Category: Conversation

In the article “A Room with a Viewpoint: Using Social Norms to Motivate Environmental Conservation in Hotels”, published by Harvard Business Review, Goldstein, Cialdini and Griskevicius conducted two field studies to explore the effectiveness of different strategies to convince hotel guests in the US to behave more environmentally conscious. The studies were executed by equipping hotel bathrooms with messages asking people to reuse their towels in order to save the environment by using firstly, several descriptive norms and secondly, a traditional environmental message. The traditional message solely tries to invoke hotel guests to act environmentally conscious by stating the general need to do so, while the descriptive norms use social norms and thus, other’s behavior in the same situation to convince. Their results show statistically significant proof that people’s pro-environmental/pro-social behavior seems to be greatly influenced by their belief/knowledge of the respective social norms. This effect seems to be even stronger if the social norms belong to a local group, people can identify themselves with.

Despite the strong result, a weakness of the conducted study is the lack of an appropriate baseline. Even though the authors compare the effects of differently designed messages, they never investigated, whether people already tended to reuse their towels in case there was no message at all. It is difficult to evaluate people’s behavioral changes if their behavior without interference is unknown. In theory, the study could have been conducted in a country where people are extremely environmentally conscious, with a default behavior close to a 100% rate of towel re-usage and the signs could have had a negative effect on people’s behavior. In this case, the drawn conclusions would be completely misleading.

Bohner and Schlüter who replicated and extended the study in Germany, amongst others take up this weakness in their article ‘Correction: A Room with a Viewpoint Revisited’. In fact, their study shows that any interference results in higher towel re-usage rates, clearing up the doubts expressed above. Interestingly, their replication didn’t support the finding, that descriptive norms are a more effective tool than the traditional approach. Furthermore, they found out that contrary to the original study, the message relating to guest’s behavior that previously stayed in the same room seemed to be less appealing than the message relating to general hotel guests (Bohner and Schlüter, 2014).

Another study building upon this article was conducted in 2014 by Reese, Loew and Steffgen to further investigate and demonstrate the power of descriptive appeals on people’s pro-environmental behavior. The study, replicating Goldstein at al.’s method, was conducted in two hotels in Central European alpine resorts. The findings were in line with Goldstein et al.’s previous discoveries, supporting the impact of descriptive appeals over environmental standard messages (Reese et al, 2014).

A reason for the contradicting results in terms of the effectiveness of descriptive appeals over traditional messages might be due to the individual study set ups. As the three studies have been conducted in different countries, it gives reason to believe that the effectiveness of descriptive norms is strongly dependent on the general awareness of a certain issue within a culture. Coherently, Bohner and Schlüter suggest, that a “direct” replication of the study is therefore not an ideal strategy, as the social norms (in this case always 75%) would have to be individually adjusted for each country. Given the assumption, that Germans might be more environmentally conscious in general, they suspect, that their results would have been closer to Goldstein et al.’s findings if they had applied a higher social norm of about 90% (Bohner and Schlüter, 2014). This would support the theory, that a high degree of personal involvement might have a dampening effect on the effectiveness of descriptive norms (Göckeritz et al, 2010).

Schultz et al. even goes a step further, arguing, that in some cases the social-norms approach does not lead to a weakening but even a converse “boomerang effect”, causing an increase in unwanted behavior. They state, that a boomerang effect is likely to occur when the descriptive norm is above or below an individual’s actions. In this case, the usage may lead to an adjustment in behavior – possibly for the worse. Putting this into simple words, an alcohol prevention campaign using social norms to decrease student’s alcohol consumption might have a positive effect on students usually consuming above the social norm but could simultaneously induce students below that level to increase their consumption to reduce their individual deviation from the social norm. To eliminate or buffer this problem, Schultz et al. propose the use of “injunctive norms”, as they “refer to perceptions of what is commonly approved or disapproved” instead of “what is commonly done in a given situation” (Schultz et al, 2007).

Therefore, if not yet happened, future research should take cultural differences into consideration and entertain the idea to expand their scope to injunctive appeals, to further explore the respective effect on people’s behavior in the given context.

To give some indication on how these findings can be applied to influence consumer behavior, it makes sense to link them to certain behavioral concepts. Thinking about consumer behavior as a journey that starts with building up or changing consumer’s general attitude towards a targeted action and, on the way, strengthening their certainty and eventually triggering consumers to perform the desired action.

Explaining the key mediation factors involved in achieving attitude changes “the social judgment theory” provides a framework for understanding the mechanisms behind people’s judgements and thus, understanding how to use social norms to form or change their attitudes (Dumas, 1995). It implicates, that conducting research on target consumer’s latitudes of acceptance, rejection and noncommitment is essential to find the right social norms that precisely express the content needed to convince consumers to adjust their attitude in a desired way (Asemah et al., 2017). The ideal social norm will not only shape consumer’s attitude, but also increase their certainty about it. Zakary Tormala and Derek Rucker define certainty as “the confidence we have in our beliefs, including the sense that something just ‘feels right’” and state that confidence is strongly influenced by the four factors consensus, repetition, ease, and defense. In this context, consensus is described as the effect, that “people become more certain of their opinions when they think that others share them” (Tormala and Rucker, 2015).

The “theory of reasoned action” relates the motivation to perform a certain behavior to the underlying intentions. The stronger the intentions, the higher the likeliness for an action to be taken. It suggests that the intensity of intention serves as the “main predictor of whether or not they actually perform that behavior”. Social norms and other normative components explicitly play an additional role in whether an action will be taken or not. (source)

Conclusively, the variety of conducted research shows the power of social norms to positively influence pro-social/pro-environmental behavior. As a matter of fact, so called social-norms marketing campaigns have been widely used in the past do address and “reduce undesirable conduct” by correcting negatively overestimated prevalence with descriptive norms (Schultz et al, 2007). Additionally, applying certain concepts and theories underlying consumer behavior in general shows, that social norms are not limited to serving as powerful tools to increase people’s pro-social/pro-environmental behavior but can also come in handy in terms of influencing people’s general decision making and consumer behavior. This supports the basic idea behind the “social comparison theory”, that states that consumers are expected to constantly compare themselves and their behaviors to the social norms set by their peers and adjust their behavior accordingly (Psychology Notes HQ, 2017).

Abstract

The aim of this research is to find out how modernity standards contribute to the preservation of architectural heritage. I have researched, studied and analyzed 12 articles, compared them with different views and concluded that some societies do not accept architectural modernity. This may damage the architectural heritage and the best ways to preserve architectural heritage. It is through its maintenance and increases its use that I recommend researching the reasons why the community does not accept architectural modernity and conducting interviews with community members to find out why. To moderate the legacy of advanced times and of the past period are of rise to significance. The distinctive settings and the coming about understandings of innovation frame a different worldwide scene of advanced engineering, as well as the importance with the subsidiary values of legacy nowadays. Most of our built environment nowadays dates from post-WWII and is presently a portion of our collective social legacy. In any case, to what degree these destinations and buildings merit conservation and how this ought to be finished remains the subject of much discussion. This legacy presents us with phenomenal challenges. The number of buildings and ventures included, their scale and complexity and their shorter financial and social life expectancies were not expected when legacy rationalities, approaches and hones were defined within the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Rarity, once one of the prime arguments for conservation, is not sufficient or pertinent and more than an appreciation of magnificence or understanding of philosophical and stylish contemplations is required. A more nuanced contention is fundamental, which has got to address the useful, down-to-earth, physical, technical and, in no little degree, the social and political variables that formed the initial plan and development. When considering plan and plan alterations for modern or proceeded to utilize, these variables of ubiquity versus centrality, memorable building typology versus current usefulness, plan expectation, novelty and fabric toughness versus the significance of the genuineness of the first texture come into play.

Question: How the standards of modern architecture contribute to preserving architectural heritage?

Keywords: modern standards, architecture, heritage, and building.

Introduction

Fast urbanization and disregard of noteworthy centers, locales, and buildings has driven to the blurring of the inborn vernacular design, culture, societal values and measures. The security of urban legacy serves as a need for protecting and improving its convenience, whereas keeping up the quintessence and character of a put. Conservation of notable buildings relates to a maintainable concept, where the landmarks and memorable destinations constitute an imperative portion of the past, show and future. The method of social (counting built) legacy conservation is a constant hone that requires pertinent information to be captured, analyzed, filtered, recorded, checked and frequently upgraded. (Licensee MDPI, 15 April 2019)

The time between a building’s creation and its security and preservation has never been as compressed because it is for the legacy of the Present-day time. That decade has seen serious movement by a developing gather of specialists to address the preservation of twentieth-century legacy, and by the starting of the twenty-first century, a number of legislative and nongovernmental organizations were centered on this work.1 The development of the neighborhood, national, and universal organizations. (Whalen, 2013)

Assessing items of advanced engineering as social legacy has, since the 1980s, been among the essential issues inside the conservation hypothesis and hones of Western nations which re-constructed their cities after the Moment World War through innovation. Inside the system of 20th-century legacy, thinks about archiving, protecting and maintaining cutting-edge legacy has extended the concept of steadfast social legacy and has changed its characteristics. Characterizing the scope and criteria for this unused component of legacy has been on the plan of all parties universally and locally. As such, through the elements of the teaching of heritage, in agreement with changes within the thought and honing of engineering, shapes, and conditions for application is being re-defined. (Gulteki, n 2017)

As famous by nineteenth-century English creator and originator William Morris, our time is finite and our buildings live on past us when they are well stewarded. (Bechtol, 2015–2019 )

the thought that versatile reuse and restoration of existing buildings is inescapable in case maintainable improvement objectives are to be accomplished, whereby auxiliary security and reinforcing of verifiable buildings are not to be cleared out when arranging these major remodels. (Sigmund, August 29, 2016 )

