Category: Corruption

Introduction

The world of political affairs is full of different processes which are concerned with peoples urges for money and power. Such evaluation of the contemporary situation over this field of activities is not surprising. Many ordinary people constantly run across the situations considered with bureaucracy and corruption in the upper echelons of state power. This feature of every country in the world seems to be apparent and taken for granted. On the one hand, it is outrageous, because actually, it leads toward the amoral and abnormal execution of warrants. The humane approach to the correct provision of reforms points out the statements of the Constitution and other official law documents, as the primary sources and framework for the law and order manifestation in a country. On the other hand, corruption is considered by many individuals as a natural strive for power and money is the most important in the material world. In other words, peoples mentality matters in this respect.

The United States of America is also outlined with points on corruption and intrigues which appear from time to time in the higher layer of the society. Politicians and various officials are involved (intentionally or not) in the process of sharing fields of influence in the vital spheres of the state within governmental agencies. Hence, the research is intended to work out the reasons for corruption in the US government, its development in modern society along with main features, and, strange as it may seem, the ways of proper suppression. Points on privatization of public services, emergency management services and their improvement are also discussed with applicable suggestions as to the ways to stop such negative phenomena of contemporary America.

Literature Review

The significance of the problem props up against hot debates widely promoted in society. Bales (2008) sees the straightforward relation between corruption and poverty in countries worldwide. In fact, places, where the law is in decline or in its solely formal administration for all layers of the society, provoke the fall of morale and, as a result, economic stability throughout the country. This point is considered by the author as the main effect of the further ignorant attitude of people toward the point of corruption in the governmental agencies. Bales (2008) also admits that slavery is the result of corruption, in turn, people become helpless in their hope for state support on each level, from the local to the governmental ones. This controversy which is not seen so much in the United States can be understood in the examples of less developed countries, for instance, in Central Africa.

Pynes (2004) promotes the idea that the most appropriate way for making corruption in the action more blurred is to provide privatization programs for public services. The thing is that governmental agencies can contract out services. Such policy does not contradict the law and is executed accordingly. The author researches these social and political tricks made the officials. The government remains the main player in terms of the promotion of privatization because actually it touches upon its hidden interests. Beermann (2001) was one of the first who underlined the wise and criminal actions of the officials in government when he notes that government keeps a strict eye on its accountability and tries to be accountable in each sphere. Notwithstanding high standards of the verification provided in the US politicians are still versatile in methods for gaining as many personal benefits as possible. Heineman & Heimann (2007) outline within the major functions of the government the exercising of taxpayers money deciding in which branches this money is better to be invested. Thus, the authors of the article argue about the main values for the Public Administration. It is so because the analysis of the current situation in the publicity is many-faceted in its social coloring. Nonetheless, the concept of the state becomes most important in the Public Administration. Logically thinking, the state comprises the wholeness of law and its nuances for all citizens. Thus, the problem of corruption in governmental agencies is perceived as a real consequence while being involved in this process. On the other side, in a society where the law is the basis for peaceful regulations corruption is seen as a paradox. In this respect, Heineman & Heimann (2007) fairly admit that privatization is a great seduction for official figures in the government. As a result, where there is seduction or urge for something worth, then a competition appears.

Miranda & Lerner (1995) rather earlier noticed the tendency in the United States for the bureaucratic trend of development, because in the governmental agencies there is a lack of competition. Furthermore, the authors provided a fair prediction that this flow within the governmental elaboration will be continued in further times: Competition in bureaus, however, continues to develop, contrary to the canon of public administration, and only interrupted by periodic structural reforms (Cited in Miranda & Lerner, 1995, p. 196). Thus, the authors are apt to demonstrate that contemporary civilized and well-developed society is far from conditions of no bureaucracy and triumph of the law in the upper echelons of power.

The reliance of the emergency management services, as being influenced by the governmental programs, is discussed by Haddow et al (2007). Here the conceptual awareness of governments direct requirements is considered with various organizations within which the most influential and grave is Emergency Management Accreditation Program (EMAP). Haddow et al (2007) insist on the assertion that the accreditation of government emergency management programs can be helpful for the delivery of emergency management services to the public. This research straightforwardly touches upon the theme of corruption in Public Administration and its spread on the execution of services at large. The authors are intended to point out that any attempt of the government to come closer to the pathway of reforms is concerned somehow with the idea of hidden corruption and share in this or that service due to the concepts being included initially in the program.

Atherton (2004) proposes a reliable plan for the improvement of emergency management. In their article, there is research concerned with whether the correctional plan for emergency management will be successful for society and for a decrease of the extent of corruption within the governmental agencies. Thus, the authors are highly motivated to admit that such a plan is always a complex network of systems working together, and the procedure of implementation, evaluation and improvement is a continuous process that is never intended to come to an end (Atherton, 2004, p. 64).

Case Analysis

The main feature and mandatory requirement in the Public Administration is to maintain and control the process of relations between the government and the society. This process is patterned usually with diverse directions of the work as of the strategic spheres in state power. The reality of contemporary communities designates the negative impacts from the side of governmental intrigues and scandals which appear from time to time. Of course, it stops the process of adjustment to new changes in the society required by the time frame. Nevertheless, the idea of corruption in governmental agencies is not new for todays Americans.

When there is a need for money and additional financial resources for the country, then the concept of a privatization program arises. Thereupon, the officials have direct access to such huge sums of money which should be correlated for the use of the society. Such torrents of finances can be seen each time when the state power is ready to provide any privatization program. Thus, there is an apparent possibility for the officials to have their little share (but in global scope) in such deals. For the businessmen, this estimation of the current conditions is directly related to the bribery for making more success in purchasing. The above-mentioned logical explanation of how corruption can be provided in American society is a mere little assumption. In fact, the picture of real corruption is rather high.

Society can be disappointed with the actions of the officials when they just see contradictions or differences between what candidates tried to persuade them before and the consequences since the start of being in power. Heineman & Heimann (2007) prove the idea of such obstacle in relationships between the government and the society: When the government is divided up among so many for-profit subsidiarieswith virtually no oversightthat essential pact is violated (18). This is why there are many disagreements between the previously mentioned two subjects of social relationships. Everything considered with money and power is valued by individuals as one more prerequisite for the worse development of the country. Spending of taxpayers money on not so important issues delays the higher development in more vital spheres, such as healthcare, education, etc.

Cases of corruption in the United States are not so frequent and grave in comparison with other developed countries. In fact, straightforwardly in the US, the highest rates of corruption were fixed in the late nineteenth century when the country highly developed the main spheres of its economy (Bales, 2008). In the present time corruption still exists within the governmental agencies, serving as a guarantee for the provision of appropriate services for the population. Thus, the emergency management services point out a direct significance for society. Still, not everything is good in this sphere. State, territorial, and local programs as of the emergency services in many cases confront with some negative factors appearing in the government (Haddow et al, 2007). The improvements in this sphere of governmental activities can be reached by means of the organized design for the work of this department along with the corrections provided periodically by the governmental revision structures (Atherton, 2004). This flow of reforms can distinctively outline new priorities for the officials so that they could be obliged to follow the requirements of new approaches and systematic nuances in this niche of interaction between the society and the government.

