Category: Criminal Behavior

Introduction

Closed-circuit television or as we know it CCTV is the system that helps you to keep an eye on your business, which allows you to see what’s going on inside and around the premises of your business. The use of a monitor and cameras installed around the premises enables you to see events live as the action is happening and allows you to record the footage so you can archive it for future reference. This technology has been around for a number of years but recent improvements made this system more effective at capturing criminals during the crime, the recording of the action could be also used as evidence against the offender.CCTV could supply benefits to the business whether they want to detect any type of crime or to keep an eye on employees. These systems helped in increasing use in law enforcement in different types of issues, from traffic observation to observation of high-crime areas and domestic communities. It is stated that around 65% of the CCTV cameras are installed in Asia as different human activities influenced the locals to use surveillance camera systems.CCTV providers argued that this technology is effective at solving and deterring crime, this could provide enough protections that the individual’s right to privacy could fairly be weighed against the benefits of surveillance. In Europe, the European Convention on Human Rights protects the rights of the individual including the right to privacy.

The use of CCTV and its advantages

During the years, CCTV systems made a huge improvement not only in their capabilities but also to connect with other security technology. Several statistics are showing that the rate of crime is increasing significantly and each year, businesses and homes are being the main target of various robbers and thieves. This shows that nowadays, public and personal security is of paramount importance. Although there are many different systems and ways how one can secure their property or business, CCTV is still the most used technology and the most effective tool in preventing crime. With improvements that were made during the last decade, it is easier that one can install a CCTV as the problem of wires, monitoring station and DVR is not an issue anymore. Nowadays they store the recordings in the cloud and have remote monitoring capabilities which could easily allow the user to keep an eye on what the camera is recording with an application on the mobile phone. It is normal that one notices that CCTV cameras are common in the business areas and in public spots but according to studies it shows that a low majority of people install a surveillance system in their homes which gives an advantage to burglaries and thefts in residential properties.CCTV cameras are one of the most considerable options in improving security and keeping an eye on a vast area.CCTV is a handy option in deter criminals, as it is normally that thieves usually target easy places and when they notice a surveillance camera covering the property, they will surely move for another option. According to statistics carried by the FBI, one of every three houses that are unprotected has a high risk of being burglarized while those protected by CCTV have only one chance out of 250 houses at risk. The same goes for shoplifting and petty fraud, according to NASP, yearly in America, business owners lose around 13 billion dollars in goods because of shoplifting.CCTV helps to decrease this loss to the owner as proof shows that not only the shoplifting will decrease from the shop but also sales will also increase. Having a surveillance camera around your premises really helps as they also provide evidence in cases that were recorded which will help the investigators to understand exactly what happened. With CCTV, crimes could be solved sooner and easier which will help in location, time, and suspects identification. This will also help in prosecution, as criminals recently are prosecuted with the evidence that is collected through the security cameras. In court, they consider the evidence collected from security cameras as an essential element of prosecution which also helps in improving safety to the society as they are finding people guilty from records taken from these cameras.

Disadvantages and restrictions of CCTV

CCTV brings with it a lot of advantages but it also provides some disadvantages. One of the main disadvantages is breaching privacy. In a business such as shops, customers and employees might find a problem that they are being filmed and that they are under surveillance constantly. This could make the employer thinking that he’s not trusted which is not a good dynamic. If one wants to install CCTVs in his business, the employers must be informed and given an explanation why they are being used, for their own safety and security. Another drawback is that CCTV cameras can only record a limited area. In a robbery, the criminals could vandalize the system in several ways like spraying on the lens and sticking gum. Also because some cameras are flexible, the offender could rotate and change the angle of the camera so he cannot be recorded. Like any other technology, surveillance cameras are vulnerable which could be a big obstacle to those who are planning to install these cameras. There are certain criminals, who are determined to commit the crime no matter what, that’s why with their knowledge, they could easily disconnect or access the CCTV system. This brings with it some thinking on how to improve your safety so your system won’t tamper, such as buy your camera from a trusted manufacturer. While it is proven that with the presence of CCTV criminal activities had decreased or almost every time helps to identify the offender, alone they cannot prevent and stop crime, it can only capture the offense and crime being done.CCTV cannot do anything about it, the least it can do is to detect an alarm system that can inform the authorities. This shows that CCTV cameras aren’t the best way to stop crime on spot, while it is done. Because CCTV increased the information that they contain, it increased the risk that the system could be hacked. Hacking will lead to privacy issues such as taking images that were captured and will go around on the internet. It is difficult to protect the system from hacking as all systems that are connected to a network, will be exposed for hackers to hack the system from outside locations.

Improvements in the future

To keep premises secure and the guard will continue to be the main challenge over the years and throughout the years, CCTV cameras improved in their quality and in their main aim. that to protect and to create security, thanks to advancement that the technology did in a short period. Those things that we meet every day will be evolving and these changes will surely affect our day-to-day life. Looking in the future of this system, we could easily see improvements that will surely help in reducing criminals on the roads and reducing time for the authorities to solve cases and to react immediately when a crime occurs. There is no secret that companies’ objective when investing in a surveillance system is to protect their business but that doesn’t stop criminals as they know what they can do to say unrecognized. In the future we will see businesses’ security cameras more effective as video analytics will be able to notice unusual behavior, preventing the crime to go further and inform the security staff. Different than just recording the scene, this will increase to intercept, manage and prevent thefts and robberies, giving the real definition and use of CCTV. Video analytics will also give crucial insights which will help businesses to make more reasoned decisions about their business as this will provide footage of customers’ attitudes in the stores and recording of the car park. This improvement will give back the companies the chance to expand their security and will behave in return the maximizing of the system.

When a crime occurs and a CCTV camera has the footage of the offense, the police will have to look at all the footage that was recorded to try to create the crime’s timeline. But now, it is proposed that new cameras with advanced analysis abilities will be tested. These cameras will include the facial recognition of a person in a crowd of people. These security systems will analyze the recording of the scene and will put every person’s face who was in the area on different screens and group them in different instances. This will then provide the operator to click on the face and will know what was that person doing at that time to establish if that person was involved or not. Together with this, the investigators would want to know what that person was doing before and after the crime was done, which usually takes some time to create as it needs a lot of tracing and questioning. This will reduce the time drastically as this allows them to highlight the person from the footage and will find footages recordings of similar people. As facial recognition will have a good rate of probability that it will match, a human operator will still be needed to have the final determination in the cases. It’s hard to predict the future of Wifi security cameras as they will evolve more in the future. In the near future, we could also see drones flying around our roads and noticing crimes before they will happen which could be networked with police offices and informing the authorities for an instant response.

Nowadays, we are living in a time where technology is taking over a huge part of our world. With constant improvements and advancements, technology is facilitating one’s life for the better. As for security, as previously discussed, a CCTV system is only one method how to provide surveillance. Having said this, there exist other methods to ensure security however similarly to CCTV systems, these also bring about their advantages and disadvantages. Taking for instance security guards and police patrol, both provide service to businesses and citizens. Businesses usually install CCTV systems to prevent crime as much as possible however for added security, businesses also hire security guards or may rely solely on security guards. Taking a supermarket as an example, a CCTV will provide reliable 24/7 service coverage and recording. The system cannot be threatened or disarmed, opposingly the system may be equipped with an alarm system that goes off when a crime is detected. Having a CCTV surveillance camera is a one-time cost device purchase that incurs only running expenses. Security guards are able to provide better visual observations as well as a multi-sensory response when a crime such as a break-in occurs. The latter may detect dangers and crimes before the CCTV captures the area being affected. Guards could also be equipped with guard dogs when necessary to detect other types of crimes that may not be detected through security cameras. Although security guards provide a good service, they could cost the companies more than installing a CCTV which is likely to cost around €150 while wages for security guards are calculated to cost more along a period of time within which they are hired. Similar to security guards, police patrol can be used to protect the citizens by making random checks around the streets of the locality. Also, councils can increase the number of streets lighting, to reduce unlit areas which are the main aim for thieves. In terms of cost, this will be more useful for citizens and they will be paid for by the government and they will be able to do without a personal CCTV camera. Another competitor to CCTV systems is the IP cameras. Seeing how these two systems work, an IP camera provides a relatively similar service but with different costs and advantages. While a CCTV is considered to be lower in price than an IP camera, calculations show otherwise. CCTV cameras also use more cabling and DVR which is restricted in terms of storage. IP cameras, in reality, cost less than CCTV and may hold more storage, therefore, using fewer cables. This will, in return, reduce the cost of cables whilst benefiting recordings with better resolution and higher definitions.

Conclusion

All things considered, a modest CCTV camera provides security and protection for citizens in their neighborhood as well as business owners and employees within their premises advancements in such systems, incorporating alarms and facial recognition can further help in concluding crimes. It can be noted that following an increase in CCTV installations especially at residences has helped for a substantial decrease in robberies considering these were quite popular even in broad daylight.

Since 1998, the estimated number of women sexually assaulted in the United States is a staggering 17,700,000. The percentage of alleged perpetrators that have walked free is even more alarming at 99%. Why are these numbers so incredibly high? What is causing this problem? Unfortunately, modern-day society has normalized sexual assault and rape on innocent victims through media and popular culture, and oftentimes even making excuses for the perpetrator. Because of this, society has developed a rape culture. Rape culture is an ongoing problem with increasingly harmful repercussions on our society if something is not done to change the mindset of the people.

Rape culture is an environment in which rape, non-consensual intercourse, is prevalent and in which sexual violence against women is normalized and excused. It is having the mindset that a woman’s body is an object and glamorizing sexual assault which creates a society that disregards women’s rights and safety. It is a culture in which the behavior of men is excused and even laughed at by saying, “boys will be boys.” It is a society in which making crude comments towards women is expected to be regarded as harmless flirtation and that women should be happy that someone is paying attention to them. It is a society in which making sexually explicit jokes is the norm. It is a culture in which pressure is placed on the male to “score.” It is a culture in which women are taught how to avoid getting raped rather than teaching men not to rape.

The potential causes of a rape culture are varied and controversial. Among the factors that contribute to this are the decreased status of women within a society, pervasive media exposure of sex, availability of pornographic materials, especially those involving acts of violence, inadequate information or misconceptions regarding sexual behaviors, and the prevalence of child sexual abuse. When boys are at a young age, they are taught to be more aggressive than girls. They usually enjoy playing rough aggressive sports, while girls choose to play less aggressively. As boys, they grow up and think that they should get anything they want or have things their way, and when it does not go their way, some tend to get violent. When boys get older, they are taught to have multiple girlfriends and to not get “tied down” by one girl when they are young. They are supposed to “play the field.” Some boys think it is important to date pretty girls so they receive more admiration or get more approval from peers when they are dating one. Meanwhile, girls are often taught that they should have a steady boyfriend and to guard their “reputations” because when girls tend to have multiple boyfriends, people look at them in a different way. They are more targeted. Men see women as objects, while women are raised to have no power in relation to men and taught that in order to be desirable, they need to be sexually submissive. Society has made the assault on women trivial and even blurred as to what assault really is. Many artists have written songs with lyrics such as “You know you want it” and commenting on the “blurred lines” of consent. There have been shirts with slogans such as It’s not raping if…., this is my casual rape shirt, and I’m feeling rapey.

One of the many consequences of rape culture is victim-blaming. So many victims that do speak out are being “assaulted” twice because it is turned back on them as victim-blaming. There are so many victims that are remaining quiet out of fear that something worse will happen to them. Comments are being made claiming that women ask for it, saying that it would do some women good to get raped, and asking what she was wearing that caused him to do that to her? Such comments are making victims scared to tell their stories because they are afraid that nothing is going to happen to the perpetrator when they do or that they will be blamed for their assault. Individuals are being judged and perceived as being responsible for what happened to them whether it be because they were drinking or what they were wearing. Jokes are made that “No” means “Yes.” There have even been websites opened and dedicated to the “support of athletes accused of rape” and accusing victims of being career destroyers. More often than not, victims are being shamed for being victimized rather than comforted and made to feel safe and secure. Many women live in fear of being raped, while most men aren’t disturbed by this at all and often do not even give it a second thought. Women fear walking alone at night if even just walking from the store to their care or from car to their home.

