Technology is advancing at a very fast pace bringing with it relevant new ways of fighting crime as well ambivalence. This is so due to the innovation of crime brought by the technological advancement. The police have to adopt modern technologies in order to deal effectively with crime or risk being overtaken by it. One of the new invented technologies is the robotic camera. Robotic cameras have been developed and are used in crime scenes that may look dangerous to send a policeman in. This device is controlled through wireless means by a police officer as it moves on special wheels. It is used by the police in indoor crime scenes, bomb detection sites or outdoor crime scenes (Foster, 2005).
Shot spotter is a gunshot detection system that uses electronic sensors to detect and determine a location from which a firearm has been fired. The sensors are placed around a locality and use the mapping technology to identify the people living in the shooting area. The iPad is another advancement of technology that aids the police to be more on the street while doing their entire computer works. With it, they can walk into a crime scene; ask questions while filing a report in real-time. In future more tablets will be integrated as normal police gear (Ackroyd, Harper, Hughes, Shapiro, & Soothill, 1992).
Small drones equipped with camera offer police aerial surveillance over the crime scenes, a feature, they didnt have in the past. These drones are controlled from a laptop by a specialist and are used to spy on the criminals while giving the police an insight of the crime scene. Another technique is a GPS dart. This device is used during the dangerous car chases and allows the police to chase after the suspect, but from a safe distance and at safer speeds. It is shot from a police car by use of a laser and attaches to the suspects vehicle (Ackroyd, Harper, Hughes, Shapiro, & Soothill, 1992).
Vehicle number plate readers usually get attached on the highways and are used to monitor traffic offenders. This device is then connected to a database that it uses to identify an offensive car owner and send him a ticket. This greatly helps the traffic police in areas with heavy traffic. Facial recognition devices help identify a person at a crime scene using pictures taken from any camera. This technology enhances the accuracy with which the police can pursue and apprehend a suspect (Foster, 2005).
Technological challenges
Cybercrime is a new type of a criminal activity that is done using the computer. An example of such is the sending of malicious coders that are used to gather banking details such as the credit card numbers. Using this, the criminals can access a persons or entitys account and steal money from them. The act can be done across continents meaning that the local police might have challenges in apprehending the criminals as they lie outside the area mandated to them by law (Foster, 2005).
With the rise of internet usage, there are a number of criminal activities that have included the hijacking as well as child trafficking. In order for the police to fight against such crime, any technological inventions developed by them that spied on internet users have been resisted. The public is of the opinion that such acts are a breach of their privacy (Jurkanin & Hillard, 2005). The infiltration of the police databases by hackers using higher technology are another major hindrance to effective police service. Software advancement is a daily thing which needs the police to be well-financed in order to keep up or secure their databases. Lack of proper funding leaves the police exposed, with the criminals being aware of their move, something that hinders the law enforcers from effectively doing their work.
References
Ackroyd, S., Harper, R.H.R., Hughes, J.A., Shapiro, D., & Soothill, K. (1992). New technology and practical police work. London: Open University.
Foster, R. E. (2005). Police technology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Jurkanin, T. J., & Hillard, T. G. (2005). Chicago police: An inside viewthe story of superintendent Terry G. Hillard. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
The COVID-19 pandemic has created a fertile ground for financial crime to thrive. As the number of infections continues to increase, most governments have tightened labor mobility restrictions in a bid to contain the virus. However, this policy response has caused economic uncertainty and massive stock-market drop, making firms and individuals more vulnerable to fraud. Assessing key forms of financial crime prevalent during this unique economic situation can inform due diligence measures to reduce the risk.
Cybercrime
Increased COVID-19 cybercrime risks require that firms enhance customer due diligence procedures to guard against identity theft and data loss. With banking institutions moving monetary transactions online and employees and students working or learning remotely, the risk of cyber-attacks and identity theft has increased (Galvao et al., 2020). Virtual private networks (VPNs) have become important to organizations and schools. As a result, VPNs are now the target of phishing and denial of service attacks (Deloitte, 2020a). Cybercriminals send malicious spams and ransomware disguised as legitimate brands to deceive employees and clients. End users downloading applications meant to combat the pandemic are also at risk of such attacks. Sensitizing staff to be more cautious when clicking on hyperlinks or emails with COVID-19 content and enhancing the security of VPN services would ensure the security of data and reduce this threat.
Supply Chain Fraud
The supply chain (SC) disruption occasioned by the COVID-19 pandemic has compelled firms to look for different suppliers urgently. Engaging new third parties without proper scrutiny poses the risk of contracting disreputable organizations (Deloitte, 2020b). Further, working with different suppliers with a lower capacity to supply the volume needed can affect inventory levels. One emerging SC fraud includes fraudsters receiving payment and failing to deliver the goods (Deloitte, 2020b). Organizations have been defrauded this way when purchasing products presently in high demand, such as alcohol gels and facemasks. Identifying genuine suppliers has been a problem. For this reason, some UAE firms have adopted the blockchain technology to address vulnerabilities in the supply chains. For example, Saudi Aramco has used the Blockchain Deployment Toolkit to manage suppliers and verify their credentials (Lacina, 2020). The technology has enhanced efficiency, decreased verification time, and helped reduce supply chain fraud.
Investment Scams
While various industries are grappling with challenges of reduced operations, closure, and revenue decline, the healthcare sector has received more investment to bolster efforts to combat the pandemic. However, the risk of fraud has also increased. Investment scams involving products or services for preventing, diagnosing or treating COVID-19 have risen (Galvao et al., 2020). Alerts on research reports claiming to predict low-priced stocks of listed firms have been issued. For example, scammers using a counterfeit LinkedIn profile of the Dubai Financial Services Authority (DFSA) officials announced a $10 million grant to start-ups in India (Rodgers, 2020). The authorities flag up the loan, which was purportedly offered by the DFSA to help recipients cope with the COVID-19 effects, as a scam.
Corruption
The risk of bribery has increased in the healthcare industry during the COVID-19 crisis. The procurement of medicines and medical supplies, which are in acute shortage globally, make this sector prone to corrupt practices. According to Galvao et al. (2020), the scramble for hospital drugs and equipment by countries has increased corruption cases and bribes to expedite delivery. Allegations of bribery by governments to receive testing reagents and protective gear have been reported globally. Another aspect of corruption witnessed today is the price gouging for essential medical supplies due to relaxed procurement procedures. Transparency International (2020) notes that rushed public tenders for the purchase of ventilators and personal protective equipment (PPE) have created a fertile ground for corruption. Locally, hospitals are forced into the dilemma of purchasing products at inflated costs or combating the virus without adequate protections for their staff.
