Category: Criminal Behavior

Argumentative Essay on Death Penalty

As the land of the free, did you know that America is ranked number 7, out of all the 45 countries worldwide that allow capital punishment, for how many executions they had carried out in 2018? America’s rank has gone down since 2013, being ranked number 5 then, but we still have 30 countries that condone the death penalty, and that adds to that staggering rank. According to FindLaw’s team of legal writers, “The early history of death penalty laws [dates to] the 18th century B.C. and can be found in the Code of King Hammurabi of Babylon. The Hammurabi Code . . . prescribed the death penalty for over 20 different offenses . . . you could be executed for theft, perjury, and other crimes that today are punished much more lightly in most countries” (History of Death Penalty Laws, par. 3). Back then, these punishments would be carried out in a multitude of different ways including boiling, burning at the stake, hanging, beheading and drawing and quartering. Through the years this practice has stuck and been included in other civilizations’ and cultures’ rules until even now, finding its way to The United States of America.

The practice was brought to the 13 colonies from European settlers and the first recorded execution was in the Jamestown Colony in 1608, enacted on a found spy of Spain, Capt. George Kendall. Over the years following his death, the colonies embraced the idea of execution even further. According to Morgan Baskin, a former editorial assistant for Pacific Standard and currently a writer for VICE, “. . . authorities could hang settlers for a crime as small as stealing grapes or killing a neighbor’s chicken. The penal code in America’s first colony was, in fact, so harsh its governor eventually reduced the number of capital offenses out of fear that settlers would refuse to live there.” (par. 1). The main method of execution in early America was by hanging, due to its simplicity and usual immediate death, however, this was still problematic at times. Depending on the length of the noose, the condemned would either slowly strangle if the rope was too short or be decapitated if the rope was too long. This led to a new method being sought after and in 1890 brought about the use of the electric chair. The electric chair remained the primary method of capital punishment in the United States for some years until an “Oklahoma legislator asked Jay Chapman, the state’s chief medical examiner, to help create a method to replace electrocution. Chapman, . . . devised a three-drug cocktail . . . If administered via intravenous injection, he said, it would anesthetize and paralyze an inmate and then stop his heart. Texas was the first state to use lethal injection, in 1982; by the 1990s, the method was widespread” (Ford, par. 7). Today, the 5 methods of execution used are hanging, electrocution, firing squad, the gas chamber, and lethal injection; lethal injection being the most common. There are now 41 capital offenses in the United States that would constitute seeking the death penalty, those charges are saved for more heinous crimes, mainly including murder, than they were previously in colonial times. There have been many instances in United States history where capital punishment cases were halted in search of a more “humane” manner of execution. Which brings up the question: Can the death penalty ever be considered humane? Taking the life of someone is more than likely what got someone in that position today and the solution that we have come to is to take another life as the punishment. Another important factor to consider with the death penalty is that for every capital punishment case, there is a trial. Within this trial, it is established with a whole court proceeding the innocence of the person accused. Mistakes are always inevitable though, it is estimated that 4% of people who have been on death row, also including those still on death row, are innocent. Multiple cases have already been reexamined and it was discovered of death row inmates are innocent, but some were too late as their execution had already taken place. Capital punishment is an expensive means to justice that is just unnecessary, it does not help with any crime rates to keep people from committing such acts, and it counters religious morals as well as ethical morals stated in our constitution. For these reasons and many more, we should abolish the death penalty.

We should abolish the death penalty because it is more expensive in both the court cases seeking a death penalty sentence, as well as in housing a death row inmate rather than keeping them as a prisoner in the general population. There are a lot more expenses that come with seeking the death penalty in capital punishment cases than comes in a regular trial for life imprisonment charges. Legal fees are a big cost of this. Because the cases are so complicated, prosecutors and attorneys end up spending more time preparing for these trials, even needing more staff to assist them with the workload. The more time they spend working on these cases, the more they can bill for, sometimes ranging as high as $100 per hour for thousands of hours of work over the course of years. Kelly Erb, a tax attorney, and writer, states that “. . . defending a death penalty case costs about four times as much as defending a case where the death penalty is not considered,” (par. 9) which is important since it is your tax dollars going into seeking this judgement. As well as trying to create a better case for their defendants, prosecutors, and attorneys will spend more on experts to help support their facts to their side of the case. Often in death penalty cases, an appeals court can try to reverse a death sentence for any reason such as any evidence not shown or faulty work of the prosecutor or attorney. The county would then have to pay to have a whole other trial, making it so that now they have just doubled their costs; which is common in death penalty cases so that the defendant gets a fair trial. Peter Collins, an Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice, and Aliza Kaplan, a Professor and Director of Criminal Justice Reform Clinic, words “Ever since Furman v. Georgia in 1972, the U.S. Supreme Court has recognized that additional safeguards are necessary to protect these rights in death penalty cases,” (par. 12) showing that the ruling in that court case proved to be detrimental in getting fair trials for potential death row inmates. Looking at all the facts of the case also includes looking into the history of the accused which means they also must hire mitigation investigators to check their medical records, search and speak with their family about their childhood, which can include travel costs if they are from another state.

Many people would argue that housing as well as feeding an inmate for life would incur more costs, rather than sentencing them to death. A simple thought as it would make sense not to have to take care of them for life, especially being that many think they are not important to society due to their crimes and transgressions. Killing them would save money instead of feeding them, housing them, less security going to that person, and would also help with prison overcrowding to make room for new inmates. However, because the death penalty is being sought, many do not consider just how long the death penalty takes to be put into effect. Even after the trial is over and they have their death sentence, death row inmates can end up waiting as long as a decade, to even 15 years, for the sentence to be carried out. During these years of waiting, because of their more serious charges, they are kept in solitary which means more is spent on security for them and to keep them away from the general population of other inmates serving time. Kimberly Amadeo, the president of WorldMoneyWatch, states in her article “A Susquehanna University report found that, on average, across all 50 states, a death row inmate costs $1.12 million more than a general population inmate. In July 2018, there were 2,738 inmates on death row. That’s almost $3 billion additional expense than if they had all been sentenced to life in prison instead” (par. 15) showing just how much taxpayers’ dollars are spent because of this verdict. Moreover, death row inmates end up reaching older ages with how long they wait and require more medical treatment than others to keep them healthy enough until they receive their punishment. They also require more mental health visits due to always worrying about when will be their last day. Even with the waste of all this money put into their trials, about half of the people on death row will not be executed due to other factors.

We should abolish the death penalty because it does not actually do anything to deter people from committing crimes. There have been many cases seeking the death penalty that proves the point that it is not an actual solution. Even with knowing you can be killed for murdering other people, it still happens. Furthermore, states with the death penalty in effect do not see any reduction in their homicide rates from states that have done away with it. It has been found that “. . . among the 25 states with the highest murder rate, 20 have the death penalty” (Tures, par. 3). This itself proves the point there is no deterrence to homicides even with the risk of your own life on the line. It has been claimed that criminals are more likely to worry if they will ever be caught, not the consequences following their actions. There are no conclusive statistics in support of the death penalty being a deterrence to homicides or not. John Donohue, a law professor at Stanford University, explained it best saying, “’ The idea that the death penalty would reduce crime is a little bit like saying rain dancing is going to produce rain . . . There is no statistical study that has given us any reason to believe the death penalty reduces murder,’” (qtd. in Kassab, par. 7) speaking of Orange-Osceola State Attorney Aramis Ayala’s decision to no longer seek the death penalty in cases it would normally be considered. With there being no correlation, it does not make sense to keep the death penalty as an option when life in prison would be a cheaper choice as well as the most logical solution.

Some people would still make the argument that even without the death penalty being a deterrence, criminals still need a punishment to match what they did to the victims’ families, or co-victims, saying they would want some sort of rectification for their loss. Often in death penalty trials, the prosecution will approach the co-victims to see if they would like to seek this judgment or life in prison, and if yes, they will testify in the trial and explain in front of the judge and jury how the death has affected them. Co-victims go through the many stages of grief after the loss of a loved one, of course at some point throughout this, and even after, they will feel anger; anger at their loved one being taken, and it is possible that “. . . this need for justice may be more accurately depicted as a need for revenge rather than retribution” (Vollum, pp. 17). However, seeking the death penalty should not be the answer. Giving a life sentence in jail would give the retribution they are looking for and is the simplest solution rather than taking the life of another. There are even many families that state that the defendant’s death would not bring them any closure, or peace, showing it is not something necessary to their grieving process.

We should abolish the death penalty because it goes against ethical morals stated in our constitution. Our fundamental rights as Americans are listed within our Bill of Rights in the U.S. Constitution, guaranteeing our legal and civil rights as citizens in this country. The most important one to consider is The Eighth Amendment which states that punishments cannot be cruel or unusual and must be fair. This has caused many debates as states have considered if the death penalty is cruel or not. The American Civil Liberties Union points out the fact that “It is cruel because it is a relic of the earliest days of penology, when slavery, branding, and other corporal punishments were commonplace. Like those barbaric practices, executions have no place in a civilized society” (par. 11). Having the death penalty still in effect means we have not moved forward any further than when we first came to the New World. Most other countries have gotten rid of capital punishment, with the United States being the only one in North America with the practice still in effect. The other factor of consideration in whether it counteracts our Bill of Rights is that innocent people have been put on death row and their innocence is proven too late, going against fair punishments. Some are more fortunate, to say the least, and are cleared of their death row charges before their sentence is carried out, but still have spent years of their life jailed for a crime they had not committed. Sabrina Butler, an Assistant Director of Membership and Training at Witness to Innocence, notes that “Since 1973, 144 people have been exonerated and freed from death row in the U.S. . . . A study published by the National Academy of Sciences found that more than 4% — one in every 25 — of the death sentences in the U.S. are imposed on people who are innocent” (par. 9-10). Considering that these numbers are only comprised of innocents that were able to investigate and discover more facts about the case, there is no telling just how many people are missing from these startling statistics. Because of mistakes like these being made, it has cost too many people their lives, whether by being murdered due to capital punishment or having to spend years of their life in captivity that they will never get back.