Corruption is a dynamic process when talking about its presence in government agencies. Its trend is outlined with a bureaucratic machine which is obvious everywhere. Bureaucracy is the opportunity for the officials to provide their hidden plans for making more personal benefits under the mask of higher concernment about societal problems. Goods and services are the main sources of the states revenues. This is why cases of gerrymander and fraud take place in terms of the bureaucratic process of development. Again Heineman & Heimann (2007) prove this idea with more points on the entrenchment of bureaucracies:

And corruption isnt always so overt. Public bureaucracies are often ridiculed for being so entrenched: They go on and on, even after theyve outlived their usefulness. But you can bet that contractorsoften dependent on government business as a primary source of revenue, if not a sole sourcebecome entrenched as well (18).

A constant debatable approach of the society and officials toward the struggle with cases of corruption seem to be ineffective, from the one side. Actually, one of the suggestions is presupposed with the conditions in which government workers are placed along with their actions underlined rather strictly in contrast with workers in the private sector. Beermann (2001) provides an idea that in governmental agencies corruption can be stopped due to the reformation of the bureaucratic system, first of. This step would definitely facilitate any search for the corruption decrease maintained throughout the country. Agencies in the government should be controlled. Such an approach will make gradual reformation possible. Pynes (2004) is convinced that with more attention of the highest political structures on the privatization in the public sector and contracting out services the situation can be stabilized.

Conclusion

The idea of the research paper seeks a theoretical and practical explanation of corruption within government agencies. In this respect, the points on supposed reasons, facts, and suggestions as to the decrease of such negative phenomena were discussed in a critical key with the implementation of authoritative studies in this field of social, political, and economic dimensions. The research showed that the apparent nature of corruption, notwithstanding the provided measures for its restraint, seems to be everywhere. This fact cannot be taken for granted, because as a prosperous country the USA should follow the way of positive development. As Bales (2008) points out, corruption provokes slavery and poverty in society. Such assertion once more depicted the seriousness of the theme under discussion. The bureaucracy is also considered as an attribute of corruption in practice. Thus, society should be aware of applicable ways in order to work out the problem.

Thereupon, many researchers prop up against some logical assumptions which can be applied to the American society with its peculiarities in political structure and current economic research. Moreover, the importance of better control throughout all branches of power is concerned to be successful; if there will be a program for reliable and efficient reformation of the American bureaucratic system up to its total destruction. All in all, the idea seems to be very convincing in terms of todays economic difficulties in the world. Internal ways of effective and efficient administration can make an impact on the improvements of public affairs. In this respect goods and services yield will make more benefits for the US on the whole.

Reference

Atherton, G. (2004). Correctional Emergency Management: The Next Level. Corrections Today, 66, 60-67.

Bales, K. (2008). Ending Slavery: How We Free Todays Slaves. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Beermann, J. M. (2001). Privatization and Political Accountability. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 28(5), 1507-1513.

Haddow, G. D., Bullock, J. A. & Coppola, D. P. (2007). Introduction to Emergency Management (3^rd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Miranda, R., & Lerner, A. (1995). Bureaucracy, Organizational Redundancy and the Privatization of Public Services. Public Administration Review, 55(2), 193-200.

Pynes, J. (2004). Human resources management for public and nonprofit organizations (2^nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.

Shenk, J. W. (1995). The Perils of Privatization. Washington Monthly, 27, 16-20.

The poem Motives and Thoughts by Lauren Hill, discloses a distinctive way of life in many societies at present. It is evident that corruption is a significant meaning of the poem. The poet explains that corruption is a vice with deep roots in every human life, While vice and corruption take over the world. Above all, since human beings fell into a world filled with corruption, they cannot split from the reality of being corrupt. This essay attempts to discuss the theme of corruption and how the poet highlights it as a vice in the entire poem.

Every society teaches valuable ways of life, for example, codes of conduct. This is from morally right actions to what is unacceptable in the community. However, it is evident that societies do not provide enough knowledge on the subject of desirable motives and thoughts. Individuals end up thinking that they know plenty about life whereas, they lack considerable knowledge. They invest plenty of time finding valuable information about their individual life from external sources, whereas they should search for inner solutions. This is evident in the first line of the poem, Rotating bodies, confusion of sound. The poet begins by showing a significant form of distraction, sound, that individuals use to avoid searching for activities corresponding to acquiring valuable information. This is also evident in, Pleasure designed to take over your mind& and Typical Hollywood follies good girl& It is apparent that the Hollywood follies and the good girl represent corrupt people who live foolishly through imagination and idealism.

The poet shows that individuals create obstructions on their own with the intention of running away from reality. Individuals admire distant cultural practices and values that do not make sense but corrupt their minds. The poet creates the impression that individuals entertain other people with their bodies in shows. During these expositions, these individuals are subject to exploitation. This is why the poet tags on with the line Confusion of sound. This means that people allow corrupt activities to take up their lives rapidly while making them lose the value of life. Alternatively, they create a lame excuse of sound. The poet puts more emphasis on the extent of moral decay in societies in the modern world. This is evident in the last stanzas, Modern-day wickedness is all youve been taught& Lied to your neighbors, so you get ahead&

The poet uses figurative language, and poetic devices to back up the theme of corruption in the poem. For example, personification is evident in the second line, Negative imagery, holding us down. The poet personifies negative imagery to symbolize the extent of individuals submission to corrupt morals. This entails that people cannot break away from destructive morals when exposed to off-putting pictures. Metaphor is as well evident in the poem, While classes in government, set up the veil, And cultivate minds for more mythical tales. The poet directly associates the classes in government with a veil which creates a vivid idea of values that classes in a government attempt to impart fruitlessly.

Conversely, the poet uses sound devices to boost the rhythm of the poem which includes rhyme which is evident in words such as constructed, corrupted, poor, pure, Knowledge, acknowledge. Alliteration is as well evident in the first two syllables st, of Strictly strategically studying war. The poet also applies assonance by the use of syllable u of Lustful this hustle turns humans to hoes. This echoes the level of human destruction. The poet as well uses repetition in Check your motives and thoughts. This is with the intention of putting emphasis on the need to manage corrupt behavior and objectives in life. Finally, the poet puts emphasis on moral decency by the title of the poem Motives and Thoughts.

How does this unethical behavior affect FIFA?

FIFA is not only one of the most famous world cups with its traditions, history, and impact on society. It is an event that unites millions of people from different parts of the world. It is a story that helps to comprehend the worth of a game and prove the reputation of football.

In other words, FIFA is a kind of a football image, and it has to be deprived of various unethical and immoral practices. In his article, Kelso (2011) underlines that fact that each FIFA president has his own duties and responsibilities that correspond to a number of ethics code rules. It is wrong to believe that the mistakes of one person or several people may put under a threat the essence of the whole event.

Of course, the unethical behavior demonstrated by several members of FIFAs select committee, declared by Triesman during the hearing process, may become as a serious obstacle and a kind of a challenge in the history of FIFA as it is hard to understand what to expect from the committee and its actual targets (Triesman levels corruption charges at FIFA 2011).

The effects of this case cannot be neglected as it has been already introduced to the wide range of public. People know now about what happens to FIFA. Of course, people used to think that some cases of corruption or other examples of unethical behavior could be inherent to FIFA. But now they have evidence and know it is true.

However, our world is not perfect, and people understand that some mistakes can take place. This is why it is very important to consider the presence of such mistakes, overcome the challenge, realize what can be done to punish the accused, and use the most appropriate methods to change the situation for better. FIFA is too important for people, and its mistakes should become a lesson for society.