Analysis

I have compared many of the articles and analyzed them and took different results and found that modernity is strange in some societies, as Gulteki said, Since the preservation of a steadfast social legacy in Turkey has not however been internalized by the society, it is being carried out by implies of legitimate authorizations. In any case, besides the law on preservation, there exists counter laws, coming about within the continuous problem. (Gulteki, 2017) and as Lang & Shiyuan Wang said, the urban advancement brought about from a carefully modified colonization and the structural culture was an outsider to the eastern roots but a continuation of western conventions, shed light on the commitments advertised by relevant elucidation. (Lang & Shiyuan Wang, 2017) also as Shahidi & Naziaty M. Yaacob said, Why authentic points of reference in engineering are ensnared within the advancement of engineering legacy as a implies of social virtue? Since the lavish design of built environment depends on discernments of chronicled and hypothetical society’s foundation. There are numerous designs as free suggestions are recommended. To begin with and chief among these are the pointers of verifiable legacy, which are bound up with structural legacy. Prove demonstrates that history and hypothesis of design are indistinguishable for recognizing the solidarity of a fitting approach to create the nature of a building bequest.Indeed those researchers who have diverse demeanors towards the creation and the conservation of building legacy have one common thought, to incorporate their thought within the validity of their concepts as an entirety unit, which could be a chronicled point of reference. (Shahedi & Naziaty M. Yaacob, 2015)

From my point of view, I think it is important to preserve the old buildings in accordance with architectural modernity while preserving the heritage but Gulteki did agree with me he said, On the off chance that structural aggregation delivered through an intense break-away from the ordinary is watched instead of the buildings of one particular fashion or in case, in a verifiable viewpoint, the components that are driven to the present day period, and in turn, to the forming of design are analyzed, all of these dates may be respected precisely. (Gulteki, n 2017) (LLC, 2019) (Baydar, 2017)

I think it is important to preserve and preserve the heritage in a number of ways, and there are those who agree with me for example BRUSSELS said, This can be based in specific on superior vitality administration and the utilization of environmentally-friendly materials. In a few cases, the Manual of standard building details does not suggest a common technical solution to particular issues, since ventures got to be created keeping in intellect the general picture and add up to costs. (BRUSSELS, 12 December 2011 ).

I see that there are many ways to preserve the heritage in the buildings, which is the road to maintenance and use more, Licensee MDPI said, Rebuilding and preservation specialists specify that a building lives by its utilization. Survival of memorable buildings is regularly subordinate on the vigor of utilize as well as the toughness of the structure. Subsequently, it is apparent that the mosques speak to the major portion of notable buildings which still survive nowadays, as their utilization is maintained, and their upkeep is efficient and costs less . Houses and private buildings have been protected to a certain degree. In any case, they have confronted either halfway pulverization, modification or add up to remaking. Their utilize has been kept to its unique work, or minor extra exercises were included. Fortifications, fortifications and towers speak to the military buildings (Licensee MDPI, 15 April 2019)also as Lim & Vanda A. G. Zanoni said, A broader viewpoint gotten along this overview permitted the understanding that the way to protect façade frameworks is through the treatment of push zones, such as support schedules (counting intermittent cleaning and other methods), components recuperation and thinks about of assurance arrangements for edges, avoiding board, beat locale and move between frameworks. (Lim & Vanda A. G. Zanoni, 2017) and Marmion & Stephen Calver said, Contrasts within the ways individuals esteemed legacy, and their connection to this legacy was apparent over the dialog bunches. While for a few, legacy appeared to be a totally individual thought, for others it evoked thoughts of a country and its history. Be that as it may, inside numerous of these references, the values of security and having a place were apparent. (Marmion & Stephen Calver, 30 March 2015) in addition, Prudon said, plan aim, novelty and fabric solidness versus the significance of the realness of the initial texture come into play. They are to be put within the setting of current code, life security and supportability necessities. (Prudon, 2016). (Greta Themes., January 13, 2013) (Texas, 2019)

Finding

The standards of modern architecture contribute to the preservation of the architectural heritage through maintenance operations and the addition of some modernity architecture without changing the values of heritage has been agreed with me many researchers, including Prudon 🙁 The intentions of design and modernity against the importance of authenticity of the original fabric), Lim & Vanda A. G. Zanoni:( The way the buildings are maintained is through maintenance), BRUSSELS:(New buildings must have undergone a renewal of a high degree of compliance), Marmion & Stephen Calver:(Values of safety and belonging are what affect heritage), Licensee MDPI:(Renovation experts said the buildings last longer because of their use as they are used and restored).

But there are a group of researchers who has another idea: Gulteki:( Stay away from the modern style in modern architecture from a historical perspective).

Some have argued that society is a factor: Gulteki:( Non-assimilation of society in Turkey to preserve the cultural heritage so it is implemented by law), Shahedi & Naziaty M. Yaacob:(

The reason for preserving heritage and developing architectural heritage depends on the theoretical background of the society), Lang & Shiyuan Wang:( Architectural cultures were alien to the East as a continuation of Western traditions).

Conclusion

This research is very important and must preserve the heritage and not make it disappear and can add modern architecture for the protection and maintenance of the continuity and the definition of the community of the importance of modernity in the preservation of heritage, but that does not mean a radical change in the heritage is the one who uses modern architecture in the change of architectural heritage and this problem recommended to solve and conduct research To find out the reasons and solve them.

Most of our built environment nowadays dates from post-WWII and is presently a portion of our collective social legacy (Prudon, 2016).

Literature Review

Modern stander: The Manual of standard building determinations has served since 1992 as the reference archive on buildings utilized both inside by the Commission divisions and by the Commission’s outside accomplices within the Brussels property showcase. BRUSSELS, O. F. ( 12 December 2011 ). Manual of standard building specification. 1-366.

It is in this manner convenient to reflect on how the hone of moderating advanced design has progressed, in arrange to distinguish the ranges on which future endeavors ought to be concentrated. This requirement incited the Getty Preservation Established (GCI) to dispatch the Moderating Cutting edge Engineering Activity in 2012. (Whalen, 2013)

Trellick Tower, was planned by Erna Goldfinger and completed in 1972. It was recorded at Review II* (“particularly vital buildings”) in 1998 in English Heritage’s postwar posting program. The program included an open engagement handle, which made a difference move English open conclusion approximately the design of the postwar period. (Photo: Steve Cadman, cordiality Wikimedia, authorized beneath Imaginative Commons Attribution-Share Alike). Whalen, T. P. (2013). conservation perspectives. the Getty conservation institute. (Whalen, 2013)

Architecture: This is often a bit of greatly thorough epistemological considering, putting engineering at the heart of what at the time was respected as all-inclusive science; design has distributed a put, that of a department of learning that nowadays would be defined as learning of a generalist kind. That applies, at slightest, to the hypothesis, since for Vitruvius a hone has a place, particularly to him who declares specific craftsmanship, though hypothesis in engineering is ‘‘common to all the learned.’’ concentrating on engineering legacy buildings. The article creates around the thought that versatile reuse and restoration of existing buildings is inescapable in case maintainable improvement objectives are to be accomplished, whereby auxiliary security and reinforcing of authentic buildings are not to be cleared out when arranging these major redesigns. Sigmund, Z. (2016). Sustainability in architectural heritage: a review of policies and practices. Technology and Management in Construction, 1-11. (Marmion & Stephen Calver, Heritage? What do you mean by heritage, January 2010) (Merritt & Jonathan T. Ricketts, 2001)

From the Renaissance onwards, classical engineering formalized the lessons of Vitruvius. The course of action of the highlights of a building the taxis gets to be a regulating plot, directing the part between a work of craftsmanship and a conventional item. That plot, taking after the statutes of Aristotle’s Poetics (circa 350 BC, see Aristotle 1771), is tripartite, an entire ‘‘which features a starting, a center and an ending,’’ each dispersion comprising an opening, a continuation, and a completion. But this tripartite conspire isn’t closed; by covering and combining certain components it can combine, include or evacuate highlights whereas keeping up an invariant two-sided symmetry. (Pellegrino, 03 December 2016.) Pellegrino, P. ( 03 December 2016.). Meaning of space and architecture of the place. 271-296. (Pellegrino, 03 December 2016.)

Heritage: a center on values inside legacy inquire about, instead of states of mind, is bolstered by the see that values are “…the determinants of demeanors as well as behavior… [values being] more steady over time… and more central to an individual’s cognitive frameworks than attitudes…” (Crick-Furman & Prentice, 2000: 71). (Marmion & Stephen Calver, Heritage? What do you mean by heritage?, 30 March 2015)

This vital arrangement improves the work as of now in put to cultivate a predominant understanding of the Smithsonian’s built legacy through conservation, investigation, and instruction. AHHP sta individuals type in the building history of the Smithsonian, direct the point of interest conservation of the ancient and modern Smithsonian buildings, and care for the Castle Collection as well as compile the Legacy Materials Stock of building artifacts. The directing standards of noteworthy conservation, as found in SD 418 Memorable Conservation Arrangement, empower essential intercessions to keep buildings in suitable employments, but moreover debilitate radical changes that genuinely modify the character-defining highlights of a building, location, or collection. To that conclusion, this key arranges diagrams measures to strengthen the Smithsonian’s approach to the care and stewardship of its exceptional assets. (Bechtol, 2015–2019 ) Bechtol, N. J. (2015–2019 ). Preserving Our Heritage Assets. (Bechtol, 2015–2019 )

Building: In the past, plan of an unused building was primarily an impersonation of the plan of an existing building. Advancements were regularly created randomly and by instinct and were uncommon events. In differentiation, framework design encourages innovation. It could be an exact strategy that guides imagination toward the finest choices. (Merritt & Jonathan T. Ricketts, 2001) Merritt, F. S., & Jonathan T. Ricketts, F. ( 2001). BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK. New York.

Compares major methods used in the digital recording and archiving of built heritage. The comparative analysis is built upon cost, mobility, accuracy and complexity criteria. It is notable that while the SfM and Photogrammetry methods present good accuracy and time‐efficiency aspects in term of cost‐productivity factors, the 3D Laser Scanning method presents the most accurate technique despite its cost and lengthy data processing post‐data. (Licensee MDPI, 15 April 2019) Licensee MDPI, B. (15 April 2019). Digitizing Vanishing Architectural Heritage; The Design and Development of Qatar Historic Buildings Information Modeling [Q-HBIM] Platform. 29 April 2019.