Nevertheless, some would make the argument that the bible would give us the right to the death penalty. Growing up, you often would hear the phrase, “an eye for an eye,” basically concluding “a life for a life” where the death penalty is involved. This verse is from the Bible and is commonly used in favor of capital punishment. Ancient Israelis used capital punishment often to punish those involved in crimes such as murders, and rapes, and even against those who did not practice the ways of God or favored another belief. However, “In 2018, Pope Francis proclaim[ed] that the death penalty was, always and everywhere, “inadmissible” because human life ‘is always sacred in the eyes of the [C]reator’” (qtd. In Barry, pp. 1548). His admission of this shows that this was not the intention for the phrase to be construed and that this would not be a practice condoned by a religious believer.

Abolishing the death penalty is needed in America because it wastes our taxpayers’ money, it counters our constitution, and it does not hinder any heinous crimes from being committed. It is an inhumane act against mankind to condone killing in any manner, regardless of the actions that would eventually lead to the pleas for another life to be taken. There are many ways to get involved and help to make sure capital punishment is halted, ranging from a matter of minutes to even months or years of support. It is as easy as signing a petition to abolish the death penalty to show your support by going to change.org or any other website to voice your opinion. Another way you can help is to write to your local newspaper about your concern about the death penalty being used and any cases you yourself may have heard where a sentence is being sought. Or if you do not want your views to be so public, it can be as simple as writing to your state legislators regarding your views on the use of capital punishment. Abolishing the death penalty can have substantial impacts on our everyday lives by allowing us to put more tax dollars towards things we need like education, healthcare, etc. A great deterrence from crime has also been proven to be law enforcement so we could even put more tax dollars towards them, and we may see a drop in crime unlike with capital punishment now. Abolishing the death penalty would also make sure no more innocent people are jailed or killed for crimes they did not commit and stop the injustice of our legal system.

Work Cited

1. Amadeo, Kimberly. “What Criminal Sentence Costs More: Death or Life in Prison?” The Balance, 6 June 2019. www.thebalance.com/comparing-the-costs-of-death-penalty-vs-life-in-prison-4689874. Accessed 11 Sept. 2019.
2. American Civil Liberties Union. “The Case Against The Death Penalty.” American Civil Liberties Union, The American Civil Liberties Union Foundation, 2012. www.aclu.org/other/case-against-death-penalty. Accessed 11 Sept. 2019.
3. Barry, Kevin. “The Death Penalty And The Fundamental Right To Life.” Boston College Law Review, June 2019, pp. 1545-1604. EBSCOhost. eds.a.ebscohost.com.fresno.idm.oclc.org/ehost/detail/detail?vid=3&sid=78f24f16-01a9-4a3a-bb0c-b186f3208149%40sessionmgr4007&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=137618961&db=a9h. Accessed 7 Sept. 2019.
4. Baskin, Morgan. “The Death Penalty in America: A Lethal History.” Pacific Standard. The Social Justice Foundation. 27 April 2018. psmag.com/magazine/the-death-penalty-in-america-a-lethal-history. Accessed 11 Sept. 2019.
5. Butler, Sabrina. “I Spent More Than Six Years as an Innocent Woman on Death Row.” Time.com, May 2014, EBSCOhost. eds.b.ebscohost.com.fresno.idm.oclc.org/ehost/detail/detail?vid=12&sid=f073e9a6-1157-4bba-903a-e00856be872e%40sessionmgr103&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&AN=96333748. Accessed 11 Sept. 2019.
6. Collins, Peter and Kaplan, Aliza. “The death penalty is getting more and more expensive. Is it worth it?” The Conversation, The Conversation US, Inc., 30 March 2017. theconversation.com/the-death-penalty-is-getting-more-and-more-expensive-is-it-worth-it-74294. Accessed 11 Sept. 2019.
7. Erb, Kelly Phillips. “Considering The Death Penalty: Your Tax Dollars At Work.” Forbes: Taxes, Forbes. May 2014. www.forbes.com/sites/insights-whittiertrust/2019/07/08/planning-your-exit-five-questions-on-optimizing-results/#5253f5e27fa3. Accessed 1 Sept. 2019.
8. FindLaw’s Team. “History of Death Penalty Laws.” FindLaw. FindLaw. 2019. criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-procedure/history-of-death-penalty-laws.html. Accessed 11 Sept. 2019.
9. Ford, Matt. “A Brief History of American Executions.” The Atlantic, The Atlantic, June 2015. www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/06/a-brief-history-of-american-executions/392270/. Accessed 11 Sept. 2019.
10. Kassab, Beth. “Does the murder rate go up without the death penalty?” Orlando Sentinel. Orlando Sentinel. 23 March 2017. www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-does-death-penalty-deter-crime-20170321-story.html. Accessed 11 Sept. 2019.
11. Tures, John. “Does The Death Penalty Reduce The Murder Rate?” HuffPost, HuffPost News. Dec 2017. www.huffpost.com/entry/does-the-death-penalty-re_b_13362760. Accessed 1 Sept. 2019.
12. Vollum, Scott. Last Words and the Death Penalty: Voices of the Condemned and Their Co-victims. LFB Scholarly Publishing LLC. 2008, EBSCOHost. eds.a.ebscohost.com.fresno.idm.oclc.org/ehost/detail/detail?nobk=y&vid=11&sid=cb0265c6-7b10-4665-8e5e-0d0ffa2dcbd4@sessionmgr4006&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ==#AN=214501&db=e000xna. Accessed 11 Sept. 2019.

Argumentative Essay on the Death Penalty

Introduction

The death penalty is the ultimate punishment with no harsher inferior damnation than death itself. For centuries, the government has wanted the death penalty to be portrayed as a help in deterring murder and also as an ultimate way of “giving murders a dose of their own medicine” but it isn’t the given image, the death penalty has caused people excruciating pain that was unpromised and is not effective in preventing murder which is why it should be completely abolished. In this paper, I will be arguing that the death penalty does not discourage criminals and that the United States should outlaw the practice.

Before I thoroughly explain my stance on this issue, I would like to provide some background information regarding the death penalty. As many may know, the death penalty is an age-old punishment where crime is punished by death. Death penalty laws existed from the times of the ancient Babylonian period, and the mention of this practice has been recorded in many books and inscriptions. The idea of capital punishment was brought over by Britain when the founding fathers declared independence. Ancestors loved the idea of the death penalty since it was a common part of life. Europeans gave the death penalty for various crimes. The first recorded execution in America occurred in Jamestown, in 1608, A man named George Kendall was executed for treason. In the earlier colonial days, laws regarding capital punishment varied from area to area.

This practice continues today in some countries like the US, despite the advancements that we have made as a society. We have become more sophisticated than ever before, thanks to many factors such as technological advancements, globalization, education, and democracy.

However, the practice still continues. In fact, the U.S. is the only advanced democracy where capital punishment by death is not abolished. By retaining this form of punishment, are we exhibiting barbaric traits as a society? The death penalty is a barbaric act simply because the law should be about protecting humans and not killing them in a cruel and unusual way.

Significance of My Topic and Death Errors

According to the Criminal Justice Project of the NAACP, there are 2,673 people on death row in the United States as of April 1, 2019, and half of those people have been diagnosed with mental health issues. A staggering number of innocent people have been wrongfully sentenced to death. Our people, our government, and our justice system have made the rate of error for capital punishment in the United States abysmally, knowing that 1 out of 9 of the population who have been executed was innocent. A recent study determined by the National Registry’s Annual Report On Wrongful Convictions, made a record finding 151 new exonerations across the United States in 2018, including 68 exonerations resulting from wrongful homicide convictions. Two of those exonerations freed death-row prisoners Vicente Benavides and Clemente Aguirre. This is 68 lives that would have otherwise been living continuously and 68 fewer families that wouldn’t have to mourn because of the state that’s supposed to protect us from these crimes. For a practice that is presumed to increase public safety, there is a horrifying error margin. The blood of innocent people is in the hands of the American public for these wrongful convictions and executions.

We Pay Many Millions For The Death Penalty System.

In order to carry out the death penalty, a state must have a substantial amount of money on hand. The overall estimated cost of carrying out execution is about 70% more than the cost of a case without the death penalty. A case with Brian Nichols, a man from Fulton County right here in Atlanta Georgia who was found guilty of 4 murders in 2005. The state insisted on Nichols to get the death penalty and it was later revealed that his case alone cost the state more than $3 million, with the state paying $2.3 million, and Fulton County paying about $625,000. California alone has spent 4 billion on execution, money that could’ve been spent on a better cause such as education, hospitals, road damages, and police corrections.

Due to the lack of financial funding, police officers all across the United States are unfortunately being laid off because there isn’t enough money to pay them. This lack of funding is also impacting the criminal system in abounding ways causing court systems to be bombarded with cases, inmates to become set free, and the overall crime rate in our nation is constantly rising higher and higher withstanding our attempts to lower it. From the time of the financial economic crisis in 2008 which resulted in our country descending into a recession, the justice system has become obligated to make drastic cuts all the way to this very substructure. Many states throughout The New World (America) were forced to release a substantial number of their prisoners before their release date all due to lack of funding. If the state of California alone were to simply get rid of the death penalty, the state would be able to pocket more than 4.5 billion dollars over the next 15-20 years depending on the exact amount of cases the state is presented with.

