Category: Cricket

Abstract

In a country like India Cricket is not just a game, it’s beyond that. The board of cricket control is considered as the world’s richest cricket sporting body and Indian cricket team as most followed cricket fans in the world. And from the beginning phase of the cricket till now it is playing an immense role in the society of India. This research article studies the impact of cricket on Indian Society. The data regarding the study was collected through observations, previous case studies, and articles. The observation involves a wide number of diversified people all over the nation from different regions, religions, genders, etc. Every coin has two sides likewise the game also has both positive and negative impacts. On the negative side along with game and ball to ball suspense, the betting’s and gambling’s have been promoting even though it’s illegal and the study on the positive side also concludes that the game cricket plays a very key role in promoting patriotic conscience among the society.

INTRODUCTION

Cricket a bat and ball battle between two teams of 11 players on either side with a wicket at each end within the middle of the 20-meter pitch. Eleven players on one side like wicketkeeper and bowler and remaining 9 on round the ground and two players on batting side i.e. Striker and Non-striker with three referees i.e. main umpire and leg umpire and third umpire for reviews. The batting side striker faces the ball bowled by a bowler with bat and rotates the striking with non-striker and earns the score whereas bowler tries to dismiss the batsman through bowled, catch stump and run out. Means of dismissal comprise being bowled, once the ball hits the stumps and ejects the bails, and by the fielding side catching the ball once it’s hit by the bat, but before it hits the underside. When ten players are dismissed by the bowling side the batting side will choose bowling to dismiss them earlier before not hitting the identical or extra score. If the batting team hits the big score against the bowling team then the Batting side team is stated as winners if the bowling team defends the score by not letting the batting side hit then the bowling team is stated as the winner.

Cricket is that the foremost well-liked sport in India out and away, and is vying nearly everyplace. The Indian cricket crew acquired the 1983 Cricket Championship, the 2007 ICC World Twenty20, the 2011 Cricket Championship, the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy, and shared the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy with Ceylon. The Indian cricket team is additionally registered with the consideration of winning all the ICC tournaments below M.S. Dhoni’s leadership, that’s a record. The Indian team shares a gaggle action with the Pakistani team, and India-Pakistan matches the unit of measurement type of the foremost anticipated matches and most-watched tv broadcasts within the world. Whereas cricket is out and off from the foremost well-liked sport within the country although it is not the country’s national sport. The domestic competitions help the younger generation to showcase their talent and are available into lime lightweight includes the Ranji Trophy, the Duleep Trophy, the Vijay Hazare Trophy, the Deodhar Trophy, the Iranian Trophy and also the NKP Salve competitor Trophy.

Moreover, the BCCI conducts the Indian Premier League, a Twenty20 rivalry, that is furthermore one in all the biggest game in the world and the principal significant cricket league within the world. Cricket can be an important element of the culture of India. When we address cricket in India its incomplete if IPL wasn’t mentioned.

Evolution of Cricket

1983 Tournament: the ultimate of the 1983 ICC Cricket World Cup was played in Lord’s, London on June 25. This was the third back-to-back tournament final appearance for West Indies but they were defeated by India who lifted the first-ever tournament trophy beneath the skipper Kapil Dev. After conquering the planet cup, the craze of cricket met its new heights.

Sachin Era: The master blaster is that the single reason why cricket may be a religion and he’s the God of cricket. Every family fancied their son to become like Sachin and play for India.

The Team: During this point, India had the simplest batting line up and Bowling line-up consisting of Sehwag, Sachin, Ganguly, Dravid, Laxman, Yuvraj, Mohammed Kaif with likes of Kumble, Harbhajan, Srinath, Zaheer, Irfan Patan. This team made the youth to be crazier towards the sport.

2007 T-20 World Cup: With the T-20 era it’s also the beginning of Dhoni’s era, to start with. India Winning the T-20 tournament was important for the craze of T-20 in India the sort of matches that transpire like Bowl-out against Pakistan which had the very best viewers and first time within the history it was bowl-out, Yuvraj’s Six sixes, Restricting home team- African country to qualify for the Semi-Final, Win against Australia with Sreesanth mocking Hayden, and the Final between Ind vs Pak and for the match ending till last over.

The World Cup Team: Dhoni, Sachin, Sehwag, Gambhir, Yuvaraj, Raina, Kohli, Ashwin, Zaheer Khan, Ashish Nehra, Munaf Patel, Yusuf Pathan, Piyush had rewritten the word “CRICKET” with golden letters.

IPL: Indian premier league which was started in 2008 slowly sort of a slow poison became and influenced almost the states and therefore the world, which has eight teams representing eight famous cities. and through the season of March, April, and will the IPL is that the most-watched live telecast.

India a land of diversity that has 28 States, 8 Union Territories, 1652 Languages, 6 Religion’s, 6000 Castes, and 1.4 billion population with different cultures and traditions but unified as a nation. irrespective of Race, Gender, Ethnicity, Religion entire population cheers for the state united. Cricket plays a key role in everyone’s life in India and together as everyone the society cherishes when it involves the celebration of cricket. the sport has the facility to overthrow anything which will cause a threat to the unity and variety of the state.

And in cricket, there’s high grilled suspense of ball to the ball where one ball can change the fate of the win or lose. Many Indians don’t seem to be just watching the sport together with the schedule and calendar they’re also traveling with emotions and feelings. So, this resulting in status support for betting’s and gambling’s. In India, gambling, and betting considered illegal but still, they’re no such rules for online betting. As different states different rules lacking the effectiveness of administration towards betting’s and gambling’s in India. Hence, we will witness billions of rupees floating within the nation while matches are going which are affecting families and increasing debts.

LITREATURE REVIEW

An extensive literature review had been carried out to give an effective output. The literature review had done from the previous Researches, Case Studies, and Published Articles.

In 2002 India had witnessed riots between Hindus and Muslims in Gujarat which led to death and brutal injuries of many people from both sides of the community. But in Post riots, there is a gap between the youth in Gujarat as they were divided according to their communities this led to a serious question for the human rights activists and NGO’s and college Institutions as a big concern. And an initiative taken by the civil society group called Yuva Shakthi to unite the youth of Gujarat. The Initiative was a cricket tournament but with conditions, every team must have equal participants of both religions and the captain and vice-captain should belong to two different communities. When the youth of Gujarat had heard this notification, they were knee-jerked reaction among all the youth but later the tournament had conducted with more than twelve teams which resulted success and in next year the Kapil Dev had invited as a guest and he attended the final match which led the youth happier and more confident. Their idea was to generate cross-religious gatherings and create friendship and fill the gaps within them. And hence we can see the cricket changed the history of Halol a city in Gujarat which has a long epoch of communal violence & hatred and established unity and peace among the youth.

Ashis Nandy’s argument that “Cricket is an Indian game accidentally discovered by the English.” The cricket is like a rainbow which has several factors including political identity and geo-economic politics and corporate business but despite all, the Indian people right from the streets to the stadiums whenever are they free will pass their time in the great game by imagination and recreating the shots of famous players. In his book, Chetan Bhagat’s Three Mistakes of My Life Bhagat has tried to expose the problems of youth through Three Mistakes of My Life. Whatever the problems we face in our life, apart from that ‘where there is a will there is a way’, the policy should be applied in our day to day life. Hence problems can be minimized or maximized but fun and madness and craziness of youngsters cannot be defined in words such as People work out their social events, leaves from office, and travel plans tallying with the Indian cricket team’s schedule. There are numerous occurrences of Indian cricket fans organizing and involved in poojahs or going on a ceremonial fast on the eve of a final match of an important international sport.

Ramachandra Guha claims that “The institutions that keep us together are those bequests of the British: the Civil Service, the Army, the Railways, and Cricket’. He also points out that it is a pre-industrial game that acts as a “critique of urban industrial society.” Many different authors also propose that the game of cricket remains well within Indian society. The game cricket yields the idea of freedom from independence against the British colonial and the patriotism & national conscience are not from only now perhaps it shares a long history in the unity of the nation.

Sports have a greater effect on society then most people can even fathom. Sports are sometimes a mystical hobby or career choice. The ancient Roman philosopher and author Cicero said if people have the food and entertainment they won’t bother about the government and will not rebel against the government. The more somebody thinks about it, the truer it becomes. If the government was to get rid of ESPN or Fox Sports Net and say they can’t afford to have football in America anymore there would be an uproar of fans calling for the overthrown of the government. It’s kind of incredible that people would go to these lengths to get their sports, but people would. Sports always have an effect on society including the fitness and welfare of people.