Another problem created by rape culture is doubting the assault. When a victim starts talking about a rape assault, a person’s first thought is that it didn’t happen because there are no bruising nor open wounds. In their minds, they are thinking it really did not happen, but rape can happen in different situations. People are starting to keep all the experiences and horror to themselves because not too many people are standing up and listening to them.

With women having to hold this in, it is causing more damage, but it is also making them feel unsafe. If our judicial system is not doing everything in its power to get the man behind the incident locked away, how can women feel safe? How can they live without fear? This is an ongoing crime because too many individuals are getting away with it more and more each day. There have been numerous cases of men being completely let off of all charges and the judge claiming that the young girl that was raped was “of a much older age due to maturity” and even some cases where athletes were set free because it would be unfair to ruin their lives because of one small misunderstanding. What is this saying to victims all over the nation? What is this saying to potential perpetrators?

Women who take a stand against sexual assault are often referred to as radical feminists. They are often coined as being irrational “man-haters” insinuating that because they will not sit back and let the dehumanization of women continue, then they must be against men altogether. This is another crippling problem associated with rape culture. The differentiation between feminism and toxic feminism must be made.

Women need to know that it is safe, and it is okay to talk to someone about their story. They need to know that someone is going to fix the problem. They need to feel empowered in situations like this because all their power and dignity have been taken from them. There is too much at stake if this societal change is not made. The number of women and children being sexually assaulted each year is increasing. Suicide rates among victims continue to rise. Depression and PTSD are multiplying at alarming rates. While our society continues to teach individuals how to stay safe, the pornography and sex trafficking businesses continue to multiply only making the problem worse.

Ted Bundy has proven himself to be one of the most infamous people in America’s history. How a young boy raised by his family could turn into such a rageful monster and commit murder after murder for over a decade astonishes many. Bundy’s childhood, educated background, clean-cut profile, consistent moving, and romantic relationships would all work in his favor to keep law enforcement unsuspicious of his actions. These aspects of his life, combined with the poor techniques of forensic analysis are what allowed Bundy to get away with his crimes for as long as he did. Ted Bundy undoubtedly posed a great challenge for the law enforcement of the 1970s. As a result of this, we have Bundy’s case to thank for our much improved forensic techniques, better communication amongst police nationwide, forensic odontology, behavioral analysis, and DNA profiles.

Theodore Robert Cowell, more popularly known as Ted Bundy, was born November 24, 1946, in Vermont. Birthed by a single mother named Elanor Louise Cowell, he was raised and cared for by his grandparents to avoid the stigma of having Louise known as a young single parent. In 1951, Louise married a man named Johnny Culpepper Bundy who was believed to be employed as a cook for the U.S. military. Upon marrying Ted’s mother, he then legally adopted Ted as his own child, thus changing Ted’s last name from Cowell to the infamous Bundy. As their marriage progressed, they ended up having four other children together. Bundy’s younger years seemed to be quite average, it was as he approached his teenage years and went to college that things started to take a turn (“Ted Bundy”).

He graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in 1965, and quickly thereafter enrolled at the University of Puget Sound. After only being at Puget for a year, he transferred to the University of Washington to major in Chinese. Changing his mind once again, he dropped out of college and later enrolled at Temple University located in Philadelphia for only a single semester. He then decided to re-enroll at the University of Washington but changed his major to Psychology. He even graduated with an honors degree, which ultimately led him to go back to the University of Puget Sound Law School in aspirations of pursuing a career in criminology or law (“Ted Bundy: Serial Killers”). Although by this point in his life, he had already discovered his true passion of attacking and burdening women, he did a great job hiding it from his peers and mentors at school (moving around helped him get away with this). When applying for law school at Puget, one of his previous professors from the University of Washington even wrote in a letter recommendation for Ted, “I regret Mr. Bundy’s decision to pursue a career in law rather than to continue his professional training in psychology. Our loss is your gain” (“Ted Bundy”). While he was tricking his professors into believing the outward personality he put on for the rest of the world, he was partaking in some of his own hobbies when nightfall approached.

Bundy’s first confirmed attack occured in January 1974. He broke into Karen Sparks’ apartment at night who was also attending the University of Washington, and brutally woke her from her sleep and began beating her before he proceeded to sexually assault her. His violent actions forced her into a coma for approximately ten days, but she recovered soon after. Sparks was one of the few lucky victims that survived Bundy’s violent wrath. Under a month later was when Bundy killed his first known victim. Lynda Ann Healy’s remains were found bludgeoned and mutilated at the Taylor Mountain Site located near the University of Washington (“Ted Bundy”).

From 1974 to 1978, Bundy would go on to murder a confirmed number of 30 women located in Washington, Utah, Colorado, and Florida. Playing off womans’ sense of compassion, Bundy traveled among the states pretending to have crutches and or an arm sling to lure women to help him carry things to his 1968 Tan Volkswagon Beetle. Once getting them to his car, he would hit them over the head with a pipe and handcuff them before throwing them into his car where he had removed the passenger seat so his victims could lay out of sight as he drove away. Another tactic he would use was pretending to be an authority figure such as a firefighter or a police officer to gain their trust before coercing them into his car (“Ted Bundy: Serial Killers”).

After he had performed whatever sexual acts he wished and further beaten up his innocent victims, he would often take their bodies home with him and display their heads and or bodies in his room whilst he slept to re-live the satisfaction he felt during his experience of killing them. He would leave their bodies in his apartment as long as possible until the stench of their corpses became unbearable. Bundy drove their bodies to several different locations. One of the most popular places he took bodies was mountain sites or rivers. Bundy spoke about how after dumping bodies he would sometimes miss the women so he would go back and visit the sites where he dumped the women in hopes of gaining more satisfaction from the experience (“Ted Bundy: Serial Killers”).

Meanwhile, he was wooing a woman by the name of Elizabeth Kloepfer, who he met in a bar in Seattle in 1969. A casual fling between the two romantics soon turned into a rather serious, long-lasting relationship. They moved in together and even went as far as getting a marriage license, but they never actually got married because Kloepfer was afraid of her father’s disapproval. As the years passed, Kloepfer stopped taking her birth control pills along the way which eventually led her to become pregnant with Bundy’s child. After much dismay, the couple decided that neither one of them was ready for a child so they terminated the pregnancy. Shortly after the termination, Kloepfer becomes suspicious of Ted Bundy and begins to wonder if he may be linked to the string of women being murdered. She reported him to the police in 1974, but they simply dismissed her remark, claiming that Bundy was too educated and seemingly normal from the outside perspective. The police were so convinced of his innocence, that when Kloepfter reported him two more times several months later, they still ignored her denying the fact that Bundy being guilty was even a possibility. Lured back in by Bundy’s charm, Kloepfer got back together with him in 1975 (Mitchell).

In August, Bundy was pulled over for a traffic violation. They pulled him over and searched his car seizing handcuffs, an ice pick, and a mask they found in his car. The police report even mentions how his front passenger seat had been removed. This lead to his arrest on suspicion of burglary. However, shortly after he was brought into custody he was freed on bond and went to live with Kloepfer once again. Police started catching on to Ted Bundy’s criminal actions, and Kloepfter finally cut him off when he was arrested several months later for the kidnapping and assault of one of his victims (“Ted Bundy: Serial Killers”).

He had only been held in jail for a year when he was transferred from a jail in Utah to Colorado for another trial. In this trial, Bundy refused a lawyer and decided he wanted to use his previous education in law school to defend himself. Because he was defending himself, he was allowed several minutes of alone time in a room located on the second floor of the courthouse. In the few spare minutes he had, he successfully jumped out of the window and freed himself. His runaway spree didn’t last long, however, as he was recaptured within one week. Once recaptured, Bundy’s smooth tactics enabled him to crawl out of a hole in the ceiling of his jail cell, thus escaping for the second time on December 30th, 1977. This time, however, he was not caught as quickly (“Ted Bundy: Serial Killers”).

Bundy managed to get a flight to Chicago, ride a train from Chicago to Michigan, and then drive south to Atlanta where he rode a Trailway bus to Tallahassee. A police officer told ABC News that after Bundy disappeared, “Detectives said, ‘He’s going to kill again. It’s just a matter of time. We don’t know where or when but he will kill again’” (Tate). On January 15th, Bundy made the detective’s prediction come true. At approximately 3:15 a.m., an intruder, later identified as Bundy, broke into the Chi Omega Sorority house holding a wooden club. He went up to the second floor of the house where he killed two and severely injured three other women living there. When police got the call and rushed to the scene, they found Karen Chandler laying down on the floor bleeding rivers from numerous head injuries. Still responsive, she informed the police that she had heard a loud banging noise and mentioned her roommate (Kathy Kleiner) to the police. The officer rushed into their room and found Karen. One of the Police officers said, “Her jaw was actually hanging off one side. It was only, only one hinge was still attached… she was in total shock” (Tate). Kleiner says she still remembers lying in her bed at that moment trying to put words together, to let out a scream, or just say anything at all, but she couldn’t. Her jaw was broken in three places. Although these two women were brutally beaten, they are actually considered to be the lucky ones because they were both fortunate enough to survive. Karen Chandler was rushed to the hospital where doctors informed her that she’d broken ‘pretty much every bone in her face, but that she was going to live. Kathy Kleiner was also rushed to the hospital where they reported that her jaw was broken, but that she also was going to survive.

At the same time, back at the house, lay the dead bodies of Margaret Bowman and Lisa Levy. Bowman and Levy had both been strangled and beaten to death, with bite marks left on Levies.

Bundy didn’t stop there, however, he proceeded to go down the street 4-5 blocks to a house located on Dunwoody Street, where a woman by the name of Cheryl Thomas was peacefully sleeping. He broke in through her kitchen window and proceeded to do to her what he did to all the women, abuse them to their death. From the few eyewitness reports that were given, several of them pointed towards Bundy, yet the police once again didn’t think he was the one in charge of the crimes. Still free, Bundy moved on to abduct and kill his youngest confirmed victim, a 12-year-old girl named Kimberly Leach in Lake City, Florida (Tate).

A month later from his escape, Bundy was apprehended when a police officer noticed a suspicious car loitering at night. Once being pulled over, he attempted to pretend to be someone else with the use of fake IDs, credit cards, and stolen license plates. He was taken into custody but it took him two full days to reveal his true identity. The police then gathered that Bundy had been staying in a rooming house just a couple blocks down from the Chi Omega house, thus linking him to those murders as well. He was then charged with two more murders and three attempts at murder. This officially marks the end of Ted Bundy’s career as a killer. He spent the rest of his time in jail until he was sentenced to death and died in the electric chair on January 24th, 1989, where he officially admitted to killing 30 people (“Ted Bundy”).

One of the most pressing questions about Ted Bundy is how he managed to maintain such a clean-cut profile and tricked everyone into believing his seemingly upstanding character meanwhile killing tens of people. One speculation is that his highly educated background and seemingly normal upbringing, it made him appear as a responsible and sane individual. On top of this, he always seemed to maintain some sort of romantic relationship with a female partner. This relationship may function as a cover. If Ted Bundy was able to actually love a woman and not show signs of wanting or attempting to kill her, that leads police to immediately disregard the chance that he could be the killer. Moreover, Bundy’s educational background in psychology enabled him to know what ques he needed to give women in order to gain their trust. For example, he played off of women’s sensitivities and compassionate sides to ask them for help before he lured them into his cars. He was also very educated on the process the Forensic departments went through when trying to catch and identify a criminal. He made sure to avoid detection by leaving little to no evidence that could be picked up by the 1970’s techniques (“Ted Bundy”).