In the Philippines, people are known to be artistic and creative in different aspects of life. Even at the earliest time, these characteristics were reflected in the different remnants of the existence of humankind. Angono Petroglyphs was known as one of the earliest artworks in the Philippines dating to at least 3000 B.C. This petroglyph depicts 127 carved stick drawings of human figures and animals on the walls of a cave in Binangonan, Rizal. This discovery by Carlos V. Francisco paved the way for understanding precolonial history and how people during those times view their world (Caballes,2016). On the other hand, in a contemporary setting, this creativity was seen in various platforms such as in visual arts which is one of the major expressions of artistry in the Philippines today.

Graffiti which is derived from the Italian word sgraffio meaning ‘scratch’ has been around since the beginning of humankind (Ganz, 2004). This term was used to describe a variety of wall writings including prehistoric cave paintings and a wide variety of political, sexual, humorous, and self-identifying messages that have been scratched, painted, and marked on walls throughout history (Castleman, 1999). On the other hand, throughout the years of exploring and understanding the changes in the various scope of expressing graffiti art, this was now referred to as street art in the present time even though there were still a lot of studies and differences that experts try to consider on differentiating graffiti art with street art.

Up today, graffiti was very common for Filipinos as it can be seen almost everywhere in the everyday lives of people. When you walk on the streets of Manila, you can see murals and paintings on its walls, different visual advertisements on trains or even spray paintings on pillars of highways. Different schools and campuses around the Philippines also use graffiti art for various reasons. At the University of the Philippines- Diliman, when you visit the building of the College of Fine Arts, you will see classrooms and hallways painted with different themes and subjects that convey different messages. These simple depictions show that graffiti art has been a way of expressing different aspects of society.

According to Kim Dryden an artist herself, there are different grounds on why people engage in street art or graffiti art. She stated that on one end of the spectrum, there are artists whose work is very personal and sometimes rely on the purely aesthetic aspect of art because they simply love painting on the streets. Others wanted to use street art as an outlet of dealing with their identity and there are those people at the other side of the spectrum who conveys social and political critiques, issues and jumps out of the box of graffiti being just an aesthetic.

Given the reasons why artists convey graffiti art and the growing world and acceptance of street art in society, there were still lots of challenges and problems that this field encounters. Commonly, street art was referred to as a form of vandalism. However, in a study conducted by Gleacon, she defined vandalism as any action involving deliberate damage or destruction to public or private property. With this matter, it would imply that any forms of unsanctioned art occurring in a public space are, by definition, considered illegal vandalism. But she argued that not all forms of street art can be considered as a form of vandalism but only those that come up short on the aim to give a meaningful form of expression. She also added that many works on public space was made to aesthetically enhance the place and to communicate the message to passerby while there is no denying that all unsanctioned works are illegal, they are not necessarily all cases of vandalism.

Jayo Santiago, also known as Flipone was said to be one of the first or could be the first person to bring graffiti art in the Philippines. He came from New York City and was influenced by the growing hip- hop movement in the late 1970’s to early 1980’s (Lee, 2018). Later on, he started to incorporate “Pinoy” graffiti with his works by using baybayin, Kalinga tattoo patterns, and other various Filipino indigenous and ethnic cultures. His masterpiece reflected some of the social and cultural areas in the Philippines. In the present time, street art scenes started growing not only in the Central but also in different cities such as Cebu, Cavite, and Tacloban. Most artists see street art as a great and powerful medium to propagate information and messages as it is very accessible and can reach the maximum amount of people. In the book by Allan Schwartzman, it is stated that the work of street artists is meant to “communicate with everyday people about socially relevant themes in ways that are informed by esthetic values without being imprisoned by them.”

Archie Oclos, a street artist and painter who graduated at the University of the Philippines uses graffiti as a platform to depict socio-political issues and indigenous people’s concerns. Pula Ang Kulay ng Saya was one of the masterpieces of Oclos which depicts the killings and violence that was being normalized in the society today. He emphasizes that people should understand and be able to share the important aspects of daily lives such as education for all, conservation of the environment, and the preservation and loving of the cultural roots. Another work of art by Oclos was titled Tayo ang Gatilyo which highlights the killings and harassments of indigenous individuals in country regions of the Philippines who fight for their ancestral lands but were killed by armed people for the benefit of capitalists that desire to turn it to business and profitable lands. In lieu of this, he stated that street art can be a form of protest and activism. As he said in one of the blogposts by Native Province, he sees the potential of street art as a tool to drive social change in the aspect of engaging artists on the current situations of the people and together giving a voice to the voiceless. It was stated that “street art is a very effective tool for sharing an alternative truth, away from mainstream media” (Oclos,2018). This way of seeing street art was also supported by the claim of Lyman Chaffie back in 1993 that this art form “breaks the conspiracy of silence” in such a way that street art serves the role of forming social consciousness.

In the book Protest/Revolutionary Art in the Philippines, 1970-1990 by Alice Guillermo, various confirmations on how social issues were conveyed in art forms were expressed. The Nagkakaisang Progresibong Artista at Arkitekto ‘71 or NPAA ‘71 was the first militant artists’ organization made up of a large number of artists coming from different colleges of fine arts and architecture. For the reason of the danger and uncertain atmosphere during the early times of Martial Law, they were still successful in reflecting current issues through murals and street art. Due to the armed revolution happening in 1982, the growth of mass movement inflated and the strength and vigor of the protests were reflected in various forms of mass actions such as street graffiti. During this time, the campaign movements addressed different social issues such as the electoral exercises of 1982.

Through the years, graffiti and street art continues to evolve from its style to the different purposes that it conveys in the society. From using the walls of streets and subways as it’s canvas, street art became the tool for artists to communicate with the people as it caters a broad range of audience and also tend to carry powerful and rebellious messages for activism. This has been evident as this artform played a big role in the Philippine society as it was used to express different social problems especially during times where democracy was not in the hands of the people. It was also used to voice out various groups of people as it bridges the gap between the concerns, the people, and the involved environment. Street art also became a reflection of diverse cultural aspects of the community as Jeffrey Deitch, a modern and contemporary art dealer states, street art has “become the most influential cultural innovation of the past thirty years”.

Importantly, this art form develops social awareness as it also emerges because of the need for social change.

While many people tend to see graffiti and street art as a way of blanketing the walls of the streets for purely aesthetic purposes or as an illegal thing rather than in reality that this art form conveys social problems, serves as a genuine reflection of human existence and cites current situations of people’s lives. Graffiti art communicates alternative truths that were blinded by different factors such as mainstream media and it was able to deliver various messages in a way that people can understand. In conclusion for this, people should realize that this artistic expression is giving them the idea that they should be reflecting on their environment, assessing the current situations, and start fulfilling one of the main purpose of street art, which is for people to act as the real agent for social change.

Abstract:

Almost all people dream to leave their mark on earth after their death. Some of them leave Graffiti everywhere signed with their names as a special remark of them.

Introduction:

Street art and graffiti are two deeply linked words. The word graffiti is an Italian word that means to scratch on a surface. Today graffiti means to apply any unintentionally art on any surface or wall using different tools such as spray paints, pencils or stickers. There are some remarkable graffiti through different ages as walls of ancient city called Pompeii. In Northern Ireland, there are famous graffiti walls representing social and political issues besides, The Great Wall of Los Angeles in China. From this point, the scientist confessed the importance of communication through graffiti and their significance political messages all over the world. Nowadays, Graffiti has become an international academic content. Graffiti spreads out mainly as a reaction to unfairness, a call for revolution, to spreading of awareness among people in different fields either social, political or educational. Moreover, it can be for decorating the environment which yields positively on the Psychological state of the people.

The phenomena of graffiti was first invented in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on the turn of the late 60’s with writers like Cornbread and Cool Earl by someone called Taki 183 . Who is Taki 183 ? what is the relation between Taki 183 and the Graffiti ? Taki is the name of the person how first invented the graffiti and Taki’s real name was Demetrius and 183 is the number of the street where he lived this a young Greek boy who wrote his name almost in whole NewYork city and his name and his nickname start to appear on building, post-boxes, phone-boxes, underground tunnels and finally on subway cars . Also there are a lot of boys who make the same idea of graffiti-like joe 136, Barbara and Eva 62, Eel 159, Yank 135, Julio 204, Frank 207. The Graffiti has a bad impact on society and comes below vandalism as a society consider graffiti as crime. Also the business owner are exposed to loss of consumers and from the negative image of the graffiti . For example Chicago city has a budget of 6.2million dollars a year just to remove the graffiti. The graffiti is the language of the gangs and other subculture to communicate with each other by make a graffiti on the walls as a message for other gangs and also make a message of territory. The negative image of the graffiti on the public place leave emotional distress for the people espically if it is near there home.

