Almost all dictionaries define make-up as the way to which an actor or other person alters his appearance for a role; the articles used for this purpose; and the manner of applying these articles. (Barnhart, 1958: p.736)
The earliest historical record of make-up comes from the 1st Dynasty of Egypt (3100 2907 B.C.). Tombs from this era have revealed unguent jars. Men and women used the unguent to keep their skin hydrated, supple, and scented; also to avoid wrinkles from the dry heat. Egyptian women also decorated their eyes by applying dark green color to the underlined and blackening the lashes and upper lid with kohl made from antimony.
Romans used cosmetics widely by the middle of the 1st century, A.D. Kohl was also used, and rouge was worn on the cheeks. Pumice was used for cleaning the teeth. Persian women used henna dyes to stain their hair and faces in the belief that these dyes enabled them to summon the majesty of the earth.
During the Middle Ages in Europe, Spanish prostitutes wore pink make-up. 13th-century affluent women donned pink lipstick as proof that they could afford synthetic make-up. In Elizabethan England, women wore egg whites over their faces for a glazed look. During the French Revolution in the 18th century, red rouge and lipstick were used to give the impression of a healthy and fun-loving disposition. During the 1800s, women used belladonna to make their eyes appear more luminous. It is interesting to know that men wore make-up until the 1850s. King George IV spent a fortune on cold cream, powders, pastes, and scents.
Stage make-up dates back to a time when drama became a medium of entertainment. Stage make-up has several functions. It accentuates normal features so that they can be clearly projected to an audience and helps to create a character. It also counteracts the undesirable effects of artificial illumination. Amateur actors are often comfortable onstage if they can lose their own identity under grease paint. (Ommanney, 1960: p. 367)
It can be inferred now that all make-up dates back to the past and is struck by the ludicrous reasons and ways people made use of make-up. Make-up has emerged as art that all grown-ups can learn with little time and trouble. What is more, it is a most rewarding accomplishment to be able to make oneself look younger and nicer-looking all in the space of ten minutes or so.
Not everyone is blessed with good looks. Make-up is just a matter of enhancing ones more presentable features, concealing blemishes, and voila! a transformation takes place into a prettier or more handsome person than before. For everyday purposes, subtle make-up is the answer.
The art of make-up consists of buying cosmetics wisely and using them well. Once we have chosen and purchased our cosmetics and correctly assembled them, then we can start learning to use them. There are seven separate cosmetics needed for full-dress make-up. Some may last for months; others may be replaced, preferable in refill form. The list to keep in mind includes the following: foundation, powder, lipstick, rouge, eye shadow, mascara, and eyebrow pencil. (McCarthy, 1965: p. 28)
Here are the steps for applying make-up. First, place foundation cream in tiny dots over the face and throat and blend carefully with the fingertips. Blend the color down over the jawline and the throat so that there is no sharp edge of color.
Over the foundation goes rouge and eye shadow if one uses the stick variety. Place rouge where cheeks are plumpest upon smiling. Three little dots are sufficient for each cheek below the center of the eye. Blend these upwards and outwards with the fingertips until a faint blush remains.
Eye shadow should be placed close along the upper lashes and shaded upwards and outwards over the eyelids. One can apply it with a fingertip or a brush and paint on a definite shape following the line of the lashes and tracing little upward wings at the outer corners of the eyes. Liquid or pencil eyeliners may be used with smudge-proof mascara. Eyebrows may be tamed with short, straight strokes along the brows with an eyebrow pencil to darken or lengthen them.
The lipstick comes last. Most women like to wear their lipstick in a favorite shape. For beginners, in order to make a clear outline, a lip-liner or an especially slim lipstick may be used to outline the lips and filled up with the shade chosen for the day.
To set the greasy-based cosmetics, one must now powder over. Press powder puff into the powder and press it firmly over all the surfaces covered by the foundation. Brush downwards with a complexion brush to remove all surface grains of powder for a peachy finish.
One never knows how much prettier or younger she will look, and this is all part of the fun of wearing make-up. A dash of ones favorite perfume, and shes all set. Shes ready to face the world!
References
Barnhart, C. (ed) The American College Encyclopedic Dictionary, Vol I. New York: Random House, Inc., 1958
McCarthy, E., Frankly Feminine. London: Grolier Society, Ltd. 1965
Ommanney, K.A., The Stage and the School, 3rd Edition., McGraw-Hill, 1960
The Future of Polish Small and Medium-Sized Cosmetics Firms
The story of the Polish cosmetics industry is one of triumph and inspiration. Having survived the transition to the market-driven economy, the small and medium-sized cosmetics firms find themselves operating in an environment replete with new challenges. These challenges include the entry of new competitors as well as highly dynamic market trends.
Because the Polish cosmetics industry has become saturated with the entry of more players, the firms in the market need to adjust their business strategies both internally and externally, to survive. Holding on their market segments and share demands, the firms should adopt efficient approaches that can enable them to reach the markets in time (Rudawska, 2013).
Significant investments may be required to acquire online platforms, which would allow the firms to reach new markets as well as acquire the ability to compete with the larger market players successfully. In my view, with the new marketing opportunities availed by social media, coupled with the fact that these firms are indigenous. The future of small and medium-sized firms can be consolidated by the exploitation of the accruing advantage over the competitors.
Also, a well-integrated business process would be critical in shortening the value chain and growing the utility of the products the firms offer. However, I disagree with the managers statement that the multinationals buoyed by large capital resource alone will drive the small and medium-sized firms out of the market. About the managers statement, it is essential to understand that absolute control of a market requires more than capital (Rudawska, 2013).
The role of the organization to secure a better future
It would be recommended that the organization adopt better strategic approaches to remain a leader in the cosmetics industry. Of critical importance here is staff management and talent management (Rudawska, 2013). In a market with a high level of competition, employee turnover tends to be higher. As such, losing critical employees in the firm to the competitors can have detrimental effects on the firms long-term goals.
In this sense, therefore, the laboratories may exploit strategic human resource methods to attract and retain human resource. Also, the approaches would significantly reduce staff mobility to ensure stability in the firms pursuit of its corporate objectives.
Also, the laboratories need to invest in research and development projects so that they would produce high-quality products that can effectively compete with those marketed by multinational firms in the market. Research and development would enable the business establishment to come up with innovative products that would help achieve better financial performance outcomes (Proctor, 2013).
Dr. Irena Eris Internationalization
The organizations entry into the United States was initially driven by the demand occasioned by the Polish population living in the country. Afterward, the firm embarked on an ambitious expansion strategy. The firm moved into franchising business approaches that have ensured that its products are available in over 1,000 specialized salons in the United States of America.
The firms entry into the US market can be described as a guerrilla entry strategy because it was so silent and non-confrontational. Proctor (2013) asserts that a guerrilla strategy ensures that a firm that is making entry does not provoke unnecessary negative actions from competitors, who in this case, could be enjoying big market shares.
References
Proctor, T. (2013). Strategic marketing: an introduction. London, United Kingdom: Routledge.
Rudawska, E. (2013). Socially Responsible Marketing in Creating Value for Customers in the Polish Market. International Business and Management, 29(2), 73-94.
Customer experience is essential for consumers and owners of businesses. It is assumed that if people come to the place to receive service or buy a product, they will get high-quality treatment from personnel. In this case, it is not necessary whether the business is small or large; as customers, we wait for decent service. Indeed, some situations might upset the consumer. I will share my negative experience while visiting a large cosmetic mass market.
