punish them with false case involvement. Many of them were lost their tradition due to proper behavior and education in different fields. The overall achievement of this assignment was a recommendation for a successful gang interruption program. The four recommendations found in this study. In this case first two of them are one is the prevention of gang involvement and another one is a rehabilitation of youth activity in gang involvement. It is important to gain an education and implication of the study to overcome this situation. Most of the NGOs have built a proper educational structure for backward class people to overcome youth gang involvement. The NGO creates a milestone to prevent gang involvement through their campaign.

Reference List

Journals

1. Ferdous, S., Khan, R., & Dulal, B. (2018). Application of Restorative Justice Theory in Aboriginal Criminal Justice Process in Canada: An Analysis. Retrieved from:
2. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/bitstream/123456789/68156/1/Ferdous_Application_of_Restorative.pdf [Retrieved On:02.10.2019]
3. Woodbury-Smith, M., Furimsky, I., & Chaimowitz, G. (2018). Point prevalence of adults with Intellectual Developmental Disorder in Forensic Psychiatric Inpatient Services in Ontario, Canada. International Journal of Risk and Recovery Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gary_Chaimowitz/publication/325961404_Point_Prevalence_of_Adults_with_Intellectual_Developmental_Disorder_in_Forensic_Psychiatric_Inpatient_Services_in_Ontario_Canada/links/5b2fe5abaca2720785e3a544/Point-Prevalence-of-Adults-with-Intellectual-Developmental-Disorder-in-Forensic-Psychiatric-Inpatient-Services-in-Ontario-Canada.pdf [Retrieved On:02.10.2019]
4. Flannigan, K., Pei, J., Stewart, M., & Johnson, A. (2018). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and the criminal justice system: a systematic literature review. Int J Law Psychiatry, 57, 42-52. Retrieved from:
5. https://canfasd.ca/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Flannigan.etal_.2018.FASD_justice_review.pdf [Retrieved On:02.10.2019]
6. Crocker, A. G., Martin, M. S., Leclair, M. C., Nicholls, T. L., & Seto, M. C. (2018). Expanding the early and late starter model of criminal justice involvement for forensic mental health clients. Law and human behavior, 42(1), 83. Retrieved from: https://psycnet.apa.org/journals/lhb/42/1/83.pdf [Retrieved On:02.10.2019]
7. Dawson, M. (2018). Femicide in Canada: Accountability and punishment. AC System, Femicide IX: Femicide, State Accountability and Punishment, 14-23. Retrieved from: http://www.violenceresearch.ca/sites/default/files/DAWSON%20%282018%29%20FEMICIDE%20IN%20CANADA%252c%20ACCOUNTABILITY%20AND%20PUNISHMENT.pdf Retrieved On:02.10.2019]

Online Articles

1. researchgate.net, (2019), Vietnamese youth gang, Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Matthew_Valasik/publication/322992665_Gangs_and_Space/links/5a7b5911a6fdcce697d74782/Gangs-and-Space.pdf [Retrieved On: 02.10.2019]

Websites

1. hsdl.org,(2019), Vietnamese youth gang, Retrieved from:https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=452207 Retrieved On:02.10.2019]
2. researchgate.net, (2019), Vietnamese youth gang, Retrieved from:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223640442_Understanding_Vietnamese_youth_gangs_in_America_An_ecological_systems_analysis Retrieved On: 02.10.2019]

Before feminism in the 19th century, society holds an old concept of gender inequality and gender roles; they did not respect the marginalized groups such as women and other racial groups. Men, in general, considered women as property. Sadly, over the years, even after the emergence of feminism—where people are now actively doing something to promote rights equality in all the concept persists; women are still objectified.

U.S. feminists coined the term ‘rape culture’ for the first time in the 1970s. Emillie Buchwald (1994) in her book Transforming a Rape Culture described rape culture as: “ a complex set of beliefs that encourage male sexual aggression and supports violence against women.” However, we ‘do note’ that men are also victims, truly everyone is, but the majority of victims of sexual violence are women. Rape Culture according to Kacmarek and Geffre (2013) in Rape Culture is: Know it when You See It in Huffington Post, Lynn M. Phillips stated that rape culture is a society in which dominant cultural values, media images, social practices, and social structures promote and endorse sexual abuse by ‘normalizing and eroticizing male violence against women and blaming victims for their own abuse.’