After all the crises that graffiti made in most of cities Archaeologist has invented a solution for the graffiti problem by making a graffiti- B-gone. Who is this Archaeologist and what is the graffiti-B-gone? This Archeologist is Ms. Dean and the graffiti-B-gone is a cocktail of various organic oils derived from a number of raw materials, including corn bulls, soybeans, rice, and flax husks. Th.is mixture seems to vary in composition from batch to batch at manufacture- probably the result of seasonal availability of the raw ingredients. The oils from which the product is made, especially flax seed (linseed oil), have a well-known tendency to darken drastically on exposure to air and light. The chemistry of these materials also supports th.is known visual changes in appearance. This is of concern as any residue of the product remaining on a rock surface, could result in a darkening and staining of the rock as the residue alters. The archeologist has conducted an experiment to see the effect of the Graffiti-B-gone on different type of walls and made the experiment on 4 basic way: 1 sample was sent to the getty conversation to be tested , 2 the product was tested on the site , 3 outdoor weathering test, 4 outdoor weathering test was conducted on a sample of sandstone material. Test one: A sample was sent to l’v1ichael Schilling, Conservation Scientist, Getty Conservation Institute (GCI), with information about its potential use and asking for his comments on its composition, potential problems – both immediate and long term – with regard to its use in contex1 with rock images, and any other observations he might care to make. This work was carried out using standard wet chemistry techniques and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy.Test two : The area at South Mountain Park, Phoenix, previously treated with Graffiti-S-Cone was examined by conservator J. Claire Dean, Dean & Associates Conservation Services, Portland, Oregon, to ascertain if there was any residue of the product remaining iu previously cleaned areas, if there was any visible impact on the previously cleaned area that might be coru1ected to the use of the product, and to test the application of the product under fi eld conditions. Tests included the use of pH indicating papers and visual examination. Test three: The area at South Mountain Park, Phoenix, previously treated witli Graffiti-S-Cone was examined by conservator J. Claire Dean, Dean & Associates Conservation Services, Portland, Oregon, to ascertain if there was any residue of the product remaining in previously cleaned areas, if there was any visible impact on the previously cleaned area that might be coru1ected to the use of the product, and to test the application of the product under fi eld conditions. Tests included the use of pH indicating papers and visual examination. Test 4 : A second informal testing was done by applying Graffiti-B-Gone – as instructed by the manufacturer- to a sample of pale yellow sandstone from southeastern Colorado. The sandstone was then subjected to the same outdoor weathering as above in Test 3. The result of experiment 1 was The samples tested both at the Getty Conservation Institute and in the field are markedly acidic (actual pH values seem to vary from batch to batch of product). Its acidic suggests that its use on certain carboniferous or calcareous rocks may not be appropriate as it could cause part of the matrix of the rock to be dissolved out, leaving the resulting structure weak. If acidified by the addition of a small amount of dilute hydrochloric acid, a very dark brown precipitate can be formed from the product. This raised a question regarding what might happen if a residue of the product remained on a site after use, and subsequently, the treated area was subjected to acid rain – something common in urban areas – with moderate to heavy annual rainfall. 1l1e indication is that there is a possibility that such a precipitate could separate out iu-s:tu on the treated surface, leaving a dark, material behind. This suggestion ha s not been substantiated and is purely hypothetical at this time. Although the application of the vandalism materials themselves vvill have eliminated any of the rock art areas for the use of existing dating techniques, the organic composition of Graffiti-B-Cone will definitely disqualify any location to which it has been applied. It must be remembered that any over-application of the product, will also contaminate nearby areas where no vandalism had taken place, as would areas where rinse water may have accidentally nil and its location not documented. And the result for 2 was A change in pH and surface appearance,·aud the lingering odor left after application of the product 4 suggests that a residue does remain immediately after application following the manufacturer’s instructions. However, the fact that no residue could be detected on the area previously cleaned iu 1995 with Graffiti-B-Gone (almost exactly one year before is a new test application), indicates that the initial residue appears to break down.n naturally, preSl~bly due to the impact of weather and time. In the case of Phoenix, Arizona, the weather is extreme in that the site receives much direct sun and experiences very high temperatures for much of the year. Result 3 After the initial application, a darkened area remained in the spot where Graffiti-B-Gone had been applied. There was also a strong, lingering odor the product. It took a total of 5 months of weathering during a very wet and freezing winter in Portland, for the area of darkening to visually disappear. Reduction of the staining of the rock surface seemed to take longer than observed in the Phoenix test areas. Result 4 was This type of rock is extremely porous and on applying the Graffiti-B-Gone it was readily taken up by the stone which drew it into its fabric, leaving little on the surface of the rock, suggesting that the product had become introduced relatively deeply into the stone structure.

The conclusion for this topic is that the graffiti is crime that ruin the cities and also it is the language of the gangs to communicate with each other. however, it can be removed from the murals by the Graffiti-B-gone.

Regardless of gender, all human beings have a basic need for communication as a form of an expression. In the late twentieth century gender-related differences in communication were most studied in the United States. Researchers have recorded generalizable and relatively consistent distinctions between the conversational behaviors of the sexes.

In interpersonal communication women and men appear to have different primary goals. Women usually use communication to build relationships with others. They do this by expressing empathy, including and responding to others, sharing feelings and ideas, and giving verbal support. Men, on the other hand, are more likely to use communication to give information, establish and assert individual status, achieve results, and gain and keep the conversational stage.

Generally, women and men adopt distinct styles of interpersonal communication. The contrast noted is between women’s conversational emphasis on process and men’s emphasis on outcome. In practice, this is manifested in women’s attention to the dynamics of communication, while men adopt a more instrumental style that focuses on results of talk. Related to other differences in style, women tend to communicate interactively, while men are more likely to communicate using sequential monologues.

Furthermore, another characteristic of men’s conversational style are extended monologues in which speakers talk in sequence and each speaker holds the conversational floor for a longer period of unshared time. While on the other hand, a talk between women friends typically involves rapidly executed back-and-forth exchanges and the conversational floor is shared as each speaker talks for only short periods before the other speaks.

Another gender-related difference in style is about how the content of talk is narrated. Generally, men follow a linear style of presentation in which events are highlighted in a climactic sequence, and a story has a clearly defined plot. Women tend to follow multiple-track, style of presentation in which events, people, relationships, and feelings are described within contexts. In women’s narrative style plot and a climactic sequence are not necessarily found, since relationships, people, and feelings are more emphasized than an event-focused plot. Making women’s narration move fluidly from topic to topic.

Deborah Tannen, a linguistic professor, in her book You Just Don’t Understand, points out that males and females distinctly different conversational style is based upon gender and cultural conditioning. According to Tannen women use rapport talk, which is intended to signal support, solidarity or to indicate that they are following the conversation. In other words, women use conversation to make connections and establish intimacy and community, conversation is more cooperative than competitive. While men, on the other hand, use report talk. Men see a conversation as a means of establishing and maintaining independence, status, and power.

There are several explanations for gendered conversational dynamics, they fall into two broad and oppositional categories: essentialist and constructionist accounts. Essentialist explanations share the principle presumption that some basic, innate quality in women and men accounts for their specific communication behaviors. However, the most obvious form of essentialist explanation is rooted in biology and genetics. For instance, women’s nurturing, inclusive communication style is explained by the greater presence of the hormone estrogen, while men’s more aggressive communication style is explained by the greater presence of the hormone testosterone. Another biological explanation traces communication differences in the brains of the two sexes. Women have greater development of the left hemisphere and corpus callosum connecting the two lobes that governs integrative and synthetic thinking, which enables the weblike structure of women’s communication. Men on the other hand, have greater development of the left lobe, enabling the linear, analytic thought which is a characteristic of men’s communication.

Constructionist explanations share the fundamental assumption that gender is socially constructed, not innate. Constructionists believe that beside from a few quite obvious differences, such as reproductive organs, differences between women and men are constructed and sustained through social practices that reflect the prevailing ideologies in various societies. Cultural theorists argue that the institutions and practices that make up cultures reflect and reproduce distinctly gendered identities. For example, institutions like the military, religion, and schools are hierarchically organized, with men occupying positions of greater power than those assigned to women. Furthermore, practices such as granting maternity leave, but not paternity leave, represent and preserve the cultural expectation that women should be the primary caregivers. A recent addition to the cultural group of accounts is standpoint theory. Standpoint theorists trace how intersections among class, gender, race and other social groupings influence group members’ experiences and, as well as, the identities they form and the patterns of communication they develop.

Some scholars believe that males and females are socialized into different communication cultures and argue that the games girls and boys play teach the sexes different rules about communication. Another constructionist view is psychoanalytic theory. Psychoanalytic theory deals with unconscious processes of identification and internalization through which gender is constructed. The fundamental principle of newer psychoanalytic accounts is that core personality is shaped by relationships in the early years of life. Mothers being usually first primary caregivers form distinct relationships with sons and daughters. As there is a basic identification between mothers and daughters, girls typically develop gender identity within a relationship, while boys develop gender identity apart from a relationship, since they do not share the sex of mothers.

Differences in women’s and men’s communication have pragmatic consequences for personal identity and interpersonal relationships. Gendered conversational dynamics complicates interaction between women and men. In general, the two sexes use communication in different ways and to accomplish distinct goals, they often misunderstand one another. Women are often disappointed and frustrated in relationships with men because women reveal themselves and reach out for connection while men, on the other hand, maintain emotional reserve and independence. Also men may be unsatisfied when women respond to their problems by providing empathy and emotional support instead of instrumental assistance. Furthermore, women and men may also fail to understand and appreciate one another’s narrative patterns. The lack of details and contextualizing in men’s narrative method may be frustrating for women, while men are frustrated by the presence of rich detailing and contextualizing in women’s narratives.

Gendered conversational dynamics are generalizations that do not apply to all women and men everywhere and do not represent absolute dichotomies between the sexes.

The truth is that men and women differ in many ways, not only by their physical appearance but as well as in their conversation styles. Jennifer Coates in her book Women, Men, and Language suggests that men tend to disagree with or ignore each other`s utterances, while women, on the other hand, acknowledge and build on them. Thus men peruse a style of interaction based on power, while women peruse a style based on solidarity and support.

It seems clear that other things being equal, women and men do have a preference for different conversational styles. Women – in most western societies at least – prefer a collaborative speech style, supporting other speakers and using language in a way that emphasizes their solidarity with the other person. Men, on the other hand, use several conversational strategies that can be described as a competitive style, stressing their own individuality and emphasizing the hierarchical relationships that they enter into with other people. (Cheshire and Trudgill 1998: 3, cited from Coates 2004:126)

Coates describes women`s style of conversation as cooperative and men’s style of conversation as competitive.

Women`s cooperative style of conversation

In the 1970s and 1980s, several researchers who have observed, studied and analyzed interaction patterns of experimental groups, claimed that the prime pattern of interaction in all-female groups is cooperative rather than competitive.

Jennifer Coates, also did several researches to find out what are the linguistic characteristics of cooperative and competitive styles. Her data suggest that the topic and topic development; minimal responses; hedges; questions; turn-taking patterns are some of the relevant categories for understanding how women’s cooperative discourse is achieved.

When it comes to topic and topic development women and men tend to discuss different topics in same-sex groups. Typically, women choose to talk about people and feelings, rather than about things, thus making talk central to women’s friendships. As one woman that Coates interviewed, commented: ‘I think the friendships I’ve made have . . . always been around you know the sort of straight-talking, vulnerable talking, and it’s exchanged vulnerable talking. It’s just like you can say whatever you think or whatever you feel… .’

Unlike women men typically choose to talk about current affairs, travel, and sport. Coates in her research found out that women like to talk about their relationships openly with each other, their experiences of mood swings and backache during their periods, mothers’ funerals, child abuse, wives’ loyalty to husbands, fear of men, holidays. All these topics are developed slowly and accretive with participants building on each other’s contributions.