The struggle of catching Bundy ultimately brought about several major changes in the way our forensic department works today. For example, Forensic Odontology, better known as forensic dentistry, didn’t gain national attention until 1978 when it was used to help bring Ted Bundy down. One of the few mistakes Bundy made in covering his footsteps was the huge bite mark he left on Lisa Levy. Researchers were able to take two dental molds of Bundy’s mouth and teeth to compare them with the bite marks left on her body. When his molds matched the bite marks, it was a huge turning point in the case. It was the first case in the legal history of Florida that was prosecuted on a bite mark testimony and the first time physical evidence linked Bundy to one of the crimes he committed (Hinchliffe).

Moreover, a DNA profile created of Bundy is now helping solve several unsolved cases from past years. David Coffman, the chief of forensics at the Florida Department of Law Enforcement, uploaded Ted’s profile into the FBI’s DNA database. The police were provoked to enact Bundy’s profile subsequent to being contacted by Tacoma police offers. The officers in Tacoma had aspirations to solve the cold case of Ann Marie Burr, an eight years old who vanished from her house in 1961. Bundy was rather young at the age of fourteen and was also living in Tacoma at the time of Burr’s disappearance. When constructing his profile, the police were lacking evidence on him, until they uncovered a vile of his blood that had been stored away for years and years. Once having a completed profile, many cold cases have now been linked to Bundy as the perpetrator. It is because of the finalization of his DNA profile that many families have found some peace knowing what happened to their missing victim and that the victimizer has been served justice (“Serial Killers, Part 2”).

Furthermore, Bundy desired a specific type of victim which police would soon catch on to with the use of a new assessment of criminals that we still implement today. Howard Teten and Robert Ressler are the two agents who were part of a “groundbreaking behavioral analysis unit set up five years earlier for precisely this purpose: To study the behavior experiences and psychological make-up of criminals and suspects for patterns and insights that may help solve and prevent future crimes” (“Serial Killers, Part 2”). In Bundy’s case, he typically looked for victims where young people gathered, such as colleges, beaches, ski resorts, and discos. He seemed to prefer young, attractive, women, specifically with long hair parted down the middle. This recognition of his desired targets enabled the police to associate more of the crimes he committed with his record (“Serial Killers, Part 2”).

To add to it, Bundy abused the fact that police departments did not necessarily communicate very well with departments in other states. He traveled across the state to state performing murders. When he left one state, and the murders magically stopped, the local police that had been focusing on the string of murders assumed the killer had either died or had been convicted of a smaller crime. When in reality, it was just Bundy avoiding being caught by moving from state to state. It took a while, but the authorities slowly began to connect the dots between the murders happening in different states. Once they realized the murders were extremely similar, they finally came to the conclusion that they must be committed by the same person. Now having realized this connection, they were able to take crime scene data from all of the murders throughout the nation and tie it back to Bundy, ultimately allowing for his arrest and death sentence. The capture of Ted caused the realization of the importance of communication between all of the states’ departments, which enables a more efficient and quicker way of capturing criminals (“Serial Killers, Part 2”).

Conclusion

Overall, Bundy was one of a kind in the era he lived in and committed murders in. The police had not been quite this challenged by a criminal in history up until this point. Bundy’s childhood, educated background, clean-cut profile, consistent moving, and relationship with Kloepfer helped keep law enforcement off his back. These characteristics, combined with the lack of DNA he left behind, poor forensic analysis techniques, and the mediocre communication amongst police departments from state to state, ultimately enabled Bundy to get away with murdering people for as long as he did. His case has immensely changed the way law enforcement catches criminals today. We now use DNA profiles, better communication between police departments in varying states, behavioral analysis, and forensic odontology, to prevent cases like Bundy’s from happening again today.

Theodore Robert Bundy, also known as Ted Bundy, was born on November 24th, 1946 in Burlington, Vermont. What his family did not know was that he was going to be known as one of the most popular American serial killers. Bundy kidnapped, raped, and murdered numerous young women and girls during the 1970s and earlier years. He confessed 30 victims, but the total is unconfirmed, meaning there could be numerous more that were not found or related to him. Bundy was raised by his “mother” who was his grandmother, Eleanor Louise Cowell, his father’s identity was never determined. Some say that the absence of his father figure could have contributed to what he had done. During the first few years of his life he lived with his maternal grandparents, who raised them as one of their own. Bundy was told from a young age that his grandparents were his parents and his mother was his older sister. Later on, he found his original birth certificate, finding out the truth about his family and expressing a lifelong resentment towards them. This makes me think that his home life had a huge impact on the way he acted and his mind. Apparently, he even acted out on strange behavior when he was as young as three, an example would be playing with knifes. Ted remained distant when his mother remarried, he was included, but did not have the desire to do anything with the family. While his family would go off and do things, he would roam around the neighborhood looking through trash barrels looking for naked pictures of women. He also used to watch crime stories that particularly had to do with sexual violence. During high school, he was well liked, but was also arrested twice on suspicion of burglary and auto theft. I feel that from a very young age, he displayed numerous amounts of unusual behavior such as his fasciation in sexual violence and the body of women. I think that since he was not around the family that often, it is possible that they could have missed it, but it seems like when he would act out the family would sweep it under the rug.

Bundy went to college for a while, but then proceeded to drop out and work minimum wage jobs. When he traveled back to Washington, he met Elizabeth Kloepfer, their relationship continued well past his incarceration. In the mid 1970s, he enrolled back into University of Washington, majoring in psychology where he was an honors student. On top of all the schoolwork, he took a job at Seattle’s Suicide Hotline Crisis Center. I think it is crazy that he majored in something like psychology and the job he had then went on to do all those things. This looks like to me that he wanted to learn psychology in order to help his acts that he performed against other women. He wanted to manipulate them, and this was something that helped him do so. In the fall of ’73, he got accepted into Seattle University School of Law. This was also crazy to me, it seemed that he wanted to know the ins and outs of the law and how to get around them. After attending the law school for a while, Bundy began skipping class and therefore, the school dropped him. Around this time, young women started disappearing in the Pacific Northwest.

There is no telling the amount of women Bundy truly killed, inside his mind he did not do anything wrong or even perform the murders or rapes at all, he convinced himself he never did any of those and for the longest time continued to deny, deny, deny. I watched a documentary about him, and it was fascinating how he convinced himself, the whole story is crazy or at least the information that we know. He seemed to always tell different stories and tell them to different people, it was hard to believe what he said, he did not confess until days before his execution which finally gave some answers to others. Apparently, he attempted his first kidnapping in 1969 in Ocean City, New Jersey, but did not kill anyone until the early 1970s. However, he also reported to someone else that he did kill two women in Atlantic City while visiting family. He also hinted to two other murders that involved hitchhikers in Seattle. In early January, he entered the apartment of Karen Sparks, an 18-year-old student. He sexually assaulted her He beat her with a metal rod, and sexually assaulted her, leaving serious long-term injuries. The next month, Bundy broke into a basement room, beating Lynda Ann Healy unconscious, dressed her into a different outfit, and carried her away. After this, female college students seemed to be disappearing like flies, the estimate was about one per month. On March 12, 19-year-old student, Donna Manson, left her college dorm to attend a concert that she never arrived for. In April, another student disappeared while on the way to a meeting, this was Susan Rancourt. There were numerous encounters where young female students left their dorms and never arrived to where they were supposed to be. Later on, other students reported a man wearing an arm sling asking for help loading books in his brown or tan Volkswagen Beetle. This was great that the students came forward with information, the description of the car helped, but there is a thousand of those vehicles. This seemed to be only the beginning for these investigators.

The police departments were grew increasingly concerned and seemed to be getting nowhere. I mean after all; he did not leave behind physical evidence and there were no connections between the women missing. On the first day of June, Brenda Ball disappeared after leaving a tavern. People reported her last seen in the parking lot with a brown-haired man with his arm in a sling. I feel that this also contained an important detail, which was brown hair and the sling. They could connect the sling to the earlier reports, but it seems like the details of this case were pouring in very slowly. A week or so later, another girl, Georgann Hawkins disappeared while walking down a brightly lit alley. The next morning homicide detectives went to that alley, combed through it and found absolutely nothing. After the last disappearance was brought to the public, witnesses came forward reporting that they saw a man in the alley who was on crutches with a leg cast, struggling to carry a briefcase, then proceeded to ask for help to put the case in his Volkswagen Beetle. After this, I would imagine that the departments started making all sorts of connections with the disappearances. During this period of time, Bundy was working at Olympia as the Assistant Director of the Seattle Crime

Prevention Advisory Commission, where he wrote a pamphlet for women on rape prevention. This part really blows my mind, I cannot believe he did all these things to those women and would go to his day job and write about rape prevention, it truly baffles me. He also got involved with the DES, this agency in involved in the search for the missing women. I could see how this could hide his tracks, he put himself in the efforts to find these missing women and had a creditable job. I cannot tell if he was being ahead of the game or if he truly did not believe he was doing anything wrong.

Fear was instilled and spread among the public, all the information was released as to what to look out for and to be cautious when being out late. Shortly after, there were two broad daylight abductions of two women off of a crowded beach. Witnesses came forward describing the look of the kidnapper, the vehicle, and also that he went by the name “Ted”. To me, I feel that this would be a huge break in the case, not enough to completely catch Ted, but it was a great start. The police provided a sketch, putting that sketch all around asking if anybody had seen a person that looked like that. Elizabeth Kloepfer, who was a DES employee and a “partner” or “lover” of Ted’s, reported Bundy to the police, recognizing the sketch. With his record, the detectives completely blew Bundy off. A new string of homicides began in September, numerous young women disappearing and being raped. Kloepfer reported Bundy again after reading that young women were disappearing in towns that surrounded Salt Lake City. She was then interviewed in detail. During this time, Bundy rose high on the suspicion list. He was put in a photo lineup and the witnesses that came forward did not identify him. Bundy then continued his criminal activity, but was aiming it eastward this time, from Utah to Colorado. He then proceeded his killings, beatings, and raping’s of younger women. On August 16th, Bundy was finally arrested by Utah Highway Patrol, Bundy was cruising then he saw the patrol and quickly tried to speed out of the area, thus getting pulled over. Based on the condition of the car’s seats, the patrol officer searched the car and found various things from a ski mask, a rope, an ice pick, etc. Sadly, for the police, they had to release Bundy because they did not have enough evidence to keep him. Looking back on this information, I cannot believe how easy it was for Bundy to get away, he was very smart in terms of covering his tracks.

Bundy went on to sell his Volkswagen Beetle to a teenager, but the Utah police went on to impound it and the FBI searched it where they found hair samples of one of his victims. Bundy was then put in another lineup; except this time, he was recognized. There was more than enough evidence to charge him for aggravated kidnapping and attempted criminal assault for one case, but his bail was set, and his parents bailed him out. In February of 1976, Bundy stood trial for what he was charged with previously and was sentences to one to fifteen years in Utah State Prison. In October, he was found hiding in the prison bushes with an “escape kit”, then was sent to solitary. The beginning of June, Bundy was transported to Garfield County Jail for a preliminary hearing. During a recess, he escaped through the library window proceeding to find a place to hide. After much desperation and giving up, he went into town and was recognized, landing himself back in jail. Late December, Bundy then broke through the ceiling, changed into street clothes and then escaping, again. The jail’s crew did not discover the escape until noon the day after, Bundy was already in Chicago. He then found his way to Tallahassee, Florida and decided to stay. A week after his arrival, he terrorized young women of FSU’s Chi Omega sorority house. Sexually assaulting and beating numerous young women. With growing paranoia, Bundy fled driving westward. A few days later, he was stopped by a Pensacola police officer after a check on the vehicle he was driving, the officer then proceeded to arrest Bundy and take him to the jail. Bundy then stood trial for the sorority homicides, they convicted him for three counts of attempted first-degree murder and two counts of burglary. Six months later, a second trial took place for in Orlando, for an abduction of another one of his victims. He was found guilty once again for the abduction and murder of Kimberly Leach. During this trial, Carole Ann Boone, a former coworker, testified on his behalf for both trials, and was asked to marry him in the middle of the courtroom. On February 10th, 1980 he was sentenced to death by electrocution for the third time. Days before his execution, he admitted to 30 killings, in grave detail, he confessed to detectives all the things he did to those young women. Bundy died on January 24th, 1989 by the Raiford electric chair.