Rape culture exists because we refuse to believe that it does, which is why it’s important for us to know about it. We have all been socialized into a society that accepts, normalizes, and ads humor to sexual assault. By excusing acts such as catcalling, rape jokes, and victim-blaming, it supports violence against not only women but against all possible victims of abuse. Without us realizing it, this evil culture widely spreads in our community in many forms; images, jokes, TV shows, advertisements, and so on.

Rape culture is also becoming increasingly rampant in the Philippines, with even our president telling rape jokes, students sharing nude pictures of them or other students, and men masturbating in jeepneys while staring at women. And to bear sad news, the 2016 Philippine National Police records showed that there were 7,037 reports of rape, implying that 1 Filipino is raped every hour. However, a study by the U.S. Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network (RAINN) estimated that only 31% of cases were reported to police, and a measly 0.6% of offenders go to prison. This demonstrates that there is a need to improve our justice system and the way we handle rape cases. More attention needs to be given to this disease of an ideology.

Too few of a few people are beginning to take rape and sexual violence more seriously and the rest are just standing on the sidelines watching it happen. Too many victims have suffered, now it is etched in our minds that these occurrences are “just the way things are.’ but No it is a terrible and sickening way of thinking. As said by Prochuk (2013) rape culture persists, and “it is a root cause of violence and devastating form of violence in its own right”.

Our society normalized sexual violence as men’s basic instinct, and everything will come back to women’s fault for the violence that afflicted them. This is what we call victim-blaming. Rape culture tells women to cover their body parts, to cover up and wear ‘proper’ clothes, to not be seductive and appealing to men, and to always be careful because they are vulnerable. Rape culture teaches young girls not to get raped, instead of teaching young boys not to rape, giving women tips and tricks on how not to be raped, and so on, it’s like emphasizing that the responsibility of rape (or being raped) always lays on the hands of women, That the main reason for rape is women, and the fact that it is always the fault of women for being raped, we call this slut-shaming.

In the end, none of the rape prevention falls on the responsibility of the perpetrators – therapists. This just goes to show that we are very apologetic about rapists blaming everything but themselves – their surroundings, their peers, their past experiences, even the victim – and that we sometimes justify their actions and see them as the “real victims.” The truth is, there is no one to blame but therapists because it’s as easy as RESPECT and “NO MEANS NO”, but we fail to see this. Why? Just because they are our sons? Our fathers? Our good friends? Best friends? Our authorities? But what about our sisters? Mothers? The Victims who kept their mouths closed, minds shut as they were violated again and again in their minds, who had to live through if they are strong enough to the fact that this happened to them? Sadly victims of rape culture today usually and immediately resort to suicide without resorting to help, this is because of the violation and the humiliation that comes after, also caused by rape culture.

Rape culture is truly a terrible thing to live with, not just for women but for everyone else, yet not much importance is given, but our silence helps rapists get away with it. With all of that being said, Rape IS NOT A JOKE. Rape culture is a mean problem that has basic solutions. Adults should teach young children respect, Parents and Teachers should discuss matters of sex and hormones with teenagers and sex is for married couples only and that it must always be consensual, and as for each and every one of us, especially to my peers, sex is a God-given gift for married couples that we should not abuse, we should learn to have self-control and self-respect.

By doing these things, we would be able to gain personal, social, and global benefits. First, we would all feel more secure in our surroundings. Everyone would be able to wear and do what they want to, without being looked down on by society. We would all grow up to be more respectful towards others, allowing us to build stronger relationships.

Second, we would be able to protect the next generations from suffering the struggles that we face today, resulting in an improved justice system, one with better laws regarding rape and one that doesn’t discriminate against others.

Let’s start with ourselves to change rape culture for the better and eventually may even get rid of rape culture for good.