Women use hedges such as you know, yeah, sort of, I mean and etc. to negotiate sensitive topics and to encourage the participation of others. When discussing highly sensitive topics women often use hedges in order to prevent such talk from being too face-threatening. For example:

Meg: but I did see what amounted to sort of chest hair, black, she’s a very dark sort of dark-skinned and sallow complexion and a lo-

I mean I – I mean I hope I’m just reporting this without any edge to it. You know, so I mean I probably-

Bea: you mean you really feel that she’s turning into a gorilla? (Coates, 2004:129)

Women tend to avoid to use questions as information-seeker devices, rather they use questions to invite others to participate to hedge, to check the views of other participants, to introduce a new topic, or to instigate stories. The following example shows how questions are used to invite others to speak:

[Talking about doctors getting younger]

Karen: I suppose if you’re ill you don’t care do you?

Pat: I suppose not, but there are um- there are limits aren’t there?

Karen: there are

As we can see in this example, tag questions do you? and aren’t there? are used to involve each other in the conversation. (Coates, 2004:130)

The following example shows how questions can be used to introduce a new topic, and involve others in talk.

Liz: wasn’t it terrible about that Oxford student? [initiates discussion of recent murder in Oxford]

Female speakers when it comes to turn-taking and organizing talk often adopt a way of organizing talk where the rule of one-at-a-time does not apply. Coates defines this way of talking a conversational jam session.

I call this way of talking a conversational jam session because, just like musicians playing jazz, women often get together ‘for the spontaneous and improvisatory performance of talk, usually for their own enjoyment’ (Coates, 2004:131).

A conversational session means that the conversational floor is open to all participants simultaneously.

Coates states:

Two key features of a conversational jam session are:

1. that speaker’s co-construct utterances

2. that speakers talk at the same time (Coates, 2004:131)

Men`s competitive style of conversation

Jennifer Coates in her book Men, Women and Language states that the characteristics of men`s competitive style are:

• topic choice
• monologues and playing the expert
• questions
• verbal sparring
• turn-taking patterns (Coates, 2004:133)

In the case of topic choice, when men talk to each other they prefer to talk about impersonal topics such as cars, sport, current affairs, modern technology, and tend to avoid self-disclosure. In situations when talk does become personal, it often deals with matters such as driving habits or personal achievement rather than feelings.

Coates states: ‘Topic choice is not a superficial matter: it has profound consequences for other linguistic choices. Hedging, for example, is closely correlated with more personal and/ or sensitive topics. In terms of floor-holding patterns, non-personal topics encourage one-at-a-time floor holding because these topics lend themselves to what I call “expertism”. (Coates, 2004:133-134)

Another characteristic of men`s talk are monologues, which tend to be associated with playing the expert. „By playing the expert“ I mean a kind of conversational game where participants take it in turns to hold the floor and to talk about a subject on which they are an expert. (Coates, 2004:134)

In her book, Coates gives an example of a conversation between two male friends having lunch together and talking about a variety of topics. Topics such as mobile phones, work and plans for future, the merits of Burger King vs. Mc Donalds, computers. These topics, however, correlate with areas of expertise of the two friends, which means that they both get a turn of being expert as well as a turn at „doing’ a monologue.

The following example is a brief illustration of their conversation. The topic of their conversation is mobile phones. cos you know we’ve got BT internet at home (mhm) and I’ve set it up so that. Um through the BT internet WAP portal so that Kate can read. Her email that she gets. um on her phone (oh right) which is quite- which is quite useful if you’re kinda not behind a computer but I was musing the other day on. On how funny it is that the sort of graphics you get on WAP phones now is like you used to get on the ZX81 (yeah) and every everything’s having to adapt to that kind of LCD based stuff (that’s right) um computers have got to the point they’ve got to. and now we’ve gone all the way back with WAP technology . . . (Coates, 2004:134)

This example shows how male speakers are quite happy to hold the floor for a considerable time. With some regularity questions occur in conversation, whether just to seek information, or to encourage speakers to play experts, or even as a way of introducing a new topic, questions are an essential part of conversation. Furthermore, when it comes to using questions, men tend to use questions to seek information, which is something that women avoid, but they also ask questions to invite the addressee to speak.

The following example gives an illustration of an information-seeking question, that potentially invites the addressee to take up the role of expert. But the addressees are not always able to take up the role of expert, as presented in the example.

Peter: what else do they use it for apart from the deaf? or do they have other applications- I don’t mean the deaf, I mean the dumb, do they have other applications?

Rob: well they didn’t develop it for the dumb, I can’t remember why they did develop it, um – I don’t know (Coates 2004:135)

As mentioned above some questions are also used as a way of introducing a new topic, a topic which the speaker can talk expertly about.

For example:

Rob: do you know of the Pennsylvania experiment?

Peter: no, tell me about it

[Rob proceeds to talk about the Pennsylvania experiment] (Coates, 2004:135)

As the example illustrates, questions play a significant role in terms of turn-exchange. Male speakers very often use questions to hand over the conversational floor to another speaker. Furthermore, male talk does not always consist of monologues or series of long turns, but it often takes the form of an exchange of rapid-fire turns. As illustrated in the following example, where Sam and Ray disagree about whether apples are kept in cases or crates:

Ray: crate!

Sam: case!

Ray: what?

Sam: they come in cases Ray not crates

Ray: oh same thing if you must be picky over every one thing

Sam: just shut your fucking head Ray!

Ray: don’t tell me to fuck off fuck (. . .)

Sam: I’ll come over and shut yo-

Jim: yeah I’ll have a crate of apple thanks [laughingly using a thick

sounding voice]

Ray: no fuck off Jim

Jim: a dozen . . .

Dan: shitpicker! [amused]

(Pilkington 1998: 265, cited from Coates 2004:135-136)

In this example we see Sam disagreeing with Ray, Ray disagreeing with Sam, Jim disagreeing with Ray, and Dan criticizing Jim. But however, the participants of this conversation and in any other similar exchanges seem to be enjoying themselves and their talk contains much laughter. Thus it is a friendly sparing and not quarrel.

Moreover, in contrast to women, who often adopt the jam session model, male speakers prefer more a one-at-a-time model of turn-taking. Also, overlapping talk is rare in a male talk, because of the choice of most men to use a one-at-a-time model of turn-taking, and the overlap is interpreted as deviant as an attempt to grab a floor. Thus in mixed conversation, women and men may easily come into conflict over overlapping talk. However, overlapping talk does sometimes occur in male talk. While a one-at-a-time turn-taking model seems to be the norm of male talk there are exceptions. The following example illustrates a conversation among a group of American college students talking about others whom they identify as ‘gay’:

Ed: he’s I mean he’s like a real artsy-fartsy fag (. . .)

Ed: and he sits next to the ugliest-ass bitch in the history

Ed: of the world and

Bryan: and they’re all hitting on her too, like

Ed: I know it’s like four homos hitting on her

Bryan: four guys hitting on her

(Cameron 1997: 56, cited from Coates 2004:137)

In this brief example, we can see how they overlapping each other as they jointly construct an account of these “gay” men. Sometimes men`s talk draws on collaborative features, it is important to see how the content of the talk displays relatively aggressive masculinity when it comes to this example an aggressively heterosexual and anti-gay masculinity.

In geography, it is a field that revolves around the study of environments, coasts, and spaces within the earth’s atmosphere. There are two fundamental sorts of geology that are physical geography and human geography. Physical geography focuses on the surface and the shaping of the earth. It very well may be influenced by human exercises. The types of physical geography include geomorphology, climatology, hydrology, and biogeography. Geomorphology is the study of nature, and the land and what causes the process which creates them. Climatology is the impact of the climate of the weather which includes humidity, temperature, and many more. Hydrology is the study of water within the earth’s underground before the water reaches the ocean, then evaporates into thin air. Biogeography is the investigation of life-structures from an earlier time or present and what causes the conveyance (Mayhew, S). With regards to human geology, it is the investigation of the relationship between individuals, places, and the earth. Human geography is identified with sociology which centers around various parts of human movement and any association. The many elements include cultural geography, health geography, population geography, historical geography, and political geography which are the core of geography (Castree, N., Kitchin, R., & Rogers, A). This paper mostly discusses the physical geography of New York.

Peter Minuit founded the Dutch colony called New Amsterdam in 1624 which was later called the New York Colony. The English took over the colony in 1664, which caused the Dutch colony to surrender. Charles II took the throne and gave it to his brother who is known as James Duke of York in 1664, which is how New York got its name. The settlement in New York took place in Hudson Valley, Long Island, and along the Mohawk River (New York Colony). The people who were originally settled from the Dutch colony were able to continue to live there, able to speak their own language and continue to worship any religion as they pleased. This resulted in New York to be diverse. During this colonial time, there was a twelve-foot-long wall that ran through Manhattan Island, which today is called Wall Street (Georgia Department of Education).

There were geographical factors that influenced the growth and development of New York’s economy. The Dutch and Indian fur trade was one of the major factors of economic businesses. It mainly took place in Fort Orange which is known as Albany today. They were able to obtain fur from the American Indians, where they traded in the fur for European commodities such as tools and firearms. The Dutch traders continued to influence the fur trading following the English control in 1664. Another major factor in the growth of New York’s economy was the Dutch West India Company that was created in 1621. It was an organization that was established in the Netherlands where it was set up to trade in the East Indies. Not only did this company was set up for trade but it was used for military purposes. In regards to the relevance of New York’s geography in the military and defense sector, it plays a huge role. During the period of the mid-seventeenth, both British and Dutch perceived each other as competitors and were at war. The military was used to direct the enemies of the Dutch Republic, which would sometimes attack the Portuguese ships and attack Spanish ships all the time. This resulted in a monopoly on trade. A monopoly is a policy that they used to steady reasonably-priced law by change and manipulate. They used monopoly trade for the supply of slaves. Another way that helped New York’s economy grow was growing crops like wheat. Wheat played an important role when it came to the early life of New York. “The Northeast was a breadbasket of colonial America making wheat a highly profitable commodity crop for many notable New Yorkers…” (Heffernan, M). Commodities such as wheat and any agricultural products were shipped through the river by farmers to Europe and other colonies. Produced goods that were brought from European markets, gave an entryway to colonists through the river from the Mid-Atlantic region.