If your business relates to FIFA (e.g., you are the owner of a soccer club), how will your business be affected by this news and how will you deal with it?

If I were the owner of a soccer club, I think I would be influenced by the events and the news spread about FIFA and the cases of corruption. However, telling the truth, I would not be surprised. As a professional manager, I would know that corruption could be spread in all spheres of life. It is hard to avoid some financial problems, be fair with everyone, and consider ethical behavior all the time.

Sometimes, it is important to break the rules to achieve good results. Sometimes, it is necessary to lie or to hurt someones feelings. Of course, it is unpleasant when personal mistakes are identified by other people. Still, it is inevitable. Business, especially football business, has its own peculiarities, and professional managers should be aware of them.

Still, being accused of corruption is not a good thing, and people should think how to avoid it. Current FIFAs case may become a good lesson for me. I should think about some precautionary methods like to inform employees, organize anti-corruption training, and define the most effective punishment in order not to provide my people with a chance to believe that corruption is something that can be neglected or understood.

Several groups should be organized to make sure that cheating and any other illegal financial operations are under control. People know that it is also possible to find a way and get benefit from something. Still, any kind of such decision should not be made at the expense of a companys good name. My soccer club should not be known as one steeped in cheating or corruption.

Reference List

Kelso, P. (2011, May 10). Lord Triesman alleges FIFA corruption in World Cup bidding process at Commons committee hearing. The Telegraph.

Triesman, D. (Speaker). (2011). Triesman levels corruption charges at FIFA.

Introduction

Corruption is one of the most topical social problems that have always been topical. However, for areas characterized by a weak government, low social development, absence of infrastructure, poverty, and military conflicts, it becomes critical as bribery slows down evolution, deteriorates the situation in the state, and undermines the work of social institutions. Another critical problem is that corruption has numerous forms and sophisticated schemes that can be employed to hide illegal and unethical practices and acquire benefits. Thus, Abu and Staniewski (2019) define corruption as the abuse of available power and authority to generate a private gain. The given definition demonstrates that bribery, as one of its forms, is possible when one of the parties possesses the authority and access to resources that can be used for private purposes. For this reason, it becomes strongly associated with agencies of bodies responsible for critical processes in countries. It also means that the problem has a systemic nature that demands multiple sources and efforts to address and resolve it.

Moreover, the problem of corruption is interconnected with politics and the work of government. Otusanya (2011) is sure that the dominance of unfair practices and bribery is possible only if the major agencies do not have limits established by the law or the juridical system is also corrupted. The ineffective supervision combined with the ineffective work of regulatory bodies creates the space for manipulations with finance and other sources (Narcisse & Tiky, 2010). For countries with established political systems and the aligned work of all power branches, the problem becomes less critical. However, for developing regions, corruption becomes one of the integral parts of their social, political, and economic lives and affects the main institutions. Under these conditions, practical strategies to struggle against bribery acquire the top priority as one of the major tools necessary for creating the basis for the future positive shifts and generation of benefits for broader population groups. Otherwise, the lack of attention to the problem worsens the situation and political collapse combined with the inability to improve the situation.

Corruption in Africa

For Africas developing states, the problem of corruption remains one of the most topical issues. Joslyn (2019) says bribery has been a source of economic inefficiency in numerous parts of the continent. Statistics show that from 1999 to 2015, bout 397 individuals and 133 entities were provided with punishments for bribery and unethical or illegal actions (Joslyn, 2019). Moreover, the region lost about $89 billion a year in illicit financial flows and tax evasion, according to the United Nations report (DAgostino et al., 2016). It demonstrates the critical scope of the problem and its influence on all aspects of life in the state. Moreover, the growing peoples dissatisfaction with corruption influences the political life of the state and elections as people prefer to select anti-corruption candidates ready to protect nations (Joslyn, 2019). Under these conditions, the scope of the problem is significant and continuous to grow. The reports show that most African countries do not have demanded transparency levels to control the spread of corruption and stop its further evolution. For this reason, the concern acquires the top priority.

The problem is complicated because numerous countries in Africa have low Human Development Indicators. According to the United Nations, the combination of low HDI and low scores in transparency internationals corruption perception index means that there are numerous opportunities for bribers to generate benefits and conceal their gain by using illegal schemes (DAgostino et al.,2016). Furthermore, DAgostino et al. (2016) say that corruption might interact with government spending to influence economic growth in African countries. It means that the continent experiences a powerful influence of this factor which becomes one of the integral parts of its economy and slows down the speed of its development and evolution (DAgostino et al., 2016). Regardless of numerous attempts to struggle against the problem, it remains topical. The colonial past, first stages of economic development, and neo-patrimonialism influence the situation, making it more complex and creating the ground for new cases. Investigating these aspects, it is possible to acquire an improved vision of this phenomenon and how it affects African society.

Causes of Corruption

Another problem is that corruption in Africa is deeply rooted, and there are numerous causes for its emergence. For instance, speaking about Nigeria, Abu and Staniewski (2019) emphasize the existence of numerous social and economic problems. Insufficient public spending on education and healthcare, critical levels of unemployment, low income, severe poverty, cultism, kidnapping, and weak centralized power affected the state and all aspects of its life. One of the major factors responsible for the emergence of these issues was corruption in the public sector affecting all segments of the states economy and all branches of its power, such as executive, legislative, and judicial (Abu & Staniewski, 2019). As a result, Nigeria suffered from multiple adverse effects linked to the given social problem. Abu and Staniewski (2019) assume that the major determinants of corruption and bribery in Nigeria were economic development, civil liberties, political rights, and military conflicts. These could be viewed as the states colonial heritage and its failed state-building attempts.

In such a way, corruption is closely linked to economic and social development. For African states, the problem becomes especially topical as most nations are viewed as developing ones. Having become independent, African countries engaged in state-building processes; however, the lack of experience, inner conflicts linked to the colonial past, the strong influence of neocolonialism, and the absence of a clear vision for the future evolution reduced the power of governments (Abu & Staniewski, 2019). The ineffective management and rule resulted in establishing the system characterized by unethical practices and attempts to gain benefits at any cost (Abu & Staniewski, 2019). It gave rise to crime, military conflicts, and corruption as one of the integral components of this system. According to numerous authors, the leading causes for corruption in Africa include low economic development, lack of transparency, poverty, and ineffective social institutions (Abu & Staniewski, 2019; Narcisse& Tiky, 2010; Otusanya, 2011). These factors contribute to the establishment of an environment favorable for the emergence of unethical behaviors and illicit financial operations.

Neo Patrimonialism

Another factor that is often associated with the rise of corruption in Africa is the existence of neo-patrimonialism. The given system influences social interactions and introduces specific rules regulating relations between population groups and individuals. Bonga (2021) defines it as a specific framework where patrons have access to state resources and can use them to protect the loyalty of clients and ensure they are ready to continue the interaction. The functioning of the system supports specific relations between a patron and a client and ensures their close cooperation (Bonga, 2021). At the same time, the bureaucratic structure of the state supports the functioning of the model and provides people with real power with a chance to protect their interests and dominant positions (Bonga, 2021). For Africa, neo-patrimonialism was viewed as the necessary factor to unify nations after decolonization and ensure they have access to resources needed for their evolution (Bonga, 2021). However, over time, the system led to the exploitation of colonial institutions to generate benefits for a few individuals (Bonga, 2021). It became one of the central issues for the developing nations.