According to the Gambling statistics of online 40% of the Indian population who have access to the internet are the users of betting websites. India has become a potential goldmine for online gambling operators. This is mainly due to the interest and knowledge they have about the game. Even a committee has submitted its report that India has to legalize the bettings. The illegal betting market in India is worth $150 billion Rs 9.9 lakh crore a year. That includes $200 million bets on every one-day international played by the Indian cricket team, according to Doha-based International Centre for Sports Security, which promotes integrity and security in sports.

According to ESPN, which quoted the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry FICCI, the Indian betting market is valued at over $60 billion, with cricket accounting for 80 percent of it. So even though the betting is considered as illegal in India except the state of Sikkim as the state governments and union territories are given power for themselves to decide it despite this the impact of cricket on a wider number of people leading to the overflow of money in bettings. Underground betting in cricket has led to two very big scandals, in the year of 2000 involving South African cricket captain Hansie Cronje, and in 2013, when three players in cricket’s IPL were arrested. The players were subsequently banned, but there has been a further spin-off from this, which continues. The Supreme Court set up a committee to investigate the BCCI’s administration and its structures, with a complete revamp being the conclusion and one which is still being contested.

Emily Crick in this paper that several elements have contributed to the close links between cricket and Indian national consciousness. From a historical perspective, it was a major factor – both as a way of ‘fitting in’ with the British as the Parsi’s and the local rulers desired and as a form of non-violent dissent against the colonisers. These two incomprehensible reasons for taking up the game in pre-Independent India in the late 19th and early 20th centuries demonstrate the complicated role that cricket has engaged in the country. In India, cricket symbolises distinctive things for various people. The bonds among cricket and South Asian national identities are not nevertheless the only links that have constantly fastened cricket on the subcontinent. Once the colonisers left, the game continued to flourish which suggests that the roots are deeper than mere anti-colonial or pro-colonial expression. As discussed in this paper, cricket gratifies the mind of those on the Indian subcontinent. Once the game was established, the media and legislators used cricket as a way of advancing their ratings and reputation. As cricket spread in the national awareness of India, MNCs locked onto it as a way of magnifying their sales personalities. Bollywood also capitalised on the links between anti-colonial feelings and national consciousness, with the movie Lagaan providing the most successful example of this.

Conclusion

The study concludes that there is a special bond between Cricket and Indians which has the power to overthrow anything such as Race, Gender, Ethnicity, Religion which may cause hurt to the integrity and unity of the nation.

Through the in-depth analysis and extensive study of secondary data i.e. journals, articles and case studies it brought to notice that along with growing passion towards game among society due to gambling and bettings and recent outburst of match fixings there are few sections of people losing the interest towards the game.

Among half billion internet users in India, 40% of the population Males mostly are visiting and participating in the online betting websites. Cricket can act as a bridge and helps the government to build patriotism or national conscience among the societies in India. More than 200 million people in India consider Cricket as more than a religion and treats the national cricket players as inspiration, these numbers show the craze of the game among Indians.

With the geopolitics, the spirit of nationalism is increasing with cricket. The India Vs Pakistan match is still holding the record of the world’s most-watched sports match. The research also states that unity and diversity are cherished in society more when there is a match between India and any in finals rather than among the famous festivals of the respective religions. And the Cricket also promoting the national interest and goodwill through Internationally which are reflecting the culture and traditions of Indian societies.

Bibliography And Reference

1. Yuv Shakti Annual Expression 2006-2007 and Rita Mishra’s Youth Development: Emerging Perspectives, Shipra Publications 2015. https://www.academia.edu/26005224/Cricket_for_Peace_An_effort_by_Youth
2. Ashis Nandy, The Tao of Cricket: On games of Destiny and Destiny of Games. Bhagat, Chetan. Three Mistakes of My Life, Rupa publication, 2008.
3. Ram Chandra Guha, “The Miracle that is India,” Outlook. https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-miracle-that-is-india/234562
4. Mr. Rakesh Sejwal in 2014 Impact of Sports On Society. International Res Jour Managt Socio Human. https://www.academia.edu/9837794/IMPACT_OF_SPORTS_ON_SOCIETY
5. Doha-based International Centre for Sports Security report on illegal betting market in India published in Hindustan Times https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/with-200-million-on-every-odi-match-illegal-betting-thrives/story-5CDuIIgCrykqM2smIPn7dI.html
6. Entertainment & Sports Programming Network article on Which countries allow gambling on sports? Assessing the impact of betting around the world https://www.espn.in/espn/story/_/id/23518003/which-countries-allow-gambling-sports-assessing-impact-betting-world
7. Emily Crick 2007 Cricket and Indian National Consciousness by Institute of peace and conflict studies, New Delhi, India. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/55142/IPCS-ResearchPaper9-EmilyCrick.pdf

In the past two years, we have witnessed the destruction of men’s cricket in Australia. From cheating to racism to homophobia, Australia has seen it all. What will it take for the reputation of Cricket Australia to be restored? Will the team ever return to its former glory?

24 March 2018. A day forever marked by scandal and shame for the Australian national men’s cricket team. From this point on, Cricket Australia spiralled significantly in regard to men’s cricket, with a newly appointed coach and captain struggling to return the team to its former glory.

Whilst several established players, excluding Steve Smith and David Warner, have been successful in maintaining the trust of the public since the incident, behaviour from other players has been more than questionable.

Australian cricketers have had a history of poor behaviour since the 1932 Ashes, from players leaking information, to an unofficial team bribed to tour South Africa, as well as the infamous underarm bowling incident in 1981. And it seems as though Cricket Australia has all but encouraged this behaviour.

Take Marcus Stoinis as an example. In the most recent Big Bash League season, the Melbourne Stars batsman received a $7500 fine for a homophobic slur he used against Perth Scorchers bowler, Kane Richardson. Stoinis did not receive any other sanction except this fine, a fine which he paid comfortably on his $227,900 salary.

On his next match, he managed to hit 147 runs off 79 balls, breaking a BBL record. Murmurs of Stoinis’ excellent form and undoubted selection in the upcoming T20 World Cup were beginning to rise, and, as expected, he was named the leading run scorer of BBL09.

From this point on, there was no mention of his hateful comments towards Richardson. There was no mention of how as a role model, he had failed those who looked up to him. All that mattered now was his record-breaking performance in the game.

What message does this send to the public? What does it teach young people about achieving their goals? It instils this idea in them that their behaviour and their attitude does not matter, and that their actions have no consequences.

A perfect example of this is the recent Under-19 Cricket World Cup held in January. Several players had been accused of ‘casual racism’ due to comments that were made on batsman Jake Fraser-McGurk’s Instagram post.

Fraser-McGurk was expressing his excitement over the team entering the quarter-finals, when several of his teammates left comments which included, ‘Sir great player, big fan and will play for India one day’ and ‘Sir, give me Whatsapp number I want to be friend’. This racist mockery of non-English speaking fans was later deleted by the players, but it was too late. The damage had been done.

Uproar ensued in following days of the post, and Cricket Australia made an announcement that the sanctions the players would face would be determined upon their arrival back in Australia, as many of them were minors. But what really happened when these players returned home? What penalty did they receive for their actions?

After they returned to Sydney, the young men were addressed by a Cricket Australia official who explained to them how and why their actions were wrong, as well as the dangers of social media. They were told to return back to their respective states and educate their peers and other young players on what they learnt from this experience. Described by some as a bump in their learning curve to becoming national icons, one has to wonder, does the punishment fit the crime?

Throughout all of this controversy, Cricket Australia has been lurking in the shadows, making vague claims of a ‘culture change’ within its people, performance and leadership. They have declared their newly established focus on helping players understand what constitutes unacceptable and inappropriate behaviour, and ensuring that staff and players are able to voice their concerns in a safe and fair environment. But has this alleged change been enough to convince the nation?

Well, through the recording of players’ journeys as they discover a newfound respect for the game, a docuseries has emerged. One which is carefully crafted and displays the highs and lows of the national men’s team as they demonstrate to Australia the result of this supposed ‘culture change’. Released in March on Amazon Prime, the show was titled The Test: A New Era for Australia’s Team.