The demographics of New York’s politics have transformed throughout the centuries. Everyone can agree that New York is one of the most diverse cities in the United States. Immigrants are mainly the reason for making New York one of the most diverse cities. During the nineteenth century, many immigrants resided in the Lower East Side after they have arrived in New York. A neighborhood in the Lower East Side, called Ward 17 was a very important neighborhood in NYC, where there were over 60,000 people that were foreigners. The number of foreigners that were born outside of the United States that lived in Ward 17 was roughly about 62% of residents. It does not come up as a shock due to this area where most immigrants reside. Most immigrants that came to New York were either the Irish or German which took over the foreign population, in which case generated more than fifty percent of the general population. Generally, there were a little more than fifty percent of females than males. Throughout the twentieth century, the general population tripled in population during the baby boom era after World War II. From 1970-1980 New York encountered a population decline which was almost 700,000 people. It makes New York acquiring the greatest population decline. As of today, New York’s general population in 2016 is approximately a whopping 8.55 million residents. This makes New York the largest city in the U.S.

Throughout the centuries, geography has affected the growth and development in New York’s cities and towns. The continuous growth of the population in New York City resulted in the development of numerous cities and towns. While New York is located near a large body of water, it is much easier to transport commodities and also the cheapest way. Although water helped transport commodities it was also a gateway for immigrants to get into New York through Ellis Island. In total, there were around twelve million immigrants that were processed at Ellis Island from 1892 to 1954. “New York’s growth in the early nineteenth century was driven by the rise of manufacturing in the city, which itself depended on New York’s primacy as a port” (Glaeser, E). The diversity of immigrants created many great ideas. Although it may seem like shipping immigrants into New York affected the growth of cities and towns, there were other commodities that were coming in and out of the ports. New York became famously known as a manufacturing metropolis. The ports in New York were surrounded by industries like sugar, publishing, and the garment trade. With the help of New York’s weather, the ports were seemed indestructible helping commodities along the Erie Canal.

As previously mentioned, New York ports are the main source of transportation. The Erie Canal is a water passage that is over three hundred miles long which was opened from 1821 through 1825. During this period, it made a growth for delivering commodities using the canal which connected New York to Albany to Buffalo. Doing so, led to New York advancing and becoming the most active port in the U.S. This led New York to become the central location for the transport system.

New York affected the growth and development of Queens, New York. Within all the five boroughs of New York City, Queens is the most diverse county. You have people from over one hundred and twenty countries and that they can speak over one hundred and thirty-five languages. Within the Queens borough, there are many unique neighborhoods that makes Queens what it is today. The neighborhoods that we have are Long Island City, Flushing, Corona, and Jamaica. In Long Island City, there are fast growing urban district which includes parks, shopping centers, restaurants, and lavish apartments. Since the 1600’s Flushing has been one of the most historical districts in the country. Flushing continues to be very historical and has the largest Asian businesses and residency. Located in Corona we have our Flushing Meadows-Corona Park where the U.S. Open is located. Corona is the home to Citi Field or also known as the Mets Stadium. Located in Jamaica, New York, there are recreational entertainment like the Jamaica Center for Arts & Learning, places to shop and multicultural crossroads (‘It’s in Queens! A guide to the World’s Most Diverse County’).

When it comes to New York State, tourism is at its all-time high. Tourism has a huge impact when it comes to New York’s economy. According to Governor Andrew, “…a record 239 million visitors traveled to New York State, generating an economic impact of $104.8 billion – exceeding $100 billion for the third straight year”. Inside the New York State, there are numerous extraordinary excursions that influenced the travel industry enterprises. Examples of some great New York State landmarks are: Niagara Falls which borders both New York State and Canada, the Adirondack Mountains, state parks, and many more. In New York State people are able to do many activities involving the outdoors such as skiing, hiking, fishing, boating, and enjoying nature.

Touching on New York’s geography there are underlying issues involving the environment. One of the issues that New York has to deal with is their water qualities. This year’s state budget for the Clean Water Infrastructure Act was funded $2.5 billion. This would help enhance clean drinking water and the water infrastructure. In order to correctly repair and improve aging water infrastructure it may value for around forty billion dollars. Algal blooms destroy fishes and turtles that live in the bays or in the Finger Lakes area. According to the New York League of Conservation Voters food waste is an issue in New York due to solid waste streams filled with food waste. Approximately every year the state produces about 3.9 billion tons of food waste and about three percent of the waste gets transferred from the landfills. Governor Cuomo proposed an act named the Food Recovery and Recycling Act but it did not pass. The Clean Energy Standard that Governor Cuomo created, assigned half of the state’s energy to come from renewable resources in 2016. This will help with the climate changes by 2030. “In the state Legislature, the Climate and Community Protection Act would require the New York Power Authority, the Long Island Power Authority and any entities regulated by the Public Service Commission to produce 50 percent of their power from renewable sources by 2030” (Lewis, R). Congestion is another issue that New Yorkers have to deal with in everyday life. They proposed a way to fund New York City traffic and subway systems. They want to encourage more people to take public transportation due to congestion pricing.

Overall, learning about New York’s geography is quite fascinating. Both physical geography and human geography are important to everyday lives. The different types of physical geography: geomorphology, climatology, hydrology, and biogeography all play a different role in physical geography. There are many things that influenced the growth and development in New York like the fur trade, the Dutch West India Company, the monopoly trade, and etc. New York is one of the most diverse cities in the United States due to vast numbers of immigrants coming from Ellis Island. Queens is one of the most diverse boroughs in the city. Having a transport system, New York became the central location for it due to the canal.

Citations

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7. Wertz, F. (n.d.). A New Look at the Demographics of a 19th Century Lower East Side Neighborhood. Retrieved from https://www.newyorkfamilyhistory.org/blog/new-look-demographics-19th-century-lower-east-side-neighborhood
8. Hobbs, F., & Stoops, N. (2002, November). Demographic Trends in the 20th Century. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/censr-4.pdf
9. Glaeser, E. L. (n.d.). Urban Colossus: Why Is New York America’s Largest City? Retrieved from https://www.newyorkfed.org/research/economists/medialibrary/media/research/epr/05v11n2/0512glae.pdf
10. It’s In Queens! A Guide to the World’s Most Diverse County. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.destinationsofnewyorkstate.com/its-in-queens-a-guide-to-the-worlds-most-diverse-county/
11. d_evers. (2018, April 18). New York’s 4 Biggest Environmental Threats. Retrieved from https://www.cityandstateny.com/articles/policy/energy-environment/new-yorks-4-biggest-environmental-threats.html

Cultures and conversation

No matter in which you’re within the international, Communiqués essential. However speaking in some unspecified time in the future of cultures may be pretty difficult. And that i do not truly advocate that there is a language barrier, regardless of the truth that that may be a trouble. No, I suggest that cultures honestly have a few very specific processes of speaking. a few cultures are casual, some cultures use an entire series of formality greetings before having a verbal exchange, and a few cultures bear in mind it impolite to reveal as an excellent deal as an assembly on time.

Lifestyle is created with the beneficial useful resource of human beings and may be unique from vicinity to area. It creates human environment with shared meanings within a society through beliefs, values, norms, and so on. And are a discovered out conduct, life-style defines how someone behaves, interacts and gives because of this to movements. Human beings recognize themselves with their lifestyle and have a tendency to behave in a specific manner in unique cultures. This is due to the notable perception of human beings, on the region, from clearly one among type cultures.

Cultural perceptions

Operationalizing the perceptions of tradition identities works underneath the guise that cultures are static and homogeneous, on the same time as in truth tradition indoors countries are multi-ethnic and those show excessive version in how cultural variations are internalized and expressed.

Intercultural verbal exchange

Intercultural conversation is the verbal and nonverbal interplay among human beings from unique cultural backgrounds. Essentially, ‘inter-‘ is a prefix meaning ‘amongst’ and cultural technique… nicely, from a way of life, so intercultural communiqué is the communiqué among cultures. Sometimes, this is used to explain a single individual seeking out to have interaction in overseas environment but extra frequently, it’s far a -manner street, wherein human beings from each subculture are trying to enhance their conversation.

Now, in case you want to discover approximately intercultural verbal exchange, it’s essential to understand what that is. But it is also crucial to understand what it isn’t always. Intercultural verbal exchange is centered at contemplating exceptional and green interaction. You are not turning into a member of this way of lifestyles, you are not becoming a member of some unique society, and you aren’t leaving inside the returned of your very private manner of existence. That can be assimilation and this isn’t what we’re after.

Intercultural communiqué is also not simply language expertise ability. Sure, conversation calls for the functionality to recognize language, however clearly mirror on attention on how thousands of your communication with even your private buddies is nonverbal: our frame language, our attitudes, the rituals from hand-shaking to the stink eye. Some researchers estimate that up to ninety three% of all human communication is nonverbal, despite the fact that regular with extraordinarily-modern studies; it’s far virtually inside the path of 60%.nevertheless that means that extra than half of communication is never spoken. So, intercultural communication goes to take masses extra than in reality studying a language.

Styles of Intercultural verbal exchange

There are basically varieties of intercultural communication: 1. Verbal conversation and 2. Non-verbal conversation

• Verbal communiqué consists of phrases used to communicate messages while non-verbal conversation is gestures that supply out message. Spoken and written language is factors of verbal exchange which need to be considered fantastically at the identical time as in intercultural conversation. Cultural elements have an effect on verbal conversation as humans can from time to time no longer have the capability to talk or write within the language of the receiver. Use of phrases, dialects, accents, slang, and so on. Also can be super regular with their very own cultures.
• Non-verbal communiqué cues encompass communiqué that takes vicinity without terms like facial expressions, hand and frame moves, eye contact, use of gadgets, garb, and so on. They help in making message smooth or can provide the unique message as well.

GLOBALIZATION

Globalization performs an imperative function in theorizing for mass conversation, media, and cultural verbal exchange research. Intercultural communiqué students emphasize that globalization emerged from the developing variety of cultures within the course of the arena and flourishes with the elimination of cultural obstacles. The notion of nationality, or the improvement of countrywide area, is belief to emerge dialectically thru communiqué and globalization.