Employee Fraud
Firms face an internal fraud risk facing firms due to relaxed controls during this period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Among the forms of employee fraud expected are theft of cash, larceny, misuse of data, and release of payments without the requisite approvals (Deloitte, 2020a). Further, as remote working becomes the norm, some workers may exaggerate individual productivity to satisfy supervisors or keep their job. Falsification of compensation claims and misappropriation of resources are other ways employees may commit fraud (Stokes et al., 2020). The scheme to defraud a firm often stems from financial pressure and opportunity. Weaker internal controls, reduced working hours, dwindling sales, and remote working often motivate opportunistic employees to commit fraud (Paterson, 2020). Mitigating this risk requires training and software that tracks computer use to safeguard critical data. Performing employee background checks can also help organizations avoid hiring fraudulent employees.
Conclusion
Financial crime during the COVID-19 crisis comes in different forms. With the heightened fraud risk, ranging from cybercrime to investment scams, organizations must be vigilant to stem out internal and external threats. Due diligence measures can help reduce financial crime and protect firms from loss. Adopting a risk-based approach and data protection methods can stop criminals keen on exploiting the speedy digitization of operations to defraud firms.
References
Deloitte. (2020a). COVID-19s impact on cybersecurity. Web.
Deloitte. (2020b). COVID-19 operating in the new normal A backdoor to increased fraud risk? Web.
Galvao, R., Walters, R., & Walters, L. (2020, April 17). The COVID-19 financial crime risk. Refinitiv. Web.
Despite the increased integration of security measures in information and communication technology infrastructures, incidences of e-crime have grown exponentially over the years. The rapid internet penetration and accelerated digitization have created numerous opportunities for the perpetration of crimes through cyberspace. Although numerous initiatives have been developed to counteract e-crime, Akdemir and Lawless (2020) argue that computer and internet-enabled offenses are rising. In the article Exploring the Human Factor in Cyber-Enabled and Cyber-Dependent Crime Victimization: A Lifestyle Routine Activities Approach, the authors suggest that human behavior is the weakest link in the entire computer security arrangement. According to Akdmeir and Lawless (2020), external manipulators exploit the reasoning of technology users to penetrate information and technology establishments, thereby facilitating the orchestration of cybercrimes. Victims of e-crimes inadvertently contribute to the occurrence of cyberattacks through their behaviors, which neutralize the effectiveness of various security features, such as firewalls, antimalware, and antiviruses. Therefore, the human factor is the greatest enabler and facilitator of cybercrimes as it permits cybercriminals to infiltrate and compromise previously secure systems.
The characteristics and actions of internet users are fundamental components of computer security. According to Akdemir and Lawless (2020), there is a direct correlation between the risk of experiencing cyberattacks and the victims online activities. Fraudsters often profile their targets by evaluating the specific factors exhibited by the victims routine activities. Cybercrimes are primarily motivated and influenced by the casualties online presence (Jansen & Leukfeldt, 2016). Accordingly, Internet victimization is not randomly distributed but reflects potential targets successful profiling through their suitability, degree of exposure, and absence of deterring capacities (Akdmeir & Lawless, 2020). For instance, the utilization of networked internet technologies, surfing on public computers, voluntary and involuntary disclosure of personal information, and deviant online activities, exacerbate the occurrence of e-crimes.
Reaction
Cybersecurity is emerging as a prominent consideration in this era of rapid progress in information technology and internet penetration. Despite the integration of advanced protective measures, incidences of e-crimes have been skyrocketing. Although the exploitation of the inherent gaps in internet security is dynamic, human behavior and online characteristics play an influential role in increasing the risk of cyberattacks. I concur with the authors arguments that the traits and activities people manifest online amplify their potential of falling victim to e-crimes. For instance, using shared or interconnected network infrastructure drastically increases online users suitability and attractiveness to cybercriminals. Notably, no cybersecurity installations can mitigate the extensive exposure created through public connectivity. Therefore, the utilization of devices with technological vulnerabilities and susceptibilities, such as public computers and Wi-Fi networks, has been identified as prime avenues exploited by cybercriminals to perpetrate attacks.
Conclusively, the conduct and interests of the Internet facilitate the orchestration of e-crimes. Fraudsters rely on the reasoning of computer users whose activities and interests create entry points into protected devices. Using insecure and vulnerable internet connections, disclosing sensitive personal information, and engaging in deviant online activities, can be exploited by scammers and trigger subsequent compromise on the integrity of technology devices. As a result, victimization is disproportionately influenced by the behavioral disposition of internet users. The installation of anti-viruses and other cybersecurity software, such as firewalls, cannot protect individuals from e-crimes without a corresponding behavioral change. Therefore, the likelihood of falling victim to cyber-dependent and cyber-enabled crimes can be substantially mitigated by adopting a double-pronged plan, which combines personal conduct and cybersecurity strategies.
References
Akdemir, N., & Lawless, C. (2020). Exploring the human factor in cyber-enabled and cyber-dependent crime victimization: A lifestyle routine activities approach. Internet Research. Web.
Jansen, J., & Leukfeldt, R. (2016). Phishing and malware attacks on online banking customers in the Netherlands: A qualitative analysis of factors leading to victimization. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 10(1), 79-91. Web.
Today, the Internet crimes can be discussed as the significant part of the users everyday reality because the improvement of technologies is closely associated with the development of new crimes in the cyberspace. In his book The dotCrime Manifesto: How to Stop Internet Crime, Phillip Hallam-Baker discusses the controversial question of the Internet crimes with references to the ways proposed to overcome the problem and create the secure Internet environment.
Statement of the Books Purpose
While discussing the evolution of the cyberspace and providing the techniques to protect users from the Internet crimes, Hallam-Baker focuses his attention on the idea that the Internet should be strengthened with references to the notions of security, accountability, and privacy; and this approach is presented as more effective in comparison with the possible reconstruction of all the Internet security principles. Thus, Hallam-Baker discusses the development of the Internet security principles and mechanisms, provides the background for understanding the current tendencies associated with the Internet crime, and presents the comprehensive action plan on improving the Internet infrastructure (Hallam-Baker xxii). As a result, the book aims to provide methods to improve the Internet security with the focus on the existing principles and measures.