Last year I went to a large shop and wanted to buy some new cosmetic products. It was a trendy place where I liked to buy cosmetics. However, that day my shopping was not successful because of improper service. I asked the consultant for a mini-version of the product because it would be helpful to try this thing on and see how it looked. The consultant rudely answered me that there were no samples and that shop never sold them. However, I knew that they did; I expected the seller to be polite to me. My mood was spoiled, and the experience was awful. I think that this situation relates to emotional experience, which is described in the second chapter. This experience constitutes an essential part of the customer experience (Lueder & Cadden, 2012). The customer feels unsatisfied when experiencing negative emotional experiences.
Overall, if I were a consultant, I would behave in another way. My stance is that customer service is vital for the general appearance of the business. I would recommend this large business to train employees to behave in a polite and friendly way. The owners of the company should understand that the harsh treatment of customers harms the brand. This mass market might be improved by conducting special behavioral training for personnel and undergoing examination for them.
Reference
Lueder, S. L., & Cadden, D. (2012). Small business management in the 21st century. Saylor Foundation.
The use of rabbits as testing tools in identifying the side effects of beauty materials has become a common practice in the modern world. Rabbits are continuously adopted to test eye and skin beauty products. Their use is mostly viewed as beneficial in saving on cost contrary to the value of using humans as experimental objects. Despite the helpful nature of assuming this approach of product testing, there exist other moral controversies associated with rabbit-based makeup testing. These observations expose rabbits to certain untold physical, mental, and emotional torture throughout the test procedure. These concerns cannot be underemphasized as they provide the foundation of developing flawless procedures of carrying out animal-based product testing. With minimal public critics, testing of makeup products on rabbits will enhance the rate of fashion product discovery in the global market. As such, identifying the benefits and ethical concerns surrounding the adoption of rabbits in such a practice is key in considering an effective method of conducting aesthetic-based product testing.
The Benefits of Rabbit-based Makeup Testing on the Practicing Professionals
The use of rabbit experiments to approve beauty products is associated with certain benefits. It has enhanced the rate of fashion product discovery in the global market. With limited alternatives for conducting chemical testing, the use of rabbits in research experimentation provides a better method of verifying makeup products. The problem of testing small quantities of aesthetic products is no longer a major setback in the production of fashion-based items (Henrikus 10). A number of beauty items can, therefore, be easily verified for their safety and produced across the globe. Rabbits have provided a free test tool option contrary to adopting humans as test subjects. With the cheap rabbit resource, several products are continuously tested and produced to meet the level of demand for makeup items. The use of rabbit testing also eliminates the risk of exposing humans to the harmful effects of chemicals. On the contrary, these test procedures expose most scientists to certain moral concerns associated with their mental, physical, and emotional state of wellness.
The Moral Harm Associated with the Rabbit-based Makeup Testing
The use of rabbits to test the effects of body makeup harm the mental health of scientists. For example, several researchers who are emotionally attached to pets consider animal model experimentation as retrogressive to the natural habitation stating that “the greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated” (Gabriel et al. 379). Coaxing these scientists to test these chemicals on rabbits, therefore, exposes them to mental discomfort. These medical practitioners often refrain from such examinations terming them mentally disturbing (Croney 234). In other cases, the practicing researchers often develop emotional stress and anxiety associated with the torture that rabbits are exposed to during any scientific experiment. These professionals also undergo a physically straining process of securing and quarantining rabbits for several days before subjecting them to research tests. At times, they are also susceptible to harmful chemicals during the experimental procedures. Adopting rabbits as major makeup test animals, however, presents certain moral issues.
The Moral Harm Associated with Rabbit-based Makeup Testing
The use of animals in testing associated with aesthetic products exposes rabbits to mental pain and suffering. These animals display an array of mental problems including loss of appetite leading to weight loss, tremor, aggression, and vocalization (Gabriel et al. 855). For instance, rabbits are subjected to an unfriendly environment exposing them to contagious diseases “… constant contact with manure increases the risk of coccidiosis” (Prajapati et al. 7). In the quarantine houses, rabbits are more subjected to sensory overload emanating from the artificial lights, extreme cases of noisy industrial environments, and loud music pain. Many scientists have complained of unnecessary application of harmful chemicals on animals, “I am very concerned about pain and suffering in animals” (Kang et al. 77). The human practices when conducting makeup tests on animals, therefore, harm them. Despite these harmful effects of using rabbits as test animals in the screening of beauty products, experimenting chemicals on rabbits attracts certain health and adaptation benefits to the population of these animals.
The Benefits of Rabbit-based Makeup Testing on the Non-human Rabbit Population
The research environments characterized with house quarantine may subject rabbits to a new friendly environment under the human care as opposed to the natural habitation. The animals are vaccinated, provided shelter, food, and water as their basic requirements. These rabbits can, therefore, adapt well in such conditions and become healthier than in their previous location. Keeping rabbits within the cage also ensures their independence from other animals. As such, they are protected from other predators and are safe within the laboratory environments. The beauty product examination procedures also require a large population of rabbit encouraging artificial breeding to increase their population. Finally, within the health facilities, the researchers often conduct lifespan analysis of the research-based rabbits. The findings are mostly used to estimate the general lifecycle of the rabbit population. These data, therefore, guarantees humans’ intervention on the generation of rabbits. As such, the rabbit-based makeup tests provide a number of health, protection, and adaption benefits to those animals within the research cages as well as their entire generation.
Identifying the benefits and ethical concerns surrounding the adoption of rabbits in testing beauty products is key in recommending an effective method of performing an aesthetic-based product testing. The experimental procedure attracts major ethical issues concerning the physical, mental, and emotional effects of rabbit testing of chemicals. The approach, for instance, subjects rabbits to poor environmental conditions, deteriorated health as well as mental discomfort of inhumane experimental procedures. The tests expose rabbits to unnecessary body torture with the application of harmful chemicals to ascertain their effects on animals. Securing and quarantining rabbits for several days before conducting research experiments is isolative and exposes them to loneliness. The practicing professionals on the other hand are exposed to mentally disturbing situations. The pain inflicted on rabbits are at times painful for the researchers to accommodate exposing them to be depress. As such, these issues contrast the major benefits of conducting rabbit-based product tests to protect the human life from harmful effects of chemicals thereby raising moral concerns.
Works Cited
Croney, Candace C. “Turning up the Volume on Man’s Best Friend: Ethical Issues Associated with Commercial Dog Breeding.” Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research, vol.1, no. 2, 2019, pp. 230-252.
Gabriel, Liguori R., et al. “Ethical Issues in the Use of Animal Models for Tissue Engineering: Reflections on Legal Aspects, Moral Theory, Three Rs Strategies, and Harm–Benefit Analysis.” Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods, vol. 23, no. 12, 2017, pp. 850-862.
Henrikus, B. and Eisenmenger W. “Ethical Issues in Science; Focus on Regulatory Toxicology.” Regulatory Toxicology, edited by Franz-Xaver Reichl and Michael Schwenk, Springer, 2021, pp. 1-11.
Kang, Minji, et al. “Mental Stress from Animal Experiments: a Survey with Korean Researchers.” Toxicological Research, vol. 34, no. 1, 2018, pp. 75-81.
Prajapati, Rajendra Kumar, et al. “Effect of Different Housing Systems on Growth Performance, Feed Consumption, Morbidity and Mortality of Broiler Rabbits.” International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, vol. 8, no. 3, 2019, pp. 2115-2121.