PROBLEMS

The issues in intercultural communiqué usually come from issues in message transmission and in reception. In communication among people of the same manner of lifestyles, the person who receives the message interprets it based totally definitely mostly on values, beliefs, and expectancies for behavior similar to the ones of the person that sent the message. even as this occurs, the manner the message is interpreted by using manner of the receiver is probably to be pretty similar to what the speaker meant. However, whilst the receiver of the message is a person from a specific way of existence, the receiver makes use of records from his or her manner of existence to interpret the message. The message that the receiver interprets can be very superb from what the speaker supposed.

INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE

Intercultural verbal exchange is in a function while it accomplishes the objectives in a way this is suitable to the context and courting. Intercultural communiqué consequently wishes to bridge the dichotomy amongst appropriateness and effectiveness: right method of intercultural conversation consequences in a 15% decrease in miscommunication.

• Appropriateness: Valued suggestions, norms, and expectations of the connection aren’t violated appreciably.
• Effectiveness: Valued goals or rewards (relative to fees and options) are accomplished.

MANAGING INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

One need to control and prepare oneself with enough data for you to talk with human beings from one in every of a type a number of the strategies you may manipulate intercultural communications are:

• Be culturally sensitive and aware
• advantage information of the way of life you need to adapt
• do not forget what the alternative character will interpret in advance than pronouncing
• Be aware about non-verbal cues you’re giving
• pay attention, encode and decode carefully
• avoid slang and nearby language
• get a remarks
• Be open-minded and tolerant
• recognize others lifestyle and people

CONCLUSION

Move-cultural communication is now a truth of lifestyles for corporations that wish to expand the marketplace for his or her products or services. No longer can they anticipate that their documents will be read with the aid of a homogeneous or near-homogeneous target market based totally inside the identical lifestyle as they are. Even within a selected country, there are cultural characteristics that influence how the target market will acquire the documents and what kind of credibility they will place in them

REFERENCE

1. Jacob (2011). ‘Intercultural Organizational communication: The Social Organizing of interplay in global Encounters’. Magazine of industrial enterprise and communiqué. Forty eight (three): 231–fifty five.
2. Drary, Tom (April 9, 2010). ‘Three guidelines for effective global verbal exchange’. Archived from the particular on 2010-04-13.

New York City is a megacity with over 18.8 million people. New York City was made up of five boroughs which are Staten Island, Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn and Manhattan. The Empire State Building is a skyscraper that gets struck by lightning 23 times a year. New York City needs more cultural activities/buildings because the only cultural things that New York City has are museums and memorials. New York needs more infrastructure than any other city.

Megacity Analysis – Growth and Infrastructure

There are many different famous structures in New York City such as the Empire State Building, the Statue of Liberty and the Saint Patrick’s Day Cathedral. New York’s population has grown by 224, 000 residents by 2010. The lowest growth of New York City was in Staten Island and they only grew by 7, 000 people. In 1664 the British people seized Amsterdam from the Dutchman and gave them a new name called New York City. In the next century New York City had grown and got more diverse, including immigrants from England, Germany, France and the Netherlands as well as African slaves. There was 8 such megacities in the 1980’s. New York is so populated because economically it is the capital of the US. Historic and geographic reasons why New York is an import port in the United States which resulted business with Manhattan. Below are some pictures of NY’s famous structures.

Identification of Issues

Climate change in New York City affects structures/buildings, water supply, wetlands, energy demands and health – due to extensive infrastructure in New York and overpopulation (Retrieved 28 May 2020). When sea levels rise, sea ports are at risks with many tunnels and bridges in New York City. The city faces many environmental issues such as the impact of traffic on rising global temperatures, flood management, high levels of chemicals in drinking water and emissions from waste of food. There are several problems/issues with transportation in New York City such as faulted technology and outdated infrastructure as well as metropolitan transit authority decisions regarding safety policy and signals has brought the transportation system to a halt. Many problems with the New York City subway delays. New York City has a major poverty issue. The coronavirus has made areas of New York poor. New York City has had over 30 000 deaths from the coronavirus and over 300 000 positive cases.

Evaluation of Current Infrastructure

New York has a network of intertwined infrastructure that helps New York citizens and economy. The infrastructure in New York has lots of assets that are aging. Keeping up with modernizing and maintenance for future. Infrastructure in New York cannot be ignored – it needs to be upgraded for future so it can work tomorrow and the coming generation. Maintaining infrastructure today saves you from changing it later. New York will not take another sandy without a fight being involved. While New York is fixing infrastructure they also need their infrastructure to be prepared for their next Sandy storm. While they are building, they should be preparing and reinforcing their infrastructure. Here are some very key facts about New York City – 89 public use airports, 424 high hazard dams, 97% of dams have an emergency plan, 85 sites on the national priorities list and 390 m.

Proposal for Infrastructure Change

During his annual state of the state address, Andrew Cuomo from the New York government proposed a fiscal 2020 budget that included a massive 150 billion dollars for infrastructure projects in the next 5 years. The proposal infrastructure package required funds of transport, facilities and mass transition. Other long-term initiatives require 175 million dollar working program that requires money for apprenticeships. Cuomo previewed the $150 billion infrastructure size of his plan in June 2018. At the time he provided details on how money will be allocated. Transport such as tunnels, highways and bridges and the New York City subway will get $66 billion for upgrades/improvements.

Conclusion

In conclusion, New York City became a megacity because it was populated and because it was the economic capital of The United States. New York is the economic capital of the United States because it had more to when it came to the shipping. New York City had a population of 8.1 million people but New York’s population also includes the 22 million people who live around the megacity.

Bibliography

1. The Average Salary in New York City – SmartAsset. (2019). Retrieved 28 May 2020, from https://smartasset.com/retirement/average-salary-in-nyc
2. Impacts of Climate Change in New York – NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation. (2020). Retrieved 28 May 2020, from https://www.dec.ny.gov/energy/94702.htm
3. New York City Sees Surge in Major Crime. (2020). Retrieved 28 May 2020, from https://www.fox5ny.com/news/new-york-city-sees-surge-in-major-crime
4. Rueb, E. (2016). How New York Gets Its Water. Retrieved 28 May 2020, from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/03/24/nyregion/how-nyc-gets-its-water-new-york-101.html
5. Poverty Measure – NYC Opportunity. (2020). Retrieved 28 May 2020, from https://www1.nyc.gov/site/opportunity/poverty-in-nyc/poverty-measure.page

Tourism Northern Ireland’s new brand is to promote Northern Ireland both Internationally and on the Island of Ireland with the aim of increasing visitor numbers and ensuring economic impact across all regions of NI. The city has a wealth of history and a treasure of heritage sites living and displaying the endearing and captivating times of the city.

Museums in Northern Ireland (& Number of Museums)

The report done by (Tourism Northern Ireland, 2019) shows that 46% of visitors had visited a Museum or art gallery and 41% visited a Cathedral or a church, Visitors agreed that Derry/Londonderry had enough to do in all weather conditions giving a score of 7.95/10. Museums in Northern Ireland hold a wealth of local history reflecting the culture and making it an educational experience to attract visitors local and international. Public funding options are made available to encourage tourism businesses (Tourism Northern Ireland, 2020).

The Museums or Heritage venues active in the city are (low resourced Museums):

Aras Cholmcille Heritage Centre St. Augustine’s Church St. Columb’s Cathedral Siege Museum First Derry Presbyterian Church Museum of Free Derry

Google reviews 5 five-star reviews and 1 two-star review 35 reviews averaging 4.7-star rating 191 reviews averaging 4.5-star rating 85 reviews averaging 4.4-star rating 5 five-star reviews and 1 four-star review 511 reviews averaging 4.7-star rating

Trip Advisor 18 reviews averaging 4.5-star rating 124 reviews averaging 4.5-star rating 335 reviews averaging a 4.5-star rating 64 reviews averaging a 4.5-star rating 49 reviews averaging 4.5-star rating 778 reviews averaging a 4.5-star rating

Customer Journey

This system suggests that there are touch points that a customer passes through from the beginning of the journey starting with brand/product Consideration, Evaluate, Buy, Experience, Bond, Advocate and Repeat. McKinsey’s report promotes marketing to reach customers at their most influential moments by acknowledging their touch points (McKinsey and Company, 2009).

Desktop research, Leaflets/brochures, Visitor centers, Social media, tourism websites and Venue Website Activities, Festivals, Information, Accessibility, Directions, Opening Times, Connectivity and Price Planning dates, online booking, checking availability, Easy process, Communication. Reachability of venue, Directions and Signposting, Carparking, Appearance, Welcome, Ambience and maintenance, Staff Attitude, Interpretation and information, Diverse customer accessibility Satisfaction, Feedback, Relationship, Word of mouth, recommendations.

To achieve these points in the journey of a visitor, venues need to be playing their parts through marketing on the right platform and identifying their target audience. Museums have received the highest satisfaction ratings among public service attractions (Museums Association, n.d.). Museums are places that showcase the nation’s history and captivate visitors with objects that lived through time to offer a sense of participation. Communities are shaped around heritage venues through education and activities to share knowledge, talents and continue the culture and tradition of a place thus attracting all ages, groups and people of different beliefs to one place.

1. Identifying the venue’s uniqueness is important to offer specialized events, and festivals that exhibit the venue to attract visitors. Engage the community by inviting local celebrities to be part of events in turn endorsing and sharing their experience online, thus inviting more visitors into the venue (Hethmon Consulting, 2018). This helps when visitors are planning trips and contributes to their consideration of choosing their destinations.
2. Providing information such as Accessibility, Directions and contact details and having responsive online presence is important. CRO, Conversion rate optimization marketing is when a visitor responds to a chat box or clicks on a subscription link to know more about the venue, this is done by research and copywriting with a good call to action and an appealing design (Smart Insights, 2019). This helps the potential visitor evaluate their decision on choosing the destination.
3. Purchase: Making available the options to call, email or book online, makes the potential visitor at ease and complete the purchase.
4. The visitor experience starts from sign posts directing the tourist to the destination and providing information at visitor centers, hotels and at public transportation etc., providing refreshments and a warm, dry, friendly welcome, a professional guide and having the necessary facilities for needs and accessibility encompasses a good experience (Museums Galleries Scotland, 2019).
5. Loyalty: The visitor experience is important as it will increase the rate of visitors through reviews and word of mouth.

Problem Identification

Insufficient funds to employ Museum staff

According to the 2018 Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA), employment in visitor attractions the percentage of unpaid volunteers was the highest with 32%, with 26% of staff being full time permanent and the rest were dispersed as Part-time and Seasonal staff.