I have read many books and watched a few documentaries about Ted Bundy, his case was one of the most interesting to me. I was even more interested after watching a Netflix documentary about him, the actors putting a visual on what he did was crazy. A downside for me was how long it took him to get behind bars and to stay that way, he escaped twice and got away with so much, but that is not necessarily the detectives and police departments fault. I could not imagine someone like this being on the loose right now, thinking about how well he hid himself and how he never left evidence is scary. I haven’t read much on American serial killers, but Ted Bundy was one of the smartest and craziest to me, I could go on and on about this case, there is so much detail and so much information.

Works Cited

1. Dielenberg, Rob. “Ted Bundy: A Visual Timeline (Hi-Res) Sampler.” Academia.edu, www.academia.edu/30617453/Ted_Bundy_A_Visual_Timeline_Hi-Res_sampler.
2. “FindLaw’s United States Supreme Court Case and Opinions.” Findlaw, caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/479/894.html.
3. Jenkins, John Philip. “Ted Bundy.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/biography/Ted-Bundy.
4. Montaldo, Charles. “Biography of Ted Bundy, Serial Killer.” ThoughtCo, ThoughtCo, 17 Aug. 2019, www.thoughtco.com/profile-of-serial-killer-ted-bundy-973178.
5. OpenLibrary.org. “Ted Bundy.” The Internet Archive’s Open Library: One Page for Every Book, openlibrary.org/subjects/person:ted_bundy.
6. Piel, Jennifer. “Serial Killers: The Psychosocial Development of Humanity’s Worst Offenders.” Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 1 Dec. 2015, jaapl.org/content/43/4/541.
7. Rule, Ann. The Stranger Beside Me. www.murders.ru/Ann_Ru_stran_vnytre.pdf.
8. “Ted Bundy.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 28 Aug. 2019, www.biography.com/crime-figure/ted-bundy.
9. “Ted Bundy.” FBI, FBI, 30 Nov. 2010, vault.fbi.gov/Ted%20Bundy%20.
10. “Ted Bundy: Serial Killers: Crime Library.” Crime Museum, www.crimemuseum.org/crime-library/serial-killers/ted-bundy/.
11. Kettler, Sara. “Inside Ted Bundy’s Troubled and Disturbing Childhood.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 30 July 2019, www.biography.com/news/ted-bundy-childhood.

Introduction

The most common problem is reducing gang wars in Canada. The Canadian government has consistent to reduce gang crime with applicable criminal laws. Though the criminal activities are increasing rather than decreases in the social platform, the main reason behind the criminal activities is a huge attraction in gang crimes. The government has tried to locate and detect all reasons before gang activities occur in social life. The government has taken many policies and builds a strong team to prevent this kind of gang crime activity. Recently, It was found that many of the gang crimes are directly related to politician’s support. Many of the youth are directly attract and involve in this kind of criminal activity. Easily money and power build these two are mainly the backbone of this underworld. They are not promoting crimes only also create terror in human daily life. The gang members have work on a perfect plan to achieve success in their mission. The assignment was based on ‘Canada criminal Justice’. The main target behind the case study is to prevent any kind of criminal activity and destroy the main chain of the system. In the assignment, it has assumed that youth involvement and their interest to promote terror in social life. If the government has to fulfill all the basic needs of the youth then it is easy to change the tract of the common youth people. The government has created a proper structure to prevent gang activities with youth involvement.

Discussion

The Canadian criminal jurisdiction plays a vital role to provide overall security, safety, maintain the productivity and wellness of citizens. The main highlighted part is to create a suitable and effective law for every citizen and prevent this kind of criminal activity in public life. The government has ensured its citizens to prevent this kind of terror in daily life. The government has introduced different kinds of laws and punishments to provide a better secure life for the nation’s people (Ferdous, Khan & Dulal, 2018). The whole process totally depends on proper structure and route map to prevent this kind of social threat. The government has completed a basic survey on this project. Ultimately, they found some suspicious things that mainly charged up the youth’s to join the gang of a mafia group. A study controlled by the ‘office of Juvenile Justice’ examined all related factors which generate illegal criminal activities in social. In this assessment, the chosen topic is Vietnamese youth gangs. The gang has maintained some rules and follow the proper structure before they engaged in any kind of criminal offense (Woodbury, Furimsky & Chaimowitz, 2018 ). The major problem is that they don’t reveal their gang policies. From many other topics, the chosen topic is more interesting and easy to analyze all the government laws.

The reason behind the criminal activities in the Canadian nation has depended on some politician’s support, competitive smugglers deals and greediness to achieve power in the nation. This assessment is based on Vietnamese youth gang activities. The assignment report has found that most criminal activities are encouraged and planning by Vietnamese gang involvement. In this case, one of the most interesting points has found that most of the criminal activities are the involvement of Vietnamese refugees. The Vietnamese refugees are living in a small place name ‘Little Saigon’.

The Canadian government has declared that 18 percent of total democracy and 49 percent of the Asian population are directly involved in the gang wars activity. The Canadian government has provided different policies to protect its citizens from criminal activities and gang wars. The social life is highly affected by criminal activities. Many of the cases some general casualties occur during the gang wars in public places. The Canadian government has improved its law structure and introduces some punishable laws to prevent criminal activities. The research has truly based on the general life of Canadian citizens and their problems. The gangs are developed by the common and general male Vietnamese. The age of the common gang members are between twelve to twenty-one age groups (Flannigan et al. 2018). This research has identified all related environmental issues that mainly influence the people in this kind of criminal activity.

Some non-governmental organizations are promoting education in this refugee camp to move back them in general life from criminal activities. Some youth development projects and skill development projects are also introduced by the Canadian government. In some correctional homes has provided skill development facility to the Vietnamese in their language or English. It is easy to differentiate two different groups based on their activities.

Canadian justice policies are best compared to other world nations. Many of the nations are follows the Canadian jurisdictional system and introduce the laws, rules, and regulations in their constitution. 99 percent of Canadian citizens are satisfied with all government crime-related policies, personal safety, and security.

In this assessment, it was found that the particular reasons behind the gang involvement.

It is easy to distinguish between non-gang people and gang members in this case study. In the first assumption, the gang members are more efficient in their work and believe in the traditional workflow. The head of the gang is also known as a gang leader or Don. The leader has maintained and follows the rules to select gang members for their team arrangement (researchgate.net, 2019).

The most important second definition is known as a social activity. One of the group members must be provided basic knowledge of social criteria. Through this process, it is easy to train other members and influence them to join this youth gang group. It is easy to motivate youth in this kind of activity and brainwash to change their correct track. The worst part is the Government could not locate the main gang leader due to his financial strength and foreign support. The definition is defined as the nature of the gang members. In this assessment, most cases of gang members are distracted from their real-life for the avoidance of government policy. But it is possible to identify the youth characters at an early stage and motivated them with proper guidance and education. The government has identified the current situation and rectifies them with an implication of proper law. In the case study, it was found that many youths are left their education in early life and join the gang movement. 12 percent of common youth people are traditionally joining gangs (Crocker, 2018). On the other hand, 85 percent are deflecting their track due to social disturbance.

The focus of the study is Vietnamese culture and the traditional behaviors in the gang. Through, the research based on cultural movement and non-traditional cultural aspects which help to promote youth gang development in Canada (Dawson, 2018). The most interesting part of this study is a mixture of three cultural traditions and five non-traditional culture hypotheses using build a strong gang involvement in social areas. Cultural hypothesis depends on cultural issues such as acceptance and people’s rejection of refugee Vietnamese.

One cultural hypothesis denotes that low Vietnamese identity is mainly involved in gang culture. They promote own cultures in gang activity to highlight their presence in Canada. On the other hand, non-cultural hypotheses are suggested to youth to join criminal gangs for their benefits (researchgate.net, 2019).

The above study has indicated that culture explanations are not important in the presence of known cultural tradition. The study has indicated that Vietnamese who refuse their origin identity and difficult to adopt American identities are not common Vietnamese youth. The belief is to locate the real identity of the Vietnamese gang members through their traditional behavior. Through, the above study has found the two major factors that easily identify the Vietnamese gang involvement (hsdl.org, 2019).

Conclusion

The above study has pointed out and highlighted all the reasons behind the youth involvement in gangs. The main reason is acceptance in the social environment and the negligence of the government system. Many of Canadian citizens are degrades the Vietnamese refugees and punish them with false case involvement. Many of them were lost their tradition due to proper behavior and education in different fields. The overall achievement of this assignment was a recommendation for a successful gang interruption program. The four recommendations found in this study. In this case first two of them are one is the prevention of gang involvement and another one is a rehabilitation of youth activity in gang involvement. It is important to gain an education and implication of the study to overcome this situation. Most of the NGOs have built a proper educational structure for backward class people to overcome youth gang involvement. The NGO creates a milestone to prevent gang involvement through their campaign.

Reference List

Journals

1. Ferdous, S., Khan, R., & Dulal, B. (2018). Application of Restorative Justice Theory in Aboriginal Criminal Justice Process in Canada: An Analysis. Retrieved from:
2. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/bitstream/123456789/68156/1/Ferdous_Application_of_Restorative.pdf [Retrieved On:02.10.2019]
3. Woodbury-Smith, M., Furimsky, I., & Chaimowitz, G. (2018). Point prevalence of adults with Intellectual Developmental Disorder in Forensic Psychiatric Inpatient Services in Ontario, Canada. International Journal of Risk and Recovery Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gary_Chaimowitz/publication/325961404_Point_Prevalence_of_Adults_with_Intellectual_Developmental_Disorder_in_Forensic_Psychiatric_Inpatient_Services_in_Ontario_Canada/links/5b2fe5abaca2720785e3a544/Point-Prevalence-of-Adults-with-Intellectual-Developmental-Disorder-in-Forensic-Psychiatric-Inpatient-Services-in-Ontario-Canada.pdf [Retrieved On:02.10.2019]
4. Flannigan, K., Pei, J., Stewart, M., & Johnson, A. (2018). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and the criminal justice system: a systematic literature review. Int J Law Psychiatry, 57, 42-52. Retrieved from:
5. https://canfasd.ca/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/Flannigan.etal_.2018.FASD_justice_review.pdf [Retrieved On:02.10.2019]
6. Crocker, A. G., Martin, M. S., Leclair, M. C., Nicholls, T. L., & Seto, M. C. (2018). Expanding the early and late starter model of criminal justice involvement for forensic mental health clients. Law and human behavior, 42(1), 83. Retrieved from: https://psycnet.apa.org/journals/lhb/42/1/83.pdf [Retrieved On:02.10.2019]
7. Dawson, M. (2018). Femicide in Canada: Accountability and punishment. AC System, Femicide IX: Femicide, State Accountability and Punishment, 14-23. Retrieved from: http://www.violenceresearch.ca/sites/default/files/DAWSON%20%282018%29%20FEMICIDE%20IN%20CANADA%252c%20ACCOUNTABILITY%20AND%20PUNISHMENT.pdf Retrieved On:02.10.2019]

Online Articles

1. researchgate.net, (2019), Vietnamese youth gang, Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Matthew_Valasik/publication/322992665_Gangs_and_Space/links/5a7b5911a6fdcce697d74782/Gangs-and-Space.pdf [Retrieved On: 02.10.2019]

Websites

1. hsdl.org,(2019), Vietnamese youth gang, Retrieved from:https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=452207 Retrieved On:02.10.2019]
2. researchgate.net, (2019), Vietnamese youth gang, Retrieved from:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223640442_Understanding_Vietnamese_youth_gangs_in_America_An_ecological_systems_analysis Retrieved On: 02.10.2019]

Before feminism in the 19th century, society holds an old concept of gender inequality and gender roles; they did not respect the marginalized groups such as women and other racial groups. Men, in general, considered women as property. Sadly, over the years, even after the emergence of feminism—where people are now actively doing something to promote rights equality in all the concept persists; women are still objectified.