Overview of the Books Content
Hallam-Bakers book can be discussed as the collection of the detailed guidelines on how to cope with the problem of Internet crimes while providing the guidelines with the strong background related to the Internet crimes development (Kessler 71). The book is divided into 19 chapters which are organized into four sections according to the subjects discussed in the chapters.
The first section titled People Not Bits combines five chapters on the subjects of the crimes motives and the idea of accountability. Hallam-Baker introduces many basic ideas associated with the Internet crimes in this section and states that the main motive for crimes is money. Discussing such basic notions as architecture, strategy, and design, the author states that to overcome crimes, it is necessary to reintroduce the idea of accountability in the cyberspace (Hallam-Baker 117).
The second section Stopping the Cycle includes four chapters which are oriented to discussing the measures to stop such crimes as phishing, botnets, and spam. Hallam-Baker is rather consistent in relation to presenting the techniques which can help users cope with phishing, botnets, and spam because these crimes are the most popular in the cyberspace (Hallam-Baker 198).
The third section Tools of the Trade includes two chapters on cryptography and ways to establish trust. In these chapters, Hallam-Baker accentuates the necessity of using cryptography to resolve the problem of the Internet crimes and pays attention to the notion of trust in the context of the cyberspace with references to the ideas of identity and digital certificates (Hallam-Baker 226).
The fourth section of the book is titled The Accountable Web . Eight chapters of the section present the clear guides on how to develop the secure transport, messaging, identities, networks, and platforms. To develop the accountable web, it is necessary to focus on the newly proposed technologies which can be helpful for protecting the data and activities important for users (Hallam-Baker 374). If the previous section proposed the short-term solutions to protect users from the Internet crimes, this section provides the strategically developed long-term solution according to which it is possible to build the accountable web. Much attention should be paid to the final chapter of the section which provides the list of easy rules necessary to implement the whole plan into action (Hallam-Baker 379).
Value of the Books Message or Content for Business
Hallam-Bakers book can be interesting and helpful for many users relying on the Internet opportunities, but it is especially important for businessmen who can suffer significantly from the Internet crimes. If the goal and motive of the web criminals are to gain some benefits from the Internet crimes, the goal of businessmen is to create the secure cyberspace for their activities (Reich and Gelbstein 112). From this point, Hallam-Bakers book can be discussed as the valuable source for businessmen because the book provides the comprehensive guidelines on the necessary actions to protect the users privacy and web activities.
In spite of the fact that the Internet security is the comparably new issue discussed by businessmen in the context of controversial ethical dilemmas, much attention should be paid to protecting the interests of businessmen as the active users of the Internet because the companys profits can be at stake if the issue of the Internet crime is identified. Hallam-Baker offers the rational plan of action developed to stop phishing, botnets, and spam and to create the accountable web (Austin par. 1-2). Many short-term techniques proposed in the book can be used to enhance the businessmens efforts associated with building the secure cyberspace for their daily activities.
Thus, Phillip Hallam-Bakers The dotCrime Manifesto: How to Stop Internet Crime can be discussed as the useful source to explain the concept of the Internet crime to many users, including businessmen, and as the important source to provide the action plan to create the secure Internet infrastructure.
Hallam-Baker, Phillip. The dotCrime Manifesto: How to Stop Internet Crime. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley, 2008. Print.
Kessler, Gary. Book Review: The dotCrime Manifesto: How to Stop Internet Crime (Hallam-Brown) . Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law 3.2 (2008): 71-73. Print.
Reich, Pauline, and Eduardo Gelbstein. Law, Policy, and Technology: Cyberterrorism, Information Warfare, and Internet Immobilization. USA: IGI Global Snippet, 2012. Print.
Technology is advancing at a very fast pace bringing with it relevant new ways of fighting crime as well ambivalence. This is so due to the innovation of crime brought by the technological advancement. The police have to adopt modern technologies in order to deal effectively with crime or risk being overtaken by it. One of the new invented technologies is the robotic camera. Robotic cameras have been developed and are used in crime scenes that may look dangerous to send a policeman in. This device is controlled through wireless means by a police officer as it moves on special wheels. It is used by the police in indoor crime scenes, bomb detection sites or outdoor crime scenes (Foster, 2005).
Shot spotter is a gunshot detection system that uses electronic sensors to detect and determine a location from which a firearm has been fired. The sensors are placed around a locality and use the mapping technology to identify the people living in the shooting area. The iPad is another advancement of technology that aids the police to be more on the street while doing their entire computer works. With it, they can walk into a crime scene; ask questions while filing a report in real-time. In future more tablets will be integrated as normal police gear (Ackroyd, Harper, Hughes, Shapiro, & Soothill, 1992).
Small drones equipped with camera offer police aerial surveillance over the crime scenes, a feature, they didnt have in the past. These drones are controlled from a laptop by a specialist and are used to spy on the criminals while giving the police an insight of the crime scene. Another technique is a GPS dart. This device is used during the dangerous car chases and allows the police to chase after the suspect, but from a safe distance and at safer speeds. It is shot from a police car by use of a laser and attaches to the suspects vehicle (Ackroyd, Harper, Hughes, Shapiro, & Soothill, 1992).
Vehicle number plate readers usually get attached on the highways and are used to monitor traffic offenders. This device is then connected to a database that it uses to identify an offensive car owner and send him a ticket. This greatly helps the traffic police in areas with heavy traffic. Facial recognition devices help identify a person at a crime scene using pictures taken from any camera. This technology enhances the accuracy with which the police can pursue and apprehend a suspect (Foster, 2005).
Technological challenges
Cybercrime is a new type of a criminal activity that is done using the computer. An example of such is the sending of malicious coders that are used to gather banking details such as the credit card numbers. Using this, the criminals can access a persons or entitys account and steal money from them. The act can be done across continents meaning that the local police might have challenges in apprehending the criminals as they lie outside the area mandated to them by law (Foster, 2005).
With the rise of internet usage, there are a number of criminal activities that have included the hijacking as well as child trafficking. In order for the police to fight against such crime, any technological inventions developed by them that spied on internet users have been resisted. The public is of the opinion that such acts are a breach of their privacy (Jurkanin & Hillard, 2005). The infiltration of the police databases by hackers using higher technology are another major hindrance to effective police service. Software advancement is a daily thing which needs the police to be well-financed in order to keep up or secure their databases. Lack of proper funding leaves the police exposed, with the criminals being aware of their move, something that hinders the law enforcers from effectively doing their work.
References
Ackroyd, S., Harper, R.H.R., Hughes, J.A., Shapiro, D., & Soothill, K. (1992). New technology and practical police work. London: Open University.