The Museums in this project had a common problem of not being able to employ full time staff because of low funding/low income. The cause for the low resource: Most sites are heritage venues or religious venues that are frowned upon when prompted for an entrance fee.

Low number of visitors

Because of the high number of Heritage venues, visitors are not aware of the sites and the significance of each venue. The venues being scattered around the walls, visitors need signage that encourages them to each site. The sites on the walls in comparison to the ones away from it have a significant difference in visitor numbers.

Political Factors

The Northern Ireland Museums Committee are a lead public body in supporting local museums under the Department for Communities, have agreed to form a new corporate plan for 2018-2021. The council does not operate on behalf of the government but is the only non-departmental public body that helps local museums (Non-National Museums) with Support through funding and adherence to UK Museum Accreditation Scheme to maintain nationally agreed standards, providing protection and enhancement of cultural assets and arranging audience engagement programmes (Northern Ireland Museums Council, 2019).

The museums in regard to this project, the low resourced museums/heritage venues are not associated to any particular governing bodies but have been funded by charities and public bodies individually. The Museums thus have individual ownership of rights and artefacts, and seasonally work with bodies through projects to increase visitor numbers, fundamentally the venues are un-committed to one common policy. Occasionally some of these venues have been funded by the European Union and Brexit has made the future events and relationships uncertain.

Economic Factors

• Northern Ireland has seen a 12% increase in holiday visitors to Northern Ireland between 2017 and 2018 and with external visitors of an estimated 2.8 million had brought in an economy of £669 million (Department for the Economy, 2019). Overnight trips to Derry City in the year 2018 has seen 21% increase from 2017, with an expenditure of £55 million (DCSDC, 2019).
• The inflation rate for the UK is forecast to be 1.82%, with a standard to maintain rates below 2% (Statista, 2020).
• The currency has been fairly stable, but with Brexit decisions has been fluctuation between 1.9% to 2% increase and decrease (BBC, 2019).

Social Factors

The selected low resourced museums have strong links with local schools for educational curriculums and visits. The venues are made available for the community to participate in through cultural, arts and religious events.

The political stalemate between communities and an absence of government has affected funding to be acquired from central government of £11.2 million (Sharp, 2019).

Technological factors

Tourism NI’s visitor attitude survey for 2018 shows that visitors were satisfied with mobile signal connection, availability of WIFI and Network coverage(3G/4G) for internet, totalling an overall satisfaction score of 7.45 (Tourism NI, 2019).

The Museums also have interactive audio visuals to engage the audience into the experience, bringing history to life.

Legal Factors

Effects of Brexit on Local Museums (GOV.UK, 2019)

• In case of a no-deal Brexit, creative and cultural goods that may be shared or transported over the border with Ireland will have to comply to customs procedures on temporary admissions.
• Employees: Checking if employees need work permits to continue or if they would need to apply for settlement schemes if they are from the EU
• Accessing/handling legal and personal data from the EU need to be reviewed with new contracts under UK governance.
• Buying/Selling/Exporting Cultural objects need to be licensed.

Environmental Factors

Winter season in Northern Ireland brings cold weather with shorter days and longer nights, but according to report done by ‘Cut Tourism Vat’ weather is not the key distinguisher of tourism traffic. The report is data from 11 countries to test the theory of weather affecting tourism performance and was measured per-capita to compare with countries of different sizes. The report concluded that cold and wet climates are not correlated with low tourism performances but countries with pro-tourism policies, strong cultural, historical or natural attractions are able to perform well, regardless of climate conditions (Cut Tourism Vat, 2013).

The Museum Industry

Museums and Heritage sites naturally come under the tourism industry and in a country like the UK, travel and tourism contributed £218 billion to the economy (Statista, 2020). In the beginning Museums were uninspiring a place for the reserved and educated, telling the story of humanity travelling and surviving in its environment over the years but today Museums are required to become representatives of change and development. Today’s Museums have the potential to foster peace, promoting good ideals, calling to action to share their critical resources and possessions to promote the cultural and democratic ideals of the nation by mirroring events in the society (Arinze, 1999). Museums are observed as custodians of culture, an identity of a community, and that is why they are a Heritage of the people. Museums and Heritage venues have an important role of storage, documentation and conservation of heritage that augments education and promotion of unity (Jacobson, 2011). Museums are effectively housing the tools and materials that can educate all ages in the cultural traditions without political partialities, promoting history unfiltered, opening opportunities for discussions, targeting teachers, adults, the youth and other organizations with goals of understanding heritage, empowerment and national growth.

Relationship of Tourism and Heritage

All tourism contains some aspect of culture and heritage, by visiting a cathedral, a fort, to experiencing the nightlife atmosphere of a locality (Steyn, 2007). The more modern times change with electronics, the more people are attracted to adventure sites, such as heritage sites that have been preserved, holding historical expressions. Apart from media art, performing arts have been of high interests in relation to cultural tourism and scholars advice on introducing creative tourism by including culture with performing arts together (Richards & Raymond, 2000).

The Role of Media in Museum

Information on Exhibitions, bookings, opening times, events, ticket availability and prices are broadcasted using digital technologies by Museums worldwide, some Museums use YouTube and Social Media to interact with audiences while promoting and attracting more visitors by making their sites globally available to plan visits. With interactive technology placed in sites, visitors are found spending more time in the experience (Kamani, 2013).

Challenges in the Museum Industry

In a research about Challenges faced by Museums in the 21st century, it was found that there are only a few aspects that are the cause of low visitors. The relevance of Museums in society was purposed to be educational, but the average visitor considered it a leisure activity. Considering visits to Museums as leisure activity, visitors are required to make a choice of day trips or weekend trips, time availability or constriction has led for activities that engage less, more simulated and gratifying to be winners (Burton & Scott, 2003). The advent of internet and the availability of in-depth information has raised the expectation of visitors, a new generation of visitors that want sophisticated information and experiences. With Museums being expected to thrive and adapt to meet the needs of the audience by introducing technology to entertain competitive audiences while not losing their mission and maintaining scholarly standards it is a battle for funding and creative ideas (Gheorghilaș, et al., 2017).

The MuseumsQuartier Wien, spread over 90,000sqm encompasses 60 cultural institutions or in visitor terms, Micro Museums and is one of the largest districts for contemporary art and culture in the world. There is a spectrum of experiences starting with the 18th Century Architecture of the location with the contemporary design fine arts, performing arts, literature, fashion and design, children’s culture, street art and photography.

Abstract

This article provides a comprehensive overview of heritage conservation, the impact of destruction due to conflicts and the pros and cons of reconstruction of the area.

The intent of the article was to understand the importance of historic sites and the conservation of the site, which creates the history of the urban core. But when the is specified with the tag line “Destroyed in armed conflict”, do we have to reconstruct the historic urban area or not! The selection of heritage sites is not a single step. The site is undergone different steps like identifying, recording, analyzing and protecting.

Throughout the study, I have gone through the understanding of heritage, importance of conservation. I have also gone through some examples of the heritage sites that undergone armed conflicts.

Introduction

Heritage is the replica of the past history and culture of the nation. It possesses historical value and architectural value. The heritage sites are also related to political, social and religious events. Conservation of heritage building, buildings plays an important role in the development of cities and defines the landmark for the area. Though heritage buildings should undergo degradation with time and are unable to gain the purpose of the building or area, it generates the economy by supporting the tourism industry. It gives a sense of identity for the urban core and helps in the growth of the surrounding area.

(Heritage Canada Foundation website, 20 December 2012) explains that Canada had lost its heritage and identity by 20% due to the demolition of heritage building for the new developments. Therefore, heritage buildings are to be protected and the guidelines are to be set.

I strongly believe that, by looking forward to the urban scale, the area that is being destroyed by armed conflict can be reconstructed which increases the value of the area and the land is been used again without changing the heritage value and by creating a usable space for the people.

Some of the examples of the sites that affected due to the armed conflict or natural destruction are:

Building on the experiences of the German support provided over many years during the renovation of the old city of Aleppo prior to the outbreak of the conflict in Syria, German specialists are collaborating with experts from the Syrian diaspora and with organisations and individuals from other countries in the region to develop concepts for safeguarding the urban cultural heritage.

The Archaeological Heritage Network (Archer Net)

The “Urban Cultural Heritage in Conflict Regions” project supported by the German Federal Foreign Office (AA) under the umbrella of the Archaeological Heritage Network (Archer Net).

They prepare and assist the safeguard and restoration of cultural heritage that was destroyed during the war. The aim of the project is to contribute to the creation of basic conditions for the safeguarding and restoration of urban cultural heritage in Near Eastern post-conflict situations. The organization also sets a platform for the people who are been affected by war conflicts.

Example

Urban cultural heritage in conflict regions: This is one of the projects that was undertaken by Archer Net. Many of the Eastern countries were affected and destroyed by armed conflicts and war. One of the most affected heritage cities was Aleppo in Syria.

After the war, the cultural – sensitive of the historic old town is often endangered, and where basic infrastructure services and housing became the priority. In most cases, modernization of urban structure is done.

Conclusion

Reconstruction can heal but it may also generate new waves of hostility and division. It can be effective as a collaboration between different parties with varying abilities and means – local, state, regional and international. Successful reconstruction precedents need to be publicized and compared in order to share methods and practice. Reconstruction can be done by keeping the memory of aspects of this city that needs to be taken into consideration.

Citations and Reference

1. (UKEssays.com, November 2019, The Importance of Heritage Conservation) https://www.ukessays.com/essays/environmental-sciences/heritage-conservation-is-important-for-identifying-environmental-sciences-essay.php
2. (Archer Net, July 2019, Urban Cultural Heritage in Conflict Regions)
3. https://www.archernet.org/en/2018/06/06/urban-cultural-heritage-in-conflict-regions/
4. https://www.brandeis.edu/ethics/peacebuildingarts/pdfs/libraryauthors/2015_10_KristinParker_HeritageandReconciliation_Final.pdf
5. https://www.urbanconflicts.arct.cam.ac.uk/downloads/briefing-paper-11-2019.pdf
6. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/530541512657033401/pdf/121943-WP-P161647-PUBLIC-Syria-Damage-Assessment.pdf