There Is A Better Alternative: Life Without Parole.

An author in North Carolina News published an article stating the death penalty cost more, delivers less, and puts innocent lives at risk. But on the other hand, life without parole provides severe labor and allows justice to be served along with harsh punishments. There is a show on Netflix that talks about how inmates serving life sentences; commit crimes inside the prison to get moved to the Death Penalty ward, where the living conditions are better. This goes to show how the death penalty still doesn’t have any proven facts to decrease killing but increase it. The death penalty is in fact causing the increase in homicides since the living conditions are more comfortable than in any other ward.

Serving life in prison is a better alternative than getting the death penalty. Being that people who were sentenced to execution we later found innocent. While reading 8 People Who Were Executed and Later Found Innocent, I found that Cameron Todd Willingham was convicted of arson murder in Texas in 1992. It was said that Willingham intentionally committed incendiarism and owns his own 3 kids resulting in his being put to death in 2004. It was later found that “the evidence was misinterpreted, and that none of the evidence used against Willingham was valid’ concluded by the Texas Forensic Science Commission. As it turns out, the fire really was accidental. Putting everyone on life without parole will decrease the number of future allies of wrongful convictions being that there are 150 convicted people said to be innocent that were sentenced to death as of today. By setting people on a life sentence rather than execution, the government will be exhibiting a positive example for the union. There are enough lives getting taken on the streets of our nation the government isn’t helping by taking another.

Race and Place Determine Who Lives and Who Dies.

The race of victims and defendants’ skin plays a critical and unfair role in deciding who receives the death penalty in America. This issue rose after McCleskey v. Kemp where McCleskey argued that there was racial discrimination in the application of Georgia’s death penalty. People of color including minorities have been reckoned for an incommensurate 43% of total capital punishments since 1976 and 55% of those currently awaiting execution are also minorities. Banning the death penalty is necessary situation to address the flagrant racist act in the sentencing of the death penalty. For centuries, broadcastings from around the world have come to the conclusion that there is widespread racial discrimination in the petition for the death penalty. According to the Death Penalty Information Center Since 1976, 21 white defendants were murderers of black victims while 291 black defendants were murders of white defendants.

It’s sad to know that your state can be the determination of your execution, there are about 22 states that have abolished the death penalty ranging from elimination all the way back to 1853. While reading Against the Death Penalty written by author Stephen Breyer and edited by John Bessler, I found that Texas is the main face of execution. Texas has a skyrocketing number of 5657 state killings that were “justice punishments” which are legal killings done by the government we trust to keep our world safe from such actions. Why can someone living adjacent to their birth home but still in the supposed “United” States determine the harshness of such a life-impacting punishment but not the severity of their crime? This is America where soldiers come from all over the country but fight as an army for everyone’s peace and security.

Execution Does Not Discourage Murder

It has come to sense that this form of punishment is not effective as a crime prevention measure showing there’s no deterrent impact. Claims that each execution deters a certain number of murders have been thoroughly discredited by social science research. John J. Donohue III, JD, Ph.D., Professor of Law at Stanford University, states that “People commit murders largely in the heat of passion, under the influence of alcohol or drugs, or because they are mentally ill, giving little or no thought to the possible consequences of their acts”. The few serial killers and murderers who plan their crimes beforehand such as professional executioners intend and expect to avoid punishment altogether by not getting caught while some self-destructive individuals may even hope they will be caught and executed. The laws of the death penalty maliciously convince and deceive our public that the government has taken effective procedures to fight crime and homicide. The reality of this is that these laws do nothing to protect us or our communities from dangerous criminal acts that are close by. The South has America’s highest murder rate, despite overseeing 81 percent of total executions. In contrast, the Northeast has the lowest murder rate in the nation, and they carry out less than 1 percent of all executions. Canada has taken a big step and ended capital punishment and since measures have been taken their murder rate has dropped by 44 percent.

Mentally Ill Are Sentenced To Death

Many of those sentenced to death are suffering from mental illness. It has been estimated that about 20% of those on death row have severe mental illness. The Death Penalty Information Center also known as the DPIC states that “People with serious mental illnesses are at a substantial disadvantage in defending themselves when they face criminal charges, and those difficulties are compounded when the charges are so serious that the death penalty is sought”. In addition to the criminal justice system failing to serve the justice that is often necessary, fear and taint have been huge factors in jury rulings for such cases. In virtue of this, people with mental health issues are at high risk of losing their lives to arbitrary and unreasonable sentencing to the death penalty. Individuals with serious mental illness have difficulty understanding their rights, are intimidated and threatened into distorted confessions, and have less access because of their mental illness to safeguards designed to protect fundamental rights such as the right to effective assistance of legal counsel. About half of the total prison population in general have recorded mental health issues of varying levels of severity and are subject to medications to help them do simple tasks as even sleep. Most people who are sentenced to death are serial killers and have been said to have mental illnesses (not speaking for all but most) and for the sick, we shouldn’t kill them no matter what they’ve done to us who are we as America to take another life and considered it as our justice for one already lost?

Against Almost Every Religion and May Cause Unbearable Pain

The death penalty is supposed to be a painless and simple procedure now that we have more access to modern-age medicines, this is one of the reasons the government decided to even allow the death penalty to continue because it was promised to not go against the 8th amendment but it does. There have been reports of inmates complaining about a “burning sensation’ from lethal injection. Many are constantly reinjected with the needle if no working vein is found in the person. “My impression is that lethal injection as practiced in the US now is no more humane than the gas chamber or electrocution, which have both been deemed inhumane,” says Leonidas Koniaris, a surgeon in Miami. Sodium Thiopental will confirm the loss of sensation at a given amount of approximately 2 to 3 grams, especially if the executioner giving the product is unskilled which then the execution could last up to 10 minutes. People on death row also are known to have the same trait of being extremely anxious and constantly having their bodies filled with a tremendous amount of adrenaline so it’s only expected that they would need more of the Thiopental to exhibit the unconscious stage.

Killing someone is putting them out of their misery and what type of relief is it for a family to know that another life was taken after their loved ones? I believe all states let people live as long as they can even though we might have a passionate hate towards society’s murderers only let God punish them for their wrongdoings. A famous verse in the Koran lays down that ‘if anyone kills a person unless it is as a punishment for murder or spreading mischief in the land, it will be as if he kills all people.’ this implies that, no matter the reason behind a killing it is all considered to be manslaughter unless found as a justifiable homicide of self-defense.

Taking Action and Conclusion

These wrongful convictions are proof that the death penalty is constitutionally limited. It has limits, which must not be overstepped. And yet, some police officers, judges, or prosecutors sometimes bypass the laws and go beyond those limits, as the growing number of exonerated death row inmates indicates. Some states have begun to learn lessons from their mistakes, while others are anchored in their beliefs that capital punishment is fair, treats defendants equally, and does not kill innocent people. If the United States wants to keep on using capital punishment in its justice system, it had better make sure that they do not convict and execute innocent defendants anymore. Convicting an innocent to death is basically unconstitutional… What about executing an innocent defendant? The death penalty only shows that killing is okay and should be thrown out.

Conclusively, with or without the death penalty, people are still going to commit crimes. As much as there have been some studies explaining that the death penalty is an effective form of deterrence, there lacks conclusive evidence to prove that people are deterred. As previously stated the government wants the death penalty to be portrayed as a help in deterring murder and also as an ultimate way of “giving murders a dose of their own medicine” but it isn’t the given image, the death penalty has caused people excruciating pain that was unpromised and is not effective in preventing murder which is why it should be completely abolished. A few ways I have made a communal change in getting closer to the execution of execution is by educating people in my parish and community on the topic, Seeking new knowledge on U.S. criminal justice policies and the policies in my state, and signing petitions that are in honor of abolishing the death penalty. Killing purposely is killing and just because it’s done by people in power doesn’t make it right.

Research Essay on Harassment

1. Introduction:

Sexual harassment can be described as a complex problem that is as well as universal in nature. It takes place throughout the world in multiple cultures and societies, for both adults and children. The involvement in any sexual activity that is forced or unwanted over a child or an adult victim for satisfying the sexual gratification of another is said to be sexual harassment. The explanations for sexual harassment are varied, they depend on the sexual maturity i.e. age of the victims. Sexual harassment can mean the following; 1. rape caused by a stranger 2. verbal compulsion to have sex with an intimate partner 3. men/women forced to have sexual intercourse when they are too intoxicated to consent or object. Sexual harassment by intimate partners and non-intimate partners are completely two different phenomena. Thus, the risk factors involved in the two different sets of phenomena are separate. Initially one can identify sexual harassment with their gut instinct. Sexual harassment can be distinguished into two – namely; quid pro quo harassment and hostile work environment. The translation for quid pro quo is ‘this for that’. The quid pro quo situation arises when a person in authority demands for sexual favors in return for a positive career. The authorities in order to escape any disciplinary action against them opt. subtle approaches towards their victims. A hostile work environment might take place when a colleague or any other person in authority negatively interferes with the work performance of the victim.

2. Review of literature:

Hallberg & Strandmark (2006) the authors say that bullying at the workplace highly affects the health of the victims, they also say that it psychologically throws the victim into a mental trauma leading them to guilt, shame, and diminishing self-esteem.