U.S. feminists coined the term ‘rape culture’ for the first time in the 1970s. Emillie Buchwald (1994) in her book Transforming a Rape Culture described rape culture as: “ a complex set of beliefs that encourage male sexual aggression and supports violence against women.” However, we ‘do note’ that men are also victims, truly everyone is, but the majority of victims of sexual violence are women. Rape Culture according to Kacmarek and Geffre (2013) in Rape Culture is: Know it when You See It in Huffington Post, Lynn M. Phillips stated that rape culture is a society in which dominant cultural values, media images, social practices, and social structures promote and endorse sexual abuse by ‘normalizing and eroticizing male violence against women and blaming victims for their own abuse.’

Rape culture exists because we refuse to believe that it does, which is why it’s important for us to know about it. We have all been socialized into a society that accepts, normalizes, and ads humor to sexual assault. By excusing acts such as catcalling, rape jokes, and victim-blaming, it supports violence against not only women but against all possible victims of abuse. Without us realizing it, this evil culture widely spreads in our community in many forms; images, jokes, TV shows, advertisements, and so on.

Rape culture is also becoming increasingly rampant in the Philippines, with even our president telling rape jokes, students sharing nude pictures of them or other students, and men masturbating in jeepneys while staring at women. And to bear sad news, the 2016 Philippine National Police records showed that there were 7,037 reports of rape, implying that 1 Filipino is raped every hour. However, a study by the U.S. Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network (RAINN) estimated that only 31% of cases were reported to police, and a measly 0.6% of offenders go to prison. This demonstrates that there is a need to improve our justice system and the way we handle rape cases. More attention needs to be given to this disease of an ideology.

Too few of a few people are beginning to take rape and sexual violence more seriously and the rest are just standing on the sidelines watching it happen. Too many victims have suffered, now it is etched in our minds that these occurrences are “just the way things are.’ but No it is a terrible and sickening way of thinking. As said by Prochuk (2013) rape culture persists, and “it is a root cause of violence and devastating form of violence in its own right”.

Our society normalized sexual violence as men’s basic instinct, and everything will come back to women’s fault for the violence that afflicted them. This is what we call victim-blaming. Rape culture tells women to cover their body parts, to cover up and wear ‘proper’ clothes, to not be seductive and appealing to men, and to always be careful because they are vulnerable. Rape culture teaches young girls not to get raped, instead of teaching young boys not to rape, giving women tips and tricks on how not to be raped, and so on, it’s like emphasizing that the responsibility of rape (or being raped) always lays on the hands of women, That the main reason for rape is women, and the fact that it is always the fault of women for being raped, we call this slut-shaming.

In the end, none of the rape prevention falls on the responsibility of the perpetrators – therapists. This just goes to show that we are very apologetic about rapists blaming everything but themselves – their surroundings, their peers, their past experiences, even the victim – and that we sometimes justify their actions and see them as the “real victims.” The truth is, there is no one to blame but therapists because it’s as easy as RESPECT and “NO MEANS NO”, but we fail to see this. Why? Just because they are our sons? Our fathers? Our good friends? Best friends? Our authorities? But what about our sisters? Mothers? The Victims who kept their mouths closed, minds shut as they were violated again and again in their minds, who had to live through if they are strong enough to the fact that this happened to them? Sadly victims of rape culture today usually and immediately resort to suicide without resorting to help, this is because of the violation and the humiliation that comes after, also caused by rape culture.

Rape culture is truly a terrible thing to live with, not just for women but for everyone else, yet not much importance is given, but our silence helps rapists get away with it. With all of that being said, Rape IS NOT A JOKE. Rape culture is a mean problem that has basic solutions. Adults should teach young children respect, Parents and Teachers should discuss matters of sex and hormones with teenagers and sex is for married couples only and that it must always be consensual, and as for each and every one of us, especially to my peers, sex is a God-given gift for married couples that we should not abuse, we should learn to have self-control and self-respect.

By doing these things, we would be able to gain personal, social, and global benefits. First, we would all feel more secure in our surroundings. Everyone would be able to wear and do what they want to, without being looked down on by society. We would all grow up to be more respectful towards others, allowing us to build stronger relationships.

Second, we would be able to protect the next generations from suffering the struggles that we face today, resulting in an improved justice system, one with better laws regarding rape and one that doesn’t discriminate against others.

Let’s start with ourselves to change rape culture for the better and eventually may even get rid of rape culture for good.

In the book “The Cases that Haunt us” by John Douglas and Mark Olshaker it talk about different murders and murderers.Some of the Cases it talks about are the JonBenet Ramsey case and the Lindbergh kidnapping. All of the murder cases in the book are about unsolved cases even though it talk about Certain people they never found the murder of they never found that person guilty.They talk about most these case because they seem to stick throughout time and they are all the time.

The first Chapter in the book is about Jack the ripper.It’s about a serial killer the roamed the streets of London in the months of August and November of 1888 they referred to Jack the Ripper.They refer to theses as “one of the biggest crime stories of all time.”.At the times the murders happened they would refer to the East side of london as the “Abyss” because it was it was strange, distant and, fearful.At the times the murders happened the only thing they could use was stuff around the they didn’t have fingerprint analyse or a lot of the other things that we have now so its was much harder to find a murderer.Some of the cluse they had was behavioral cluses based on how the murder victims were left and the wound they had.it says that he had us “blitz style’ based on the bruising on the face the book describes it as “to neutralize his potential victim quickly and unexpectedly before she could put up a defense.”. No one could find a motive for all of the killings but, they thought that it was the work of a sex maniac.In the book it says that the murder mostly went after homeless prostitutes so that if they were killed no one would really care.

Later one in the murders they thought that is was some kind of monster or a foreign species.The murders started to get “famous” so people started going to to the murder sites as if they were tourist attractions.While they were looking for the murderer rumor arose and one of the biggest rumors was about and leather apron that was by the victims.the rumor was that the police when around and asked “the ladies on the streets” about it and they said that someone called “Leather Apron” would go up to the girls a demand money and he wore the leather apron because he was a shoe maker.Later on in the murder arouse some postcards from Jack the Ripper that basically he wasn’t Leather Apron nor a Doctor.Needless to say that they would keep getting leads on who Jack the Ripper was but it always lead to a dead end so they never really found who the real murderer was.

Chapter two was about Lizzie borden.Lizzie Borden was accused of killing her he father Andrew Borden and her step-mom Abby Borden in the nineteenth century.It was said that she had killer both her father and step-mother with either a hatchet or ans axe and with that being said a rhyme had come out because of the murders and went ¨Lizzie Borden took an axe gave her mother forty whacks once she saw what she had done she gave her father forty one¨.The murders happened on Thursday August 4, 1892.When they had first found Andrew Borden’s body it was almost unrecognizable there was also no other wounds on his body except for his head.When Maggie Sullivan and Alice Russell when up stairs they found another brutal discovery they hand found Abby on the floor of the spare bedroom propped on her knees lying face down.That night they had left Andrew and Abby’s bodies in the dining room on the table because they didn’t have anywhere else to store the bodies.Before Deputy Marshal John Fleet had questioned Lizzie borden if she had any ideas on who would have killed he father and step-mother and she said that her father and a man she didn’t know had gotten into an argument but other then that she didn’t have any idea.In the book it says the “Lizzie had seemed to many observers to be emotionally flats…” that became a key issue because you would think that someone who just lost their stepmother and their father.There was no sign of any break in and there was no sign of robbery so that means one they were either let in the house or snuck in and they were either killing for fun or hatred.When they had interviewed Lizzie her story had holes and a lot of them on of them of which was important because there was sign that Abby Borden ever left the house.Lizzie later when to trial and they had hired a Lawyer by the name of Andrew Jennings.Lizzie was later proven guilty and the case had went to the supreme court.She was later found not Guilty and she want to live the rest of her life with people hating her and no very many friends.

The fourth chapter is about the one and only Zodiac Killer.The Zodiac first killed a girl by the name of Cheri Jo Bates.They had no idea who killed this girl but they did get a letter from the killer that said she wasn’t the first and she won’t be the last and it also talked about how he killed her and who his next victim might be but, they weren’t sure if it was all true.They would keep getting notes from “Zodiac” but they never truly found out who he was.They called him The Zodiac Killer because he would leave zodiac signs where his victims were found he would also sign a Zodiac at the end of almost every letter he wrote.They never really found out who the real Zodiac Killer was even though they had a sketch of him they couldn’t find anyone that look like the sketch our resembled the sketch.

In Conclusion I would recommend this book to anyone that is interested in unsolved murder cases.This book was very interesting to me because I like to know what it’s like to work with these types of cases.I also liked it because I like to know what would ever motivate someone to do theses kind of things and i also like to know how that could pull something off like that and feel no remorse.So if you are interested in any of those things i highly recommend this book.

Encounter with Ted Bundy: A Chilling Introduction

On a chilly afternoon in late 1977, a young, newly-wed woman of 26 was dropped off at her Volkswagen Beetle by her sister-in-law. Her name was Gini McNair. She waved goodbye to her companion, unlocked the driver’s door, and stepped into her vehicle. Sitting at the wheel, with the key in the ignition, she glanced around the deserted Boulder Canyon Road located outside of Boulder, Colorado. While waiting for her dusty red Volkswagen to warm up, she saw another one, light blue, heading down Sugarloaf Road towards her. When she glanced at the driver as he went past, he took the opportunity to look her over as well. With piercing eyes, Ted Bundy quickly examined Gini as he drove by her. When his eye caught hers, Gini immediately felt like she had just been delivered a swift punch in the stomach. He turned around at the bottom of Sugarloaf Road and drove over to where she was parked. As he walked over to her window, she rolled it down. He leaned in close and asked, ‘Are you having car trouble?’

Gini didn’t tell many people the story of that day, she figured that it was just one of those weird things that happen sometimes. One night, a few months later, she and her husband were watching the news and a story about Ted Bundy came on. While the young couple watched for a few minutes with a mixture of disgust and interest, it showed a picture of the famous ‘Ted’. Gini’s mouth opened in surprise; that was the same face and those were the same eyes that stared at her that day in Boulder Canyon. He was caught in Florida not long after she encountered him and was given the death sentence for the murders of many women from various states within the past five years. From that day forward, Gini always trusted that little voice in the back of her head. The voice that was present that very day when she escaped from one of the most famous serial killers of our time: Ted Bundy.

Early Life and Background of Ted Bundy

Theodore Robert Bundy was born November 24th, 1946 in Burlington, Vermont. His mother, Louise Cowell, was twenty-one when she gave birth to him. The only thing that Ted knew about his father was that he was in the armed forces. Ted was raised to the age of four by his grandparents, who had his last name legally changed from Cowell to Nelson. Soon after, Louise moved with her son to Tacoma, Washington, a Puget Sound harbor and mill town. Louise met Johnnie Bundy, a thirty-year-old cook at the Madigan Army Hospital. Louise and Johnnie were married May 17, 1951. It was at that point when Ted took on the Bundy name (Larsen, R. W.).

Louise and Johnnie had four children together: Linda, Glenn, Sandra, and Richard (Larsen, R. W.). At the age of thirteen, Ted discovered pornographic magazines in a trash can behind a store. He was immediately interested and captivated by them. As time went on, he became more and more addicted to violent images in the books and soon realized that they weren’t enough anymore. He needed something real (Dobson, J.).

Ted Bundy’s Academic Journey and Early Signs of Violence

Ted was a good student and graduated with a B+ average from Woodrow Wilson High School. He only dated one girl in high school, who described him as shy. His first year of college was at the University of Puget Sound, located close to his parents’ house. Here, Ted felt he didn’t fit in. Most of the students came from upper-class families and were high achievers. After a year at the University of Puget Sound, Ted decided to move to Seattle and enroll at the University of Washington. There he met Diane, an older and wealthier woman. Diane drove a red Mustang, while Ted drove a 1933 Plymouth coupe. Despite their differences, their relationship lasted for several years (Larsen, R. W.).