Foster, R. E. (2005). Police technology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Jurkanin, T. J., & Hillard, T. G. (2005). Chicago police: An inside viewthe story of superintendent Terry G. Hillard. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
The COVID-19 pandemic has created a fertile ground for financial crime to thrive. As the number of infections continues to increase, most governments have tightened labor mobility restrictions in a bid to contain the virus. However, this policy response has caused economic uncertainty and massive stock-market drop, making firms and individuals more vulnerable to fraud. Assessing key forms of financial crime prevalent during this unique economic situation can inform due diligence measures to reduce the risk.
Cybercrime
Increased COVID-19 cybercrime risks require that firms enhance customer due diligence procedures to guard against identity theft and data loss. With banking institutions moving monetary transactions online and employees and students working or learning remotely, the risk of cyber-attacks and identity theft has increased (Galvao et al., 2020). Virtual private networks (VPNs) have become important to organizations and schools. As a result, VPNs are now the target of phishing and denial of service attacks (Deloitte, 2020a). Cybercriminals send malicious spams and ransomware disguised as legitimate brands to deceive employees and clients. End users downloading applications meant to combat the pandemic are also at risk of such attacks. Sensitizing staff to be more cautious when clicking on hyperlinks or emails with COVID-19 content and enhancing the security of VPN services would ensure the security of data and reduce this threat.
Supply Chain Fraud
The supply chain (SC) disruption occasioned by the COVID-19 pandemic has compelled firms to look for different suppliers urgently. Engaging new third parties without proper scrutiny poses the risk of contracting disreputable organizations (Deloitte, 2020b). Further, working with different suppliers with a lower capacity to supply the volume needed can affect inventory levels. One emerging SC fraud includes fraudsters receiving payment and failing to deliver the goods (Deloitte, 2020b). Organizations have been defrauded this way when purchasing products presently in high demand, such as alcohol gels and facemasks. Identifying genuine suppliers has been a problem. For this reason, some UAE firms have adopted the blockchain technology to address vulnerabilities in the supply chains. For example, Saudi Aramco has used the Blockchain Deployment Toolkit to manage suppliers and verify their credentials (Lacina, 2020). The technology has enhanced efficiency, decreased verification time, and helped reduce supply chain fraud.
Investment Scams
While various industries are grappling with challenges of reduced operations, closure, and revenue decline, the healthcare sector has received more investment to bolster efforts to combat the pandemic. However, the risk of fraud has also increased. Investment scams involving products or services for preventing, diagnosing or treating COVID-19 have risen (Galvao et al., 2020). Alerts on research reports claiming to predict low-priced stocks of listed firms have been issued. For example, scammers using a counterfeit LinkedIn profile of the Dubai Financial Services Authority (DFSA) officials announced a $10 million grant to start-ups in India (Rodgers, 2020). The authorities flag up the loan, which was purportedly offered by the DFSA to help recipients cope with the COVID-19 effects, as a scam.
Corruption
The risk of bribery has increased in the healthcare industry during the COVID-19 crisis. The procurement of medicines and medical supplies, which are in acute shortage globally, make this sector prone to corrupt practices. According to Galvao et al. (2020), the scramble for hospital drugs and equipment by countries has increased corruption cases and bribes to expedite delivery. Allegations of bribery by governments to receive testing reagents and protective gear have been reported globally. Another aspect of corruption witnessed today is the price gouging for essential medical supplies due to relaxed procurement procedures. Transparency International (2020) notes that rushed public tenders for the purchase of ventilators and personal protective equipment (PPE) have created a fertile ground for corruption. Locally, hospitals are forced into the dilemma of purchasing products at inflated costs or combating the virus without adequate protections for their staff.
Employee Fraud
Firms face an internal fraud risk facing firms due to relaxed controls during this period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Among the forms of employee fraud expected are theft of cash, larceny, misuse of data, and release of payments without the requisite approvals (Deloitte, 2020a). Further, as remote working becomes the norm, some workers may exaggerate individual productivity to satisfy supervisors or keep their job. Falsification of compensation claims and misappropriation of resources are other ways employees may commit fraud (Stokes et al., 2020). The scheme to defraud a firm often stems from financial pressure and opportunity. Weaker internal controls, reduced working hours, dwindling sales, and remote working often motivate opportunistic employees to commit fraud (Paterson, 2020). Mitigating this risk requires training and software that tracks computer use to safeguard critical data. Performing employee background checks can also help organizations avoid hiring fraudulent employees.
Conclusion
Financial crime during the COVID-19 crisis comes in different forms. With the heightened fraud risk, ranging from cybercrime to investment scams, organizations must be vigilant to stem out internal and external threats. Due diligence measures can help reduce financial crime and protect firms from loss. Adopting a risk-based approach and data protection methods can stop criminals keen on exploiting the speedy digitization of operations to defraud firms.
References
Deloitte. (2020a). COVID-19s impact on cybersecurity. Web.
Deloitte. (2020b). COVID-19 operating in the new normal A backdoor to increased fraud risk? Web.
Galvao, R., Walters, R., & Walters, L. (2020, April 17). The COVID-19 financial crime risk. Refinitiv. Web.
Despite the increased integration of security measures in information and communication technology infrastructures, incidences of e-crime have grown exponentially over the years. The rapid internet penetration and accelerated digitization have created numerous opportunities for the perpetration of crimes through cyberspace. Although numerous initiatives have been developed to counteract e-crime, Akdemir and Lawless (2020) argue that computer and internet-enabled offenses are rising. In the article Exploring the Human Factor in Cyber-Enabled and Cyber-Dependent Crime Victimization: A Lifestyle Routine Activities Approach, the authors suggest that human behavior is the weakest link in the entire computer security arrangement. According to Akdmeir and Lawless (2020), external manipulators exploit the reasoning of technology users to penetrate information and technology establishments, thereby facilitating the orchestration of cybercrimes. Victims of e-crimes inadvertently contribute to the occurrence of cyberattacks through their behaviors, which neutralize the effectiveness of various security features, such as firewalls, antimalware, and antiviruses. Therefore, the human factor is the greatest enabler and facilitator of cybercrimes as it permits cybercriminals to infiltrate and compromise previously secure systems.