Makeup has become a common and familiar product in many people lives particularly in the last one century. Of particular importance, make up is only one of the many products that line the shelves of cosmetic outlets. The extensive application of regular and chemical makeup has elicited intense debate on the implications to the public health of the users. According to the US Food and Drug Administration, cosmetics include all compounds or products that are applied to the body with the aim of beautifying, boosting attractiveness or improving the physical appearance without generally altering the structural and physiology of the body. More importantly, makeup generally refers to all colored products which are applied with the sole intention of altering the physical appearance of the user’s body. Mineral make-up is made from compounds that are generally sterilized and usually ground to form a granular powder. This mixture is later mixed with other naturally occurring inorganic colorings that are vital in creation of a wide range of colors.
With regard to the makeup, this paper will try to shed light on their chemical composition. In addition, the distinguishing factors between the regular and chemical makeup will also be discussed in depth. The paper will also look into the benefits that are accrued from using mineral makeup as compared to the regular types.
Literature review
The usage of cosmetics is a practice that has its origin in the ancient times. For instance, the Egyptian women were commonly used to applying kohl to their eyelids in a bid to darken them (Walter et al, 484). Likewise, the Greek women enhanced their complexion by lacing themselves with a poisonous lead carbonate which at some instances led to fatalities. In recent times, makeup business has become a booming business owing to the efficiency in advertising and an ever increasing population that care much about their appearance (Walter et al, 485). The utilization of make-up of different colors has been observed since the ancient Egyptian times. Chemical analysis of some of these preserved containers has shown that the presence of organic and some lethal mineral components. Lead based compounds that were formed out of the crushing of galena (PbS) ore and to sme extent the cerussite (PbCO3). Other compounds found in the cosmetics include laurionete and phosgenite, which are believed to have been manufactured synthetically by the Egyptians through the utilization of wet chemistry (Walter, et al 483).
Methodology
The study will rely mainly on literature review of various sources in order to come up with concrete information on the mineral makeup. Collected data will be analysed in tandem with the research questions. The paper will present the data in form of diagrams, structures and prose form in order to clearly explain the chemical composition and benefits of the mineral makeup.
Results and discussion
Chemical composition of mineral make-up
Cosmetics share some common ingredients such as water and the emulsifiers that are added to aid in the mixing of oil and water. Preservatives form a vital constituent that is useful in preventing the growth of bacteria and the eventual degradation in the presence of light. Thickeners are also introduced in order to improve the consistency (Toedt, Koza & Cleef-Toedt, p. 25). pH stabilizers are also put in order to make the product compatible with the acidity levels in the body while some active products help in enhancing the functioning of the makeup. More importantly, colors and fragrances form the bulk of the chemical composition in the make-up. In early times, naturally occurring pigments particularly the red colored ocher, henna or cochineal were applied on cheeks by the roman women (Toedt, Koza & Cleef-Toedt, p. 25). Redwood was also commonly used by the Brazilian women while red lead had wider application especially in the western world in the 19th and early 20th century.
A wide range of chemicals form part of the ingredients in the make-up. The most notable is the mineral powder filler known as talc. Talc is a magnesium silicate which exhibits a habit characteristic of a platy crystal. The platy crystal provides a mechanism that allows the plates to glide smoothly thereby enhancing the application of make-up while minimizing the chances of clogging pores. Moreover, talc acts to repel water due to its resistance to physical and chemical compounds such as acids and bases (Toedt, Koza & Cleef-Toedt, p. 25). Mica, which is referred to as magnesium aluminium silicate), also acts as a mineral filler. Mica has found extensive application mainly due to its transparency and overly smooth texture. However, it has limitations in that it tends to exhibit shiny appearance especially when applied to the skin. Kaolin is also added to mineral makeup to absorb excessive moisture. Powdered calcium carbonate is a common constituent that absorbs moisture especially when mixed together with magnesium carbonate (Toedt, Koza & Cleef-Toedt, p. 25).
Minerals that provide color include iron oxides that are instrumental in giving the green and red glamour. Chrome oxides and manganese offer green and purple tones respectively. Spherical materials such as polymethyl methacrylate and silica are also added in order to offer a smooth texture. Esters in form of sorbitans also enhance the creamy texture while vitamins and herbal extracts are also added. Methylparaben and imidazolindinyl are also added to act as preservatives.
Difference between mineral make-up and regular make-up
Mineral make-up has gained popularity especially in their application as foundations, blush formulations and to a larger extent as eye shadows. The major difference between the mineral and regular make up is the ingredients. The mineral make-up is mainly composed of ingredients which are of high quality. The high quality ingredients are superb in enhancing the strong points in the skin surface thereby endearing them to majority of young women. More importantly, the presence of additional ingredients in form of vitamins A and E serves as an encouragement to use the products (Toedt, Koza & Cleef-Toedt, p. 25). The mineral make-up has the tendency to contain some harmful chemicals. Nitrosamines, polyethylene glycol and mercury are known to cause deleterious effect to the human body when absorbed and find their way into the vascular system. The fact that the chemicals are not easily removed from the body acts to increase the level of toxicity in the body. Mineral make up also contain compounds such as zinc oxide which offer a natural UVA-UVB protection unlike the regular make-up. In addition, the mineral make-up has a non-comedogenic nature that ensures the compound does not block the skin pores thereby proving ample space for the body to breathe. The inorganic nature of the ingredients also removes the need to add preservative4s as part of the ingredients unlike in the regular makeup (Kora para, pp. 1-7)
Benefits of mineral make-up over regular make-up
There are many benefits that are offered by mineral make-ups to users as compared to the regular make up. The fact that they bind to oils makes the mineral make up to offer a natural water resistance which work superbly for the skin unlike in regular and traditional types (Kori para, p. 2). This is complemented by the fact the product does not into the pores and also offers protection against harmful free radicals. Mineral make-up is also versatile since they can be used together with water, crèmes and other moisturizers (Kori, para, p. 4). The products also have a very long shelf period when compared to regular make-up since it lacks organic matter that is responsible for the quick deterioration. Majority of the mineral cosmetics have mica as their base ingredient thereby enhancing their quality. Mica is imperative in improving the skin adhering properties of the make-up (Kora para, p. 6). Lastly, mineral make-up is long lasting both in the shelf and to a larger extent in the skin. The applied pigment does not peel easily and is resistant to abrasion by water and less powerful detergents (Kora para, p. 8).
Conclusion
Make-up has become a common and familiar product in many people lives particularly in the last one century. The desire to improve the physical appearance has made many people to go great lengths in getting the best quality products. The mineral products are often laced with chemicals that make have excellent qualities when compared to the regular make-ups.the mineral make-up are long lasting and versatile unlike the regular types. The application of mineral make-up should be done cautiously to protect oneself from applying products that are laced with lethal chemicals.
Fats are solids at room temperature whereas oils are liquids at room temperature. There are at least two classifiable types of fats within the commonplace classifications of regular, saturated, and unsaturated fats. Animals and plants use fat for storage of energy, to aid with the absorption of carotenoids, and vitamins A, D, E, and K, and ensure proper growth, development, and maintenance of good health (Kimbrough 2009, p. 3). Consequently, fats are generally very important players in metabolism. However, the type of fat is also a significant factor in the health of human beings. Saturated fats are markedly dangerous for human health because they increase the level of the “bad” cholesterol in the body, which increases the risk of heart attacks and other heart diseases. On the other hand, unsaturated fats, such as those found in olive oil, nuts, fish with omega-3 fatty acids, and nuts among other sources are very important in the human diet because they reduce the level of the ‘bad’ cholesterol while increasing the level of ‘good’ cholesterol in the body (Kimbrough 2009, p. 6). However, since all fats contain calories, even unsaturated fats should be consumed within the recommended amounts.