Ted received his bachelor’s degree in psychology from the University of Washington. He worked on the 1968 Rockefeller campaign and also took a part-time job at the Crisis Clinic at Seattle’s Harborview Medical Center. He answered phones and counseled numerous people who were experiencing emotional troubles. One of his co-workers mentioned that ‘Ted always seemed to respond to callers with sort of a cold lecture, telling them they should learn to discipline their emotions, to take charge, He didn’t seem to have the compassion, the understanding that these people were unable to take control.’ (Larsen, R. W.).

In 1972, Ted involved himself in Governor Dan Evan’s reelection campaign. With complaints from his advisors, he soon became assistant director of the Seattle Crime Prevention advisory committee. He even wrote a pamphlet instructing women about rape prevention (Burns, K. S.).

Ted Bundy was considered ‘handsome and smart’ by his friends and the people he met. His girlfriends described him as ‘romantic and tender’, but to the women he tortured and killed, ‘he was a nightmare.’ (Burns, K. S.).

The Onset of Bundy’s Killing Spree and His Modus Operandi

Ted Bundy began his killing spree in late 1973. One source, (Ted Bundy) states that his first victim was a young girl of 15. Her name was Kathleen Merry Devine and she was murdered on November 11, 1973, in Seattle, Washington. Her body was found on December 6th, almost a month later. Another recent source, (Burns, K. S.) says that Ted was falsely accused of murdering her. Another man, William E. Cosden, who was also accused of killing Devine, was tried in March of 2002 and found guilty.

In Washington, Joni Lenz was attacked by Bundy in the night and was found on January 4, 1974. She was found by the police, severely beaten in her bed after a call from her frantic roommate. She survived but had no memory of the incident (Burns, K. S.).

Later that day, Bundy approached an 18-year-old girl from Seattle by the name of Sharon Clarke. He pretended to have a broken arm and was having trouble carrying his books. She, being a helpful person, approached him and asked if she could help. Bundy had many ways of pretending to be helpless in order to get a young woman to help him. That day, Sharon was led back to Bundy’s Volkswagen and was attacked, raped, and assaulted. She somehow managed to get away and later testified against him in the trial (Burns, K. S.).

Lynda Ann Healy was a 21 year old who lived at the University in Washington. She worked for a radio station and got up every morning at 5:30 to bike to work. The morning of February 1, she disappeared from her basement bedroom, leaving her bike behind, (Burns, K. S.) and was not found until March of 1975 on Taylor Mountain (Ted Bundy).

While Ted was stalking and attacking girls one by one, he also had a steady relationship with a girl by the name of Cas Richter. They met at a bar while Ted was attending college at the University. They dated for a long period of time and were engaged to be married after he would be finished law school. (Larsen, R. W.).

Living a double life, Bundy killed Donna Gail Manson, a 19-year-old student at Evergreen State College. Bundy murdered her on March 12 and the police never found her body. The next girl was an 18 year old by the name of Susan Elaine Rancourt. She disappeared from the campus of Central Washington State University in Ellensburg, Washington on April 17. Her body was found among many others in March of 1975 on Taylor Mountain, hours away from where she disappeared (Burns, K. S.).

Roberta Kathleen Parks, 22, disappeared in Corvallis, Oregon on May 6, 1974. Her body was also found on Taylor Mountain. Brenda Baker,15, was murdered in Seattle and her body was found on June 17, 1974 (Ted Bundy).

In Seattle, a number of women went missing with only one clue to each disappearance. They all left with a man in a Volkswagen who introduced himself as ‘Ted’. Police in Washington searched many Volkswagens without any clue of who the mysterious ‘Ted’ was. Meanwhile, Cas, his fiance, thought it was a funny coincidence. Her Ted drove a Volkswagen, but he was harmless. He was quiet and respectful and incapable of anything like this. With these thoughts constantly running through her mind, the once quiet and respectful Ted was shamelessly murdering numerous women.

Brenda Carol Ball, 22, was last seen on June 1, 1974, in a tavern. Next was Georgann Hawkins, an 18-year-old college girl who disappeared from the University of Washington on June 11, 1974. Janice Ott, 23, and Denise Naslund, 19, were both conned by a good-looking man with a sling. He approached both of them at Lake Sammamish Park in Seattle. Janice was tanning on the beach the morning of June 14, 1974, when Bundy asked her for help loading his boat. He led her to his car and said that he had to drive to the other side of the lake to get to his boat. Janice warily stepped into his vehicle and was never seen again. Less than 8 hours later, Bundy was back at the beach looking for another girl. He found Denise and gave the whole speech once again (Larsen, R. W.). Both bodies were found in September in a remote wooded area over two miles away (Ted Bundy).

From Washington, Ted went to Utah to finish law school where he added more victims to his ongoing list. Laura Aime, Nancy Wilcox, Melissa Smith, Nancy Baird, Caryn Campbell, and Debbie Kent were all conned by Ted and their bodies were dumped in various places around the state (Ted Bundy).

In November of 1974, one girl by the name of Carol DaRonch, was window shopping in Salt Lake City when Bundy approached her and said he was a policeman. He asked her if she was parked outside and when she said yes, told her that a man had tried to break into her car. He asked her to accompany him outside so she could see if anything was stolen. As she followed him to her car, she began to suspect something was wrong. He was not wearing a uniform and was very unprofessional. She asked to see his ID. He showed her what looked like a police badge and it was enough to satisfy her suspicions (Summers, C.).

They got to her car, made sure that nothing was missing, and Bundy asked her to come to the police station to make a statement. She followed him to his old and battered Volkswagen, took a close look at the torn seats, and questioned him again. He told her that his name was Officer Roseland of the Murray Police Department. She was still suspicious but entered the car anyway. In the small confines of the VW Beetle, she could smell alcohol on his breath. She soon realized that they were headed in the opposite direction of the police station. She panicked and at the next stop, tried to escape. Bundy was quicker than she was and managed to handcuff one wrist but she struggled more and he pointed a gun at her. She glanced back and saw a car in the distance and in one quick move, opened the door, threw herself out, and ran (Summers, C.).

After that incident, Bundy moved his way into Colorado and murdered Julie Cunningham, 26, in Vail. Her body was never found. Denise Oliverson, 25, lived in Grand Junction and was killed on April 6, 1975. Then Melanie Cooley in Nederland and Shelley Robertson in Golden (Ted Bundy).

Bundy’s Arrest, Trials, and Escapes

After being in Colorado, Bundy was traveling back through Utah and was pulled over by Highway Patrolman Bob Hayward. He found a balaclava, a crowbar, an ice pick, a pair of handcuffs, and a ski mask in Bundy’s car. Ted was arrested but remained very well mannered and was constantly explaining that he needed the mask and balaclava for skiing, and had found the other items. He denied ever having been in Colorado but after a search of his apartment, the police found a brochure from a hotel in Snowmass (Summers, C.).

He was later identified by Carol DaRonch as the man who had assaulted her. Apparently, when Bundy and DaRonch had wrestled in his car, she scratched him and as a result, he left blood spots on her coat. These blood spots were identified at type O blood. Bundy was a type O. In his glove box were receipts from gas stations that showed that he had gotten gas at or near many places where the girls in Colorado had vanished. Ted was kept in custody until he was convicted and sent to Colorado (Ted Bundy. A Serial Killer.).

He was sent to jail in Colorado but escaped out of a window in the courthouse in June 1977. Eight days later, he was recaptured. The authorities were sure that they had incarcerated the right ‘Ted’ with a Volkswagen and were determined to put him away for good once they got proof of his murders (Summers, C.).

But in December 1977, Bundy cut a hole in the ceiling of his cell with a hacksaw blade and escaped yet again. Afterwards, he headed to Florida. By the time he got there, he was very disheveled and was living off of food he stole from grocery stores. On January 15, he entered a sorority house in Tallahassee, Florida. He strangled Margaret Bowman and beat Lisa Levy to death after assaulting her (Summers, C.). They were both left dead in their beds. Three other girls were also in the sorority house; Kathy Kleiner, Karen Chandler, and Cheryl Thomas were all beaten with a wooden club but were still alive (Ted Bundy).

Final Crimes, Arrest, and Execution of Ted Bundy

Bundy’s final victim was a young girl of 12. Her name was Kimberley Leach and she was abducted from her school gym, sexually assaulted, and strangled. Her body was left in a deserted hog shed.

Finally, on February 15, 1978, Bundy was arrested for driving a stolen car. He went on trial for the sorority house murders in June. Ted stood no chance against the evidence against him. There was a witness who had seen him leaving the sorority house after the attacks and there was a mask found in the house that resembled another that he owned (Ted Bundy. A Serial Killer). But the best evidence was the bite marks he left on Lisa Levy’s buttocks. The prosecution brought in a forensic odontologist to match Bundy’s teeth to the bite marks. They matched perfectly. It took the jury only six hours to find Bundy guilty. He was sentenced to death by the electric chair by Judge Edward Cowart, who said to him, ‘I bear you no animosity. But you went the wrong way, partner. Take care of yourself.’ (Summers, C.).

Ted Bundy spent 10 years on Florida’s Death Row all the while pleading innocent to the charges against him. The night before his execution, he gave an interview to James C. Dobson and his camera crew to admit to the world that he was guilty. Ted said that he felt he owed it to society to warn everyone of the dangers of pornography and to explain how it led to where he was. He made sure that people knew that he was not blaming pornography, but that it shaped his violent behaviors.

He began explaining that he grew up in a great household and had a great childhood. But he soon found and became addicted to pornographic material which eventually led to more. In this interview, Bundy states that ‘Once you become addicted to it…you look for more potent material…Like an addiction, you keep craving something which is harder and gives you a greater sense of excitement, until you reach…that jumping-off point where you begin to think maybe actually doing it will give you that which is just beyond reading about it and looking at it.’ Bundy admitted to every single one of the murders he was accounted for. He also admitted to nearly a hundred more that had not even been reported or linked to him (Dobson, J.).

In his final hours, Ted admitted that he was scared to die. He was afraid, what was going to happen to him afterward. He said he knew he deserved it, he knew he deserved every bit of it. At one point during the interview, the lights dimmed and flickered. James Dobson looked up with a worried look on his face and Ted told him that they would be on in a minute. Ted knew what caused the lights to flicker: they were testing out the electric chair that would take his life the next morning. At the end of their interview, Bundy stated that being within arms reach of death was, ‘…just an experience we all share.’ (Dobson, J.).

As the sun came up over the horizon on January 24, 1989, Ted Bundy was getting ready to face his death. Head shaved, he was strapped to the electric chair inside Starke prison. He nodded in the direction of his lawyer as the straps were placed over his chest and mouth. A steel cap, full of electrodes, was gently placed over his head. At 7:07 a.m. the executioner flipped the switch that sent 2,000 volts of electricity through Bundy’s body. Outside in the morning air, dozens cheered as the hearse drove by carrying his lifeless body (Summers, C.).

Ted Bundy’s Legacy and Impact on Victims’ Families

The families who suffered from the actions of Bundy would never be whole again, but they would know now that no one else would suffer. In the horrifying words of Theodore Robert Bundy, ‘We serial killers are your sons, we are your husbands, we are everywhere. And there will be more of your children dead tomorrow. You will feel the last bit of breath leaving their body. You’re looking into their eyes. A person in that situation is God!…’ (Ted Bundy: A Serial Killer).

Introduction

The definition of ‘serial killer’ accepted by the police and academics says that a serial killer is someone who has killed, spaced through time, three or more people who were previously unknown to him. (Haggerty, 2009) However, as Haggerty (2009) states this definition can present some difficulties as other individuals who have killed three or more unknown people should be defined as serial killers when they are not, such as dictators or terrorists who kill those who do not share their beliefs.

Ted Bundy was a famous serial killer in the US during the 1970-80s, and his case brought to light the existence of serial killing. During the time that Ted Bundy’s case developed, serial killers were a newly discovered phenomenon this resulted on his case being notorious among the other cases that were occurring at the time. Thanks to the amount of attention that Bundy’s case had, there are a lot of information about his killings as well as personal information about him, which help professionals study this type of cases and, possibly, find ways to avoid them in the future.