Throughout this docuseries, we catch a rare insight behind-the-scenes of the Australian cricket team, watching players struggle as they travel on the road to redemption. We see newly appointed captain, Tim Paine, and coach, Justin Langer, strive to revive what was once an exceptional team, we see Steve Smith and David Warner make a glorious return following their 12-month ban and we see the emergence of new players as they persevere through this cricket crisis. This series allows us to journey with the Australian team as they fight to repair their damaged reputation.

But we cannot allow ourselves to be blinded by this spectacle. Let’s call this show out for what it really is. Is it a glimpse into the revival of men’s cricket in Australia? Or is it simply propaganda telling us what to feel and think? Considering the series is co-produced by Cricket Australia, it begs the question, how much was the original footage interfered with in the making of the show? Why does it appear to make certain players fault-free in regard to their involvement in the ball-tampering scandal? Are we seeing the full picture of what occurred in its aftermath?

Players, and more importantly Cricket Australia, constantly seem to forget that the game requires form on and off the field. The current culture of the game, despite the claims of it changing, is destroying the reputation of players as well as the country. This culture is deeply ingrained throughout all forms of the game and all ages, including the U-19 national team. If players can’t control their attitude and behaviour, they should simply save themselves and us the embarrassment.

When I first received this assignment, I knew immediately that I would write an opinion piece. As a person who likes to share their opinions with other people, maybe even impose it at times, it seemed only fitting that I would use this opportunity to express my thoughts. The reason I chose to write about the Australian cricket team was because of the Amazon Prime docuseries, The Test: A New Era for Australia’s Team. While I was watching this series, a number of thoughts occurred to me. Is this meant to be a justification of what has happened in the last few years? Are Cricket Australia actually taking responsibility for what happened? What does the culture of Australian cricket say about the rest of the nation? Most people have swept the answers to these questions under the rug, ignoring the underlying problem within Cricket Australia. This is why I wanted my opinion piece to express another point of view, one that makes readers focus on the questions that they ignored. The purpose of this piece is to give readers another perspective on what cricket means in Australia.

In my piece, I found it difficult to choose what topics to cover as I wanted to cover. In my first draft, I wrote about all the topics I had initially researched, such as ball-tampering, homophobia, racism, coaching, selectors and the mental health of players. However, once I finished my first draft, I was significantly over the word limit and decided to focus more on homophobia, racism and the documentary’s role in showing the culture change in cricket. Deciding whether to include the mental health of players and how this was handled by Cricket Australia was a difficult decision, but I decided that in order to explain this properly and in a way that left an impact on readers, it would be best not to include it at all due to the limited word count.

Two authors that influenced my piece were Katharine Murphy and Bridie Jabour. Both write opinion pieces for The Guardian and have completely different writing styles. Murphy writes in a sarcastic and witty voice. However, Jabour uses a voice that is very straightforward and almost conversational. She also uses lots of questions in her writing, a way to engage her readers. I initially tried to imitate the voice of Murphy in my piece, but after my first draft, I realised I was not able to do this successfully. In my second draft, I then switched to a voice similar to that of Jabour, attempting to engage readers with a conversational tone and questions.

Another major influence on my piece was the Netflix original docuseries, Formula 1: Drive to Survive. This series shows behind-the-scenes of Formula 1 racing around the world, and, while watching it, my mind immediately drew comparisons between this series and the cricket docuseries. Whilst both were filmed in similar ways and had the same goal (to show the audience behind-the-scenes of the sport), the Formula 1 series seemed much more real and candid than The Test, which simply told viewers what they wanted to hear rather than providing them with the full picture. This led me to the conclusion that The Test was more of a broadcast of the supposed redemption of the Australian cricket team instead of an insight into the world of cricket.

Overall, by being able to express my own opinions in this piece and having drawn ideas from a variety of sources, I think I achieved my purpose in providing another perspective on Australian cricket. Although I was unable to include all my initial ideas, I think it is still a strong and persuasive article.

Introduction

Cricket was originated in England and it has always been termed as “Gentleman’s game”. Apart from all other sports this is one sport where playing in true spirit of the game is considered to be of highest regards. In the modern era the game has been plagued by various spot fixing scandals. This has hampered the image of the game. Spot fixing most commonly has its roots in the illegal sports betting business. Bettors pay huge amount to the players participating in this hideous act. They make sure that the outcome of the game is in their favour and they offer huge amount of money which is hard to resist. Not only does it affects the player’s dignity but also leave a lot of loyal fans in disarray. In this paper I am going to discuss about what happens behind the scenes and how this spot fixing has scarred the image of the game. We often think about cricket as people walking out in white flannels, with smiles on their faces and a friendly banter on the pitch or walking out from the pavilion but there is a lot that happens behind the scenes.

Recent events of spot fixing

One of the issue which shook the cricketing world by surprise happened with the South African national team cricket captain Hansie Cronje. In April 2000 he pleaded guilty in to his cricket board that he fixed the match with a bookie and committed to play as per the instructions. He fixed the match and accepted gifts from bookies to alter the game results. He did that with one of the U.k. based businessman against a match in India in Nagpur. Four days after Delhi police charged Hansie with match fixing he confessed to Board Director that “he has been dishonest”. Hansie was a leader whom the whole nation admired and Cricket South Africa made a re-entry to cricket after Apartheid, Hansie was the hope of many followers to giving South Africa cricket a world recognition. This incident broke the heart of so many followers and still after confession they were not blaming him. That was the level of influence on Cricket South Africa. A perfect leader with a stupendous record and a humble guy. This was even beyond unethical considered the principles of the game. Further the cricket board investigated the test match against England which was forfeited by both the captains. This is purely unethical considered fans, the local followers of the game, principles of the game and a nation who was trying to build themselves in the cricket world (Espncricinfo, July 22, 2013).

One of the other major incident which of spot fixing was committed by 3 Pakistani cricketers. Mohammad Asif, Mohammad Amir and Salman Butt were found guilty of spot fixing against a match against England at Lords, London in 2010. Willingly bowling the no balls which provided extra runs to the opposition teams. The fans of the game deserves true and fair display of the game. This issue was investigated by one of the British journalist who heard one of the Pakistani journalist boasting off his take on the game and promising the spot which was fixed and when it will happen. The incident happened at that very time when it was claimed by Pakistani journalist. This was unethical as it cheated the spectators who are passionately following their cricketing heroes. Cricket is the biggest sport in Pakistan, some communities even worship cricketers. Doing injustice to that kind of fan base is purely unethical. It brought out the rage and anger from all the people. Pakistan is the country which has been accused of match fixing more than any other country. There was uproar in the international arena after this incident as people started questioning the authenticity of the game. The players took money from Mazhar Majeed (the sting operator) for bowling pre planned no balls at certain time periods of the game. There were hidden camera videos aired on television recording this cruel act of fixing. The players alleged for being involved in spot fixing were handed punishing bans by the International Cricket Council. The captain Salman Butt was handed a ban of 10 years, Muhammad Asif a ban of 7 years while the youngster for being naive was handed only a 5 year ban from the game of cricket.

Their punishment for this totally unacceptable act did not finish just here. They faced criminal prosecution after the Crown Court determined there was evidence available for the players to be trailed. After several months Mohammad Amir accepted his crime while Mohammad Asif and Salman Butt chose to defend themselves in court. However after the trial was complete they were proved to be guilty. This day marked the darkest day for Pakistan’s cricket as the three Pakistani players were sentenced to imprisonment for varying periods. Mohammad Amir for accepting his crime was awarded a lesser punishment which was 6 months in a young offender’s jail while Mohammad Asif was sentenced for a year’s imprisonment. Salman Butt was handed the cruellest punishment of 30 months of imprisonment as he was leading the team (Dailymail, 2nd November, 2011).

Furthermore incidents has happened in Indian cricket too, when the captain Mohammad Azharudin, Manoj Prabhakar and Ajay Jadeja were found guilty of match fixing. There are many players in international cricket who reported that numerous times they were invited for after match parties in which they were approached by some bookies who tried to convince them for fixing the match. Young players nowadays are falling into this trap which is tarnishing the image of this great game. These acts are unethical as it misguides all the spectators and a nation’s image in the international sport. The trust of the people is lost in the results of the game. Most of the spectators have this notion in mind that if a close game happens, it must be fixed. International cricket council has to look into this matter seriously as they will not be able to promote cricket to other countries as they wish to.

Some reports suggest fixing has long been part of cricket and prior to the boom of online betting in 2000, Mumbai bookies controlled the odds and scripted segments of matches. It wasn’t until a few cricketers were caught that major finger pointing was done.