Numerous contemporary authors assume that neo-patrimonialism is one of the significant factors influencing the poor state of African economics. DAgostino et al. (2016) view it as the explanation of the poor economic performance and ineffective work of other social institutions. The existence of patrons with their own interests creates the space for manipulations and machinations, meaning there will always be an opportunity to employ illegal practices (Bonga, 2021). The same scheme can be observed in business spheres. Bonga (2021) says that companies that have patrons with authority and power have more chances for beneficial contracts and can easily generate extra revenue. The given system results in the establishment of unfair practices in all spheres of African states. The limited access to resources also means that such patrons can benefit from their privileged status and make decisions helping to meet their interests instead of promoting wellness in communities (Bonga, 2021). Most businesses in African states suffer from neopatrimonialism and are limited in their options to do their job or generate money. It critically slows down the speed of economic development and excludes population groups from social and economic discourse.

Corruption and Government

Another critical problem with corruption in Africa is that it is cultivated by the government and agencies representing it. Thus, Budhram and Geldenhuys (2018) say that bribery has an endemic nature in most states of the continent, while local governments fail to struggle with the problem. For instance, South Africa can be described as a shadow state controlled by corrupted bodies and staying on the edge of becoming a state controlled by criminals and clans (Budhram & Geldenhuys, 2018). In such a way, corruption takes place in Africa on a massive scale and remains all-pervasive, affecting all spheres of social and political life. Budhram and Geldenhuys (2018) say that although the governments recognize the existing problem and its critical influence on states, the efforts aimed at its elimination are weak and ineffective. The low reporting rate, solving and detection rates, and an insufficient number of convictions compared to the incidence of crime prove the decreased effectiveness of such efforts and attempts to struggle with corruption (Budhram & Geldenhuys, 2018). The central reason explaining the failure of these efforts is the involvement of all governmental bodies in bribery.

Analyzing the motifs for misconduct and unethical behavior of politicians and governmental bodies, Budhram and Geldenhuys (2018) say that self-enrichment in terms of poverty is the primary cause of the governments helplessness and its inability to address the problem. Researchers also show that 330 members and former members of the Parliament in South Africa were engaged in unethical machinations and schemes viewed as corruption (Budhram & Geldenhuys, 2018). High-ranking officials, senior managers, corporates, business people, and their family members formed close relations characterized by bribery, corruption, and protection of interests by abusing power (Budhram & Geldenhuys, 2018). Moreover, corruption in government facilitates money laundering and the outflow of money from developing countries (Budhram & Geldenhuys, 2018). It becomes a serious problem for their economies as the lack of finances slows down all critical processes and reduces the effectiveness of state-building processes. Under these conditions, corrupted governmental bodies make the problem of corruption more sophisticated and postpone its resolution. At the same time, they contribute to the emergence of numerous adverse effects in business and economics. The resolution of the problem is impossible without addressing the problem of political corruption and bribery, which have severe effects on Africas states.

Economies and Corruption

As stated previously, corrupted practices occur due to the inappropriate development of infrastructure and lack of financial resources that can be used by populations to improve their well-being. Abu and Staniewski (2019) state that higher economic development and civil liberties available to citizens might help to control corruption levels and reduce the new cases of bribery and enhance transparency. However, the major problem is that in African states, their underdeveloped economies cannot ensure the desired well-being level for people. For this reason, they view unethical and illegal practices as the only possible way to improve their current states and ensure individuals will survive and support their families. Moreover, since there are no perspectives for the critical improvement, the corruption will remain persuasive and affect the economies of states.

The poor economic development and access to fundamental liberties influence most areas in Africa. Abu & Staniewski (2019) say that the continuous infringement on human rights increases the level of fear and actualizes the basic security needs, such as the demand for food, shelter, and safety. For this reason, corruption is viewed as the way to satisfy basic needs and ensure survival (Abu & Staniewski, 2019). It means that the corrupted practices cannot be eliminated when citizens of the state do not have access to infrastructure and suffer from the lack of protection and social coverage (Abu & Staniewski, 2019). In such a way, weak economies dominating the African continent create the basis for the future deterioration of the situation and the further development of corruption, which might have critical effects on states future.

Ethical Sides of Corruption

Analyzing the problem, it is also critical to mention the ethical side of corruption. Engagement in illegal practices and schemes is viewed as a rude violation of existing laws and inappropriate behavior (Turyakira, 2018). However, regardless of the overall negative attitude to the given phenomenon, it remains topical and evolves. There are several factors explaining the continuous nature of the process. First of all, the phenomenon became a part of the culture, which is one of the threatening signs affecting societies (Turyakira, 2018). It is viewed as an inevitable aspect of an existing system and its integral part (Turyakira, 2018). For this reason, attempts to struggle against corruption always fail as they are initially viewed as ineffective (Turyakira, 2018). Furthermore, ordinary citizens know corrupt officials and address them to assist with their business problems or issues (Galperin et al., 2020). It means that bribery transformed from an unethical practice into part of everyday interactions, which is dangerous for a developing society.

The ethical sides of corruption also include establishing an unfair and discriminative system affecting all citizens lives. Thus, abuse of power, bribery, inappropriate use of public funds, influencing the work of the justice system, and hiding income create the basis for the rise of individual and social injustice and discrimination. For instance, Galperin et al. (2020) say that most business people in Africa cannot do business independently and use fair practices. The refusal to pay the patron will result in the creation of conditions depressing a new project and depriving it of the chance to evolve and provide citizens with income (Turyakira, 2018). Under these conditions, corruption has multiple negative and unethical impacts on the society of African states and its business sphere.

Business Ethics, Corruption, Unfair Practices

The information found in previous sources shows that neo-patrimonialism, corrupted schemes, and the ineffective work of supervisory and judiciary bodies influence the state of the business sector. Turyakira (2018) says that there is increasing pressure on business organizations to behave ethically and be transparent. It indicates that unethical practices are judged at the international level, and groups using such methods can face severe punishment (Adeleye et al., 2020). For Africas business, it means that most of its companies face the high risk of being excluded from the discourse because of the deep integration of corrupted schemes in their functioning. At the same time, Turyakira (2018) says that violation of the business rules and the code of ethics results in the collapse of the economy and business sphere and also cultivates high corruption. For this reason, bribery gives rise to bribery and the emergence of multiple adverse effects in the states.

The corrupted culture and the dominance of unfair forms also influence the business world. Thus, Galperin et al. (2020) say that entrepreneurs might suffer from problems caused by deeply rooted illegal practices. Using data from a real case, Galperin et al. (2020) say that fair and ethical entrepreneurs are pressed and threatened by their partners, who are used to employ illegal schemes and methods to attain their goals. It worsens the situation, and it is impossible to remain with the legal framework. Third parties appeal to their patrons and politicians who have the power to use economic levers and guarantee obedience and observation of existing corrupted practices (Galperin et al., 2020). The example demonstrates that corruption becomes a severe challenge for all African entrepreneurs and business people who try to generate income. They are obliged to follow unofficial rules and pay their patrons.

Moreover, in most African states, the healthcare sector and businesses associated with its work are also corrupted. Medicine and distribution of drugs have always been attractive for investors as it is possible to acquire stable benefits and income. At the same time, there is a high level of governmental involvement as the healthcare sector is a critical part of any country, and its functioning is regulated by the state. Regarding the corrupted practices employed by most politicians in Africa, it means that the healthcare sector becomes corrupted same as many other spheres (Onwujekwe et al., 2020). For instance, in Nigeria, the reports identify 49 corrupt practices that affect the sectors work (Onwujekwe et al., 2020). At the same time, business people involved in the work of the sphere also have to follow corrupted methods and accept the existing approaches. For this reason, the literature evidences the fact that corruption also influences the healthcare sector and deteriorates the quality of care delivery.