Literature review

According to Arndt, W. B., Hietpas, T., Kim, J. (2004) one of the explanations of serial killing relies on the description of the perpetrator. They argue that the age of a serial killer differs depending on the type of killing, for example sexually motivated killers will range from 16 to 48 years old and that the median age of the first murder is 27. Furthermore, they argue that the Hispanic and Asian serial killers are rarely reported compared to other ethnicities. (Arndt, W. B., Hietpas, T., Kim, J., 2004) Another explanation for serial killings is the Trauma Control Model by Hickey (2013). This model states that during their early years, the future killer is traumatized by different factors such as sexual and physical abuse, the death of a parent, or negative parenting among others. The consequences of these lead to feelings of rejection and a sense on incompetence hidden behind a mask of self-control and self-confidence. Many facilitators, such as violent pornography, creates fantasies and further their need to kill. Next, these fantasies become an addictive reality as they start stalking and entering and eventually killing their victim. The murdering serves as a substitute for their early trauma and therefore they feel the need to continue killing in order to satisfy their needs. (Hickey, 2013)

R. Bartels and C. Parsons (2009) made a social study involving data from the court hearing of Dennis L. Rader, a serial killer who confessed to have killed 10 people and was charged for it. They concluded that there were three different major debates after analysing Rader’s talk in court: the perpetrator as ‘driven by sexual fantasy’, as a ‘serial killer’, and as ‘sympathetic’. Rader explained that sexual fantasy was behind many of his crimes and actions, which aid to justify his actions and excuse him. Second, by categorising Rader as a ‘serial killer’ it allows Rader to behave in a certain way typical of said category, not allowing him to have a choice over his actions. Finally, Rader’s version depicts his actions as sympathetic, helping the construction of a picture where he is a caring, understanding and positive person and therefore trying to neutralise presumptions suggesting a violent motive for his actions. Summarising, these three ideas show the construct that a serial killer can be a good, caring person who cannot control their sexual fantasies and just happens to be a serial killer. (Bartels, R., Parsons, C., 2009)

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (2008) categorised the motives they believed lead to serial killing. This includes among others: anger, where the offender exhibits hostility towards a certain subgroup of the population; psychosis, the offender suffers a severe mental disorder and is killing due to the disorder, and sexually-based, where the offender is driven by sexual desires/needs which would support Bundy’s final confession where he stated that his killings were because of pornography. Furthermore, the FBI also provides an explanation as to how offenders select their victims as it states that it depends on vulnerability, availability, and desirability. Vulnerability is described as the degree to which as victim is prone to be attacked. Availability refers to the lifestyle of the victim that permits the offender access the victim, for example some of Bundy’s victims were at a crowded community party where they were more accessible. Finally, the desirability is explained as the attractiveness of the victim to the offender. It involves several factors based on the offender’s motivation such as race, gender, age of the victim, or other specific preferences. (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2008)

Overview of Ted Bundy’s case

Ted Bundy preyed on young women by lying to them, often by wearing an arm or leg fake cast. He used this fake disability to convince the victims to help him to his car. Bundy began his killings near his home in Washington at first, but then moved to Utah, Colorado, and Florida. Bundy raped and murdered an estimate of 30 women during the 1970s. He used to strangle or hit the victims on the head repeatedly as well as sometimes even mutilated them after death. (Crime Museum, 2017)

As the number of bodies arose and witnesses’ descriptions circulated, people reported Ted Bundy as a matching suspect. However, police dismissed this based on his presentable appearance and upstanding character. Ted Bundy was arrested for the first time in 1970s, in Utah after running away from a patrol car. In his car, police found handcuffs, rope, masks, and other items although they were insufficient to link them to the killings. After being released, he was again arrested months later for the kidnapping and assault of one of his victims. Ted Bundy managed to escape prison twice, during which he continued his killing spree, before he was sentenced to death in 1980 and finally died in the electric chair in 1989. (Crime Museum, 2017)

Discussion

There are some possible explanations as to what the motivations behind Ted Bundy’s killings were. One of them is criminological explanation of the labelling theory. This theory divides the creation of a criminal into two phases: primary, and secondary deviance. It describes how an individual who commits an offence for the first time (primary deviance) is labelled by the community as a criminal. This relates to Bundy’s teenage years as he was a known shoplifter and was caught peeking through neighbours’ windows. Once the community labels him, they start to treat the offender differently, either by cutting relationships with him, insulting him, etc. This behaviour would lead the delinquent to offend again (secondary deviance), but by committing a bigger criminal offence. In Bundy’s case, kidnapping and killing. (Walsh, A., Jorgensen, C. ,2018)

Also, there are some possible psychological explanations that could explain Bundy’s behaviour. During the trials, his attorneys aimed to prevent Ted Bundy from entering jail due to a series of mental disorders that were later rejected. However, the behaviour he showed throughout the whole investigation shows symptoms of possible mental health disorders, such as psychopathy antisocial behaviour. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, also known as DSM-5, some of the symptoms for antisocial behaviour include using aliases and conning others for personal pleasure, normal cognitive empathy but low affective empathy – understanding someone’s feelings but not wanting to help them -. More symptoms that he showed include lack of responsibility and reckless disregard for his safety when he decided to represent himself in court as he believed he was a unique person that could only be associated with other high-status people, like the judge during his trials. (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) Furthermore, other psychological disorders could lead individuals to offend, such as Peter Sutcliffe who suffered from schizophrenia and murdered 20 women and attempted to kill another 7 women, and Andrei Chikatilo who suffered from borderline personality disorder with sadistic features and sexually assaulted, murdered, and mutilated 43 women and children in a period of 12 years.

Another explanation to his behaviour is the social structure theory of Urbanism. This theory explains how murder rates are usually higher in cities highly populated. Ted Bundy moved around the country during the time of his murders, always from and to densely populated states. This is usually associated with poverty, broken homes, disassociation, and social disorders, which could link with the Dark triad mentioned above or other mental health disorders. Furthermore, due to the density of population on the cities where Bundy killed, the possibility of becoming a victim because of frequently coming across strangers increases. (Haggerty, K., Ellerbrok, A. 2011)

Gottfredson and Hirschi developed the Low Self-Control Theory which agrees with the classical idea that the result of uncontrolled human impulses to enhance pleasure is crime. They argued that people with low self-control have the traits that put them at risk of offending. These traits are: lack of patience, and diligence, to which crime offers a quick way of obtaining sex, money, etc.; being self-centred and insensitive, so they are able to commit a crime without any guilt; and being more focused on the present rather than the future, and so crime gives them an immediate satisfaction rather than delayed. These traits can be seen in Ted Bundy’s behaviour as he showed no guilt towards the victims and the crimes he committed, his need for sex being this the cause of his crimes as he confessed later, and overall reckless behaviour regarding his future. (Walsh, A., Jorgensen, C. ,2018)

One more possible explanation to Bundy’s behaviour and crimes is the Social Bond Theory by Hirschi. He found that the typical offender Is a young male who grew up without a gather and has a history of difficulty in school. He inferred that those more likely to offend lack the four components of social bonding: attachment, commitment, belief, and involvement. (Walsh, A., Jorgensen, C., 2018) A lack of attachment to parents and respect to them becomes a lack of attachment and respect for bigger social groups, such as children at school and others in the future. Those who lack commitment, such as school dropouts like Ted Bundy who abandoned university before obtaining his degree, do not have a sound investment in traditional behaviour and are therefore more likely to commit an offence. Hirschi argued that involvement is a consequence of commitment and that non-involvement in traditional activities increases the risk of contact to illegal activities. Hirschi also argued that a belief system empty of traditional morals is bothered only with self-interest. Therefore, this theory would explain why Bundy became an offender as he grew up without a paternal figure until his mother married the man who would adopt him, making him Ted Bundy, as well as showing no commitment with school as he caused trouble during high school and then dropped university and social norms. Furthermore, during his teenage years he was caught shoplifting and peeking through neighbours’ windows, showing that from a young age he was inclined towards illegal behaviour. (Walsh, A., Jorgensen, C., 2018) (Serena, K. 2019)

Conclusion

Overall, there are many different explanations to criminal behaviour, in this case serial killing. These theories focus on the psychological health of the offender, whether the offender – Ted Bundy in this case – suffers from any behavioural disorder such as psychopathy antisocial behaviour disorder. These mental disorders have symptoms that could explain this behaviour, such as narcissism, lack of emotional empathy, lack of responsibility towards his safety and others, and being masters of manipulation in order to achieve what they want. Other explanations focus on how society and their interactions with it might influence their behaviour, such as Gottfredson and Hirschi’s theory of low self-control. Nevertheless, referring to the crimes Ted Bundy committed, many explanations concur by stating that the main motivation behind these was a sexual motivation as the gender of the victims and the method of killing show this. However, although many have attempted to explain the reasons for crime, there is no official explanation but a variety of them focusing on different aspects of the offenders’ lives.

REFERENCES

1. American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition. American Psychiatric Publishing
2. Arndt, W B., Hietpas, T., Kim, J. (2004) ‘Critical Characteristics of male serial murderers’, American Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol29.
3. Bartels, R., Parsons, C. (2009) ‘The social construction of a serial killer’, Feminism and Psychology, Vol 19, pp. 267-280
4. Crime Museum (2017) ‘Ted Bundy’. Available at: https://www.crimemuseum.org/crime-library/serial-killers/ted-bundy/
5. Haggerty, K. (2009) ‘Modern serial killers’, Crime, Media and Culture, 5(2), pp.168–187
6. Haggerty, K., Ellerbrok, A. (2011) The social study of serial killers, Criminal Justice Matters, 86:1, 6-7
7. Hickey, E.W. (2013) Serial Murderers and their Victims 6th edition, Wadsworth
8. Federal Bureau of Investigation (2008) Serial Murder: Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives for Investigations, National Centre for the Analysis of Violent Crime. Available at: https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/serial-murder
9. Serena, K. (2019) ‘Does Ted Bundy’s childhood hold the key to his madness?’, All That Interest. Available: https://allthatsinteresting.com/ted-bundy-childhood
10. Walsh, A., Jorgensen, C. (2018) Criminology: The Essentials, 3rd Edition. SAGE: USA

Hate crime is hard to characterize, measure, and clarify. In the wake of condensing a portion of the main applied issues and hypothetical points of view, we talk about the viable challenges related to information assortment. Even though the research writing stays little and to a great extent descriptive, ongoing research has started to relate hate crime examples to financial cycles, population streams, and changes in the world of politics. The task ahead is to stretch out these analyses to different settings and levels of aggregation of hate crime.

Imagine you are a man or a woman approached by a hater that throws acid in your face because you a transgender or because of your race or because of your religion, how would you feel? or what will you do about it?. Now before I dive into this very controversial subject, I should probably define what hate crime is so you will have a better understanding of what I am talking about…

Hate crimes are unfortunately a common occurrence within our society and as an outcome, are a consequence of discrimination. These criminal acts committed are based on a bias against an individual or group based on their race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, disability, and religion. Two words with very high meaning. Hate crimes are occurring in new york lately, some operate the news, some go on social media and others don’t even make it to the point of any social knowledge at all. Hate crimes are targeted attacks that should not be taken carelessly.

Discrimination is a serious issue that needs to be addressed, particularly due to the criminal activity that is acted based on this idea causing violence and harm that impacts the victims and our society as a whole. It is why people must take these critical steps to reduce and stop these crimes, resolve the issues that have been planted as a result of this idea, and help change the mindset to a more positive and no threshold towards hate crimes. Criminal justice officials and state policymakers need to realize that it is key to make or adjust hate crime legislation because groups of hate crimes have had a tremendous impact on social behavior for a long period, hate crimes impact the entire society causing public damage, and the overall threat of hate crimes acts on the society without the repeated use of punishments. To stop hate crimes from happening, all of America needs to work together.

