Category: Conversation

Green transportation or eco-friendly vehicle is a road motor vehicle that produces less harmful effects towards the environment than comparable conventional internal combustion engine vehicles running on gasoline or diesel or one that uses certain alternative fuels. Alternative fuel is a non-conventional and advanced fuels that contains any materials or substance that can be used as fuel. According to Bjorklund (2011), green transportation is defined as a service that has a lesser or reduces the negative impact on human health and natural environment when compared with competing transportation services that serve the same purpose. It is highly interdisciplinary area, researcher and scholars of the different realms of knowledge including automotive engineers, policy makers, management intellectuals, urban planners, chemical engineers and others that are trying to reduce CO2 emissions from the sector (Salimifard et al., 2012).

Furthermore, green transportation is the continuation of sustainable transportation, ecological transportation and low carbon transportation. It is symbolized the fast, safe and comfortable transportation where it has the advantages such as high efficiency, low pollution and low energy consumption (Li et al., 2018). The city social and economy development depends on the city green traffic, so a set of evaluation indices is needed to evaluate the green traffic of the city development. Nevertheless, green transportation is a new concept and a practical goal where it refers to the convenient, safe, efficient, low pollution, humanized and diversified urban transportation system. It is adapting the habitat environment trends that is led by public transport and coordinates with ecological environment and urban development.

The concept is proposed together with the concept of sustainable development which is the transition from vehicle-oriented to people-oriented. It is to decrease the uses of private motor cars whereby increasing the uses of bicycle, walking, public transport and uses of clean energies and vehicles are suggested. It is more advantageous to environment because it low cost, free from pollution, save the land resource and save the space saving transportation system that suitable for all kinds of travelers. In the perspective of means of transportation, green transportation system includes walking, bicycle, regular public transport and rail transport. Meanwhile, from the perspective of vehicle of transportation, green transportation vehicles include various low pollution vehicles such as dual energy vehicle, natural gas vehicle, electric vehicle, hydrogen power vehicle and solar energy vehicles. It also includes the different types of electrified transportation vehicles such as trolley bus, tram car, light rail and subway.

In addition, green transportation is not only as a low carbon and environmental travelling mode, but it is a return to healthy and leisure lifestyle (H. R. Li, 2016). The construction of green transportation system is good for intensive use of road resources for ease of traffic congestion, reduction of energy consumption for energy conservation, reduction of exhaust emission for improvement of air quality, the reduction of carbon emission to decrease the greenhouse effect, and construction of livable cities for improvement of citizen health. Thus, the development of urban green transportation is an important measure for saving energy as it can reduce carbon and PM2.5 emission and improving environment (Cao et al., 2015).

On the other hands, there are few characteristics of the green transportation that can increase the attention and attraction towards the user. Perceived characteristics of an innovation that affects the rate of adoption is relative advantages that consists of over existing products in term of perceived economic benefit, convenience, satisfaction and status giving (Lane & Potter, 2007). The simple and convenience of the green transportation where the consumers are only likely to adopt products designed for ease and convenience of use. Besides, fuel economy or cost where green transportation refer to the economy of driving and lower fuel bills (Ozaki & Sevastyanova, 2011). Meanwhile, the green transportation became user’s preference to owning the car and it describes the user’s acceptance is measured by their subjective habits and objective reasoned appraisal.

Therefore, green transportation is very advantageous to the environment because it is really convenient and healthy. To improve the better life for future generation, green transportation really needs to be developing and implement so that people can be attracted to this kind of alternative transportation.