In 1994, players of Australia’s test cricket team made allegations that Pakistan’s captain Saleem Malik offered them bribes to fix a match. He was initially cleared. Two of the players making this claim Shane Warne and Mark Waugh were found to have some involvement in gambling themselves. They had sold information in 1994 to Indian bookmakers about pitch and weather conditions. Not yet a crime, the two were only fined and ICC added new rules to make this a much more serious offense going forward.

Impacts

Its impact on stakeholders which includes the other team members and spectators is devastating. It kills the authenticity of the game. The culprits go through extreme embarrassment and shame. Overcoming this kind of trauma is almost impossible for the players. Society never accepts them. They why do they it? What is so precious than one’s own self-respect? What could be the motivation behind this act? I will try to answer all these questions in the next paragraph.

When an Icon of the nation is found guilty of fixing the game it kills the game and its followers. Cricket being a national obsession in India, there is no denying the fact that there will be bookies involved in the game trying to make money out of it. The amount of money offered by these bookies is in millions of U.S. dollars cash which is very easy to lure the vulnerable and young players in. Most of the International cases of match fixing reported found bookies from India or Dubai. This was the reason that ICC has stopped cricket tournaments in Sharjah. Even the domestic cricket league is poisoned by this underworld match fixing. In Indian premier league three of the promising prospects for national team were lost due to spot fixing. People have lost trust in the game. They do not believe it’s true anymore. When the dark side of country’s favourite sport is revealed, it came as a shattering blow to many if its fans around the world.

South African players Herchelle Gibbs and Henry Williams were accused of being in touch with the bookmakers. And for Cronje he did not live long after that incident. He was killed in the plane crash that year. Memories of that time were not even faded away but then in 2001 some Indian players were penalised for tampering the cricket ball. These scenarios leaves an everlasting impact on the stakeholders.

Let’s start with the basics. What does a scandal look like? Who’s usually involved? How do these things unfold? Well, most plans will start with the bookmaker or anyone who might have inside information. These guys will approach teams, players, officials, or anyone else who can influence a match’s outcome. Why? Money. It’s almost always about making more money. You know the saying; everyone has a price. And that’s been proven time and time again to be true. All that matters to the bookie is that he can rig the game for cheaper than what he stands to win doing so. But sometimes, only sometimes. Cheating is about something other than money. For example, there have been many cases outside of cricket where players played soft or lost on purpose so to avoid facing a certain opponent later in a tournament bracket or playoff game. The criminal mafia that runs match-fixing and betting is also involved in other criminal activities in India. These are, by and large, the same people who are involved in narcotics trafficking, which a very big industry in India, far bigger than the cricket. Past experience shows that all these people have gotten away.

Illegal bookies throughout the Indian subcontinent, running informal operations for huge sums of money, all taking their odds from relatively few syndicate bosses with deep roots in the Indian crime underworld. Then as now, they are central to a massive, unregulated betting market that may be manipulated more or less at will, provided there are players on the take. Some players are honey trapped as they do not have choice to negotiate or are in such a situation that they can’t deny the offer (Sportsbetting, n.d.).

Assumptions

T-20 cricket is particularly susceptible because so much happens so quickly that individual performance can soon decline. Tim May, the chief executive of the international players` union FICA, is one of several influential figures in the game who believes that the number of Twenty20 matches now being played could tempt players to take money from bookmakers in return of spot fixing. Gambling on cricket matches televised in the Indian sub-continent is a hugely profitable business. Fortunes can be made if a gambler knows in advance what a particular bowler or batsman is going to do. Bets can be placed on every release. Only betting on horse racing at trackside is allowed in India but in practice around half of a market worth billions of dollars is probable to be illegal betting, mostly on cricket.

Above image is a comic take on betting in cricket. Rumors have increased since the advent of the Indian Premier League (IPL) six years ago although nobody has ever been charged. Few years ago during, Ashes tour of England an Australian player reported that he had been approached by a suspected illegal bookmaker in the team’s London hotel. Former England captain Michael Atherton said in a newspaper column earlier this year that one leading former international had told him ’emphatically’ that spot-fixing was a regular occurrence. Former Pakistan captain Rashid Latif said this year that he knew of match-fixing in the now defunct Indian Cricket League. Three international skippers Hansie Cronje (South Africa), Salim Malik (Pakistan) and Mohammed Azharuddin (India) were banned for life in 2000 for helping to influence the results by spot fixing. Match-fixing had become recognized in one-day cricket in the 1990s and suspicion centered, in particular, on the one-day tournaments staged at Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates (The Quint, 21st October, 2018).

As a result of the scandal the International Cricket Council (ICC) founded its Anti-Corruption and Security Unit (ACSU) to monitor all international matches. The ACSU monitored the IPL tournament in India but not the second edition in South Africa because the Indian board thought the fee charged by the ICC was too high. While match-fixing has been described by the experts as something difficult to achieve as it usually has a direct bearing on the result of a game, spot-fixing is considered easy as all that a player has to do is tank his or her own performance at a pre-fixed schedule. Of course, if the fixer-in-chief can get a few spot-boys in the team, he can turn a match-fixer too (Sportsbetting, n.d.).

Spot-fixing is measured the most difficult amongst the three forms to detect as the betting syndicates merely place bets on specific moments of a match, mostly in cricket and that too in the shortest format of the game for example, the popular T20. The start of internet gambling has further bolstered the spot-fixing in games. The arrangement is simple enough. A fixer loom a player and sets up the schedule of how he will bowl. They’d decide that the sequence of his first over would be 0.W.R.0.NB.R.0 – which roughly interprets to a wide and a no-ball being planned in advance. The fixer then bets money on the same and gets to pocket monies often equal to a King’s ransom. The pickings are then shared with the dishonest player or players. Cricket saw the first convictions in spot-fixing when three Pakistani players were nabbed. Fast bowlers Mohd. Aamer and Mohd. Asif were banned for bowling no-balls at pre-decided slots in conjunction with their captain Salman Butt. While Butt was sentenced to 30 months in jail, Asif was imprisoned for a month and Aamir for six months. Following these assurance in November 2011, further allegations surfaced against two Essex players – Danish Kaneria (of Pakistan) and Mervyn Westfield. The previous was given a life ban while the latter received a 5-year sentence from the ECB.

Recommendations

ICC has put an anti-corruption panel in place to address this spot fixing plague out of cricket. Every umpire and player receives a new phone sim card which is tapped for every minute. It is also unethical for the players that their private conversations are also monitored by someone. Honest players also have to bear the consequences because of few dishonest players. These issues are reported daily in the news and lots of players trying to make it big on the international stage are mostly found culprits. According to me a stringent action should be taken and investigation should be setup to treat the underworld betting scam. Or betting can be made legal so that players do it to perform better not to play poorly. Cricket has become an entertainment sport and is no longer a Gentleman’s game.

Legalising the betting is other thing but one other recommendation which is possible and it has proven successful among other sports is re thinking of old rules. Each new match fixing issue brings new questions and new solutions to solve the issue. Lot of fans are moving away in disgust. Changing the rules of betting would also help the government as they can tax the profits made by bettors. Bettors will also move towards legal and big time betting companies instead of trading with illegal companies.

The International Cricket Council (ICC) has said it has sought ‘closer working relations’ with the Interpol, an organisation which facilitates worldwide police cooperation, to widen the scope of its fight against corruption in the sport. The cooperation was discussed during ICC Anti-Corruption Unit General Manger, Alex Marshall’s visit the Interpol headquarters in Lyon, France. ‘The ICC and Interpol are keen on working together and our meetings in Lyon last week were productive. The ICC has an excellent relationship with law enforcement agencies in a number of countries but working with Interpol means we are connecting with their 194 members,’ Marshall said in a media release. Most important thing remains is that the Education of the players at the ground level which is most important. No matter how much we talk about ethics and doing the right thing if betting has to move out of business then it starts from themselves. Never mind the number of checks to be kept on players it will still remain and keep plaguing the game, it starts from within because charity begins at home.

Conclusion

Only if at the ground level of the game players are taught about the ethics of the game and quick money is not the solution, then we can really stop this fixing. It is often noticed that local area small bets in community grounds also contributes to the mind-set of an emerging player. Even if they are not willing to do it, it comes to them as it is a part of the game. When players want to upgrade their game they go to bigger leagues which involves more cash. Ultimately there is always a risk involved. Lots of umpires are leaving the game at domestic level because of the pressure created by the illegal authorities to bet as per their requirements. To conclude I would say that it is in the roots of the game, since the time it has been invented and betting will always remain either you want it or not. So, one has to find a legal and alternate way to deal with it so that it does not interferes with the spirit of this great game.