Trans-fats are unsaturated fats and so for almost ten decades, the world believed that they were an acceptable alternative to saturated fats. However, scientists are coming up with evidence to rebut this theory and instead prove that trans-fats are a health hazard and human beings should reduce their intake of the same to a bare minimal. This assertion holds because trans-fats reduce the level of the ‘good’ cholesterol, while simultaneously increasing the level of the ‘bad’ cholesterol in the body. Since these fats have extra hydrogen, they have higher cholesterol composition and they are more difficult to digest than other fats. Therefore, they are clearly a health hazard. Nevertheless, since all manufacturers use trans-fats due to their preferred qualities, viz. food staying ‘fresh’ for longer, stays on the shelf longer, and has a less greasy feel, they are present in almost all the food products available in the market especially under fast food categories and eliminating them shall take a while (Micha 2010, p. 883).
Consequently, the Food and Drug Administration as well as other affiliated health bodies across the world are coming up with directives requiring food processors to indicate the amount of trans-fats in any food product. However, the problem with this move is that presently, if a serving contains less than 0.5gms of trans-fat, it is permissible for the processor to indicate 0gms (Micha 2010, p. 883). This aspect is risky because if a person has many servings, s/he can easily surpass the recommended threshold to his or her detriment. Consequently, spreading awareness of nutritional make up seems a better way to tackle the issue as people can keep track of their consumption.
Bonding
Fats have a chemical structure that is similar regardless of the type and it consists of a three-carbon glycerol backbone (triglyceride) with long chain fatty acids. It looks like the letter “E”, but the horizontal lines are long and wavy. The carbon chains contain 12-20 carbon atoms (Teegala 2009, p. 1250). In case the triglyceride backbone and the long chain fatty acid merge, a water (H2O) molecule is lost.
Saturated fats refer to those with single carbon-carbon bonds, hence they have three hydrogen atoms are attached at every end of the long chain of fatty acids, which means that the chain is saturated with hydrogen atoms and cannot take more in any way. Such fats’ three-dimensional structure is tubular and since fats are non-polar hydrocarbons, the various molecules stick together courtesy of van der Waal’s forces, which are weak intermolecular forces (Teegala 2009, p. 1250). The stronger this bond, the more difficult it is for such a fat to melt. The magnitude of van der Waals is directly proportional to the amount of molecular surfaces available for contact. Saturated fats have more surfaces due to the large number of CH2 molecules stacked up together. Consequently, this aspect increases the van der Waals forces, thus necessitating more energy to separate the molecules and thus raising the melting point of this fat. In small amounts, saturated fats are fine in the human diet, but in excess, they cause obesity, high blood pressure, heart diseases, and cancers. They occur naturally in mammals and in some tropical plants.
The main source of unsaturated fats is plants and some fish (Teegala 2009, p. 1250). The only difference between them and saturated fats is structural for they have occasional double carbon=carbon bonds, which means that there is room for additional hydrogen atoms on the chains hence they are unsaturated. They could be either monounsaturated meaning that they have a single double bond or polyunsaturated, referring to the presence of several double bonds. Naturally occurring unsaturated fats feature ‘Cis’ bonds, where “Cis is Latin for ‘on this side’, which means that the two hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the double bond and both ends of the long carbon chain are on the same side” (Genser et al. 2012, p. 444). However, if the hydrogen atoms are on opposite sides and the ends of the long chains are on the opposite sides, the resultant molecule is called a “Trans” fat, where Trans is Latin for across (Genser et al. 2012, p. 444).
The effect of this phenomenon is that where Cis bonding occurs, the resultant molecules are not 3-D tubes like in saturated fats. Instead, they form folds and bends on the chain, thus reducing the number of attractive surfaces for inter-molecular contact. Consequently, the van der Waals force in unsaturated fats is weaker, and thus they are liquids at room temperature.
Green chemistry
This refers to “…the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products” (Anastas & Warner 2000, p.53). Saturated fats are solids at room temperature and so they are an unattractive consumer option. However, unsaturated fats in their naturally occurring state are not ideal either. From a food processing and shelf life perspective, unsaturated fats are enemies of production because their composition leaves them vulnerable to oxidation (reacting with oxygen in the air), which results in a stench and a bad taste in the food prepared using such fats. Consequently, if producers were to use unsaturated fats in production, the food would go stale and greasy before it hits the market.
As a result, there is a conflict of interest as producers and manufacturers would prefer to produce food using the healthier unsaturated fats, but this would cost them dearly as the food would go rancid in no time. In a bid to avert this risk, about a century ago, scientists in Europe came up with the idea of partial hydrogenation as the solution. Proof of this move is in the 1911 Proctor and Gamble (American company) Crisco product used as shortening for the margarine, which replaced butter during the WWI and WWII as well as the Great Depression as a cheaper and healthier alternative (Kimbrough 2009, p. 5).
The process of partial hydrogenation is simple, viz. a Cis bonded fat is heated in the presence of hydrogen gas and a metal catalyst such as nickel. This reaction causes the double bond to break and a hydrogen atom to attach to each of the carbon atoms. In case all the double bonds break, it becomes a saturated fat. However, if some double bonds survive, they are converted from Cis bonds to Trans bonds. Nevertheless, the double bonds remain. Trans-fats are unsaturated, but they are less likely to oxidise and have a longer shelf life in solid form. Consumers prefer semi-solid Trans-fats to saturated fats that are fully solid at room temperature.
Energy
As noted above, fats provide storage for energy in both plants and animals, which means that they are a requisite part of the biological make up of any organism. In human beings, the recommended quantity of fat in a diet is set at a third of the daily calorie intake. This information is necessary in averting the risk of advancing a misunderstanding in light of the negative picture portrayed of the abovementioned fats. Fats are necessary for the various metabolic processes in organisms. However, it is also important to examine the various effects of different kinds of fat in the organism’s system. Due to the limitations caused by the scope of this paper, this particular discussion shall gravitate around human beings. As introduced above, there are at least four types of fat including saturated, unsaturated, Trans, and Cis fats. Saturated fats have tubular structure in a three-dimensional perspective and as such, the van der Waals forces are stronger between respective molecules due to the increased exposure of attractive surface. This aspect further translates to an increase of the melting point for more energy is a requirement for the break down of these bonds. Consequently, if one’s diet is packed with saturated fat products, s/he is likely to gain weight and then spend a lot of time and energy trying to lose the same. Regrettable, some repercussions such as bad cholesterol cannot be solved simply by a few hours of working out.
On the other hand, the consumption of unsaturated fats with Cis bonds is healthy, although this should also occur in moderation (Kristensen 2011, p. 1053). These fats form a curly mass of molecules that is not near as neat as that of saturated fats. Consequently, these fats are unstable and they easily react with other elements in the air such as oxygen. Their sensitive nature means that it does not take too much energy to get them to react, neither are there strong intermolecular or van der Waals forces that would raise their melting points and thus require lots of energy to break. Consequently, the drawbacks of feeding on these fats are that they cause food to go rancid very fast and within the body, they are largely responsible for sweating and the production of lactic acid, which causes joint pains and aches after a workout session. However, they are a healthier choice because not only do they increase the levels of good cholesterol in the human system, but they also reduce the levels of bad cholesterol within the human system. As a result, they are definitely the lesser and healthier risk in terms of an energy storage choice.
Trailing in the category of fats is Trans-fats, which are unsaturated fats that have undergone partial hydrogenation (Kristensen 2011, p. 1053). They still serve the purpose of fats in terms of storing energy, but the accompanying risk is too high a price to pay as aforementioned.