The characteristics and actions of internet users are fundamental components of computer security. According to Akdemir and Lawless (2020), there is a direct correlation between the risk of experiencing cyberattacks and the victims online activities. Fraudsters often profile their targets by evaluating the specific factors exhibited by the victims routine activities. Cybercrimes are primarily motivated and influenced by the casualties online presence (Jansen & Leukfeldt, 2016). Accordingly, Internet victimization is not randomly distributed but reflects potential targets successful profiling through their suitability, degree of exposure, and absence of deterring capacities (Akdmeir & Lawless, 2020). For instance, the utilization of networked internet technologies, surfing on public computers, voluntary and involuntary disclosure of personal information, and deviant online activities, exacerbate the occurrence of e-crimes.
Reaction
Cybersecurity is emerging as a prominent consideration in this era of rapid progress in information technology and internet penetration. Despite the integration of advanced protective measures, incidences of e-crimes have been skyrocketing. Although the exploitation of the inherent gaps in internet security is dynamic, human behavior and online characteristics play an influential role in increasing the risk of cyberattacks. I concur with the authors arguments that the traits and activities people manifest online amplify their potential of falling victim to e-crimes. For instance, using shared or interconnected network infrastructure drastically increases online users suitability and attractiveness to cybercriminals. Notably, no cybersecurity installations can mitigate the extensive exposure created through public connectivity. Therefore, the utilization of devices with technological vulnerabilities and susceptibilities, such as public computers and Wi-Fi networks, has been identified as prime avenues exploited by cybercriminals to perpetrate attacks.
Conclusively, the conduct and interests of the Internet facilitate the orchestration of e-crimes. Fraudsters rely on the reasoning of computer users whose activities and interests create entry points into protected devices. Using insecure and vulnerable internet connections, disclosing sensitive personal information, and engaging in deviant online activities, can be exploited by scammers and trigger subsequent compromise on the integrity of technology devices. As a result, victimization is disproportionately influenced by the behavioral disposition of internet users. The installation of anti-viruses and other cybersecurity software, such as firewalls, cannot protect individuals from e-crimes without a corresponding behavioral change. Therefore, the likelihood of falling victim to cyber-dependent and cyber-enabled crimes can be substantially mitigated by adopting a double-pronged plan, which combines personal conduct and cybersecurity strategies.
References
Akdemir, N., & Lawless, C. (2020). Exploring the human factor in cyber-enabled and cyber-dependent crime victimization: A lifestyle routine activities approach. Internet Research. Web.
Jansen, J., & Leukfeldt, R. (2016). Phishing and malware attacks on online banking customers in the Netherlands: A qualitative analysis of factors leading to victimization. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 10(1), 79-91. Web.
Although African Americans comprise approximately 13 percent of the total U.S. population, they usually represent a much larger proportion of people who are convicted of various offences and incarcerated (Mackey, & Levan, 2011, p. 99). This tendency is particularly noticeable among males whose age ranges from 25 to 29. Black males are much more likely to be incarcerated than Hispanic or non-Hispanic white people.
This paper is aimed at discussing possible factors that contribute to this disparity. It is vital to examine social and demographic characteristics of these people. Additionally, one of the tasks is to look the work of criminal justice system and the way in which it can treat individuals who are either accused of convicted of crime. This discussion can show why black males may be overrepresented in American prisons.
Incarceration rates among black males
According to the data provided by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (2010), black non-Hispanic males have an incarceration rate of 4,749 inmates for every 100.000 of American citizens (p. 2). In turn, the incarceration rate of non-Hispanic white men is 708 convictions per 100.000 residents (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2010, p. 2). Finally, the imprisonment rate of Hispanic males is approximately 1.822 inmates per every 100.000 of the population.
Overall, these findings indicate that there are significant disparities existing between black men on the one hand and white or Hispanic males on the other. As it has been said before, the percentage of African-American convicts in prisons is much large that the percentage of black people in America.
Therefore, it is important to examine the factors that may increase this disparity. The problem is that it can result from the failure of governmental institutions. Its origins cannot be explained only by individual behavior.
Variables that are associated with crime
The researchers, who examine the origins of high incarceration and conviction rates among black males, focus mostly on the demographic characteristics of these people. These variables can throw much light on the connection between race and crime. In their study Bradley Wright and Wesley Younts (2009) identify such factors as lack of educational or employment opportunities or acceptance of illegal activities in some neighborhoods (p. 336).
The majority of black people, who are incarcerated or convicted, usually come from neighborhoods that have such characteristics as high unemployment, a great number of abandoned houses, vandalism, and the availability of alcoholic beverages or drugs (Wright & Younts, 2009, p. 338). As a rule, people do not feel much attachment to these neighborhoods.
In many cases, illegal activities such as drug dealing can be turned into routine and they are not properly prevented or investigated. Additionally, people frequently come from single-parent families which means they are more likely to be economically disadvantaged (Wright & Younts, 2009, p. 342). These are some of the most important factors.
Finally, one should note that a great number of black offenders do not high level of educational attainment (Kaufman et al, 2008, p. 426). According to Joanne Kaufman et al, African-American males may often be placed in the low educational tracks which means that they are often unable to work with the most experienced and skillful teachers (Kaufman et al, 2008, p. 426).
Finally, one should take into consideration that schools with a large proportion of black students are frequently underfinanced and have fewer resources in comparison with those schools that are attended mostly by white students (Kaufman et al, 2008, p. 427). Thus, it is possible to assume that these people do not have access to well-paid jobs.
These are very important social and demographic characteristics that researchers should not disregard. The thing is that they are not related to race or ethnicity; more likely they can be explained by the failures of governmental institutions. This is why policy-makers first pay more attention to economic and social origins of crime.
The treatment of black males in the courts
The work of criminal justice system is another important aspect that cannot be overlooked. One can refer to the study done by Marit Rehavi and Sonja Starr (2012) who examine the factors affecting criminal charging and sentencing of an individual. First of all, these scholars argue that in the United States criminal prosecutors may choose the initial charges that can later affect the sentences imposed on a person (Rehavi & Starr, 2012, p. 1).
For instance, theft committed by a person can be classified either as violent or non-violent crime depending upon the perspective of the prosecutor (Rehavi & Starr, 2012, p. 5). Moreover, there are minimum sentences that are supposed to be imposed for a certain crime or offence; however, courts may impose a more severe punishment provided there are some aggravating circumstances (Rehavi & Starr, 2012, p. 25).
Overall, the findings suggest that black male defendants usually receive sentences that are on average 10 percent longer in comparison with white people who commit similar offences (Rehavi & Starr, 2012, p. 24). Such disparities often manifest themselves when courts examine drug offences or property crimes. This is one of the issues that people should not overlook.