Cricket originated in the 17th century as purely a leisure activity in the rural areas around London. However, as this activity started gaining popularity it spread to the rich and wealthy areas in Hampshire where wealthy financiers started sponsoring the local working class to play for their own amusement. They often even placed bets on them and as this contagious expansion type of diffusion occurred, local experts were brought in to help develop the game and it began to be taken seriously as a sport. P.J Marshall talked about Britain as a world power in his presidential address saying , ‘Not only did she rule a great empire, but the reach of expeditionary forces from either Britain itself or from British India stretched from the River Plate to the Moluccas in eastern Indonesia’ (1997). Evidently, colonization was widespread between the 19th and 20th century which resulted in the diffusion of many Westernized traditions, practices and ideas throughout the various colonies in the world. Cricket was one of these practices and it is still very dominant in former British colonies like India and South Africa. Hence, the spatial diffusion of cricket asserts that this symbolic sport is an essential aspect of the national identity of the British Empire’s colonies.

Notably, the former British colony that has adopted cricket as its own national sport is India as cricket writer Gideon Haigh remarks: ‘It is no longer correct to speak of the ‘‘globalisation’’ of cricket … we face the ‘‘Indianisation’’ of cricket, where nothing India resists will occur, and everything it approves of will prevail’ (2008, p.13). It is very clear that there are strong relations between India’s national identity and cricket, it has become more popular in this rich, cultured country than it is in the country of its origin. The sport was first played in India by British military men and civil servants and it was the growth of the East India Company that led to the diffusion of this sport. The Company held power over India until it fought for independence in 1947 and the local population learnt aspects of English culture through British individuals who settled in India. It was encouraged by the wealthy British and Indian population because it benefited them both. The affluent Indian men gained the support of their local communities by establishing a relationship with them in endorsing their teams and the British were able to establish their authority by spreading their knowledge about the game. The national love for the game started with the grouping of individuals from different parts of the Indian subcontinent, regardless of their caste, class or religion. However, the elite of India wanted to distinguish themselves from the working class which is why most cricket grounds were built by Princes or sponsored by the Parsis (who were known to be rich, wealthy merchants). This need to distinguish themselves from the rest of the population stemmed from wanting to establish the authority that had been taken away from them when the British colonized their territory. This created feelings of inferiority that made them uncomfortable in their own country and the permanent establishment of this sport would help them gain some of their power and control back. Hence, ‘By 1947, when India became independent, cricket was a national passion, if not yet the national passion’ (Kaufman, Patterson, 2005, 102). However, to this day it defines who belongs and who does not. The common person in India has to be a cricket lover and it is heavily frowned upon if one is not passionate about the sport. Furthermore, the Northeast part of India does not associate with the sport and no one from that side of the country has ever made it into the team. They are highly segregated from the rest of India because the East India Company did not have as strong of an influence in that area and so, the population never felt the need to prove their worth by participating in the sport. However, in places like Bombay, Madras, Calcutta and Delhi the sport has the most passionate viewers because that is where the British settlers had the most substantial influence. Consequently, cricket has become such a crucial part of Indian national identity that other parts of the Indian identity get overlooked such as their rich film industry, politics, food etc. and the overrepresentation of this sport stems from the need for the Indian population to overcome the feelings of inferiority that they still feel post-colonization.

The diffusion of cricket also brought along ideas of racism and racial discrimination during the time of colonization. This affected South Africa in particular because old African kingdoms were being abolished and this made room for new cities to grow. However, since these societies were relatively new, they were poorly organized and still unstable in terms of their political powers and alliances, therefore they were much more easily influenced by British thought and traditions. Similar to the way cricket was spread to India, “cricket’s development on the African continent began with the arrival of the British military between 1795 and 1802” (Allen, 2017). Shortly after their arrival, “The first Transvaal club opened in 1863” (London: Zed Press, 1982). The rapid spread of this sport created ideas in the minds of the weakly administered population of South Africa about ‘a white colonial exclusivity’ (Allen, 2017). The white, European teams were not only included but favoured over the local teams, creating dangerous prejudice within the South African community whose aftereffects are still evident today. The English language, culture and traditions began to be deeply integrated in South African society and a wide range of its population started to assimilate. Those who could afford to integrate into this British-influenced society felt and acted more superior and powerful. However, when the cricket team was made to go on international tours only the white players would be allowed to go while their black counterparts were made to stay back because they wanted to only represent the ‘gentleman’ of the team. The black men were extremely marginalized and were not granted the same opportunities as their white teammates. This created huge segregations that are still present today, evident in the fact that South Africa was also banned from the ICC World Cup (International Cricket Competition) in 1970 because of apartheid which was a system of legislation under which non-white South Africans would be involuntarily segregated from the ‘superior’, white population and would have to use distinct public facilities as to not create any contact between the two groups. The ICC board could not tolerate this level of racial discrimination and effectively suspended the South African team.

In order to further understand how real this problem is to this day, Figure 1 and Figure 2 can be compared to emphasize the effects of colonization. Figure 1 takes into account the unemployment rates the year apartheid was abolished and as recent as 2018. It is evident that the highest rate of employment is amongst the Black Africans while the white population of South Africa has a relatively low level of unemployment. However, Figure 2 clearly illustrates the fact that as of 2017, the population of Black Africans is significantly greater than that of the whites. This discrepancy is due to the fact that Black Africans are still discriminated against while the white population still takes advantage of its privilege and has more access to the education and resources needed to secure a well-paying job.

Furthermore, this racialization and prejudice has become a part of South Africa’s national identity in the form of cricket observed with ‘the introduction of a new quota system in 2016, which stated a minimum of six black cricketers must be included in every national squad’ (Cox 2019). This quota emphasizes the racial segregation that was created during colonization because instead of the cricket players being chosen solely based on their talent, the team was being racially engineered to ensure that they were inclusive when they should not need a quota to do that. Cricket acts as a symbol of the marginalization that the black South Africans still face today that can be accredited to the racist ideologies brought over by the British when they first colonized South Africa in the late 18th century.

Historically, cricket has also been used as a means to unify an entire nation, particularly against their common enemy the British, who had taken away their power, authority and territory. The most relevant example of this is the expansion and growth of cricket in the West Indies. C.L.R. James writes:

Cricket was therefore a means of national consolidation. In societies, very conscious of class and social differentiation, a heritage of slavery, it [cricket] provided a common meeting ground of all classes without coercion or exhortation from above. (qtd. in Hector 2005, 163).

In 1960, the team was led by black captains all from the different independent islands in the West Indies. Their cooperation and teamwork represented the unification of these independent islands and was an aspect that they all had in common with each other. It gives them a sense of purpose and self-affirmation which helps them relate to each other as well. The average West Indian person knows the struggle of being oppressed by the British ideas of superiority and assimilation. The easiest way to escape from the class consciousness and ‘social differentiation’ created by the British was by finding common ground at the cricket field or in front of the television. Furthermore, this type of intergroup contact can eventually lead to the decrease of discrimination and class division that has been so deeply integrated into post-colonial society. This is because the teammates as well as the viewers have more exposure to individuals from different parts of the nation and they can slowly start to understand and accept their differences. Also, the West Indian team has a history of violence in cricket which stems from their need to bring victory home. This was one of the major ways they could ensure that the feud between political powers, as well as the rivalry that was created between classes and castes living on different islands did not arise. The common population of “…West Indians feared from their defeats … the symbolic meanings: long-term intellectual decline, cultural degeneration and the collapse of nationhood” (Beckles 2007). Thus, this heavy dependence on cricket as their national identity also stems from their desire to liberate themselves from the British and no longer feel the heavy burden of being more ‘white’ or being undermined because of white privilege.