Conclusion
This paper has discussed the phenomenon of Trans-fats as a modern dilemma. There are opposing views on the benefits of these fats based on the various interests represented by respective opponents and proponents. The manufacturers, producers, and processors of food and these fats base their suppositions on the fact that trans-fats are ideal in the industry because they promote the shelf life of processed foods and give them a fresh look as well as reducing the greasy feel of old food. However, on the opponents’ side, the argument is that these fats are not healthy because they are responsible for a myriad of heart diseases and it clearly heart diseases are a leading killer of both men and women across the world. Unfortunately, the vices of Trans-fats are a recent discovery as they came into being more than a century ago and for approximately that long, doctors recommended trans-products such as margarine as a healthier alternative to butter for patients with high cholesterol and heart diseases. As such, majority of the public is still unaware of the counter effects of these fats, but studies such as these are likely to spread awareness and increase public knowledge, hence steering the public into healthier living.
Reference List
Anastas, P & Warner, J 2000, Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, OUP, Oxford.
Genser, B, Silbernagel, G, De Backer, G, Bruckert, E, Carmena, R, Chapman, L, Deanfield, J, Deschamps, O, Rietszchel, E, Dias, K & Marz, W 2012, ‘Plant sterols and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis’, European Heart Journal, vol. 33, pp. 444-6.
Kimbrough, D 2009, ‘The Solid Facts about Trans Fats’, ChemMatters, no. 6, pp.1-21.
Kristensen, M 2011, ‘A diet rich in oat bran improves blood lipids and hemostatic factors, and reduces apparent energy digestibility in young healthy volunteers’, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 65 no. 9, pp.1053-8.
Micha, R 2010, ‘Food sources of individual plasma phospholipid trans fatty acid isomers: The Cardiovascular Health Study’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 91 no. 4, pp.883-93.
Teegala, S 2009, ‘Consumption and health effects of trans fatty acids: A review’, Journal of AOAC International, vol. 92 no.5, pp. 1250-57.
It is generally known that beautiful people are treated more favourably in many areas of life, starting from romantic relationships to job interviews and careers. Nowadays, one of the most powerful tools for women is makeup. The beauty industry is currently developing faster than many others, and new cosmetics companies are appearing. Consequently, women face many problems associated with choosing the right product that suits their skin colour and type. Moreover, social media influencers, who are the main driving force of Public Relations for the beauty industry, sometimes mislead customers by advising products that should be picked individually.
Choosing a foundation that matches a particular skin type and colour is an essential step in creating flawless yet natural-looking makeup. The main criteria for choosing this product are long-lasting effects, water resistance, SPF sun protection, etc. However, as mentioned earlier, numerous beauty companies and products provide a huge selection in which it is very easy to get confused. This article will cover problems that arise while choosing a good foundation and provide some makeup tips.
Having oily skin is an advantage because it is believed to create fewer wrinkles. However, it can also be a curse because it leads to makeup becoming greasy throughout the day. To avoid this problem, customers should always keep in mind their skin type when choosing the right product. When choosing a foundation for your skin, look at the bottle, and check if the skin type is listed because it will give you information about the ingredients that will match your oily skin. Oil-free, mineral foundations are an ideal match, but they usually oxidize and change colour throughout the day. That is why do not forget to ask for the tester.
To choose a foundation that perfectly matches your skin, try to avoid digital-matching technologies because they cannot guarantee that the colour that you see online will be the same when you apply it to your skin. One of the best strategies is to use the foundation to bare skin and see how it will look with the natural light. Also, do not apply the product to sweating or reddened skin because your foundation reading can be improper if your skin colour will be distorted.
Everyday makeup is usually applied in the morning, and customers always want their product to be long-lasting so that they will not worry about their look while they are at work or going somewhere. One of the tips for lasting makeup is to avoid applying too many products in a short time. For example, if you use moisturizer, let it sink in and only then apply the foundation. Also, always remember that you can always ask for the tester when choosing a foundation. It will help you to see how the foundation will last on your skin.
During warmer months of the year, women face the problem of caked-on makeup. It happens if you apply your base products too heavily, and an extra powder is left on your skin. To solve this, do not use a dense layer of makeup. Instead, apply thin layers of your products all over the face and blend the foundation to remove excess products. Also, when the temperatures rise, it is vital that sweat will not ruin the makeup, which means customers should always choose water-resistant foundations. Waterproof products are helpful when you are planning a night out, sweaty workout, or during allergy, seasons to protect from itchy eyes or sneeze.
For dry skin types, it is essential to choose a foundation that will not dry out the skin and will not give an effect of duller or older skin. Therefore, choose a product that will cover your imperfections and will hydrate your skin. Last but not least, the foundation that also helps customers to protect themselves from the sun and UV lights is a significant development in the beauty industry. Foundation containing SPF is a multitasker that perfectly deals both with the coverage and protection of your skin from being damaged.
Almost all dictionaries define make-up as “the way to which an actor or other person alters his appearance for a role; the articles used for this purpose; and the manner of applying these articles.” (Barnhart, 1958: p.736)
The earliest historical record of make-up comes from the 1st Dynasty of Egypt (3100 – 2907 B.C.). Tombs from this era have revealed unguent jars. Men and women used the unguent to keep their skin hydrated, supple, and scented; also to avoid wrinkles from the dry heat. Egyptian women also decorated their eyes by applying dark green color to the underlined and blackening the lashes and upper lid with kohl made from antimony.
Romans used cosmetics widely by the middle of the 1st century, A.D. Kohl was also used, and rouge was worn on the cheeks. Pumice was used for cleaning the teeth. Persian women used henna dyes to stain their hair and faces in the belief that these dyes enabled them to summon the majesty of the earth.
During the Middle Ages in Europe, Spanish prostitutes wore pink make-up. 13th-century affluent women donned pink lipstick as proof that they could afford synthetic make-up. In Elizabethan England, women wore egg whites over their faces for a glazed look. During the French Revolution in the 18th century, red rouge and lipstick were used to give the impression of a healthy and fun-loving disposition. During the 1800s, women used belladonna to make their eyes appear more luminous. It is interesting to know that men wore make-up until the 1850s. King George IV spent a fortune on cold cream, powders, pastes, and scents.
Stage make-up dates back to a time when drama became a medium of entertainment. “Stage make-up has several functions. It accentuates normal features so that they can be clearly projected to an audience and helps to create a character. It also counteracts the undesirable effects of artificial illumination. Amateur actors are often comfortable onstage if they can lose their own identity under grease paint.” (Ommanney, 1960: p. 367)
It can be inferred now that all make-up dates back to the past and is struck by the ludicrous reasons and ways people made use of make-up. Make-up has emerged as art that all grown-ups can learn with little time and trouble. What is more, it is a most rewarding accomplishment to be able to make oneself look younger and nicer-looking all in the space of ten minutes or so.
Not everyone is blessed with good looks. Make-up is just a matter of enhancing one’s more presentable features, concealing blemishes, and voila! – a transformation takes place into a prettier or more handsome person than before. For everyday purposes, subtle make-up is the answer.
“The art of make-up consists of buying cosmetics wisely and using them well. Once we have chosen and purchased our cosmetics and correctly assembled them, then we can start learning to use them. There are seven separate cosmetics needed for full-dress make-up. Some may last for months; others may be replaced, preferable in refill form. The list to keep in mind includes the following: foundation, powder, lipstick, rouge, eye shadow, mascara, and eyebrow pencil.”(McCarthy, 1965: p. 28)
Here are the steps for applying make-up. First, place foundation cream in tiny dots over the face and throat and blend carefully with the fingertips. Blend the color down over the jawline and the throat so that there is no sharp edge of color.
Over the foundation goes rouge and eye shadow if one uses the stick variety. Place rouge where cheeks are plumpest upon smiling. Three little dots are sufficient for each cheek below the center of the eye. Blend these upwards and outwards with the fingertips until a faint blush remains.