Unnikrishnan et al., (2010) according to the author harassment is any act that is capable of causing humiliation to another person, it is also considered to be improper and unwelcomed conduct of one person towards another. Women are subjected to face harassment from a young age more lightly when there is also a presence of a male child. The growing number of negative consequences increasingly leads to harassment in the workplace.

Kishore (2011) gender variance has subjected women to sexual harassment in the workplace. Factors such as women’s poor status in society, lack of knowledge about the human resource departments, lack of proper law and order in the society, and lack of provisions of the law in relation to the issue of sexual harassment of women at the workplace have given rise to sexual harassment of women at workplace. In spite of the fact that the constitution of India guarantees and certifications each individual certain rights yet such acts happen and such lewd behavior disregards the essential intention of the designers of the constitution. Any demonstration of savagery in the work environment is rising as a national issue. This shows a vocation doesn’t exist in a vacuum but instead shows a bigger social setting. It is in fact the ladies, who should break the unreasonable impediment. Attention to the present circumstance and the craving to beat the snags presented by the general public what’s more, their own selves alone would be a response to the social malevolence of provocation and savagery in the work environment.

Kumar (2012) women are the victim of sexual harassment workplace in gender-based harassment. The cases of sexual harassment quiet often remain unreported because the victims face the fear of being imputed by a social circle. The ignorance of legal remedies by the victim plays a pivotal role in worsening the situation of sexual harassment. The harasser is in a position of power or authority than that of the victim in a case of sexual harassment. Protection of women and providing them a speedy redressal in case of sexual harassment is necessary in the present-day situation.

Swarnalatha (2013) in every level of employment both men and women are being affected by the issue of sexual harassment in the workplace. Reducing the risk of harassment and providing legal remedies in case of such harassment at the workplace is necessary. Employees need to be prevented from suicidal tendencies. It is important to stop the daily harm to which employees are put through workplace harassment. The workplace environment is an important factor in an organization which is also a contributing factor resulting in a harassing atmosphere. Workplace harassment not only affects the organization’s productivity or turnover but also the employee’s job satisfaction.

Adebayo & Juliet (2014) students face detrimental effects when teachers are bullied in educational institutions. Thus, resulting in low morale among teachers. This situation in educational institutions will adversely affect the productivity of the trained staff and it will lead to poor quality of student results.

3. Aim/objective:

• To identify sexual harassment at the workplace.
• To understand the various attributes of sexual harassment in the workplace.
• To elaborate on the guidelines formulated in a landmark judgment.

4. Methodology:

This article is created by referencing various research papers and web articles, which are mentioned in the references.

5. Discussion: “Identification of sexual harassment at the workplace:

Identification of sexual harassment remains to be a complicated task. Sometimes what one person feels is sexual harassment might not necessarily be sexual harassment. For instance, when a man passes a statement with respect to a woman which according to him is a pleasantry, and for her it is an unpleasant comment. To avoid misconception of a person’s behavior it is essential that the victim talks to her perpetrator about her discomfort towards his comments before taking it to the HR representative or any other person in authority to address the issue. However, if a person repeatedly tries to make another feel sexually uncomfortable, then it can probably be identified as sexual harassment. Passing sexual comments, unpleasant touch/stares, threatening or requesting to meet in private, etc; are generally presumed to be the most common form of sexual harassment. But it is to be understood that there are many other forms of sexual harassment that are likely to take place at work.

Attributes of sexual harassment at the workplace:

It is to be noted that women in leadership positions at work are likely to face higher risks of sexual harassment, as most of the time sexual harassment is for power and not sex. The women at the lower levels with minimum income are also at high risk. It was established that “2 in 5 women in the fast-food industry experience sexual harassment at work” in a study conducted by Hart Research. Women with lower incomes are hesitant towards reporting any sexual harassment faced by them in their work environment due to their fear of losing jobs. In a working environment irrespective of a person’s gender (i.e. both men and women) may experience sexual harassment, but women face a relatively higher risk than men due to inequality in pay, lower authority, and lower status in their respective jobs. Similarly, women in power also may experience the issue of sexual harassment. Sometimes sexual harassment might take place in any workplace, so the purpose of reinforcing the traditional gender role which can be referred to as gender-based harassment.

Procedure to report the crime:

Different organizations have different rules of procedure which are to be followed while reporting any crime with regard to sexual harassment. And therefore, it is always best to follow the procedure prescribed by one’s respected organization. However, a victim can always talk to their boss, the HR representative, or the supervisor whoever they are comfortable with in order to organize a formal meeting to address the issue of sexual harassment that has been taking place in their workplace. Also, it is important that the victim submits their claim in writing to anyone of the above-mentioned people and it is essential to have a copy of the letter with oneself as proof to show that the victim has taken the matter to the authorities in power. On legal grounds, the organization has to open an investigation against the perpetrator once a sexual harassment complaint has been made. The authorities cannot retaliate on the issue yet if they do so the victim is eligible to file a claim against the predator with Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). However, there is a deadline within which the victim has to report the crime to the EEOC. The crime must be reported within a period of 45 days. On reporting the crime, if there is any personal action taken against the victim (e.g. dismissal) then the victim is entitled to contact the EEO counselor and the report can be filed against the respective person who acted against the victim. And this has to be carried out within 45 days from which the personal action against the victim takes effect. EEOC acts as a negotiating instrument between the employer and the victim and tries to resolve the issue. When EEOC fails to resolve then they issue a notice viz. “right to sue” This gives the victim the power to file a complaint against the discriminator in the court of law, by which they are entitled to receive damages for the physical and mental suffering, to which they were subjected. Thus, EEOC protects the victim against any retaliation.

Guidelines formulated in Vishaka v state of Rajasthan and Ors.:

Vishaka Vs State of Rajasthan and Ors. is a landmark case viz. known for violation of human rights and their standards, as it threatens the dignity of a person under the title of sexual harassment. The simple facts of the case display Bhanwari Devi an employee in Rajasthan State Government during the 1990s who tried to prevent child marriage which was a part of her duty as a worker of the women’s development program who was raped by the landlords of the community. The offenders were acquitted by the trial court which inspired several other women groups to file a Writ Petition in the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India.

The case being a landmark judgment for sexual harassment the Supreme Court stated that “Every instant of sexual harassment is a violation of fundamental rights guaranteed under Articles 14,15 and 21 of the Constitution of India. It also amounts to a violation of the ‘Right to Freedom’ under Article 19”.

1. Duty of Employer:

It is deemed to be an essential duty of the employer or other authoritative persons in the workplace to prevent the commission of any act which will amount to sexual harassment. It is also the duty of the employer to provide accurate rules of procedure for the settlement, resolution, or prosecution of the acts when committed.

2. Preventive Steps:

The employers or every person who is in power in a respective workplace be it the public sector or private sector organization are entitled to take appropriate steps and measures to prevent and discourage sexual harassment. It is also the duty of the people in power to ensure that any women working in their respective organizations should not have any reason to feel hostile in their work environment. No woman should feel disadvantaged by her employment or employer. The rules and regulations prohibiting sexual harassment were included in the rules and regulations of the Government and other Public Sector bodies relating to the conduct of a person at work. It also provided appropriate penalties which will be imposed on the offender when violated. Appropriate ways are to be adopted to notify, publish and circulate the express prohibition of sexual harassment.

3. Criminal Proceedings:

The employer is entitled to initiate and take appropriate action against the offender in accordance with the law by way of making a complaint with the appropriate authority when the conduct or behavior of a person amounts to an offense under the Indian Penal Code or any other law prescribed. The liability of ensuring that appropriate steps are being taken when any case of sexual harassment is reported lies to the employer. The offender also has to face other disciplinary action put against him by the employer.

4. Complaint Mechanism:

The employer is entitled to create an appropriate complaint mechanism for the purpose of redressal of the complaint which will be put forth by the victim. Time-bound treatment for the complaints has to be ensured by the complaint mechanism that is created by the employer. The efficiency of the complaint mechanism should be to that level where they have adequate means to provide, wherever necessary, a special counselor, complaints committee, or other special support services, which will also include confidentiality. Usually, the complaints committee should be headed by a woman, and also that not less than half of its members should be women. It is essential for a complaints committee to involve a third party who may be a member of an NGO or any other body which is aware of the issues of sexual harassment. This involvement of a third party is to ensure that there is no undue influence or pressure from the senior levels to the complaints committee.

5. Third-Party Harassment:

The victim is entitled to receive all the necessary and reasonable assistance from the employer in terms of support and preventive actions when the issue of sexual harassment occurs as a result of the conduct of a third party.

A request was made to the Central and the State Governments to adopt adequate measures which includes legislation to ensure that the guidelines prescribed were observed by the employers in the Private Sector as well.

6. Conclusion:

Sexual harassment is a serious problem across all industrial sectors and workplaces (institutes such as educational, medical, banking and etc.) and this problem still remains to be a greater threat despite all the attention, legislation, research, and awareness. It is a great misfortune that there is no industrial sector that remains unharmed by the issue of sexual harassment. It is to be understood that any form of sexual harassment is a great threat to the victim. The damages that sexual harassment is bound to cause are health, finance, opportunities at work, lack of career development, low morale, lack of productivity, etc. When the issue of sexual harassment is not being dealt with, that is, when a particular institution is ignorant towards it, then the issue becomes normalized in the institution. Such negligence will not only affect the victim but also the organization at large and this situation can be overcome with the help of legislation that is readily available to the victims to punish the predator and the organization as well. Therefore, to overcome the problem of sexual harassment every institution under every industry has to lay down a clear and effective employment policy which will ensure to keep a check on any such issue and will reduce the vulnerability of employees.”