There are several statistical findings supporting this premise that African American males can be discriminated in the criminal courts. For example white people, who plea guilty, usually receive a 28 percent reduction of their sentences (Crutchfield, Fernandez, & Martinez, 2010, p. 926). In contrast, black defendants are normally only a 13 percent reduction (Crutchfield, Fernandez, & Martinez, 2010, p. 926).
Secondly, one should note black male defendants are more likely to be denied bail than white people or Hispanic or Latino Americans (Crutchfield, Fernandez, & Martinez, 2010, p. 926). Thirdly, they are often denied non-financial bail. On the whole, these examples indicate that racial prejudices may affect the decisions of legal professionals even in the twenty-first century.
Moreover, one should note the sentence imposed by the court is often determined by the skills of the defense attorney who is supposed to protect the rights of an individual in the court. The problem is that unlike white or Hispanic males, African Americans may not be able to afford the services of such a professional.
Certainly, this person can receive the assistance of the government attorney, but in many cases it is not sufficient, especially in comparison with the best lawyers who may be hired by a well-to-do person. Therefore, it is not permissible to exclude the economic factors when discussing crime and sentencing.
The researchers also point out that non-Hispanic black people usually do not put much trust in the integrity of the jury (Rose, Ellison, & Diamond, 2008, p. 375). One of their major concerns is that these people are more likely to support the prejudices and biases that can exist in the society (Rose, Ellison, & Diamond, 2008, p. 375). Again, there were cases, when jurors decisions could be influenced by their views of race.
For example, one can mention the Scottsboro rape cases when black defendants were unjustly convicted (Rose, Ellison, & Diamond, 2008, p. 374). Certainly, the situation has changed within the last five decades, and modern jurors can represent diverse racial or ethnic groups. However, the prejudice of jurors or judges may still manifest themselves in the courts. So, this problem still has to be addressed.
Additionally, it is important to remember that black people are underrepresented in legal profession. For instance, among 1298 federal judges who now work in the United States, only 109 are African Americans (Neubauer, & Fradella, 2010, p. 196).
Overall, this number constitutes only 8.4 percent of the total population of federal judges. In turn, there are 72 Hispanic federal judges which is approximately 5.5 percent (Neubauer, & Fradella, 2010, p. 196). Thus, one can assume that the majority of federal judges are white people and some of them may be prejudiced against black defendants.
Possible ways of reducing the racial disparities in the criminal justice system
At this point, there is no universal strategy that can address the problem of racial inequality in the criminal justice system. The examples provided in this paper indicate that African-American males, whose age ranges between 25 and 29, are more likely to be incarcerated. More importantly, this problem cannot be always explained by the behavior of individuals; more likely it can be attributed the failure of policies.
Possible solution of this problem may require complex actions on the part of the government. As it has been said before, many of the convicts are people who have very little educational and employment opportunities. This is why the government should bring more funds to those schools attended by minority students.
Secondly, police has to pay more attention to the prevention and investigation of illegal activities that may take place in the neighborhoods where many of such male convicts can live. One of their tasks is to decrease the available of drugs in these places.
Additionally, it is important to look at the work of criminal justice system. The statistical evidence shows that black males are at a significant risk of discrimination in the court. Thus, legal professionals should develop a set of institutional safeguards protecting a person from discrimination according to racial or ethnic criteria. For instance, criminal prosecutors and judges should adhere to strict sentencing guidelines that do not allow a person impose different penalties for the same type of crime.
Conclusion
Despite the fact that the American society has become much more egalitarian in terms of race, empirical evidence suggests that black people can become the victims of racial prejudices in the courts. Certainly, many of these people may indeed be guilty of various crimes, but in many cases, they do not receive the same treatment.
Overall, high incarceration rates of black males have several important origins. One can primarily speak about their social characteristics, especially lack of educational or employment opportunities. Secondly, policy-makers should remember about the practices of criminal prosecutors and judges. These are the most important issues that the government should address.
Reference List
Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2009). Prison Inmates at Midyear 2009Statistical Tables. Web.
Crutchfield, R. Fernandez, A. & Martinez, J. (2010). Racial and ethnic disparity and criminal justice: how much is too much?. Journal Of Criminal Law & Criminology, 100(3), 903-932.
Kaufman, J. M., Rebellon, C. J., Thaxton, S., & Agnew, R. (2008). A General Strain Theory of Racial Differences in Criminal Offending. Australian & New Zealand Journal Of Criminology (Australian Academic Press), 41(3), 421-437.
Mackey, D. & Levan, K. (2011). Crime Prevention. New York: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
Neubauer, D. & Fradella, H. (2010). Americas Courts and the Criminal Justice System. New York: Cengage Learning.
Rose, M. R., Ellison, C., & Diamond, S. (2008). Preferences for Juries Over Judges Across Racial and Ethnic Groups. Social Science Quarterly (Blackwell Publishing Limited), 89(2), 372-391.
Wright, B., & Younts, C. (2009). Reconsidering the Relationship between Race and Crime: Positive and Negative Predictors of Crime among African American Youth. Journal Of Research In Crime & Delinquency, 46(3), 327-352.
Cities have been rocked with increased crime rates, social problems, and violence which include youth violence, collective violence, shootings, and child abuse and neglect. Violence in the cities exposes everybody including the innocent and the children. The idea of the American cities turning to be jungles was observed by James Burnham in 1964. It is observed that in these jungles, the beasts are armed.
Violence in cities has claimed lives through death, caused permanent mental and physical injuries among other causes. Violence has also been reported in schools where the young carry with their weapons, making such a public place appear wild. In 1994, Chicago alone could realize shooting in every 34 minutes and a murder every 8 hours. In the same year, seventeen children who were under fourteen years were claimed by the more than 13,000 shootings in Chicago ( Notes from the jungle ).
Reasons contributing to general violence includes implementation of harsh discipline in a society leading to defiance of masses, inadequate and poor monitoring and supervision for example at school as prevention means of avoiding crime, drug smuggling, access to firearms, inequalities in terms of economy and gender, forms or views supporting violence as a way to solving political or other forms of conflict. The difference between the levels of crime in urban centers and rural areas is the easier access to firearms in urban areas than the rural, more drug dealing in towns, and a kind of enlightenment to social and other issues that can be associated with people living around cities that may make them become more reactive in terms of mass defiance to resist political or other forms of structures like the economic and social structures. In the cities, therefore, people are more likely to react to oppose governmental obligations, rules, economic policies which they view as a burden, and other forms of mistreatment ( Preventing violence in cities). The presence of more people who are coming to seek employment in towns from the rural areas has led to slums and encouraged the formation of social classes of the low economy which may be seen as viewing the higher economy class as enemies. The same people may end up becoming drug dealers and violent robbers and acquire of firearms is a way to help them carry out the crimes.