Eye shadow should be placed close along the upper lashes and shaded upwards and outwards over the eyelids. One can apply it with a fingertip or a brush and paint on a definite shape following the line of the lashes and tracing little upward wings at the outer corners of the eyes. Liquid or pencil eyeliners may be used with smudge-proof mascara. Eyebrows may be tamed with short, straight strokes along the brows with an eyebrow pencil to darken or lengthen them.
The lipstick comes last. Most women like to wear their lipstick in a favorite shape. For beginners, in order to make a clear outline, a lip-liner or an especially slim lipstick may be used to outline the lips and filled up with the shade chosen for the day.
To set the greasy-based cosmetics, one must now powder over. Press powder puff into the powder and press it firmly over all the surfaces covered by the foundation. Brush downwards with a complexion brush to remove all surface grains of powder for a peachy finish.
One never knows how much prettier or younger she will look, and this is all part of the fun of wearing make-up. A dash of one’s favorite perfume, and she’s all set. She’s ready to face the world!
References
Barnhart, C. (ed) The American College Encyclopedic Dictionary, Vol I. New York: Random House, Inc., 1958
McCarthy, E., Frankly Feminine. London: Grolier Society, Ltd. 1965
Ommanney, K.A., The Stage and the School, 3rd Edition., McGraw-Hill, 1960
Carnival is the major holiday in Brazil. The nation comes to a virtual official standstill for the five days it spans with many millions taking part in carnival events, but many millions more simplify using the break to go to the seaside or country retreats and recharges their batteries in the middle of the broiling South American summer.
Carnival is a yearly festival in Brazil. During the 19th century, it is celebrated every year starting on Friday night and ends Ash Wednesday morning that marks the begging of lent. To welcome the carnival, thousands of Brazilian streamed to different venues in the city as elsewhere in the country and took part in the festivities. Costume and Makeup is the main part of the carnival. Without costume and makeup, we can’t imagine the carnival. It expresses Brazilian customs and culture. Most of the Samba Schools of Brazil arrange to celebrate the carnival. Actually, these Schools make enjoyable the carnival.
Introduction
Every nation has its own culture, culture is the knowledge and faith of the people and trait of behaviour. Carnival is an important part of traditional culture because it bears the history of Brazilian cultures, festivals and it also upholds their co-existence. In this article, the reflection of Brazilian lives, cultures and behaviour has been attempted. In this article, by using the costume and makeup during the carnival how to express the Brazilian the reflection of their lives culture and behaviour have been attempted. In the past, it was celebrated colourlessly but in modern, it has vast popularity in the whole world. Every year a lot of travellers comes event and enjoy its mercial value.
The word carnival originates from the Latin “Carne Vale”, which translates as ‘farewell to the flesh’ – a meaning that reflects the role of carnival in the Roman Catholic calendar as a final celebration of indulgences of the flesh (food, drink and other earthly delights) before they were renounced for Lent. The carnival festival actually pre-dates these Christian associations, with possible origins in the ancient Greek spring festival in honour of Dionysus (the god of wine), and then adopted by the Romans in honour of Bacchus and Saturn. (Parry)
The Brazilian carnival is a celebration where all people are equal, all of them have the right to do or take part in anything. People wear the desirable dress that they made for the celebration. They wear this dress to dance and play water battles. The carnival is celebrated all over the country in Brazil but they are mainly concentrated in three places. They places are Rio de Janeiro, Salvador de Bahia Carnival and Olinda. Rio carnival is the biggest and largest celebration in the world. The Brazilian government has taken all kinds of initiatives to make the tourist attraction come and ensure their safety & security. Brazilian people are also friendly and intimate. They do not show interference with others matter. So the tourist feels it as their home. Now the carnival is so much popular that the tickets are sold within a week after starting ticket selling. These are some photos of the carnivals.
“Each school is an autonomous entity. A virtual “board of directors” governs the organization, collecting monies and distributing tasks. A professional theatrical director is always hired to produce the school’s annual parade show, which resembles a moving opera ballet on parade. Top composers are chosen to write the theme samba song, which always changes every year in each one of the schools. The song is a crucial element since it synthesizes the theme and propels the participants, all of whom are expected to memorize the words and belt them out while parading and dancing the samba.” (Yolen)
“Carnival is one of the biggest events in Brazil, if not the biggest. Originating in Roman bacchanalia or in the ancient Egyptian festival of Isis, carnival, when introduced in Brazil by the Portuguese, acquired African rhythms and Indian costumes. Carnival in Brazil is a genuine national celebration in which every inhabitant, no matter from what social class or ethnic background, participates. Carnival’s dates are:
2004: 21-24 of February
2005: 05-08 of February
2006: 25-28 of February
2007: 17-20 of February
In Rio and Salvador “Carnaval” is extended to the following weekend”.
Brazilian Carnivals.
History of the Carnival
Carnival Dates (Monday and Tuesday before Ash Wednesday)
2002 – 2009
2002 February 11 and 12
2003 March 3 and 4
2004 February 23 and 24
2005 February 7 and 8
2006 February 27 and 28
2007 February 19 and 20
2008 February 4 and 5
2009 February 23 and 24
(Source: Rosenberg)
Like the other world-famous important events, the Brazilian carnival has a long history. The ancient cannibal and the modern carnival have similarities but dissimilarity is much more. However, the philosophy is the same. Carnival is used to minimize the distance of social class and create a good relationship with them.
The origins of Carnival date back to the ancient Greek spring festival in honour of Dionysus, the god of wine. The Romans adopted the celebration with Bacchanalia (feasts in honour of Bacchus, the Roman equivalent to Dionysus), and Saturnalia, where slaves and their masters would exchange clothes in a day of drunken revelry (Rosenberg)
Saturnalia was later modified by the Roman Catholic Church into a festival leading up to Ash Wednesday. “It quickly evolved into a massive celebration of indulgences – one last gasp of music, food, alcohol, and sex before Lent – before the 40 days of personal reflection, abstinence, and fasting until Easter (not exactly what the Church probably had in mind). 40 days of purging sins, proceeded by a week filled with virtually every known sin. The word itself comes from Latin, “Carne Vale” or “Farewell to the Flesh”.(Rosenberg)
In the late 19th century carnival was introduced in Rio de Janeiro by the Portuguese. They formed groups of people who would parade playing music and dancing through the streets. Now we called them blocks (blocks), which contains a group of people who wear costumes or special dress or t-shirts according to the themes of the Carnival (Truvo).
Blocos are formed with particular neighbourhoods or suburbs. Blocos contains both a percussion or music group and a dancer group. Though it is the biggest event in Brazil as well as the celebration in the world, not more than 200 years ago it was treated as poor people’s celebration. At that time it was organized by the Boucher, fisherman, grocer, etc. They sing, dance and threw rotten food and fruits instead of water among the dancing people. But that turns into water throwing in the modern age. The government takes necessary steps to prevent any inconvenience to stop and prevent throwing dirty food and rotten fruits.
“The Rio carnival has everything we look for when we see this kind of event: magic, beauty, rhythm, grace, sensuality, and enjoyment. People who know about this carnival affirm that it hasn’t still celebrated its 200 years and that, like the other carnivals, its origin comes from old rituals and roman celebrations that took place in February. In the beginning, the Rio carnival looked like battles, battles that were organized by fishermen and butchers, those battles are represented in dances every year, like the decoration of the city, samba’s schools, contests, the election of the Momo King and the Queen, the wonderful costumes that are related with the topic represented by each samba school, etc” (CARNIVAL RIO)
At present carnival is the biggest and largest celebration and with the people of various nations and countries. Rio carnival now becomes the celebration of the world not single Brazil’s celebration. Its popularity is increasing day by day.