While hate crime action has a long history, it has only been in the last several decades that research took to understand this type of crime has been carried. The purpose of this research paper is to discuss the history of hate crimes, the analyst reports of hate crimes, the Judicial System and Rights, and the understanding of the motive of hate crimes and solutions to hate crimes.

To have a better understanding of hate crime, we have to discuss the history of hate crime. During the 1960s in the American South, civil rights workers, and social activists faced violence and threats from members of the Ku Klux Klan and other organizations perpetrated to separation. Local prosecutors and police were often unwilling to prosecute these crimes. For Example, According to Malone, Clare. “Daily Meme: A Brief History of the Hate Crime.” The American Prospect, 14 Apr. 2014. “in 1964 in Mississippi, members of the Ku Klux Klan killed civil rights workers James Earl Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner. After local officials refused to prosecute the case, some of the assailants were tried in federal” this shows hate crime was identified before it was in common.

The term ‘hate crime’ came into common usage in the United States during 1985 when it was issued by United States Representatives John Conyers and Mario Biaggi. Although the term hate crime and societal benefit in it are nearly recent developments, hate crime has deep historical meaning. Throughout US history, a significant balance of all murders, assaults, and acts of vandalism and profanation has been fired by hatred. As Native Americans have been described as the first hate crime victims, hate crimes have existed since the United States’ initiation. Since then, members of all immigrant groups have been subjected to discrimination, harassment, and violence.

Starting from the Roman Empire the Romes killing of Christians transited to Hitler ( Nazi) butchery of Jews, hate crimes were acted by people and governments long before the term was commonly applied. A major part of determining a crime as a hate crime is that it is focused on a historically oppressed group. As Europeans began to conquer the world from the 16th century onwards, domestic people in the colonized areas, such as Native Americans increasingly became the targets of bias-motivated intimidation and violence. For example, According to Malone, Clare. “Daily Meme: A Brief History of the Hate Crime.” The American Prospect, 14 Apr. 2014. “During the past two centuries, common cases of hate crimes in the US include African Americans, mostly in the South, and Mexicans and Chinese in the West”. This shows that hate crime wasn’t only in the united states and it shows how that term transited from Europe to the United States.

If an interview was conducted with individuals across the United States whether they have been a victim of a hate crime because of their gender or gender status, thousands have stories to tell. An analysis from Denver, Brian. Hate Crime in New York State 2016 Annual Report. Criminal Justice Research Report, Office of Justice Research & Performance. “Determined that between 2015 and 2019 more than 10,000 hate crimes targeting victims gender took place on average each year, which almost 13 percent of all hate crimes reported by victims in New York.” this shows that hate crime is a serious issue in New York especially and it’s rising over the years.

Particularly about half of hate crime victims report the conflict to police, According to Denver, Brian. “Hate Crime in New York State 2016 Annual Report.” Criminal Justice Research Report, Office of Justice Research & Performance. It stated “topmost reasons for not informing the police are reached to another executive, not significant to police and private concern.” this clarifies that even when people choose to report hate crimes, what they believe to be an act of hate may not meet the legal standard and people might be terrified to speak to police because of the feeling of guilt or shame. Hate crime victims may prefer to express to their supervisors or school administrators, rather they may prefer not to report it at all because they don’t want to be dismissed by the police, That’s more possible to occur in societies that historically do not believe the law and policy, which refer to the transgender community and racial communities.

Police are likely to ask the victim about bias motivation when there is no other obvious motivation, An example would be if a person was knocked, but the intruder did not take their belongings. According to Chapman Ben, and Katie Honan. “New York City Sees Surge in Hate Crimes.” The Wall Street Journal, Dow Jones & Company, 8 Oct. 2019 emphasizes that “When it comes to rape victims, police don’t ordinarily ask them if they are targeted because of their gender.” this proves that its different types of hate crime, not just gender and different motives behind each crime. Some police departments may not report gender bias crimes because various state laws do not defend gender or gender identity in the same way that they protect race, religion, or sexual orientation.

There has been a collective effort to set analytical reports of hate crimes at the national level, the possibility still exists about whether the hate crime rate is rising or falling. Nationwide the amount of hate crime conflicts looks to have increased dramatically in 1994, sustained and handled during the following 2 years, then increased again in 1996. According to the FBI reports, five States still did not collect hate crime data. even if all States were reporting these conflicts it would be hard to estimate the level of the hate crime problem in this country because bias-motivated crimes typically are underreported by both police and victims.

It is important to transform the justice system and its procedures for administering these attacks to stop the non-punishment of these hate crimes. This is anticipated to the many problems that result from the system and prosecutions of hate crimes, including the obligation of the laws that connect to them. According to Glickhouse, Rachel. “5 Things You Need to Know About Hate Crimes in America.” ProPublica, 7 Aug. 2019 “despite the attempt made to discuss hate crimes within department policies, there is no thorough a version of the requirement for actual implementation”. This proves that hate crime isn’t taken seriously throughout the judicial system, and prosecutors tend to ignore certain cases of hate crime, this makes hate crime victims more ups

Avoidance within the system generates problems for continuing criminal crimes, therefore, resulting in unpunished hate crimes. The problems inside the judicial system generate problems within the system and prosecution of hate crimes and join on to the problem. According to Glickhouse, Rachel. “5 Things You Need to Know About Hate Crimes in America.” ProPublica, 7 Aug. 2019 “legal actions inside the justice system aren’t sufficient for victims, therefore, they attend to outside the law for justice. Numbers of these problems lead to hostility, unreported hate crimes, and revenge crimes because of the absence of development towards resolving this problem”. This shows that victims of hate crimes are afraid to express themselves because the justice system isn’t sufficient for them which leads these victims traumatized and tend for revenge.

Boundaries of social justice are the most significant because unlike a few people, but an entire society becomes perpetrators on a large system. It converts extra difficulty for there to be the right solutions due to the careless support of the jury racism in society. According to Devine, Catherine. “Millions Are Victims of Hate Crimes, Though Many Never Report Them.” Center for Public Integrity. “current racism is adapted to be arranged by victim criticism leading to support of more powerful expressions of hatred toward a whole minority group due to the shortage of punishment for the criminal act”. And as a consequence, this shows the problems within the justice system do have a significant impact on the victims and everyone else. The next dilemma is an unequal system that doesn’t correctly direct and prosecutes these crimes. prosecutors stated the idea of what a real hate crime is based on the properties of the negative motive of the victim, no contact preceding between the offender and victim, and through critical voice at a particular individual.

Creation of human lead that almost every activity is performed for a reason. On almost every occasion there is something that makes an individual demonstration. A large group of components may make an atmosphere wherein individuals, roused by their predispositions, make criminal moves. Such factors incorporate poor or unsure financial conditions, racial generalizations on TV, hate-filled talk on syndicated programs or political promotions, the utilization of racial code language, and a person’s close-to-home encounters with individuals from specific minority gatherings. When an atmosphere of detest is made, a solitary occurrence can trigger a flood of despise of wrongdoings.

Outer Influences Hate crime acts are touchy outside occasions. A few instances of outside impacts, In the 1980s, when Japan was cutting into American offers of autos and electronic gear, there was an expansion in assaults on Japanese. During the Gulf War, there was an expansion in assaults on Arab-Americans. According to DeAngelis, TORI. “Understanding and Preventing Hate Crimes.” Monitor on Psychology, American Psychological Association, ‘There is a feeling of the counter. One thing occurs and individuals need to settle the score. There is an adolescent posse attitude. Where it resembled they got one of our own we’ll get one of theirs.’ this shows that humans tend to want revenge in any situation that happened against their beliefs and this motive is dangerous because its more aggression behind it. After the bombarding that occurred in California, there was an underlying overflowing of hostile to Arab-American assessment that took steps to heighten however was subdued when it became realized that the central suspects in the shelling were Caucasians conceived in the United States. Which shows that prejudgment plays a big role in people’s mind where if an incident happened they already know who did it. This is not the case in that example.

Some hate crimes researchers have noticed that hate crime violations will in general ascent during times of monetary vulnerability. Truth be told, a couple of states that a general relationship exists between the open’s view of the condition of the economy and the degree of despising violations. According to DeAngelis, TORI. “Understanding and Preventing Hate Crimes.” Monitor on Psychology, American Psychological Association, “The perception of how things are is almost more important than the reality”. This shows that the more an individual takes things by what they are whether bad or good it’s more important than real life. Albeit some vibe that the association between hate violations and the condition of the economy is overemphasized, despise wrongdoings do appear to increment during times of monetary vulnerability. During these periods, minorities end up viewed as the reason for the negative conditions that others are encountering.

Trigger Incidents Once an atmosphere for hate wrongdoings exists, all that is required is a shocking, prominent racial occurrence, called a ‘trigger incident,’ to set off a cycle of retaliatory occurrences or even considerate issues. A trigger incident that happened a while back in 2012 where it had been videotaped beating of a black 17-year-old African-American teenager named Trayvon Martin in February 2012, Trayvon was beating and gunned down because of an officer who killed him because he looks suspicious in Florida, police officer accused in the assault. News of the acquittal sparked huge rioting, looting, vandalism, and furnace setting in South Florida. The following month, the stage of hate crimes commenced extending in many jurisdictions across the Nation. Similarly, the perfect stage of bias-motivated incidents in New York City passed off at some stage in the month immediately following the assault on a group of black guys in Brooklyn, New York.

The most significant thing that grown-ups can do to decrease the spread of hate crime-inspired conduct is to assist youthful with peopling figure out how to regard and commend decent variety. Research shows that youngsters between the ages of 5 and 8 start to put esteem decisions on similarities and contrasts among individuals. Also, children’s racial dispositions start to solidify by the fourth grade, making the direction of grown-ups during this timespan especially significant. Grown-ups talk straightforwardly and sincerely with kids about decent variety, bigotry, and partiality. In schools, instructors tend to participate in instructive endeavors to dissipate fantasies and generalizations about specific gatherings of individuals and at whatever point conceivable work with guardians and neighborhood law implementation specialists so such exertion is bolstered on numerous fronts.

All hate crime laws must work to ensure both essentially and typically the foremost imperiled bunches in society. We suggest probably that lawmakers should begin from the position that all strands of hate wrongdoing be treated similarly beneath hate wrongdoing statutes given that each strand has as of now been proven as being a significant social issue that’s deserving of specific legitimate assurance and as it were where there’s a compelling and genuine reason for unexpectedly treating characteristics should this be the case in law. Where laws are unable to be implemented in the home, the system should look for to either remove the organizations totally for all ensured characteristics or make revisions to the wording of the arrangements to guarantee that the law works decently and reliably over strands.

Practices must be encouraged by experienced and completely prepared helpful specialists who get the touchy flow of abhorring wrongdoing exploitation. Facilitators must give satisfactory planning to each member. Facilitators must guarantee that cooperation is intentional which partners are not tempted into partaking. Level One helpful experiences should not be utilized for hate wrongdoing unless satisfactory arrangement and intentional support can be ensured. And Facilitators should undertake to work in conjunction with other offices and associations when sorting out remedial gatherings (counting schools, home affiliations, neighborhood policing groups, community security units, anti-social conduct units, and social administrations). suggest that a national online hate wrongdoing center be made in arrange to make strides official detailing and recording of online occurrences. The center should be utilized as a stage from which detailed episodes can be surveyed by professional officers who are trained to respond specifically to online hate crime offenses. This will guarantee that a more all-encompassing approach is taken to tending to the requirements of both victims and perpetrators of hate crimes.

This exploration likewise has suggestions for current social arrangements. Notwithstanding the individual-level advantages that portray current master fairness contentions in the gay and lesbian rights banter, there are certain social externalities, for example, a decrease in hate crime violations, related to genius uniformity laws. Albeit popular sentiment on marriage balance remains reasonably firmly separated, the overall population is, generally, not isolated in its resistance to despise wrongdoings. In this way, the potential for state strategies to impact, if not fill in as, cultural powers in the creation of hate crime violations will be a significant thought for governing bodies and courts pondering marriage correspondence, hate crime, and work non-discrimination laws.