Cultural diversity found around the cities which harbors people of different cultural backgrounds, races, tribes, and traditions may also result in increased violence in cities when these diverse people cannot live together as one people. Sometimes racism and tribalism may be set up between the diverse city-dwellers, and discrimination-genuine or just claim of it becomes a reason to disobey massively against the established order. Besides, achieving a system that balances diversity may be hectic. For example, the introduction of systems that ensures proper representation of all races in the armed forces in the United States has led to the prevalence of African-Americans in the name of affirmative action which led to the realization of some opposing views about the action. Compensatory justice though may be viewed as a way of repaying people for past discrimination and other negative treatments like slavery (Schulman), which may result in unfair competition which may lead to mass resistance. For example, according to a 1995 Newsweek poll (cited in Schulman), 46% thought whites were losing because of affirmative action while 23% thought blacks were losing from racial discrimination. Thus differences among citizens may be brought forward by policies, and the problem is heightened in cities where these differences are real, leading to physically-real violence in resistance and defiance.
References
Preventing Violence in cities. (html).
Notes from the jungle . National Review. FindArticles.com.
Avictimless crime is any activity that is illegal but does not involve physical harm or threatening of the right of another person and does not involve the destruction of property. It involves a situation whereby a person will act alone as well as a consensual act between two parties- there is usually no victim because the illegal activity is consensual -in which two or more people agree to commit a criminal offense without involving a third party, and as a result of that criminal offense there is no apparent victim or pain/injury. Examples of criminal activities which involve victimless crimes are prostitution and drug usage. Prostitution is regarded as a crime in many countries and this involves the act of offering sexual favors in exchange for money and this will involve both men and women. When two parties agree to commit prostitution consensually, neither party can be considered a victim. Another victimless crime is the usage or possession of illegal substances, it is known that a person who is under the influence of drugs can be involved in the destruction of properties, at the same time the person using drugs can damage his/her body through routine use and in this case the user or the possessor of drugs is the victim. The laws which have been written to take possession of drug or its use is a crime have been largely been written and enforced by non-users, and in this case, the general public is arguable the victimless criminal (Schur 2006).
Substance Abuse
Drugs and alcohol abuse is rampant in the United State, there is the need to focus on a special group of people in which the use of illegal drugs magnifies other problems that affect the country in general. African-Americans have been associated with negative social and health consequences which are associated with the possession of illegal drugs and their use. When we compare African-America and whites in the United State, there is a trend in most African-Americans communities whereby there is an early onset of alcoholism and problems which are related to illegal drug use. The victims of substance abuse have a greater likelihood of being channeled to criminal activities rather than seek treatment for their problems which has been caused by illegal drug uses (Karnezis 2005).
The Bureau of statistics in the united state has shown that a higher percentage of African-Americans 40 percent- compare to whites-14 percent- live in poverty and these statistics are found in the rural United States and if a family is headed by a single mother the rural poverty rate increases to 60 percent. In general, in the United State, the rate for the use of illicit substances, for example, nicotine is highest among American Indians and Hispanics but drug use was lowest among African Americans and Asian Americans.
In Canada, scientific findings done over two decades have shown that the use of illegal substances is one of the major factors that has contributed to the increase in criminal activities in that country. The victims who are addicted to expensive drugs like cocaine and heroin, these drug addicts will commit crimes for him/them to be able to afford this type of drug. The average age of victims in Canada who inject themselves with drugs is between 26 to 35 years but several teenagers below the age of 20 years inject themselves and this represents one in every five victims who use the illegal substance. There was a trend in those Canadians who inject themselves their level of education was low as you compare them to those Canadians who do not use drugs.
Children younger than 18 years of age are involved in prostitution in the United State and are invariably victims of sexual exploitation in that country. When we compare them to an adult they are more vulnerable in the sex sector, and they are victims of debt bondage, trafficking from other improvised countries which are found in the Asia continent. Commercial sexual exploitation in children is a form of violence against children and this has life-threatening consequences on those children who are being sexually exploited. Majority of women and girls in the United State are accorded relatively low social status and this together with poverty makes this girl an easy target for sexual exploitation (Brinkerhoff 2007).
Decriminalization of Prostitution
The question is, should we legalize prostitution or not, there is no question about prostitution being morally wrong on the spiritual books i.e. the Bible for Christians and the Quran for Muslims (Brinkerhoff 2007). In any country in the world, legislation is passed for many reasons, but its primary purpose is to protect the people in that country. Prostitution Research researched prostitution and their finding was that 92 percent of the women who are involved in prostitution wanted to leave prostitution. But they could not because they lack basic human needs like healthcare and food. The average age of girls who enter into prostitution is 14 years, nearly 60 percent of prostitutes are being raped during prostitution, and 60 percent of the girls who enter into prostitution have been forced against their own will, while others have been forced due to economic hardship. The person who is being harmed the most is the persons wife who buys sex and we can say he is the primary criminal because he is the one who is doing the most damage to society. Preponderance issues which are associated with prostitution are many, issues like rape, drug abuse, adultery, murder, divorce, etc due to these issues we need to legalize prostitution to prevent them from occurring (Brinkerhoff 2007).
In another study conducted in San Francisco, it is believed that 62 percent of women working in massage parlors had been physically harmed at one time, and this was only half of the parlors that offer massage services, because those massage parlors which were controlled by pimps or sex traffickers, their percentage are higher for women to be victimized while in their line of work. When a country doesnt decriminalize prostitution, it will increase the danger the women are undergoing while prostituting. There is evidence in any part of the world where prostitution has not been legalized; it has been a magnet for traffickers and the johns. Making prostitution to be a criminal offense will be a legal welcome to traffickers and prostitution will increase dramatically become another purchase of a commodity, like bread. For example in New Zealand, it was noted an increase in organized crime in just a little over a year since prostitution was a criminal offense.
It is not the prostitute in the United State who is wholly responsible for the transmission of Sexual Transmitted Diseases (STDs). A study was conducted in 2008 by The Center for Disease Control and the shocking facts were that prostitutes were responsible for less than 3 percent of all the transmission in that country. The majority of sexually transmitted diseases were contributed by the students in high school and college-going students unless we were talking about the prostitutes who were injecting themselves with drugs-which accounts for about 15 percent of all the working prostitutes operating in the United State. Not forgetting those consenting adults who engage in sex with prostitutes, these people have been practicing safe sex, and using condoms for years has resulted in fewer and fewer cases of Sexually Transmitted Diseases STDs.