In such a way, numerous authors evidence that the business sectors of African states face the challenge of growing corruption and the impossibility to remain ethical and act observing the current laws. At the same time, the research shows that companies that have the experience of being part of the corrupted system or which use unfair practices suffer from a poor image at the international level (Onwujekwe et al., 2020). It means that they have decreased chances of acquiring new international partners and becoming a global actor. For this reason, Africas states do not have the chance of developing solid economies and resolving the problem of poverty. Local companies are viewed as unreliable partners and suffer from reduced access to international sources.

Solutions

The facts mentioned above show that the problem of corruption remains significant and affects African states and their economies. The business sector is also impacted by bribery, neo-patrimonialism, and unfair practices, which means a limited number of chances for successful development. For this reason, it is critical to offer practical solutions to the problem and methods that can help to reduce the number of new cases. Thus, Abu and Staniewski (2019) say that one of the major demands for eliminating the given social stigma is the improvement of the quality of life, provision of access to civil liberties, and cultivation of economic development. Addressing these factors, it is possible to focus on the major causes for the growing number of briberies to eliminate them. The investigators say that access to healthcare, food, social institutions, and a fair attitude leads to reconsidering the attitude to unfair practices and their reduced topicality (Abu & Staniewski, 2019). For this reason, it is critical to focus on addressing these issues first of all.

At the same time, the solution to corruption demands a structured and systemic approach. Joslyn (2019) says that the reconsideration of the current system of relations between political and economic powers is the central demand for reducing corruption levels. Thus, the increased transparency will lead to better control and supervision, which is vital for struggling against bribery and cultivating fair practices in the state. The structured approach implies the destruction of existing ties between political agencies and local businesses which benefit from corruption and neo-patrimonialism. It will help to reduce the pressure on business and guarantee that new, fair, and legal practices will be used (Joslyn, 2019). In such a way, most authors agree that elimination of corruption is possible only if the structured approach is used and the systemic change is implemented.

Conclusion

Altogether, most reviewed sources show that corruption remains a critical concern for Africas developing states. The absence of needed infrastructure, poor economic development, and the outdated system of relations between the government and individuals create the basis for the rise of unethical practices. Investigators show that almost all sectors and industries are corrupted and cannot be viewed as transparent. Illegal financial schemes and the movement of capital affect countries and make future development impossible. Under these conditions, it becomes critical to implement effective measures that would help to address the problem and resolve it.

The deeply rooted nature of corruption means a structured approach is needed to struggle against it. Thus, most authors say that the collaborative effort of all existing regulatory bodies is needed to destroy old and ineffective practices and guarantee they are replaced with new ones, which might help to align meaningful cooperation between individuals and government. It would help to make business ethical again and guarantee that no critical deterioration of the situation would appear.

References

Abu, N., & Staniewski, M. (2019). Determinants of corruption in Nigeria: Evidence from various estimation techniques. Economic Research-Ekonomska istra~ivanja, 32(1), 3052-3076.

Adeleye, I., Luiz, J., Muthuri, J., & Amaeshi, K. (2020). Business ethics in Africa: The role of institutional context, social relevance, and development challenges. Journal of Business Ethics, 161(4), 717-729.

Bonga, W. (2021). Exploring the impact of neopatrimonialism dominance in Africa. Dynamic Research Journals Journal of Economics & Finance, 6(1), 17-23.

Budhram, T., & Geldenhuys, N. (2018). Combating corruption in South Africa: Assessing the performance of investigating and prosecuting agencies. Acta Criminologica: African Journal of Criminology & Victimology, 31(2), 23-46.

DAgostino, G., Dunne, J., & Pieroni, L. (2016). Corruption and growth in Africa. European Journal of Political Economy, 43, 71-88.

Galperin, B. L., Enueme, C. F., & Dixon, D. P. (2020). Pay the bribe or take the high road: Dilemma of a young female Tanzanian entrepreneur. The CASE Journal, 16(1), 75-96.

Joslyn, J. (2019). Bribery in Sub-Saharan Africa: The mediating effects of institutional development and trust. Socius.

Narcisse, L., & Tiky, V. (2010). The causes of corruption: Explaining the high levels of corruption in developing countries. The University of Texas at Dallas.

Onwujekwe, O., Orjiakor, C. T., Hutchinson, E., McKee, M., Agwu, P., Mbachu, C., Ogbozor, P., Obi, U., Odii, A., Ichoku, H., & Balabanova, D. (2020). Where Do We Start? Building Consensus on Drivers of Health Sector Corruption in Nigeria and Ways to Address It. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 9(7), 286296.

Otusanya, O. J. (2011). Corruption as an obstacle to development in developing countries: A review of literature. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 14(4), 387-422.

Turyakira, P. K. (2018). Ethical practices of small and medium-sized enterprises in developing countries: Literature analysis. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 21(1), 1-7.

Corruption, which is the abuse of power for personal gain, has long been a global issue that affects both developed and developing countries. It is a problem that undermines the rule of law, hinders economic growth, and erodes public trust in institutions. The negative impact of corruption on a global scale is undeniable since it affects all socioeconomic aspects, and it requires a collective effort to be eradicated.

First, it is evident that corruption has a significant impact on economic development. According to economic theory, worse quality products and services from the state are related to elevated levels of corruption (Spyromitros and Panagiotidis 5). The fundamental cause is that assets are used by administrators for their own gain rather than to help end consumers (Spyromitros and Panagiotidis 5). Certain sectors, including infrastructure construction, defense spending, health care, and education, might all be affected (Spyromitros and Panagiotidis 5). As a result, when corruption is present, it can hinder economic growth and reduce the effectiveness of public services.

Moreover, corruption undermines the rule of law and erodes public trust in institutions, leading to an erosion of democracy and the potential for social unrest. The research determined evidence that suggests perceptions of corruption may have had a major impact on how people felt about the justice system (Torcal and Christmann 1). Therefore, in order to secure the democratic administration of the country, it is essential to eradicate corruption.

Furthermore, corruption is a significant obstacle to poverty reduction and sustainable development. Availability and the standard of public services, including those that are crucial for the poor in terms of health, education, food, transportation, and sanitation, are related to poverty (Yunan 420). Insufficient opportunities, knowledge, voice, and representation are further factors (Yunan 420). It is clear in this instance that poverty and corruption are related. The structural effects of corruption on poverty include slowed economic growth, decreased foreign and domestic investment, market distortion, less competition, and a rise in disparity (Yunan 420). Since it lowers the poors earnings potential, corruption is more inclined to make poverty worse. Consequently, a key concern in the effort to decrease poverty is the abolition of corruption.

Fighting corruption requires a collective effort by governments, civil society, and the private sector. Governments must establish and uphold anti-corruption legislation, encourage openness and accountability in state bodies, and ensure that corrupt politicians are held responsible for their deeds. Civil society additionally plays a vital role in combating corruption. It can serve as a watchdog to monitor government actions and hold officials accountable. Additionally, community organizations can raise awareness about the negative impact of such an issue and advocate for policies that promote transparency and accountability. Lastly, the private sector has a responsibility to combat corruption by implementing robust anti-corruption policies and procedures, promoting transparency in business practices, and refusing to engage in corrupt practices.