Carnival Etymology
Basically, Carnival means the public program, which is held on the street and where people wear various kinds of clothes, eat food and drink alcohol, Sing and dance. If we want to know the literary meaning of the word carnival, we have to search for the origin of the word.
“ From the beginning of Middle Age, the Catholic Church suggested an etymology for the word carnival: the ordinary Latin carne- levare, which means “to leave the meat” (what also meant that people should stop eating meat every Friday during the period of Lent).” (The Carnivals). “But it didn’t mean any sense, since the word carnival didn’t mean the end of festivities (events in where people always ate meat). Later, another etymology came out, is the one popularly known as the Italian word: Carnevale, which meant that during carnival time “the meat is allowed”, as a consequence people were allowed to eat meat.” (The Carnivals, Carnivals, n.d.)
But the Etymology does not stop here. As it was celebrated in India, there is an etymology regarding carnival. That is-
“But at the end of the XX century, many authors started to doubt about the pagan origin of that name. Carna is the Celtic Goddess of broad beans and pork. She would also be connected with Indian-European festivities worshipping the Karna God (The one who appears in the Mahabhárata as a human being, Pándavas older brother, son of the God of the Sun and the Queen Kunti).” (CARNIVALS)
Description of the carnival
In Rio de Janeiro there are 18 Samba schools that arrange mostly revelry, costumes, dancing and music. They also teach samba, provide educational and healthcare resources. Anyone who wants to join a street parade can join by buying a ticket from the Samba schools or paying money as a donation.
There are 18 “schools” that are authorized to make a presentation in the main parade. These schools (more like samba “teams,” really) tend to be neighbourhood-based, although they also attract participants from all social classes and geographical bases. The top two schools each year from a lower division are promoted to the main division, and the two worst finishers in the main division are demoted, to add incentive to the performances. (Carnival Carnival in Rio)
“Every year, samba schools in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, prepare for the fierce competition that is the city’s annual carnival parade. Their main challenge is to find new and innovative themes and produce high-impact costumes and floats to illustrate them”(Massarani, 16 February 2004). In two days celebration 8 schools out of 16 schools show on the first day and the other on the next day. They play non-stop music by changing the musicians continuously. People wear unique and different costumes.
More than just a percussion group! Liverpool Samba School has created over 10 years ago by my husband and wife creative team, Roger & Maeve Morris. Roger’s career as a professional percussionist spans the last 40 years and includes accolades such as performing with Martha Reeves & the Vandellas, The Real Thing, Jools Holland and Novo Balanço. Maeve, his wife of 30 years, produces almost single-handedly all of the exquisite costumes worn by the drummers and fabulous dancers from the Liverpool Samba School. They have delivered and participated in over 900 events in Brazil, Amsterdam, Ireland, and the UK. Liverpool Samba School hold the accolade for being the only non-Brazilian samba school to play in the Rio Carnival parade out of over 300 schools in the UK as well as many more in Europe. This is due to our ongoing partnership with Mangueira samba school the oldest school in Brazil and many times winner, and through our support of their social projects.
They do all this for the parades samba dance. Besides this, they expense much to decorate them and took part in the competition of best costume or similar like this. The costume has a wider effect and people will continue it. The costume has a great commercial background. Once the people do not expend much on their costumes. They were not so rich but they have a strong desire to be something new. Thus the custom of wearing a peculiar dress comes. Now the celebration is not within the Brazilian it is now with the whole world. So costume has greater change objectives. During the carnival unlimited music, joy and sex are open for all. The girls use their costumes to show them more and to attract a man. To maintain the sexual needs every year thousands of prostitutes come to this carnival. They use it to sell different products and to satisfy their customers. For example Brahma’s bear-
This unique style increases the sales of the company and increases the need of the customers.
Again, the costume has a greater effect on the wearer, to attract for sex. For this reason, the hotels are full, some are luxurious and expensive. Lots of girls sell their sex and a man or woman can enjoy his or her sexual life with anyone. Thus they use attractive and sexy costumes. “Carnival is all about fantasy. The creativity of the costumes was inspirational and had me laughing all day. There were people dressed as bees, rabbits and cats; sexy girls in leopard skins and bunny suits. There were fairies with wands, bodybuilders dressed as angels and red devils out to corrupt someone. There were babies in diapers, schoolgirls and nuns, teams of surgeons and Death with his scythe. There were crack teams of S.W.A.T armed with water pistols and even one guy dressed as a telephone booth.” (The carnival in Olinda). The following costumes are the parade’s costumes. These are used only once, for the parades. This costumes main objective is to make the parades colourful, bring the creative idea of fission and have lots of fun. The costumes worn are typical of the year 1700, and the maschera nobile are very common during this event, this is a kind of white mask that must be worn with black silk clothes and a three-peaked hat. After 1979, other colours have been added to the costumes, but in the case of the masks, these are still (most of them) white, silver and golden (VENICE CARNIVAL).
“Carnival is celebrated throughout Brazil. Each carnival is unique but there are unifying elements: all involve music, dancing, processions and costumes. Bruce and the crew experienced Carnival in Benjamin Constant: one of the first Brazilian towns on the Amazon. During the carnival, it is customary for men to dress as women and Bruce jumped at the chance to enter the ‘Queen of the Carnival’ competition, which awards a crown to the best-dressed ‘woman’. Carnival is celebrated at the same time throughout Brazil, just before the start of Lent, and the music, dancing and rituals draw on a mix of the cultural traditions of Brazil. It is common for the carnival to involve a transgression of social norms: for example, men dressing like women.” (Brazilian Carnival)
Brazilian Carnival
But in some cases, they are like a maniac. For example
“The model Angela Bismarchi will lead her samba group at next month’s Rio Carnival and is having the procedure to celebrate 100 years of Japanese immigration to Brazil. It will be the 42nd time she has had plastic surgery and she is closing in on the world record of 47 held by American Cindy Jackson. Bismarck will dance ahead of a drum group of 300 people, hoping her sculpted beauty as a “percussion queen” will lead her samba team to win the championship.” (Model’s Eye Surgery, 2008)
The following is an attractive sexy woman’s costume. She used it to make her more attractive.
Here is one of the models of Brazil on the catwalk.
The costumes are different from their environment. The following is a bikini-wearing on a beach. These are the common scenario on the beach. Here one can enjoy the natural beauty as well as the beauty of human beings. It is like heaven to enjoy one sexual life. The beauty full girls are always ready to welcome you. They are friendly and very much intimate. Here one may find a little problem to communicate for language barriers. The girls are smart enough but all of them so not experts in English.
Brazilian beaches are wide open to enjoy life.
“Girls and guys in Brazil are generally very sexually liberated. The body itself is a cult and an end unto itself. You go to the beach in Rio de Janeiro on the weekend and the sands are full of beautiful bodies getting their tan. In Rio in particular there must be a higher density of beauty salons and gyms than anywhere in the world. All the guys want big muscles and the girls want to look hot”(Guide to the Girls of Ipanema). “The Brazilian city of Recife will distribute so-called morning-after pills to women during its annual five-day carnival, which begins Friday. Public prosecutors rejected a Catholic Church lawsuit Tuesday that said the initiative promotes sex and may cause abortions. Prosecutor Ivana Bothello told the French news agency AFP that the pill has no abortive effect and its distribution is in no way an incentive to have sex” (Brazilian Carnival Distributes).