In Germany prostitutes are working in certain areas which have been designated by the government and the brothel owners may just be business owners like any other businessmen in Germany. The government takes 50 percent in the form of sin taxes of the profit while owners of brothels and prostitutes share the remaining 50 percent. Every week these brothels are required to undergo health checks and the sex workers in these brothels are forced to undergo forced STI checks every Thursday. After the compulsory testing, the Sex worker is required to display her status on the wall in which he is doing her trade of prostitution. It is a policy in Germany for sex workers to demand the people visiting the prostitute are required to wear a condom, and with all this, we have seen prevailing rate in STDs is low in countries like Germany (Gomme 1998).
Dont Decriminalize Prostitution
It is not possible to protect a prostitute whose source of income exposes her to the likelihood of her being raped at least once in a week this is according to feminist activist based in San Francisco, Melissa Farley in her book Prostitution, Trafficking, and Traumatic Stress, (2004). In her book she quotes a survivor of prostitution, It is simply shameful and not possible to tell in words the intense pain and struggle I have undergone when I was a prostitute, I chose prostitution because I didnt have any other option and it was because of emotional, financial and lack of family support that I engage in prostitution. It is completely erroneous to think there is no violence in the brothels that I had worked in, there was some incident, which customers intentionally remove protective (condoms) against my wishes, I now choose to be an advocate against prostitution because so many innocent lives are being lost due to prostitution . With this in mind, it has been illustrated that those people who are involved in advocating for the legalization of prostitution are a small minority in a country. In an argument about prostitution, a person always refers to exclusively to physical harm: HIV/AIDs, physical assault, killings of prostitution. In her research, Melissa Farley has included women who were willing to assume the role of a prostitute, only to discover later the difficulties these women were undergoing in their trade. What we call it victimless crime, is not the case because there is no choice the way an ordinary person will think, simply there is no genuine consent between the parties, men usually have an upper hand, because the choice prostitute is assumed to be having is not there and prostitute has suffered physical abuse, rape, etc as result of that.
There is no difference between prostitution and rape, or incest, or battering. The difference is that in prostitution there is a money reward and this gain will make sexual exploitation to be invisible in prostitutes. Most of the damages the women who engage in prostitution are undergoing are not physical but it is psychological. Unfortunately, the thing will happen if the country legalizes prostitution rather than decriminalizing it, what will happen is that the country will end up exchanging one exploitive system for an another-one set of bureaucrats in the form of the government bureaucrats (Gomme 1998). The Sex worker is then required to display her grade A Disease-Free Meat certificate on the wall of her working room. It is a policy in Germany for sex workers to demand the people visiting the prostitute are required to wear a condom, and with all this, we have seen prevailing rate in STDs is low in countries like Germany (Gomme 1998).
Yes Decriminalize Drugs
A well-thought-out policy on the use of drugs will lower gun crime, burglaries, and the prison population will decrease by 50 percent. Tax revenues as a result of drug use will increase in Britain, however, politicians in Britain would never dare suggest this to the lawmakers. The prohibition of drugs in Britain has failed in a way that the illegal drug trade is not controlled by the government but its being controlled by the violent criminal gangs. The current policy in Britain is driving more women into prostitution and has left crime for low-income addicts. If currently the use of illegal drugs was legalized the same way tobacco and alcohol are heavily taxed. The money realized from taxing drugs could be channeled into education and rehabilitation programs. With drug traffickers out of the equation, the lawmakers would mean users could purchase from the joints where drugs had not been tainted with other harmful substances (Farley 2007).
In 2001 Portugal abolished all the penalties that are associated with substance abuse, they argued that jail terms to the addict were driving the addict further underground and incarceration was more expensive than treatment of the addicts, nowadays person found possessing small dosage of drugs are sent before a panel which consists of psychologist and legal adviser and appropriate treatment is instituted to the victim of the drug instead of jail term (Farley 2007). When we compare Portugals case with those in other European countries and the United State where the number of drug use is rampant, Portugal has the lowest rate of lifetime drug use in people under the age of 18 years in the United State, the proportion is 12:39.9 percent. The lifetime use of illegal substance use among the 7th to 9th grade fell from 19.1 percent to 10.6 percent, and the lifetime heroin use among the teens fell from 2.5 percent to 1.8 percent (Karnezis 2005). In the United state, they have experienced problems with drugs overflowing from their neighboring country i.e. Mexico. The United state has been a champion of hard-line drug policy, imposing strict penalties on cocaine and marijuana use in the world. While most of the countries in Europe with liberal substance use laws that than the United State has less drug use (Karnezis 2005).
No-to Drug Decriminalize
The chairman of the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse Joseph Califono believe decriminalization of illegal substance is not the answer nor is the legislation passed by lawmakers in the United State. The government needs to channel the available resources to combat abuse and addiction among the youth in any country. The problem when a country decriminalizes drugs is that the price for that substance will come down, and it will be easier to buy and more acceptable to use among the vulnerable members of the society i.e. the teens. An example is legislation that is found in Italy, Italy is believed to have one of the highest rates of heroin use in Europe, is because limited amounts of heroin do not bring criminal sanctions in the country. Sweden is another country in Europe to tighten its laws on drugs, substance abuse includes cocaine was rampant in that country in the early 90s. The government decided to tighten drug control and use, set up a national action plan against illegal substance use. In Sweden today the drug use is 70 percent below the average European usage. A county like the United States does not make substance use dangerous because it has been prohibited; rather an illegal drug becomes prohibited because it is harmful to the society, and liberalizing drug laws will increase drug uses in the youth and children (Schur 2006).
Reference List
Brinkerhoff, D.B. (2007).Essentials of Sociology. New York: Cengage Learning Publisher.
Gomme, I.M. (1998). The shadow line: deviance and crime in Canada. Harcourt: Harcourt Brace Canada Publisher.
Farley, M. (2007). Prostitution, trafficking, and traumatic stress. New York: Routledge Publisher.
Karnezis, K.C. (2005). Victimless crimes. Iowa: University of Iowa Institute of Public Affairs Publisher.
Schur, E.M. (2006). Victimless crimes: two sides of a controversy. London: Prentice-Hall Publisher.