Hence, as corruption impacts all socioeconomic factors and necessitates a communal effort to be removed, its detrimental effects on the world are clear. First, it is undeniable that corruption significantly hinders economic growth. Moreover, corruption erodes faith in institutions and the rule of law, which weakens democracy and increases the risk of civil upheaval. Moreover, corruption poses a serious barrier to sustainable development and the alleviation of poverty. The commercial sector, civil society, and government must work together to combat corruption.

Works Cited

Spyromitros, Eleftherios, and Minas Panagiotidis. The Impact of Corruption on Economic Growth in Developing Countries and a Comparative Analysis of Corruption Measurement Indicators. Cogent Economics & Finance, vol. 10, no. 1, 2022, pp. 1-31. Web.

Torcal, Mariano, and Pablo Christmann. Responsiveness, performance and corruption: reasons for the decline of political trust. Frontiers in Political Science, vol. 87, 2021, pp. 1-13. Web.

Yunan, Zuhairan. Corruption, Poverty, and Economic Growth (Causality Studies among Asean Countries). Journal of Economics and Policy, vol. 11, no. 2, 2018, pp. 413-428. Web.

Introduction

Corruption is one of the major causes of underdevelopment in developing states. It is viewed as misappropriation of public funds. It involves using public resources to benefit an individual. It is never accidental but intentional. The senior government officials collaborate with their juniors to deprive the public its resources. Major forms of corruption are economic in nature. The civil servants as the representatives of the government come up with policies that will benefit them or their bosses. In terms of employment, the corrupt officials use favor in assigning roles to individuals. Unqualified persons end up receiving well paying jobs because their relatives are bosses. In the market, weak companies are offered protection. The companies enjoy wider markets without substantial competitors (Tanzi, 1995).

Causes of Corruption

Corruption has been going on in developing nations mainly because of the patron-client relationship kind of politics. The political class request to be endorsed by the people as their leaders promising to reward them with certain goodies. The less developed regions remain underdeveloped if they do not produce leaders who will lobby for them. Resource allocation is not done on merit because certain sectors are given priority with the intention of gaining political mileage. The elected leaders come up with popular policies that serve the interests of the few. Their personal self-interests guide their motives to loot public coffers.

Another cause of corruption is the belief system. For instance, in Africa a leader is never justified to be strong politically if he/she does not make him/herself and his/her people strong economically. By trading and distributing goods and services, the leaders propagate corruption by enhancing speculation of commodities in the market. Contracts are awarded to friends and relatives (Baumol, 2002).

Instead of leaving the market logics to operate on their own, the state intervenes from time to time making corruption to be easily exercised. The market and the state are intertwined with the political elite controlling the economy. The political class comes up with ideas of mercantilism while confusing the public that they want to safeguard national interests. The rich in most cases are the ones controlling both the state and the economy (Shleifer & Vishney, 1993).

Effects of Corruption

The economy finally has ended up being controlled by rich foreign companies. The multinationals dictate on what they want to the government. This interferes with state sovereignty. They bail out states due to their massive resources. The state cannot carry out its functions effectively. The opinion of the companies is considered even when the actions to be taken are against them. This has led to poor working conditions since the labor laws made are favorable to multinational corporations (Tanzi, 1995). The security of the state becomes shaky due to corruption. For instance, the drug lords have taken control of Columbia because the state officials receive some benefits of the trade. Incidences of crime such as rape, carjacking and robbery have increased with criminals using their economic potentials to buy justice. The common person has no right since the state acts according to the wishes of the rich.

Conclusion

The cases of corruption increased during the cold war since countries were not being held responsible by the then super powers. The powers were concerned about selling their ideologies. The West wanted to dominate the whole world with capitalism while the East pursued the idea of Communism. After the cold war, the only super power that remained (USA) made it a condition for developing nations to be accountable if they were to receive any form of aid. This made the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to introduce structural adjustment programs. It was necessary for states to liberalize their economies and privatize the local companies. This was an attempt to reduce corruption that failed. The program tried but corruption had inner roots and was deeply rooted in individuals.

References

Baumol, W.J., 2002. The Free-market Innovation Machine: Analyzing the Growth Miracle of Capitalism, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.

Shleifer, A., & Vishney R., 1993. Corruption, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108. pp. 599-617

Tanzi, V., 1995. Corruption: Arms-length Relationship and Markets, in Fiorentini, G. and Pelzman, (eds). The Economics of Organized Crime, Cambridge: University Press.

Regarding human rights abuses, Morocco, which is ranked 39 on the index, proposed an emergency law that denied citizens their right to movement, as well as assembly and free speech. Furthermore, the act was applied as legal protection targeting government critics and advocates of human rights. Thus, companies that would have complained against the inhuman treatment of the citizens would face severe judgments. Blasts that occur as a result of corruption lead to economic collapse, which affects company operations and profitability. For example, the Beirut blast in Lebanon resulted in widespread protests that caused an economic standstill.

Most companies suffer inequality and discrimination across corrupt regions. Corrupt use of personal connections allows known persons to refer friends to companies only linked to them. In Arab states, waste has been applied, consequently leading to slow business and sometimes the collapse of companies that are not favored. There are numerous ways that savvy marketers can apply to safeguard their global community. They should ensure citizens are enlightened on graft matters at regional, governmental, and intercontinental levels. Furthermore, keep them updated with the scale and scope of corruption. Marketers can use the emergence of technology to strengthen a continuous exchange between key stakeholders like governments, the public, civil society formations, academicians, and the media. Additionally, they should work with both governmental and non-governmental groups to alter conduct and observe progression.

Safeguarding organizational reputation requires transparency, which involves open procedures in business operations. Organizations should also comply with procurement rights, from advertisements to tender awards. Furthermore, they should make the company the frontline agent in reporting any misinformation to protect its reputation. If a newspaper print highlights false information, the company should report the issue and provide true data. Lastly, whistleblowing is necessary for a corrupt state to protect the companys image.

Conclusively, I have learned that corruption is a global problem that needs urgent attention. The problem is more prevalent in developing countries, necessitating intervention from politically stable nations. Additionally, developed nations such as the United States should invest resources and power in combating this menace in the Middle East and African countries. Unfortunately, corruption denies citizens basic needs such as food and better health care services, in addition to infrastructural development.

The potential for good and evil transpires in all individuals. For centuries we have found consolation in the safety of but one side of the argument. The argument being whether or not man is inherently good, and the control over the mechanistic qualities of which would constitute an explicit stance on the former. The novel In Cold Blood By Truman Capote as well as Lord Of The Flies by William Golding conveys unique messages that aid in enlightening the nature of man. The divergent views of inherent goodness can be represented by philosophical masterminds Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Thomas Hobbes.