The spatial diffusion of cricket undoubtedly is connected to colonization and the British having a strong incentive to westernize its colonies and assert their dominance on the populations of these colonies. Their discriminatory, racist thoughts are what started the diffusion of cricket. This game would help the white, wealthy elites separate themselves from the poor, local population. However, overtime these colonies tried to make this game apart of their national identity. Eventually, other parts of their national identities were overlooked and the participation in this sport started to determine a sense of belonging. Also, cricket acts as a symbol for the discrimination and racism that people from these colonies still face today because of their ‘race’. They are underestimated and often overlooked because of their physically inherited characteristics often by members of their own group who have adopted the racist ideologies of their oppressors that then become a part of their identity. On the other hand, one aspect of cricket that has asserted a positive mentality in the residents of these colonies is that it brings about unity amongst whole, entire nations. The belief and pride that these people have in their cricket team and the crickets men causes them to amalgamate and thrive as one, this is essential to their national identity. The spread of cricket through colonization has brought about a variety of nationalistic feelings and the fact that this sport is still dominant in so many of these colonies truly does indicate how the other ideologies and practices that the British spread will forever be engraved in the minds of the oppressed.

Sports associated Games square measure an integral a part of human life from the terribly starting itself. as a result of they helped individuals to induce relief from the strain of daily chores of life and additionally helped them to socialize and bond with others. Sports and Games brought joy and happiness to the participants also because the spectators. It additionally helped to instill the spirit of healthy competition by forming groups and acquire the sensation of identicalness among themselves.

As time passed, completely different games evolved among communities betting on their cultural and environmental peculiarities and thus most of the games enjoyed solely regional quality and participation. thus, games like court game, football, shooting, wrestling, boxing, tennis, squash, table court game, basketball, volleyball, cycling, kho-kho, kite-fighting, polo, snooker and Gillidanda etc. evolved in Bharat.

History of cricket

Cricket is originated in south-east England within the starting of the sixteenth century. Cricket is believed to be created during the Saxon or Norman times by youngsters living in the Weald, a part with dense woodlands in south-east England that lies across Kent and Sussex. it’s believed that cricket survived as a children’s game for several generations before it absolutely was progressively haunted by adults round the starting of the seventeenth century. It became England’s national sport within the eighteenth century and has developed globally within the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. it’s probable to believe that cricket was derived from associate older sport known as bowls, by the intervention of a baseball player making an attempt to prevent the ball from reaching its target by hit it away. it absolutely was believed to be compete on sheep-grazed land with a matted lump of sheep’s wool or a stone or a tiny low lump of wood because the ball and a stick or a crook or another farm tool because the bat. A stool or a plant structure used because the wicket.

Origin of cricket

When country came to Bharat for trade with their archipelago Company, Cricket was most popular} and preferred game among the Brits. So, they accustomed play it here it in our country of origin. Our native individuals checked out this peculiar game with awe. once nation unfold their wings across the entire country for business and rule, Cricket additionally got introduced to the entire country. unit of time nation popularized Cricket in alternative foreign countries also. So, Cricket became a world game. International matches are competed since 1844 and Test cricket began in 1877. Cricket being a world game, our kids got interested in it quite alternative native domestic games. The common sentiment of thinking something foreign as superior additionally brought additional and additional children into the sport. In due course of your time cricket got opened as a remunerative career possibility for the gifted and therefore the s killed children. This attracted even additional children into the sport.

Progression of Cricket in India

Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between 2 groups. every team has eleven players on a field. it’s played at the center of a pitch that may be a 20-metre wide with a wicket at every finish. every wicket comprising of bails balanced on three stumps. The batting side scores runs by placing the ball bowled at the wicket with the bat. whereas the bowling and fielding side tries to forestall this and dismiss each player. The dismissal is termed as ‘out’, suggests that out of the sport.

A player is bowled out once the ball hits the stumps and dislodges the bails or by the fielding aspect catching the ball when it’s hit by the bat, however before it hits the bottom. once 10 players are pink-slipped, the innings thought of as over and therefore the groups swap their roles.

The game is adjudicated by two referees known as umpires. These 2 umpires square measure motor-assisted by a third umpire and a match referee in international matches. they impart with signs with 2 off-field scorers who record the match’s statistical data. supported the comparative scores, one team is said the winner of the match.

Even though Cricket may be a foreign game, several Indians established their skills and excellence in international games and have become legends. This list includes Ranjith Singh, Sunil Gawasker, M.S. Dhoni, Sachin Tendulkar etc.

Cricket is presently competed in various formats. Twenty20 is compete over some hours with every team batting for one innings of 20 overs. check Matches square measure compete over 5 days with unlimited overs and every of the groups batting for 2 innings of unlimited length. historically cricketers play in all-white kit. However, in limited overs cricket the players wear club colors or team colors. Since there’s risk of body injury by hit by the ball, addition to the essential kit, most players wear protective gear to forestall injury caused by the ball. This s extremely counseled since the ball may be a arduous created of solid ellipsoid of revolution of compressed leather with a slightly raised sewed seam. At the middle of the ball is cork which is bedded with tightly wound strings. presently the sport is ruled by the International Cricket Council (ICC). independent agency has over a hundred members which has twelve full members UN agency play check matches. Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in London makes and owns rules of the sport. they’re command in an exceedingly code type known as the laws of cricket.

The on top of aforesaid rules square measure followed in Bharat, archipelago, the UK, South Africa and the West Indies. it’s globalized by nation Empire and remaining widespread into the twenty first century.

The most self-made aspect enjoying international cricket is Australia, having won seven someday International trophies, as well as 5 World Cups, over the other country. Australia having been the top-rated take a look at aspect over the other country. Cricket is that the preferred sport in Bharat out and away and is contend nearly everyplace. The Indian national cricket team won the 1983 Cricket World Cup, the 2007 independent agency World Twenty20, the 2011 Cricket World Cup, the 2013 independent agency Champions Trophy, and shared the 2002 independent agency Champions Trophy with Ceylon. The 2023 Cricket World Cup are hosted by Bharat. The domestic competitions embrace the Ranji Trophy, the Duleep Trophy, the Vijay Hazare Trophy, the Deodhar Trophy, the Asiatic Trophy and also the NKP Salve competitor Trophy. additionally, the BCCI conducts the Indian Premier League, a Twenty20 competition, that is additionally one amongst the most important sports leagues within the world and also the biggest cricket league within the world. The Indian cricket team is additionally commissioned with the respect of winning all the independent agency tournaments underneath M.S. Dhoni’s post, that may be a record. whereas cricket is out and away the foremost common sport within the country it’s not the country’s national sport since Bharat has no national sport.

Cricket is a game played with bat and ball. Cricket is played between two teams of Eleven players on each side on a field at the Stadium. The Cricket is played many types of formats, twenty (20), Fifty Overs 50 ,one Day, and Test Series game goes on 5 Days, But the most popular are in World Cup. One Day game is most popular in cricket because each team getting 300 balls to chase the score runs. According to the research by Australian Sports Camps (2017) the other teams tries to outscore them within same number of balls.

Cricket umpires are responsible for making decisions and calls in a game of cricket. They also ensure that the players and matches follow the rules of the game taking a similar role to referees in other sports. Most umpires, at least at a professional level, are male even in women’s cricket also. The number of umpires on the field varies according to the type of match played.

Most Cricket matches have two umpires on the field. The first stands at the stumps behind of the bowler, and the other at a position known as square leg to left of the batsman. There are three umpires specially in international matches. The third official give a final decision from a TV monitor if other umpires feel that a decision is unclear and they need to see replay. At international Test level players can also appeal against umpire decision if they are not satisfy so they use third umpire challenge the call research by (Morgan-Mar, 2006).

Before the cricket match start, umpires survey the pitch area and make sure all equipment is set out, check that the stadium boundary is correctly marked before play begins. After that they meet with team captains to check team details and to discuss hours of play, the timing of food and drink breaks. And the rules of play, before the coin toss to decide which team will do bats or bowls first report by (Morgan-Mar, 2006).

Umpires monitor fair play make the decisions on game play. They also monitor overs sets of six balls bowled at one end of the pitch and they tell teams when to change ends. It umpire job to rule on weather a batsmen is out, whether’ a bowler has bowled illegally and to make a call on how many runs a batsman hits. The position on the pitch edict the decision each umpire make. For Example: Bowler end umpire looks for mistake such as illegal bowls like (NO BALL), wide and high balls and wide ball that would have hit the wicket, but that were diverted by the batsmen’s leg is called (LBW) (LEG BEFORE WICKETS). The other umpire looks for thing like ball hitting the wicket before the batsman gets back to it from a run (Run- out and stumpings). The two switch positions after each over.

To the play this game you just need bat and ball and a minimum fo two players so you can easily play the game. It can be play even the smallest dimensions like a road or backyards or large area Shopping /centers or parking lots or even in a room. Compared to other sports cricket has more number of the coaching centre and practices section in the country. This factor hugely responsible in drawing more and more young people and young children who aspire to future cricketers.