Research Essay on Prison Recidivism

The term “recidivism” is used to define the tendency of convicted criminals to return to being incarcerated after prior release. It is one of the most fundamental concepts in criminal justice and refers to a person’s relapse into criminal behavior, often after the person receives sanctions or undergoes intervention for a previous crime. The Bureau of Justice Statistics included that 68% of released criminals returned to prison after 3 years of being released. This astounding number may come as a surprise to some, however, this notion has been prevalent in America for decades. These criminals ultimately succumb to their past temptations and let endless misdemeanors and felonies conquer their lives.

Perhaps the most alarming issue is the prisoners released before turning 21 have a re-arrest rate of about 68%. This percentile clearly supports the hypothesis that juvenile offenders struggle in re-emerging into society. These recidivists are most likely to commit their new offense within two years of release. This suggests that society should spend largely on supervision and reentry programs for the newly released, and not so much after four or five years. Programs like these could help reinvent the ratio of young recidivists and truly establish a dominant margin in the compliance of these struggling adaptors.

Moreover, family is another main factor in the formation of the individual and social personality of the convict. Prisoners’ recidivism rates are associated with the amount of contact they receive with their families. Less care of the family to their children and lack of family involvement is strongly related to crime and incarceration rates. Those families who have good characteristics and strong relations are capable to parent their children appropriately. On the contrary, parents with antisocial behavior and criminality also influence the social, moral, intellectual, and personality development of the children negatively. Besides, the kind of child-parental relationship affects the social development of children. This contributes to the decrease in the quality of relationships between children and parents. In turn, this condition reinforces children to develop delinquent behaviors, anti-social attitudes, aspirations, and practices. In line with this, offenders with limited family support or attachment are more likely to re-offend. A quote from one specific unidentified convict who suffered this poor fate is as follows, “My father was divorced from my mother. Most of the time, I was living with my stepmother. I did not get love and affection from both parents. My stepmother told me bad things about me to my father. Then, I quarreled with my father who forced me to leave home and go to the street. I started to live on the street. While in the street, I met with delinquent friends who pressured me to get into theft activities. Then, I was imprisoned more than three times for charge of the theft crime” This depicts a common instance for many offenders. Alongside, drug problems are one of the main headline crime stories of our time which leads to crime. The urge to commit crimes by drug addicts and alcoholics is motivated by the desire to support their habits. Much of these offenders’ behavior can be linked to substance abuse and addictions. Because they tend to serve short-term sentences, their access to treatment and other programs while in detention is quite limited and they remain at high risk of reoffending. It is believed that any type of addiction has a negative impact on the behavior of individuals as well as the socioeconomic condition of the family and society at large. Data from various studies reveal that drug users are highly exposed to criminal activities because of either motivation by the drug to get money or to meet their addiction. Besides, the high cost of illegal drugs leads users to commit property crimes such as theft, robbery, and burglary to get the money to pay for their drugs.

Economic or material deprivation is also among the factors that throw into crime. These are also considered as factors for re-offending. The economic problems of the participants were manifested in the form of unemployment, poverty, and lack of income which lead people to engage in criminal activities repeatedly. The lack of opportunity is clearly prevalent for convicts, as companies thoroughly vet resumes, and are less prone to hire criminals. It’s estimated that an individual who has a felony on their record has 50 percent less likelihood of getting a callback from employers. The lack of employment options leads to a lack of finances, lack of finances leads former inmates into desperation. And desperation leads back to crime. Society’s workforce is also getting exponentially more competitive, and thus a tougher employment pool for hopeful employees has emerged.

For those who have served long sentences in prison, it’s not surprising that some inmates are intimidated and overwhelmed upon release. Being incarcerated forces an individual into a rigid schedule and they are required to follow rules every single day. While this is undoubtedly difficult to cope with, it also doesn’t give inmates the chance to experience freedom of choice. Once they are released, aside from regular meetings with a parole officer, they have much more freedom and this can lead to them feeling overwhelmed and full of anxiety, which sometimes leads to substance abuse to cope with the issues, which as previously discussed can be extremely detrimental to its’ victim. Also, more on immediate adaptation from the recent release, part of a successful rehabilitation means individuals must distance themselves from negative influences upon their release, and bad influences can come in many forms, but the key for those who have been incarcerated is to find a new support group to associate with. Unfortunately, this is much easier said than done. Many times, former inmates will go back to the same crowd of people they used to associate with because finding a new group isn’t easily accomplishable. Beyond that, it’s unlikely that a new group would be as willing to help them as their old crowd, thus it’s natural for the former inmate to not change the group they hang out with. Further, if gang activity is involved, it might be very difficult to leave their old group for fear of retribution. All of these issues compound each other, and with each issue included in the individual’s release, the less of a chance they have to not become just another statistic of recidivism.

Conditions within prisons are key attributing factors to the failure rehabilitation of prisoners, which in turn would lead to higher recidivation. The current conditions in the US prisons are different from the ideal environment which would facilitate rehabilitation. Prisoners live in poor conditions which are overcrowded and where crime thrives in spite of it being a prison institution. The largest prisons in the US which are Texas and California have experienced an eight times increase in the number of prisoners in the past three decades. However, funding for these facilities has hardly increased; a situation which has made it difficult to cater to the needs of the prisoners. The US has only about 5% of the world’s population yet its prisons have more than 25% of the world’s prisoners, which truly shows the magnitude of the problem. The increase in crime in the US over recent years coupled with crime recidivism is largely to blame for the congestion in prisons in the United States. Congestion in these prisons largely defeats their major role which is rehabilitation. Congestion makes it difficult for prisoners to access individualized attention from counselors or healthcare professionals who would assist them with their mental and physical needs. Congestion also makes prisoners interact with people from different backgrounds in close proximity and this may make them develop undesirable habits such as physical confrontations, substance abuse, or sexual molestation. When such occur, it is difficult for authorities to detect them in time and to take the necessary action to discourage the confrontation.

Although many prisons do not have adequate facilities and personnel to undertake programs that reduce prison recidivism, there are a few prisons that have developed programs to deal with the problem. Most of these programs aim at rehabilitating prisoners in order to make them fit back into society. They include educational programs which address the adverse effects of substance abuse or violence in society. For instance, in Alaska, there is a program known as Probation Accountability with Certain Enforcement which aims at reducing recidivism among people who have been put on probation. This program aims at making people on probation learn the importance of probation and the consequences of breaking probation conditions. It is specifically targeted at people with problems satisfying probation conditions.

Ultimately a solution to the issue of such a high rate of struggling criminals is the government should reassess the rehabilitation services and treatment of inmates in the correctional centers. The prison centers and governmental and nongovernmental organizations should provide reintegration training and assistance for recidivists. Specifically, the government should create job opportunities and provide financial assistance for released prisoners to effectively reintegrate into society. Additionally, policymakers should create appropriate policy frames which can address the current gaps in the treatment of prisoners. Besides, the policy framework should specify the role of families, the community, and the government as well as non-governmental organizations in the successful and sustainable reintegration of recidivists. The steps to follow up on this solution would be as follows; Prison culture needs to change: It’s clear that prison is not a healthy environment. While often depicted in tasteless ways in modern media, prison genuinely is a terrible place full of toxic ‘codes’ that inmates need to abide by. Incarceration facilities need to focus on rehabilitation: While there is definitely a need for individuals to be reprimanded and punished in prison, it’s more important that these individuals are properly diagnosed and treated in ways that will rehabilitate them and make them productive members of society. Employers need to be more willing to hire felons: While some companies are more willing than others to hire felons, many employers will never give them a chance. The lack of employment opportunities is a big issue and heavily contributes to prisoners’ lack of ability to be able to acclimate back into society upon their release. States with higher recidivism rates need to adjust their practices: Certain states have very high recidivism rates (Delaware 69.7%) relative to other states such as Virginia (23.44%). These states should be required to put into practice the same programs and support that states such as Virginia have implemented to reduce their rates. Drug and mental health issues of felons need to be addressed: One factor that is seldom addressed with recidivism is how mental health plays a role. Many of the individuals released from prison have undiagnosed mental issues or develop new issues, such as PTSD, while incarcerated. Mental issues are also prominent in prisons, where studies have estimated that 31 percent of females and 14.5 percent of males have serious mental issues. Without proper treatment, these issues will carry over to when the inmate is released. Correctly identifying and treating these mental issues will help to reduce the chances of individuals with mental health issues returning to prison. If executed properly, the United States could effectively grab hold of the overflowing recidivism rates and truly rehabilitate convicts for the better once they are incarcerated. The United States must resolve this issue before it gets completely out of hand.

Persuasive Argumentative Essay on Death Penalty

The death penalty is a topic that nowadays has become one of the most controversial topics in this society, especially between the two major political parties in the united states and how each of them gives their own view. The topic is really important because there are many people who believe we should bring the death penalty back to save governments money they spend on prisoners and many other reasons, and each of them has their reasons and beliefs on why we should, but also there are the people who are against the death penalty who also have their own valid reasons, for example, it is not correct to kill somebody and a big variety of different thoughts. This paper is going to be reflected on some of the stories behind the death penalty for example the origin or when was imposed. It will give the point of view of both sides providing argument and examples of people who is in favor, and people who are against capital punishment, the arguments and point of view will be compared, and the reason will be given to one of the sides.