Rousseau stands for the idea that humanity is instinctively kind, while Hobbes for Humanity’s natural selfishness. The interchangeability of qualities between characters in the novels provide ample truth in that there is no such thing as inherent goodness and vice versa. There is plenty of evidence of human tendencies for kindness as well as selfishness. The novel In Cold Blood, by Truman Capote, illustrates this when protagonist Perry claims to have liked Mr. Clutter, and subsequently murders him, “I didn’t want to harm the man. I thought he was a very nice gentleman. Soft-spoken. I thought so right up to the moment I cut his throat”(Capote 244). Perry acknowledges his desire not to harm Mr. Clutter, even implying the discord between his thoughts and actions through his lack of remorse. While it would be believed that Perry’s severe mental state is what led him to commit such an act, Jean-Jacques Rousseau explains that is not the case. According to Rousseau, man is psychologically and spiritually free when not enslaved to the artificial needs that characterize modern society. Furthermore, Man’s enslavement to his own needs is responsible for societal ills, from exploitation and domination of others to poor self-esteem and depression. This provides the notion that Perry is enslaved to his artificial needs and illnesses that are derived from deep-rooted childhood trauma. Because of this, Perry has scrambled down a path of societal driven ills. Yet, Perry’s capacity for kindness remains prevalent throughout the novel, proving that you cannot have one(evil) without the other(kindness). With politics, the debate becomes all that much harder to settle. Given the social significance, any situation is further intensified.

Rousseau’s belief in essential human goodness and Hobbes’s cynical view of human motives essentially lay out the plot of the novel Lord Of The Flies. In their stranded and dire situation, the need for democracy is violently clear to them and a battle of power commences. The vacillation of the boys’ beliefs throughout the novel is finally addressed by arguably the most moral of the bunch. Piggy, a cherished character’s last words were, “Which is better — to have laws and agree, or to hunt and kill?”(Golding 180). This quote exposes the basis of thought throughout the novel, as well as in this excerpt. The two main powers Ralph and Jack clash and argue the methods of their ways, and the conch(the symbol of their democracy is shattered). Jack’s assumed moral high ground ultimately remains.

The protagonist Ralph is represented by the former of the quote, as he believes in goodness as well as social justice while also having faith in the masses. However, Jack being the antagonist is represented by the ladder; he cherishes societal control and hierarchy whilst also accepting the inevitability of war. These qualities are akin to the likes of Rousseau and Hobbes. By fault of the Human Condition however, these definitions of character can be swapped between Ralph and Jack as they both demonstrate similar qualities throughout the novel. When Ralph gives in to the pressure of his peers and abuses Simon alongside them, his morals falter and he briefly gives way to the mob mentality. He and Piggy express immense remorse, “I’m frightened. Of us. I want to go home, Oh God, I want to go home”(Golding, 140). This panicky sense they feel after doing something they strongly consider not to be good, shows their consistent effort to be morally correct. Similarly when Jack adheres to basic morality in the very beginning, “I agree with Ralph. We’ve got to have rules and obey them. After all, we’re not savages. We’re English, and the English are best at everything. So we’ve got to do the right things”(2). Here, Jack asserts the importance of democracy as well as demonstrates the importance of doing the right thing. This is contrary to his selfish ideals in that he is typically apprehensive about the thought of agreeing upon anything, much less with Ralph.

Ironically, Jack mentions them not being savages, however, he could be compared to exactly that later on in the book. The two boys work hard to maintain their appearance of good and bad but cannot escape the inevitability of the alternatives. In Chinese philosophy, Yin Yang represents the concept of dualism. Shows a balance between two opposites with a portion of the opposite element in each section. The Yin Yang symbol is ultimately representative of good and evil and how it is an indivisible whole. Seemingly opposite or contrary forces may be complementary, interconnected, and interdependent, and how they may give rise to each other as they interrelate to one another. The indivisibility of the Yin Yang is in relation to the concept that no one person is simply good or evil. It provides a visual for the ever battling good and evil that resides in us all, furthering the claim that the potential for good and evil occurs in every individual. The goodness of man can be intensified and corrupted, just as selfishness can be exaggerated or reduced. Side by side with our destructive capacity is our constructive capacity, our capacity to do good and be good. It is clear that we all have the capacity for goodness, as well as the capacity for evil. The beast in man lies in the freedom of our choices and corruption of our ideologies, due to societal constraints and our personal experiences.

As we live in this present scenario which is infused with various social evils which has become the maxim of the day and deters various socio-economic development. Among these social evils the most dreaded evil which is visible throughout the globe is corruption. The corruption which is not conducive to social stability and social equilibrium.

Bhargava says that, “act of commission or omission by a public servant for securing pecuniary or other material advantage or indirectly for himself, his family or friends is corruption”. This menace has not prevalent everywhere, it has innumerable forms and dimensions. With the passage of time corruption in India has become a convention, a tradition, psychological need, socio-etiquette, a taboo and necessity, it is considered as a very heinous root of evil in our society. There is not a single person who rests aloof from this menace one way or other way as Kholi says, that deceiving or betraying is corruption, mismanaging of public or private funds is corruption, undue use of force or power is corruption. Corruption is a driving force and part of national character.

Corruption has been with the Indians since the mythological times and is found in every walk of life. ‘The Far Eastern Economic Review’ has called corruption the ‘Asian lubricant’, it says: “Like the gods and goddesses who abound in Asia (of course in India too) each with many faces, many hands, and many names, corruption has diverse aspects and numerous ingenious ways of extorting an illegal ‘luck’ corruption in Indian public life is all spreading and spread throughout, permeative the like”.

Corruption is like an addictive tool which molds the individual to full fill his selfish ends, and has very deep roots in the country. We have seen many causes of corruption which has been evidently known. Economic insecurity is regarded as the most important cause of corruption by which poor people become corrupt in the hope of becoming rich, same as another cause the system of democracy in India also contributes to corruption like in elections all ruling party spend crores of rupees on each election. The very presence of black money is one of the main sources of corruption.

Corruption and organized crime, white collar crime and political crimes very often go together. Corruption provides space for organized crime. Organized crimes are normally committed by comparatively rich and high-status people in society. Organized crime, thus can be viewed as “the extension of legitimate market activities into areas normally prescribed for the pursuit of profit and in response to latent illicit demands”. Political corruption is the main motivating factor for organized crime in the modern societies. Elliot and Merril have rightly observed that political corruption and organized crimes are so closely related that one can’t be considered without the other. Other white-collar crimes account for enough violations of law. By comparison, the instances of white-collar crimes are more than the conventional types of crimes such as theft, burglary, arson, loot, murder, kidnapping etc. As in Sutherland, “white-collar crime is a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in course of his occupation”. According to Sayre, white-collar crimes can be called ‘public welfare offences’. He has distinguished such crimes into various kinds which may be noted here: illegal sale of intoxicating liquor, sale of impure or adulterated food or drugs, sale of misbranded articles, criminal nuisances etc. Hence, the tool to prevent this menace is the Santaram Committee on Prevention of Corruption, set up by the central government in 1964. Corruption cannot be eliminated or even satisfactorily reduced unless preventive measures are planned and implemented in a systematic and effective manner. Preventive action must include administrative, legal, social, economic, and educative measures. The above said committee recommended the several measures which may hamper the range of corruption. In order to eradicate its seeds, the government has undertaken some initiatives like the Prevention of Corruption Act 1947, but unfortunately it has failed its strength as the corruption has increased out of all in its dimensions.

So, on the whole we have seen the symptoms of corruption on the one way and by the another, and is spread widely through the world and has taken the shape of socio-infection in this present environment and has become contagious and is as dangerous as Ebola, which tends to instability, chaos and fetters in progress of man’s domain. So, to speak widely about this social evil we should conduct associations, programs, awareness campaigns and should aware the common subjects to keep apart them from this evil. If we find success in the eradication of this undesirable bolt of society, then that may recall once again the wheel of progress which have been fully stopped structurally till now.