The twelfth man is not allow to bat and bowl wicket keep or captain the team. His sole duty is act as a substitute fielder. The original player is free to return the game as soon as they have recover from the their injury. Cricket is some standing around to play cricket you have to fit and strong and have good eye coordination, ball handling skills. It also involves sprinting between the wickets and running to stop ball as well bowling and throwing.

Physical health also benefits cricket can also bring other benefits and opportunities such as social skills such as cooperation, communication and learning to cope with win and lose. It great way to meet new people and make the new friends international teams and super leagues all over the world. Matching Fixing in Cricket lot of cricketer did. Samuels part of the west indies cricketer they won the ICC world twenty20 (2012) before that in the year 2008. He was suspected of handing out information regarding team tactics and moves to a bookie ahead of the West Indies(Team Belong Jamaica) and India match.

Samuels maintained his innocence, and recorded tapes of telephone conversations were evidence enough for a two year banned on Samuels. Pursuing, brief of him banned period, Marlon Samuels returned to the field and built a high flying career for himself Accoding to report by Sourav Das (2019).

Finally English won this world cup 2019 in july. England were crowned world champions despite tied with super over against New Zealand in impatient world cup 2019 final at Lord’s (UK). This was first time super over was in world cup Final. Chasing the 16 runs in super over, new Zealand managed 15 but England won the match because of score more boundaries in the match and in super over. (Stewart,2019)

Helmet is important in Cricket because of risk of head and facial injury. It is now mandatory for all cricketers when they performing batting and when they doing wicket keeping. It is a Important part of Cricket because of couple of years ago following death of Australian Cricketer Phillip Hughes ball was hit below the helmet on the neck in a Sheffield Shield during match by a fast delivery according to research Pye. A (2016).

References

1. Morgan-Mar, D. (2006). Rule of cricket. Retrieved from https://www.dangermouse.net/cricket/officials.html
2. Sourav Das. (2019). 10 biggest match fixing scandals in cricket. Retrieved from https://sportsshow.net/biggest-match-fixing-scandals-in-cricket/
3. Stewart D. The Cricket World Cup. TIME Magazine. 2019;194(4):13.Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=137583319&site=eds-live&scope=site. Accessed December 7, 2019.
4. Pye A. How safe are cricket helmets? (cover story). Environmental Engineering. 2016;29(1):11. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edb&AN=117910117&site=eds-live&scope=site. Accessed December 8, 2019.

Abstract

In this study it is intend to carry out static analysis on cricket bat for English willow bat at different points on blade of the bat by applying load obtained from the specific ball speeds. The author is trying to analyze the behavior of existing material in bat handle for load applied. Material in bat handle is changed and checked for its static performance. The bat was then modeled accordingly in Solid works and was imported to ANSYS Workbench for static analysis.

Introduction

Cricket bats were originally made out of a single piece of wood. Bats were made out of two pieces of timber, usually just another piece of willow spliced into the handle. In the 1850s, there was another evolution to the handle, with cane, usually Manaus Cane, being introduced in 1853. This subsequently improved the balance of the bat, but still did not adequately attenuate the shock. Three years later in 1856, handles took the form they have maintained until now. Canes were split and then laminated back together with rubber between the canes. The rubber helped dampen down the shock of the ball hitting the bat. This technique dealt with the slipping and the 1850’s technology has stood the rest of time.

Objective

The main objective of this study is to analyze the behavior of cricket bat handle. Design optimization for the same model is done by adding the suitable material in bat handle and checked for its deformation and stresses.

Methodology: The model of Cricket bat is done in SOLIDWORKS software. The model is imported to ANSYS software. Deformation of the existing material for static load is analyzed, thereafter material is changed for the bat handle and then load is applied

Static Structural Analysis

Every problem whenever allowed to be solved for finite element analysis, first step it would be subjected to is a case of static structural analysis. Further, the work will be subjected to various other types of analysis.

Conclusion

The deformation developed in bat with carbon insert is less than that of With normal insert. Hence it results longer life of bat. Using carbon fiber insert is best material to be used in bat handle.

Reference

1. Multi-directional Vibration Analysis of Cricket bats Sabu John & Zhu Bang Li RMIT University, Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Bundoora East Campus, Bundoora, Vic. 3083, Australia.
2. An impact analysis of a flexible bat using an iterative solverJ. M. T. PENROSE & D. R. HOSE Published online: 26 Nov 2010.
3. The influence of impact vibration modes and frequencies on cricket bat performance R Brooks1_, J S B Mather1, and S Knowles2 1School of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK 2Industrial Design Consultancy Limited (IDC), The Portland Business Centre, Manor House Lane, Datchet, Berkshire, UK
4. Fatigue Analysis of English-Willow Cricket Bat Mr. Rajshekhar Chimmat1, Mr. Shreenidhi Kulkarni2 1M.Tech. Scholar, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, Belagavi, Karnataka, India 2Asst. Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
5. Finite element model of a cricket ball impacting a bat ALLEN, Tom, FAUTEUX-BRAULT, Olivier, JAMES, David

A sport is basically defined as physical activity which enables or improves physical ability and skills of an individual whilst providing source of entertainment to public. It makes a person physically active, capable and creates sense of readiness and grace. It is regulated by set of instructions which creates equitable competition and allows compatible decision of the winner amongst hundreds of participants competing whether in teams or as individuals.

Sports, itself builds connections between people and helps to form relationships on and off the field. It creates equal opportunities for everyone and helps an individual to develop and grow. Moreover, it promotes peace and puts an end to violence and differences among people. Also, mentioned above it is also an appreciable source of entertainment for ones who don’t participate but show great interest by showing up as large crowds and being great audience at the venues through sports broadcasting.

One of the most important top sport which was/is played worldwide mostly in the sub continent (Pakistan and India), Australia, Southern Africa, West Indies and British Isles and has crazy fans in every part of the world is “Cricket”. It’s a sport which is generally played between two teams with a bat and a ball with each team containing 11 members.

Luckily, it is one of those sports which is played by men and women both internationally and Pakistan is one of those countries which own separate cricket team for men and women. The national women’s cricket team of Pakistan portrays Pakistan in International Women’s Cricket and is one amongst eight teams competing in ICC Women’s Championship.

However, although women in Pakistan have a separate cricket but they aren’t given equal status, encouragement or appreciation just like men are given. Just how proved in the Dawn article on March 12, 2017 by Roha Nadeem, a freelance journalist says be it in terms of broadcast in television coverage, or be it public interest women’s cricket is constantly treated in an uninterested, discourteous manner and seen as the most inactive sports. Thanks to our narrow minded, traditional and completely illiberal mindset which says, “Women should be restricted to homes and shouldn’t bother to play”.

Women tend to get frustrated with this situation, recalling their family’s harsh statements before actually getting into cricket, Mirza Iqbal Baig (Wikipedia of sports) he was once heard quoting about women, “There is nothing in cricket for women in Pakistan, you are better off handling children and homes”. This in turn tarnishes their confidence even more that they stop believing in their selves and take those statements by their families as terrible, but true things.

Also proved in an interview of Shahid Afridi (one of the most famous legendary cricketer) in which he was asked by the anchor, his views on Pakistani women playing cricket to which his unusual yet confident response was, “ Our women have magic in their hands, they’re good cooks”. Though the anchor wanted to ask more but Afridi cuts him off by saying “you got an answer”. To receive such statements from such a looked up to and popular sportsmen, does this not show the proud anti feminist attitude Pakistani men keep? Even Afridi who himself is a cricketer, said such shocking words and didn’t show any decency to say good words for our Pakistani women’s team. Instead showed disrespect even he himself being a father of four daughters. His statement implies that women’s cricket is not considered significant enough , does this not show how undermine women are in terms of their influence in sports.He could have shown some appreciation or have encouraged the problems Pakistani women cricketers face compared to other teams worldwide. As being a cricketer he’s aware of how Pakistani women are at a disadvantage but still continued with his chauvinistic approach saddens. If such a followed and respected sportsperson is acknowledging this clearly is a strong contradiction of how women in sports are perceived in Pakistan.

Cricket has made life easier for people as it lays immense opportunities for them. Those who cannot do well in their studies tend to get into cricket as it is an immensely wealthy game. But talking about Pakistani women, this does not go for them as proved in an article on November 17, 2018 that they are only paid $75 per match and not even paid their amount that they have to receive from their central contract. On top of this, Pakistani men cricket-team players are given exposure to everything due to which they get big pay cheques and also get chances to feature themselves in advertisements which garners their income even more.