Before explaining and giving examples of the views of the people, first, it is necessary to know the story of the death penalty. The first death penalty laws according to the death penalty information center were established in the 18th century by the code of King Hammurabi of Babylon, which codified the death penalty for 25 different crimes. The usual methods of Death sentences were carried out by such means as crucifixion, drowning, beating to death, burning alive, and impalement. But when was the death penalty first established in the united states, well according to the death penalty information center it was because Britain had an enormous influence on America’s decision of implementing the death penalty to their punishments; the first recorded execution in the new colonies was that of Captain George Kendall in the Jamestown colony of Virginia in 1608.

On the site of the Legal Information Institute, we can find some of the stories of the death penalty in the United States, as we know the death penalty in America was first used in 1608, but what happened since then, since that day there has being a lot of changes, they have banned and reinstate and make changes on how to execute. “In Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972), the Court invalidated existing death penalty laws because they constituted cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment.” (legal information institute) They thought it was violating the eighth amendment that states the following: “Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. ¨ (U.S. Constitution) so the Congress decided to ban this because they knew that they were putting cruel and unusual punishments like the death penalty to criminals then “The Court reasoned that the laws resulted in a disproportionate application of the death penalty, specifically discriminating against the poor and minorities.”(legal information institute) Here we can see how the people in this society believed more in life, how they thought that it was not fair to kill people for their crimes because they believe it was unfair and discriminatory for the poor and minorities who were the more common group that committed crimes sentenced to the death penalty so that is why the court decided to ban the death penalty.

Years later the court decided to reinstate the death penalty again in 1977 they had another debate ¨In Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976), the Court refused to expand Furman. The Court held the death penalty was not per se unconstitutional as it could serve the social purposes of retribution and deterrence.” In this situation when they decide to reinstate the death penalty, they also decided to make a proportional requirement in order to sentence someone to the death penalty. “In Coker v. Georgia, 433 U.S. 584 (1977), the U.S. Supreme Court held that a penalty must be proportional to the crime; otherwise, the punishment violates the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition against cruel and unusual punishments.” In this case, people actually thought of a great solution to not violate the eighth amendment and to apply capital punishment and I think it is great to give punishment according to what they did wrong, some cases of the death penalty is mostly for serial killers, if they condemn someone mentally retarded they argue that is violating the cruel and unusual punishment of the eighth amendment. Throughout all these cases and fights they still haven’t come to a total agreement on how to use the death penalty or if it is totally worth using it, but as for today according to the national conference and state legislatures capital punishment is currently authorized in 29 states, by the federal government and the U.S. military. Each of the states has its own methods of execution but lethal injection is the most popular way to kill the sentenced in the 29 states that have implemented the death penalty, this is the fastest and less painful way of killing the criminal. Some of the states have secondary methods if the person doesn’t want to be killed by the injection, some of these are electrocution, lethal gas, hanging, nitrogen hypoxia, and firing squad. There are states such as New Mexico, Illinois, Connecticut, Maryland, and New Hampshire, all of these states have legally abolished the death penalty because they do not think it is necessary to kill the person who committed the crime.

The main division of this situation in the united states I do not think it is actually a political problem, where we can see how the democrats have their own opinion and how the republicans fight to have the reasons. Now I will give some details and examples of the people who think that the death penalty is something necessary in today’s society. One of the most common and probably the main argument in favor of capital punishment is that ‘The Death Penalty is an Effective Deterrent’ (Head). Society has always used the method of discouragement or punishment if people do something wrong, for example when you are a kid and you do something wrong the parents will punish you to discourage you. Well, people try to fight crime this way with the death penalty by discouraging criminals and making them think that if they do something wrong, they can be sentenced to death. According to the death penalty curriculum website

“the death penalty certainly ‘deters’ the murderer who is executed. Strictly speaking, this is a form of incapacitation, similar to the way a robber put in prison is prevented from robbing on the streets. Vicious murderers must be killed to prevent them from murdering again, either in prison or in society if they should get out. Both as a deterrent and as a form of permanent incapacitation, the death penalty helps to prevent future crime.”

Another common argument that the people in favor of the death penalty is based on the country’s economy their argument says that ‘The Death Penalty is Cheaper Than Feeding a Murderer for Life'(Head). I get that the economy of the country is important and I do agree that is better to kill a murderer, but you can’t just this person live to improve the economy if their whole argument is killing to save money, I think it is wrong. Many people might say that these are their taxes and that is why they decide who to give food to, but you can’t decide on somebody else life. And one of the most controversial topics they use is the bible and this argument is the following: ‘The Bible Says, ‘An Eye for an Eye” (Head). This argument is meant to convince more religious and conservative people. This argument consists of Mathew 5:38-48 where it says:

‘You have heard that it was said, ‘Eye for eye, and a tooth for a tooth.’ But I tell you, do not resist an evil person. If anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to them the other cheek also. And if anyone wants to sue you and take your shirt, hand over your coat as well. If anyone forces you to go one mile, go with them two miles. Give to the one who asks you, and does not turn away from the one who wants to borrow from you. ‘You have heard that it was said, ‘Love your neighbor and hate your enemy.’ But I tell you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, that you may be children of your Father in heaven. He causes his sun to rise on the evil and the good and sends rain on the righteous and the unrighteous. (Head).

People can interpret this section of the bible in many different ways, but for me, and in my perspective there is nothing clear supporting the death penalty, for me, this verse is more of Jesus saying what society teaches us, an eye for an eye, and then he gives his perspective that when somebody harms you, you should forgive and keep living your life, he says at the end that he is the one who is going to decide who is righteous and unrighteous.

Before making up the mind it should be correct to give some insight and name some of the arguments that the people against capital punishment have to say. One of the most valid arguments that they have according to BBC is that retribution is wrong, and I completely agree with this statement, in March 20 of 2019 the Gov. Gavin Newsom of California made a really powerful statement he said “I know people think an eye for an eye, but if you rape, we don’t rape,” he said. “And I think if someone kills, we don’t kill. We’re better than that.” (Engle Jeremy, article video from 10-16s). That phrase is really powerful because we shouldn’t teach people that killing is wrong by killing people it is a contradiction, I believe that you can’t fight hate with hate because this will bring more hate and pain, and it will start an endless cycle, the only way to stop the cycle is by forgiving. Another argument they use is the value of human life. They think that all lives have value, some of the people against capital punishment believe that even the worst criminals deserve to live because their life is valuable, and I do agree I think that even the worst person’s life is valuable to somebody, especially in their family, I think that every person has a value and that nobody actually deserves to die. Another argument they have, and I think it is one of the most important to think about is the execution of the innocent, what do they mean by that? As we know the criminal justice system is not perfect because it is made of humans, and there have been cases where they put in jail someone who was innocent, imagine if in of these system errors, one person is sentenced to death and after they get killed they realize the person was always innocent. Now what? An innocent life was lost because of the death penalty and an error in the system, how is the family going to react?

I believe this problem is more about the morals of the people and what they believe in instead of being more of a Republican v Democrat problem. People are giving themselves the power to kill somebody with the death penalty, and after making this whole research and learning about both sides of the argument I will give the reason to the people who are against the death penalty I think that their arguments are more clear and their view of the problem is more morally correct. I believe that the death penalty should be abolished because we can’t kill people for something wrong, they did, I believe that the people who commit a crime don’t deserve to be free or deserve freedom but they definitely don’t deserve to die.

Process and Exemplification Essay about Youth Ministry

Nowadays, younger people are vulnerable to cultural and religious influences. Whether these are good or bad, kids and teenagers are easily moved and it might change their perspective about religion.

Christian churches have established their own organizations dedicated to younger generations. These are their youth ministries. These groups aim to help young people be active in practicing their Christian beliefs.

A Church’s youth ministry mostly prioritizes kids and teenagers who are willing to immerse with other believers and learn the teachings of God through meaningful activities or programs.

The Christian community, as a whole, believes that the youth of today has the ability to empower and influence communities.

If you are a firm believer in God and want to grow as a better Christian, joining a youth group in Mt. Juliet will be an enriching experience for you.

How Youth Ministry Separates from The Rest

A youth ministry is different compared to other kinds of organizations founded by churches. What separates it from others is the fact that it welcomes young people with different spiritual needs to fill, but it doesn’t dwell on serious matters such as spiritual healing and the like.

This is a collective group where members are open-minded, so no one will feel that they are being discriminated against or left out. They welcome any young individual who is willing to be a better person through Christ regardless of their backgrounds.

The goal of a Youth Ministry

Youth ministries serve as “training grounds” for the youth who had lost their sense of faith and want to live a life led through the words of God.

They aim to serve the young population to help them spiritually, strengthen their faith and be responsible Christians.

What You Will Be Doing In a Youth Ministry

All members participate in a variety of interactive activities. These activities are Christian-related and fun, so everyone could have the best experience possible.

Each session has different activities every week. It can go from indoor group activities or outdoor group activities.

Examples of indoor activities are:

• Board games
• Peer talks
• Faith-based youth group games
• Bible quizzes
• Religious-inspired arts and crafts

For outdoor activities, members will involve themselves in projects benefiting the community or the group. Examples of these activities are:

• Team building such as recollections
• Youth services
• Fundraising
• Other group activities (hiking etc.)

The Person-In-Charge of The Group

In any youth ministry, a youth minister handles every group session. You can expect that every youth minister is a pastor dedicated to guiding young people.

Your ministry’s pastor can be a shepherd guiding the whole group or can be your sole counselor whenever you have difficulties.