References

1. Bhargava G.S. India’s Watergate: A Study in Political Corruption. Arnold hieneman publishers, New Delhi, 1974, p.10.
2. Suresh, Kholi. Corruption in India. Prakesh Kendriya publ. lakhnow, 2004, pp. 32-32.
3. Shanker Rao. Principles of Sociology with an Introduction to Social Thought. S. Chand Publ. 2009, p. 631.
4. G.R., Madan. Indian Social Problems. Allied Publishers, 1973, p. 93.
5. C.B. Mamoria. Social Problems and Social Disorganization in India. Himaliya publ. Delhi, p. 246.
6. Scarpatti and Anderson. Social problems. Harper and Row publishers, New York, 1989, p.48.
7. C.N. Shanker Rao. Principles of Sociology with an Introduction to Social Thought. S. Chand Publ. 2009, p. 633.
8. Dr. Kumar. Rural and Urban Sociology. Laxami narain Aggrawal publ. Agra, pp. 183-84.

Acceptance and being well liked are basic human needs. Naturally, when given a large platform, leaders have dominant views, in turn, creating polarizing opinions. Corruption is innate, humans are bound to make errors. Gaining authority and influence releases us from the restraints of societal pressure. It forces leaders to evaluate a situation and make a judgment. Although, with this much responsibility it becomes effortless to be erratic. As Lord Acton once said, “Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely” (Lord Acton, 1897). Humans are guaranteed to make mistakes in every field. Even the simplistic nature of negligence can cause mass destruction.

Although corruption may be influenced by a lack of funds financially or by personal requirements, corruption cannot be escaped. It eventually leads to violation of human rights or essential needs. Corruption is deep-rooted anger placed in the hands of the most authoritarian leaders in the community. Corruption has infiltrated society since the First Dynasty in ancient Egypt. Literature mimics the injustice seen in social norms and beliefs. Economist, Ludwig von Mises, states: “There is no more dangerous menace to civilization than a government of incompetent, corrupt or vial men” (1944, Mises). People manipulate power to suit individual needs and not the decision most beneficial for the community. Modern literature imitates real life and exploits the corruption and deceit seen universally. Two texts that convey this principle are Arthur Miller’s ‘The Crucible’ and Craig Silvey’s ‘Jasper Jones’.

Corruption is everywhere, it is unavoidable, from large cooperation’s to national governments, and rural areas immorality is inescapable. Pastoral areas are no exception. ‘Jasper Jones’ follows a tale of a small rural town in Australia. Jasper Jones, the town rebel, calls for Charlie, the protagonist, for assistance after they discover a body of Laura Wishart, a missing girl. As Corrigan is a small town, citizens bestow trust within one another, especially a commanding authority figure like Pete Wishart. Pete Wishart is the president and a police officer of Corrigan. Pete seems like the flawless, faultless father who raises his two daughters with ease. Whilst simultaneously providing justice and arresting criminals supplying a safe, warm environment to the people of Corrigan. Ironically, Pete is abusive to Laura and Eliza Wishart, his daughters. His abuse to Laura was extremely severe. “He wasn’t even sorry. He had no love in him… he raised his hand and hit her, hard, in the face, which he’d never done. He knocked her down to shut her up. And he swung again, twice, right at the core of her, right where the trouble was” (Craig Silvey, 2009, page 347). His unscrupulous actions reflect the manipulation of power that he has committed. It is extremely hypocritical that a police officer and a leader abuses his power. When provided with an opportunity to abuse power, humans will use it. This is further supported by Charlie investigating Eliza’s motivations: “I have a suspicion that Eliza might be less concerned with what’s right, less concerned about uncovering the truth, than she is about ensuring that she and Jasper Jones, and maybe her father too, are meted out the penance that she feels they each deserve” (Craig Silvey, 2009, p.326). Charlie believes that Eliza is not concerned about her moral obligations but, more concerned with the relationship between her father and Jasper. This enforces the idea that when given power, humans find difficulty in keeping good-willed intentions. Pete has found power in a small rural town and abused it. The text mirrors a startling real-life reality, venality unpreventable. Human nature is innately corrupt.

Corruption thrives in fear. In the 17th century, fear was notably present. Witchcraft was one of the most feared ideas at the time. In the play ‘The Crucible’ by Arthur Miller, accusations of witchcraft regarding a local group of girls are rumored. Deputy Governor Danforth refuses to revoke John Proctor’s death penalty, willing to risk justice to gain power. “You are either lying now, or you were lying in the court, and in either case you have committed perjury and you will go to jail for it” (Arthur Miller, 1953, pg. 107). Danforth uses fear to intimidate. People in power commonly use intimidation to achieve what they want as an individual. The carelessness for the community is clear as Danforth uses his power to scare and intimidate Mary. Mary must lie in the situation as the deputy governor has placed her in an uncomfortable position. It is obvious that Danforth does not care for truth but rather, his reputation and power. Corruption is a common theme with Deputy Governor Danforth: “There is a prodigious fear of this court in the country” (Arthur Miller, 1953, pg. 102). The town knew the corruption and dishonesty taking place in the court. Hale previously through the story, was seeking out problems with witchcraft, he now comes to realize the problem lies with the court. He has stated that there is an incredible fear of the court. This is due to the known corruption present in the town. Although it is known that there is dishonesty in the legal system, the town truly believes that there is witchcraft in the town. However, the community ignores the distress regarding the court and instead, focuses on the allegations of witchcraft, further enforcing the idea of deceit.

In both these texts, it is shown that corruption is a major part of society. Both Danforth and Wishart were bound to be corrupt due to the amount of power they were both provided. These characters share similarities in personality. When Danforth is talking to Francis Nurse, Danforth states that the beliefs condemning innocent people to death is doing the will of God. This diluted conviction reads: “You must understand, sir, that a person is either with this court or he must be counted against it, there be no road between. This is a sharp time, now, a precise time – we live no longer in the dusky afternoon when evil mixed itself with good and befuddled the world. Now, by God’s grace, the shining sun is up, and them that fear not light will surely praise it” (Arthur Millar, 1953, Chapter 3). The lack of self-awareness Danforth has is close to comedic. It is expected that the most influential person in the town values justice and equality. However, it is quite the opposite. When Charlie is thinking about Jasper after the fire he said: “Jasper Jones fell out of this world and nobody noticed. Nobody cared” (Craig Silvey, 2009, pg. 400). This displays that the town is negligent. No one cared about Jasper because it was deemed, he was a criminal. The corrupt nature of both these towns is inherent. Doing nothing when innocent people are framed is corruption. When provided with the volume of power and success it is no surprise that people use it for wicked things. This has been seen throughout history. A modern example is the #MeToo movement. With highly influential men accused of heinous crimes. They have abused their power and taken advantage of vulnerable individuals. Many real-life examples share similar traits to Danforth and Wishart. A common denominator being power. Power is seen in every aspect of life and is too commonly misused. Corruption is innate when given power. It is inescapable, the most morally just people can be persuaded to do wrong.

Power is often abused. It can begin with white lies and moral ambiguity and lead to perjury and corruption. Corruption is seen everywhere. Innately, humans are corrupt, and morals can be influenced and converted. When lies become too imaginative, they can be intense and hysterical. Moral uncertainty can become addictive. Corruption, power, and fear are all similar and all return a dire result when misused. Power can destroy relationships. Power can destroy peace. Power will lead to depravity.