The above statement clears the freedom of the carnival. It is a wide-open celebration where the narrow cannot find a narrow place to hide. Sometimes the costumes are used only to make a new idea to have fun and the business wants its advertisement to get closer to the consumers. Here, it’s an advertisement for playboy.
Brazil is fond of football. Brazilian girls love football as much as to strut their stuff.
The Gays in the Carnival
Carnival opens the way for free sex. It is the huge gatherings of different people. People feel full freedom here. Thus the gays enjoy a great opportunity in Brazil’s carnival. They can easily communicate and stay together. Carnival gives the opportunity to wear any dress and gays enjoy it very much. Carnival has no restriction on homosexuals. Rather the environment creates the opportunity for homosexuals. Every year in every carnival there gathered many homosexuals. They enjoy themselves. Homosexuals increase after the passing of the bill in the US parliament of homosexuals.
The reason of use costumes in the carnival: Focus on Olinda
Costumes are the most attractive thing in the carnival. It makes a carnival colourful and lively. Every year we can distinguish the carnival from the past only by the sight of the costumes. Basically, Rio carnival has a business perspective and Olinda carnival has a philosophical and cultural perspective. For the following reasons, the costumes are important –
It conveys the theme of the carnival
The carnival conveys a theme. People were dress regarding the theme, especially those who join in the parade of Olinda carnival.
“The Giant Puppets are an attraction by themselves. Made in paper-maché, dozens of these huge figures ( up to 5 meters or 15 feet) parade along the streets every year. The most famous puppet is the Homem da Meia-Noite (Man of Midnight) who, since 1932, at midnight of the Saturday, officially starts the carnival in Olinda; siding the Man, a multitude of rhythms, including frevo, afoxés, Carlinhos and maracatu.” (RECIFE, n.d.).
It encourages the participants: Olinda is more open than Rio carnival and in Brazil Olinda carnival is more popular. “In Rio, the main attraction is the parade of samba schools, which take place inside a closed arena, called Sambódromo; in Olinda, no place is closed: every street and every corner in the Historic Center are taken by the partiers.” (RECIFE, n.d.).
It beautifies people and makes outlook beautiful: Suring the carnival people various dress and costumes which beautify them. It makes people as well as the carnival attractive. Every carnival there sits a competition to select the most beautiful.
Costumes give a new look every year and make the celebration colourful: Various colours of the costumes make the parade colourful. It gives an enchanting view of the carnival.
It increases the joy of the carnival: It has been found that when people wear new clothes, they feel charmed and feel encouraged in every work. In the same way, when people wear new costumes at the carnival they feel much more joy.
It increases the performance of the participants: As the new and creative makes people attractive, they feel proud of their costume and caused better performance.
It increases the beauty of the person: Carnival costumes increase the joy of purple as well as the beauty of the people.
It helps to fulfil one’s desire. (as poor takes the costume of a king, and the rich take the costume of a poor, etc.
It increases sexual attraction: Sex in the part of the parcel in Olinda. Olinda’s beach is good for girls, dates and enjoys sexual life. Thus the girls, as well as boys of Olinda, wear attractive costumes to beautify them.
It helps the business to sell and advertising a business product: Olinda’s beach is good for lots of fun and enjoyment. It is an ideal place for alcohol and beer. Thus the Business Company’s salesman and the concerned people wear costumes to have fun as well as to attract customers and increase sales.
It creates the competition of getting out look beautiful: It is a common nature of human being to try to make him/her more beautiful than others. Costumes are a great tool to do this. Thus in Olinda, it is common scenario to engage silent competition among people.
It contains the message of a culture: Costumes is the great identity of a culture. Thus the Indian, Arabian or the western culture can be differing from each other. In carnival people try to show their culture in costume.
It helps fashion designing and makes creative design: The different types of costumes and their innovation of new costumes, Influencing culture and helps the fashion designers to think about new fashion designing.
Conclusion
Rio carnival is the largest and finest celebration in the world. It is really a heavenly thing to the earth. When the world is interrupted with the terrorism and war, Carnival is brings the peace, happiness and love among the people as well as nations. It has already connected the people of the world; thousands of visitors-tourists join to the carnival every year. They visitors convey the message of humanity and love, and make friendly relationship between countries. It is a huge event to share culture between countries. The scope and area of the carnival is broader much more than the ancient one. In past age carnival helps to minimize the class difference in the society. Now it minimizes the class difference as well as the communicational and cultural gap. Here it we should aware about the morality. Lots of businesses are rising up regarding the carnival. Businesses help the carnival to make it enjoyable and successful. We should not let the businesses to capture the carnival.
References
Model’s Eye Surgery to Look Japanese, 2008, A Brazilian model is having nylon wires implanted in her eyes to give them an oriental slant. Web.
Rosenberg, Dan. History of Carnival in Brazil. Dedicated to African music and e music of the African Diaspora The carnival in Olinda – Christian Festival or Sex Party? Web.
The Future of Polish Small and Medium-Sized Cosmetics Firms
The story of the Polish cosmetics industry is one of triumph and inspiration. Having survived the transition to the market-driven economy, the small and medium-sized cosmetics firms find themselves operating in an environment replete with new challenges. These challenges include the entry of new competitors as well as highly dynamic market trends.
Because the Polish cosmetics industry has become saturated with the entry of more players, the firms in the market need to adjust their business strategies both internally and externally, to survive. Holding on their market segments and share demands, the firms should adopt efficient approaches that can enable them to reach the markets in time (Rudawska, 2013).
Significant investments may be required to acquire online platforms, which would allow the firms to reach new markets as well as acquire the ability to compete with the larger market players successfully. In my view, with the new marketing opportunities availed by social media, coupled with the fact that these firms are indigenous. The future of small and medium-sized firms can be consolidated by the exploitation of the accruing advantage over the competitors.
Also, a well-integrated business process would be critical in shortening the value chain and growing the utility of the products the firms offer. However, I disagree with the manager’s statement that the multinationals buoyed by large capital resource alone will drive the small and medium-sized firms out of the market. About the manager’s statement, it is essential to understand that absolute control of a market requires more than capital (Rudawska, 2013).
The role of the organization to secure a better future
It would be recommended that the organization adopt better strategic approaches to remain a leader in the cosmetics industry. Of critical importance here is staff management and talent management (Rudawska, 2013). In a market with a high level of competition, employee turnover tends to be higher. As such, losing critical employees in the firm to the competitors can have detrimental effects on the firm’s long-term goals.
In this sense, therefore, the laboratories may exploit strategic human resource methods to attract and retain human resource. Also, the approaches would significantly reduce staff mobility to ensure stability in the firm’s pursuit of its corporate objectives.
Also, the laboratories need to invest in research and development projects so that they would produce high-quality products that can effectively compete with those marketed by multinational firms in the market. Research and development would enable the business establishment to come up with innovative products that would help achieve better financial performance outcomes (Proctor, 2013).
Dr. Irena Eris Internationalization
The organization’s entry into the United States was initially driven by the demand occasioned by the Polish population living in the country. Afterward, the firm embarked on an ambitious expansion strategy. The firm moved into franchising business approaches that have ensured that its products are available in over 1,000 specialized salons in the United States of America.
The firm’s entry into the US market can be described as a guerrilla entry strategy because it was so silent and non-confrontational. Proctor (2013) asserts that a guerrilla strategy ensures that a firm that is making entry does not provoke unnecessary negative actions from competitors, who in this case, could be enjoying big market shares.
References
Proctor, T. (2013). Strategic marketing: an introduction. London, United Kingdom: Routledge.
Rudawska, E. (2013). Socially Responsible Marketing in Creating Value for Customers in the Polish Market. International Business and Management, 29(2), 73-94.