Nonetheless, a youth minister will be responsible for giving you spiritual guidance, so you can have the opportunity to grow and learn the ways of God.

A Community of Young Christians in Tennessee

Churches in Tennessee have always reserved a place for their youth.

An Mt. Juliet church welcomes kids and teenagers into their youth group as they build a better community leading through Christ’s examples.

In addition, a neighboring church in Nashville also has a youth ministry welcoming children to have an enriching experience learning God’s words.

Together, these Tennessee churches both form a relaxing and fun-filled Tennessee youth ministry for the young locals of Mt. Juliet and Nashville

You can visit these local churches and learn more about their ministries and their affiliated members. With the right group, you will definitely fit in an organization right for you.

Unemployment Leads to Crime: Persuasive Essay

Crime and violence is a development issue. The high rates of crime and violence have both direct effects on human welfare in the short-run and longer-run effects on economic growth and social development. While levels of crime and associated circumstances vary throughout different countries, crime and violence have reached a worrying high, and their apparent rise in recent years is nothing less than noticeable.

Most people believe that the steady rise in unemployment leads to a relative increase in crime. An individual lacks a source of legitimate income when he/she is unemployed, some people resolve to criminal activities such as burglary, drug peddling, and other crimes to make an income.

Unemployment is high among young people who have completed training and are ready for the job market stay unemployed. Another group of young people affected by unemployment is those who are laid off because of a lack of college education. When young people are unemployed for a long time, they lose hope of getting employment. Therefore, unemployment and crime affect people who are under the age of 40, and these are mostly young men. This is because most criminal activities are carried out by people, thus, unemployed people over 40 years are not likely to enter into criminal activities. Research studies show that there is a link between young people who have been unemployed for more than one year and property crime. Most young people get involved in selling drugs such as heroin, marijuana, and other dangerous drugs because they make quick money.

Economists and researchers believe that when the rate of unemployment is declining, the rate of criminal activities is also falling. There are usually high rates of unemployment in areas where crimes are very high. The researchers argue that in these areas, the number of youth who have been out of work for more than one year is extremely high. Another argument is that areas with high rates of poverty and child abuse and neglect increase the rate of crime. Poverty is caused by a lack of employment, which leads to children resolving to crime at an early age as a source of income. Unemployment results more in property crime than violent crime, as research results show that most people who commit property crimes are unemployed. Crimes such as murder and rape are weakly connected to unemployment but can be related to other psychological problems such as alcohol and drug abuse. When there is a minimal decrease in unemployment rates, the rate of property crimes falls significantly.

Thus, the connection between unemployment and crime is obvious. If you lose your employment or source of income for any reason and find yourself in a position where you cannot support yourself or your children, when your money runs out, and your back is really against the wall, there are only a few options for some people: you are either going to rub or steal to survive.

Essay on Street Crime Vs White Collar Crime

In this Essay, I chose the question “Outline what “social classes” mean. Explain links between class and Crime”

I’m going to outline mostly the lower-class links between class and crime but also briefly about crimes that are more linked to the middle and upper class.

I want to find out if people with lower socioeconomic backgrounds really just are more criminal than the rest of the society or if there is a link between regulations and the way society is built up that puts people from the lower society at more risk of being overrepresented in the system and statistics around crime.

Class is something you can’t avoid seeing in your everyday life if you live in the U.K. The British class system is essential to British Culture/History and has been for centuries. Originally Karl Marx a Sociologist from Germany defined Class. He described 2 main categories as “the owning class” and “the working class”.

This means that one group owns properties, owns businesses, and basically controls the other group in the form of labor and has power over most assets in society, etc.

Marx believed that crime was fuelled by capitalism and the whole capitalist system is built on the exploitation of the lower/working class by the upper classes, which leads to increasing endless wealth for the rich and decreasing endless poverty for the poor. (University of Regina, 1999)

Different classes provide different opportunities and for the poor that typically means that they have less access to education, good jobs and a have bad health, and a higher level of mental illnesses in the communities.

The typical offense for lower-class people is crimes like theft or violence compared to middle-class crime, which is typically white-collar crimes such as fraud, money laundering, etc.

When you look at class and crime a tendency is also that specific crimes typically belong to specific social classes and the crimes that are committed reflect the social disadvantages or social advantages of the social class that people belong to. However, it can be difficult to determine the scale of it.

What we can do is we can look at the different areas’ average household income and compare it to the crimes that have been committed in the area, since we typically wouldn’t record crimes based on individual income and job positions.

Today’s society is a little more flexible from when Marx defined classes and other theories about class and crimes are being discussed. However, Marx’s theory is fundamentally still relevant. Where Marx is focused mainly on the two groups (Owner/Worker) that have different accessibility to the means of production other Sociologies have researched the link between class and job/income

Marx argues that upper-class people are less likely to be convicted of a crime compared to lower-class people because of upper-class people’s ability to hire good lawyers and are less likely to be investigated or even suspected, to begin with, as well as it is the upper-class that makes the regulations.

Most Sociologists agree on the fact that there is a link between crime and poverty. In 2019 London City Hall published an analysis that confirmed strong links between poverty and bad mental health to the violent youth crime that’s been terrorizing London. It showed that 75% of the Boroughs with the most crime are also the most deprived Boroughs and have a higher level of children living in poverty compared to the average Boroughs in London.

Major Khan addressed the link to crime and socio-economic factors –

“We have to face the reality that for some young people growing up today, violence has become normalized. And – with hope at rock-bottom, inequality higher than ever and absence of opportunities – turning to crime and gangs has become an all to easy route to satisfy the lure of gaining respect and money” (Gov. UK, 2019)

That backs’s up Marx theory, that while the capitalist society is getting more unequal and the gap dividing the classes increases crimes, as we can see in London where violent crimes started to peak in 2012 according to City Hall, and is still very serious today.

Crime gives the opportunity to obtain material wealth or goods they can’t get in a legitimate way and it often includes violent acts to threaten or use force to receive the material goods. Status frustration is when people are not satisfied with their classes and strive to move up the ladder in this case to move away from the lower class.

Research suggests that poor people are not only more likely to commit a crime they are also more likely to be a victim of crime. In fact, it is estimated that low-income households are more likely to be attacked by both people they know and strangers, they are twice as likely to be victims of burglary, six times more likely to be victims of domestic violence, and three times more likely to be victims of attempted rape or rape.

Furthermore, low-income families’ fear of being a victim of a crime is 3 times higher than the upper class. According to the study, this can be justified by the fact that there are 3.5 times more criminal people living in the 20% most deprived areas than in the 20% least deprived areas. The lower-income population experiences 62% more personal crime than the upper class and the crimes committed against them are often the most damaging crimes (Cuthbertson, 2018)

The lower class society seems to battle with the kind of crimes that relate strongly to material goods and improving opportunities for wealth that can seem almost impossible for them to achieve by doing hard legitimate work or social difficulties such as mental illnesses and drug abuse that can cause them to be more vulnerable to commit crimes.

When we look at the middle/upper-class population, it is typically another range of crimes that we see being committed.

According to Edwin Sutherland, one of the most influential criminologists in the 20th century, the ability to commit a crime does not lay in people’s social classes but rather in learned behavior and norms that create the ability to commit a crime. He defines “White-collar crimes” as crimes committed by people of high status. Other criminologists have worked further on his theory by including some middle-class people into the calculation, instead of only people from the higher society.

They argue those opportunities to commit crime as based on the position of employment. (Oxford Bibliographies)

For example, if a middle-class worker has access to private computer systems they could commit crimes in their own favor, or doctors for example have the ability to write prescriptions.

White-collar crimes are often seen as “less serious” since its often non-violent crimes, whose purpose is to enrich the perpetrators and people can falsely think that white-collar crimes are “victimless” even though that’s not true.

Examples of white-collar crimes are corporate fraud, embezzlement, falsification of financial information, money laundering, etc.

These cases are extremely hard to solve compared to individual personal crime because the crimes often are committed on the Internet, which can be hard to trace but also because police investigators are mostly trained to investigate personal crime and solving a corporate crime or a “white-collar” crime would require the police to get expert help from outside the police department. This makes it even harder for investigators to build a case and find usable evidence for court that would lead to a conviction.

To conclude, there is definitely a class culture and also class cultures regarding crimes in the UK. Regulations are often structured, so that the crimes that are mostly committed by lower-income people are seen as “more dangerous” and “disturbing for society” than the crimes committed by the middle class even though all offenses are criminal offenses.

It tells me that it is extremely important to consider the credibility of some crime statistics and their accuracy as well.

If lower-class people are more likely to commit crimes, I believe that it’s partially because they are criminalized by the system and the way regulations work. The regulations and the societies seem to criminalize some offenders without bearing in mind what led them to offend in the first place and this causes an effect of constantly labeling and victimizing low-income people.

According to the FBI white-collar crimes are way more costly to society than street crimes. The annual cost of white-collar crimes was $1 trillion compared to $15 billion for street crimes. The white-collar offenders rarely get punished because they might have political influence, status, or relative power and often have help available for them that street criminals don’t have (Psychology Today, 2017)

It can cause a misleading image of reality and keep up the consequent stereotyping of classes if we just assume that low-income people commit more crime by looking at misleading statistics and then we won’t learn how to regulate in the future.