The discrimination can be clearly distinguished between both the genders and how women are not even supported financially despite of their constant hard work. Because of the low incomes women cannot continue professionally in cricket.

Unlike men’s cricket, women do not tend to get high incomes as they are considered inferior as compared to men. Women are not given security which makes it difficult for them to opt for this game, as it is not very exciting for them. Mainly because, a wise person would prefer working in a bank or in that matter any other place where they are valued and given more respect.Additionally,it takes effort and hard work for the women to work on their fitness, even when they would not be given much of attention and credit.Inorder to survive in cricket, one must devote himself into tremendous hard work and determination, being mentally tough is what is required, but women are not considered to be tough enough.

It is an obvious thing; teams representing their country, that also in a World event tend to acquire new kits with sponsors. Men also get these new kits. Talking about the women, all nations get these new kits for the World Cup with new designs and a new look, but in case of Pakistan the women were handed the same old logo shirts with no new big sponsors and used the same kits that were worn by the men’s cricket team in 2016 World Cup held in India. In the recently concluded ICC Women’s World Cup in 2017 held in England, Pakistani women were given the same shirts that were worn by the men in 2017 world cup. Lack of sponsors for Pakistan cricket is also a big issue that further neglects Pakistani women status.

Pakistan have produced exceptional talents in the past(men) like of Wasim Akram who is still considered the best fast bowler ever, Imran Khan for his exceptional leadership skills, Shoaib Akhtar who still holds the record for the fastest bowl ever bowled. Pakistan has failed big time to produce any exceptional women’s cricketer, the fastest bowler being Fitz Patrick who is a former Australian, Mithali Raj from India is the highest run-scorer amongst all women, and Jhulan Goswami has the most number of wickets and have made a name for themselves. This is not the case with Pakistani cricket women. When given opportunities, teams do wonders for their country. Talking about the English wicketkeeper Sarah Taylor, she is truly a master class when it comes to glovework.She has all the sights and gets the nod by the legends of the game, she got handed an opportunity to make history. She holds the Guinness World Record for catching high ball, 81 meters that is she made that record on the third attempt and was over the moon on her accomplishments that her record remains intact for a long period of time.

Because of traditional and illiberal mindsets Pakistani women can never show up their hidden talents instead they prove to be housewives, there’s no platform for them to show their talent unlike international players not only in cricket but they get chance to show up their different talents in different fields. Why? Because of broad minds and liberal thinking for their women. Ellyse Perry , a pure beauty who represents her nation Australia in cricket as well as in football and also got gold standard in women’s cricket as a fast bowler. What makes her story different is that the lady represents her nation in both the sports as a double international. She even represented Australia in the football World Cup in 2011. Holly Ferling is heard saying about Ellyse: “She’s my idol. I’ve always looked up to her. To do what she’s done at such a young age is an incredible feat and I don’t think it will ever be done again.” If Pakistani women are given opportunities to prove their mettle, they can also use their hidden talents and put it to good use and undoubtedly can play their part in enhancing Pakistan’s name; just like Sarah Taylor and Ellyse Perry. These sports personnel have truly made a name for themselves.

No tours for the women team like they have for the men; this won’t get any better results for Pakistan cricket. The women would just struggle to save their place and keep a little prestige of their country. Nothing can be expected from these women and they’re not inhuman, they won’t deliver results, they would need support and resources. Ever seen Pakistani men sitting in the dugout, cheering for their wives and fiancés? There should be regular tours held for the women as men have .This would help these women keep in touch and gain experience merely playing around the grounds in the world. If these tours and fixtures would not be held, these Pakistani women would just try to keep their place in the team and would not be able to do any good for their country. The stadium which hosted the Final of the Women’s World Cup (Lord’s The Home of Cricket) was a complete pack house which witnessed the England women lift up the Trophy. The stadium was packed because people around the globe value cricket equally, and tend to not distinguish between the genders, not the case in Pakistan sadly we do not have that much public interest or large audience when it comes to women cricket.

Sana Mir, the former Pakistani skipper is concerned about the current status of women cricket; she tried to better the current situation of Pakistan women cricket. She took some measures and proposed a Pakistan Super League to be held for women just like Australia Women’s Big Bash, who would help to bring in new-young talents for Pakistan, much like it did for Pakistan men. Unfortunately, she got ignored and was paid no heed as her this proposal went invain, much like the other things which go wasted in Pakistan women’s cricket.

A sport is an area of major interest in modern society, boasting a greater number of participants than ever before. This substantial increase in active and passive interest has led to major changes in important aspects of sports (Dubey & Ali, 2014). They are related to general changes in society and may be characterized as post-industrial in so far as these are associated with structural changes in the manufacturing economy.

In the view of Subramanian (2015) most of the modern games were invented by Englishmen. The sports are majorly outdoor-type, hockey, football, and rugby being some of the prime examples. These sports have also managed to be adjudged as national sports of various countries. Cricket is one such sport which was also invented by Englishmen and the rest is history. The game was introduced as “Test” cricket which has evolved into one-day internationals and recently into T-twenty game (Lamont, 2015). The changing rules and dynamics of this game have attracted the attention of many countries and India is one such country which has made a significant contribution in this game in every format.

The game has taken a special place in the hearts of the Indians. Earlier studies by Kermani (2019) expressed the role of the spatial distribution of sports across various nations. Cricket is one such game which has also managed to have its presence in every continent of the world and even in countries which are just the Islands. The word presence would be an understatement because these countries have also managed to rule the game by winning the World Cup (West Indies and Sri Lanka).

This represents and supports the theory developed by Knowles (2015) of commercialization and the importance of sports. It is not the area of the country which matters, nor does the rate of development which matters the quality of the game played by a nation. Examples from India paint a rosy picture in the current study as well. Gusev (2015) regionalized the game in the Indian context and coined the term “The Indianization of Cricket” which was an important study in revamping the popularity of the sport and the country i.e. India. The researcher also argues that the culture of cricket as mentioned earlier was an English concept and because India was ruled by Britisher’s the game sunk in the culture of Indian’s as well (Moorthy, 2017). Although, there is no substantial data to prove the above notion, yet the current scenario of cricket in India speaks the story clearly. Ketaki & Choi (2014) framework, although gives a slight glimpse of the reason for the expansion of cricket. The spatial distribution of cricket was because of the rule of Englishmen in most of the part of the world which led to the development of interest of the natives of the country as well.

In the view of Knowles (2015) cricket regardless of its formation has numerous stakeholders of cricket are players, public spectators, coaches, administrators, ICC, commercial partners, and the media. according to Chatterjee (2015) each stakeholder of the cricket has some interests which must be secured with the aim of conducting fair game, such as ICC (international cricket council) stakeholder the main stakeholders of cricket which demands a fair conducting of cricket game where there should no concept of discrimination and all stakeholders especially players, coaches and concerning cricket board need to make sure that they are complying with set rules and regulation. on the other hand, public demands a frequent occurring of matches among different teams in the national stadium ,especially between their national team with other countries, provision of ticket at reasonable prices, a friendly environment in stadium and security are some of the main concerns of the public, where coaches and administrators in each country prefer to keep their team away from any sort of illegal activity along with splendid improvement in the cricket playing skills (Usmani

Early the 2000s was a very tough period for the International Cricket Council (ICC) as well as the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in terms of lesser fan following and cash crunch. This happened in the aftermath of the fixing scandal that rocked the sport to its core. With that, there was a need for the top-brass of officials needed to find certain ideas that bring back the glorious years of the sport. In 2003, England & Wales Cricket Board (ECB) brought the domestic T20 format that brought back some interest among the fans for cricket. This was the first step in bringing the lost fans of the sport back to watching and experiencing the best of cricket yet again.

But the boom period for the sport started with the launch of Indian Premier League known as (IPL) in 2008. BCCI started this league in the wake of T20 Cricket making real head-waves among the fans of all ages. At that time, the Indian National Cricket Team won the first-ever ICC T20 World Cup in 2007 against all odds with essentially a new team and captain. Both these tournaments are in T20 format and they have been widely successful as per the fan engagement and financial windfall on the multinational companies. Hence it is widely said that the IPL has revolutionized the cricket game like never before. Betting industry benefited from this change as the IPL matches were more money making for the bettors with the IPL betting tips free from Bhaiji.

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