Thesis Statement Hate Crime Paper

​In the US, hate crime proves to be among the contemporary problems whose occurrences rise every year. According to Aljazeera (2018) and Romero (2018), the statistics provided by the Federal Bureau of Investigations in November 2018 depicted a significant increase for the third consecutive year. Typically, hate crime alludes to criminality, sometimes involving violence, whose core motivation is prejudice and discrimination based on aspects such as race, religion, sexual orientation, or relative grounds of diversity (SPLC, 2017). In the US, cases of hate crime mostly emanate from prejudice based on gender identity, sexual orientation, religion, race, and even disability. Compared to 2014 and 207, the number of these crimes on a national level has increased by 31% and 17% respectively, which alone shows the gravity of the situation (Romero, 2018). Hate crime is a social problem that does not receive warranted attention despite resulting in adverse outcomes such as suicide and murder.

​However, an exploration of its history depicts that it has been in the US for an extended time even though the numbers have rarely been this high. According to Herek (2017), hate crimes in the US started to become a prevalent problem in the 1980s where people were victimized based on their perceived sexual orientation or gender identity. The increased occurrences resulted in its first exploration as a social problem prompting the urgency for assessment of the matter and the persistence of such crimes. Over the years, involved groups such as policymakers, advocates, and law enforcement bodies have been at the forefront of acquiring information that would assist in the comprehension of the issue’s extent, particularly through tracking annual trends and statistics. Romero (2018) highlights that as indicated by these trends and statistics, the period after 9/11 depicted a gradual increase in US hate crimes. However, the numbers continued to fall after then up until recently when they began to rise again.

​The most impacted populations have varied depending on occurrences of the current times and based on emerging trends in the US. Even so, some groups have remained consistent in the rankings including African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Arabs among others. Still, BBC (2018) notes that other groups have also been targets in recent years including Jews, Hindus, and Sikhs who have been attacked in various situations while in their places of worship. Additionally, members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community have also become among the most common victims given their opposition to the gender binary and sexual orientation altogether. Finally, Romero (2018) acknowledges a spike in the attacks against the physically and mentally disabled. Some of the actions attributed to the hate crimes have included rape, assault, intimidation, murder, vandalism, theft, and arson. More so, the FBI has highlighted 34 categories as the most affected by hate crime including anti-atheists, anti-transgender, anti-white, and anti-Buddhist as some of the recent additions (Romero, 2018). Resolutely, the prevalence of hate crime and the growing numbers depict the urgency of addressing the social problem, especially based on the deductions attributed to Robert Merton’s Strain theory and Barbara Perry’s structured action theory of ‘doing difference’. The proposed solution entails developing diverse coalitions with everyone including the victims, law enforcement bodies, and the media, among others.

Causes and Theoretical Analysis

​Even though the term ‘hate crime’ alludes to a plethora of actions with somewhat comparable classifications, the motivations that lurk behind the different and disparate occurrences are not the same. In some of the past literature covering the subject, the motivation behind the hate crime was attributed to incomprehensive factors such as animosity and relative irrationalities (Walters, 2011). However, advanced studies over the years have helped in the discovery that hate crime emanates from a toxic amalgamation of emotions ranging from anger to indignation. Nonetheless, involved bodies such as the FBI have provided a myriad of causes that categorize the different motivations. First, the perpetrators of hate crimes mostly engage in it as a way of seeking a thrill. According to Burke (2017), most of hate crimes are a product of an immature longing for excitement and drama. In his explanation, he incorporates an illustration of bored young adults marauding through the street without much today. Such positions prompt them to create their own thrill and excitement in every way possible. More so, the need for excitement and drama coupled with substance abuse or alcohol consumption creates an illusion that attacks on vulnerable victims are justified since society does not care about them and will applaud the crime (Hamad, 2017; Burke, 2017). Finally, since there is no substantial reasoning behind these attacks, they are conducted randomly. However, hate crime based on the subject cause is low and can be addressed easily.

​Secondly, some of the perpetrators of hate crimes do it as a defensive measure. Notably, for such people, using hate crime is the only effective measure to protect themselves or those they love. More so, unlike those people that seek thrill, such motivations are based on a specific target. In fact, the culprits have reasons behind their actions that they use when they feel threatened. According to Hamad (2017), such causes are triggered by certain events, for instance, when a black or Muslim family moves into a new neighborhood. Unfortunately, similar occurrences are enough to prompt these culprits who barely show any remorse. Thirdly, hate crimes are committed as a form of retaliation with the perpetrator looking to revenge as a reaction to personal slights. For instance, they could target a person from a certain race, ethnicity, or religious group based on a belief that they committed an initial crime even when they are not connected to it in any way (Herek, 2017; Hamad, 2017). However, there are cases where people from a similar race or religion attack each other. Finally, the fourth group of hate crime culprits views themselves as missionaries or crusaders for a specific racial or religious cause, among other reasons. Burke (2017) claims they are not only the deadliest but also the rarest. They are focused on engaging in war against members of a certain group, which they do through shootings or even the deployment of explosive devices. Essentially, to them, the system is rigged and unfair against them; a notion they utilize in the justification of their actions.

​Based on the identified causes, Robert Merton’s Strain theory and Barbara Perry’s structured action theory of ‘doing difference’ can apply to why hate crime, motivated by prejudice, continue to permeate the US. First, Merton argues that the deviant behavior attributed to hate crime is a result of a ‘dis-equilibrium,’ which alludes to the inability of accomplishing culture-related goals (Walters, 2011). According to his hypothesis, the social inequalities alluding to elements such as individual capacities, education, or even income make it hard for everyone to establish the goals and objectives set out by society and its constructs. Therefore, the outcome is a strain that affects the persons with a desire of which they cannot simply accomplish (Walters, 2011). More so, due to the limited possibilities of realizing them in the right way, the response is based on illegitimate avenues such as violence as the basis for these people achieving what they want and how they want to be perceived in society.

On the other hand, Barbara Perry does not fully support the strain theory since it barely accounts for the different hate crimes, particularly the atrocious ones. According to her, a hate crime is a result of extreme discrimination that emanates from propagated segregation. Also, bias and marginalization of people who have an aspect of diversity or difference in them may be termed hate crimes (Walter, 2011). In the United States, the subject difference is utilized in the construction of traversing social hierarchies based on gender, race, sexuality, class, and religion, among others. Consequently, people who do not accept these differences live in fear of the other person encroaching upon their personal identity or that of their cultural group, which has specific norms and beliefs. Eventually, the fear results in feelings of insecurity and helplessness, especially about a person’s place in society or that of their group (Walter, 2011). The response to these mixed and negative feelings includes a transposition into animosity and violence as their ways of acquiring a sense of control over the people they view as a threat to society’s security.

Solution

​The analysis of hate crime as a social problem shows that countering it requires a comprehensive resolution, that is, one that can apply in addressing the different classifications of causes while simultaneously proving efficient and compatible for the various groups affected in the US. Decisively, the development of a diverse coalition can form a firm foundation for not only combating it but also acquiring more information to apply in the resolution processes (SPLC, 2017; Hamad, 2017). Different groups and organizations such as schools, churches, clubs, civic groups, law enforcement bodies, the media, and even policymakers, among others, should act as allies (SPLC, 2017). However, the first step should be creating increased awareness on the matter for everyone to understand the nature of hate crime as a prevalent issue in the US.

In conclusion, using the diverse coalition approach, information, and statistics will definitely create an appeal among the undecided groups and assist in the mutual sharing of the desire to stand against hate. The high numbers of people and bodies supporting the cause will help everyone to overcome personal fear and vulnerability in addition to reducing the workload and augmenting creativity and impact (Hamad, 2017). More so, the diverse coalition can easily counter and isolate organized hate groups while educating others (SPLC, 2017; Hamad, 2017). Essentially, such a solution is crucial as a bridge between neighborhoods and law enforcement creating a stronger bond based on the shared belief and determination of countering hate crime in the US.

Organized and White Collar Crime Essay

In today’s century, the black market spans the world: illicit items are sourced from one continent, exported throughout another, and marketed in a third. This is done by organized crime groups which refers to individuals and groups with ongoing working relationships who make their living primarily through activities that one or more states deem illegal and criminal.

Law enforcement towards prepared crime groups will not end illicit things if the underlying markets stay unaddressed inside one nation, along with the military of white-collar criminals – most especially by lawyers, realtors, accountants, and bankers – who cover them up and launder their proceeds. The greed of white-collar experts and also with the help of leaders, politicians is driving black markets, as plenty as that of crime syndicates.

And when we talk about, international cooperation inside the states, I think that on one side, combating geared-up crime requires international cooperation seeing that these types of agencies act through crossing borders. It is impossible to fight only in a nation in which that business enterprise stems, whereas it is growing in other nations. Only worldwide cooperation and the motion of world agencies will be capable of confronting a phenomenon that is increasingly anchored in the economy.

On the other side, the query whether the crime groups amplify activities through global cooperation or not, I assume it will not stop these crime groups. They can be a hindrance to black market operations, but they can not stop this illegal business from expanding. Most especially organized crime is coordinated across national borders, involving groups or markets of individuals working in more than one country to plan and execute illegal business ventures.

Because these crime agencies have many methods and the breaking-up of crime group businesses per se does not work, those arrested are replaced, new crime groups are developing, and high-rank people back them up.

Crime has internationalized quicker than regulation enforcement and world governance. Organized crime has evolved over time. Drug epidemics have come and gone and resurfaced in new environs. Human trafficking and firearms flows have rapidly expanded in areas of conflict. It will never stop if high-rank people are their leaders. They are powerful as they are inside different agencies, manipulating and hiding their illegal operations. Crime and Corruption, greed for money, and power are with hands all together. How can these illegal acts, stop if leaders, high rank militaries, lawyers, and law enforcement officers are one of them?