The social and economic importance of a country is possible through the support of developing science and technology. In India, science and technology has an exclusive role in rural development. In the context of rural development, science and technology in warded into different field of organic farming, biotechnology, energy, health, sanitation etc. In the recent scenario, the government is giving much attention for the rural development. The government is taking many positive steps in the direction of rural improvement. After a precise enquiry, with the support of science and technology, the government is introducing several innovative schemes and programs for rural improvisation. The empowerment of the rural masses, the input of science and technology in different sectors, which is facilitating better and sustained food productivity, employment opportunity, better waste management, non-conventional energy management, for human welfare, better housing and sanitation, healthcare and education, etc., particularly for the remote areas. The government has major attention to promote the innovation, science and technology, which favors to drive towards higher living standard, more investments are done to provide quality education for youth, continuing skill training for workers, and use them creatively. The effective coordination is necessary for the proper working of R&D effectively, because all these things are directly related with the technological compactability, economic opportunity, society requirements. Here we are going to discuss the role of science and technology to provide sustainable future for rural life and how it is used to facilitate a better quality of living.

Use of Modern Technology in Implementation of Rural Development Schemes

As part of the altogether development of our country, the government is taking several initiatives for the rural development. The recent state which indicates that there is a drastic change in the process of rural development is in a way of progressive model. The role of Ministry of Rural Development has been much noticeable for making this as possible. They could establish several successive program and scheme, which mainly focused on rural development. The scheme such as the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Gramin (PMAY-G), the Mahatma Ghandi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), (NRLM), (NSAP), (SAGY), the Shyam Prasad Mukherjee Rurban Mission, etc., has been implemented recently. The implementation of these schemes, were done more effectively by restructuring and by the support of science and technology.

The main motto of the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana was to ensure prominent housing for homeless families, and this was established on 20th November 2016. This scheme was conducted by the support of UNDP, HUDCO, CSDCI, NSDC, National Institute of RDPR and IIT Delhi. Almost 52.26 lakh houses have been constructed in different states. One of the IT-based MIS – AwasSoft, has been used as a part of this scheme. It is an Android based app, which is used for large scale monitoring purpose, electronic fund transfer (FTO), geographic structuring with the help of GIS & GPS. This system of software was established by ISRO. The development of the Rural Housing Knowledge Network (RHKN) was in collaboration with IIT Delhi, which helped to prepare a multilingual web-portal in the public sector, nationwide compilation of information which is related with rural housing plan. All this gives more clarifications during the establishment of rural housing program.

In 2000 December, the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana has been established with an objective of rural road development, as considered as a ‘minimum needs program’. Almost 94.5% increment has been achieved through this scheme. As part of this scheme, the innovative technology development, anti-disaster mechanism, sustainability, etc., were promoted for the development of rural roads in the nation. The PMGSY rural road project -II with the support of the World Bank, adopted innovative and simplified methods of rural road maintenance. Collection of necessary data for preparation of innovative road models, GIS-based mapping, estimation and monitoring for the maintenance of the road, all of these has been managed by the development of Aarambh. Aarambh is a mobile based application. Another software system was also implemented for the for the entire program monitoring effectively, known as OMMAS it is a web-based online management; monitoring and accounting system, which facilitate the rural road planning, core networking, construction related execution, quality monitoring, e-payment, etc. PMGSY also promotes, the use of non-conventional material and environment friendly green technologies. The National Rural Road Development Agency, verify the progress of the scheme scheduled work and implementation, by the basis of geo informatics and satellite imagery, all these were made possible by the collaboration of NIRDP and ISRO. The people can directly communicate with this scheme through, Meri Sadak application, as a participation with e-governance and digital India.

The established scheme Mahathma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act – MGNREGA, has the motto to ensure the inclusive growth of rural India. The main agenda of this scheme is the strengthening of livelihood base of rural poor, creation of productive assets which can improve the quality and sustainable nature. Through this scheme it could make possible the increased agricultural productivity, ensuring the desirable income of rural household. The exclusive initiative as Geo – MGNERGA, strengthens the scheme, with special attention on permanent assets, natural resources management, water conservation works and livelihood growth for rural developments. The software program SECURE (Software for Estimate Calculation Using Rural Rates for Employment) is implemented, and it helped to estimate the MGNREGA work. Another mobile application Jan – MGNREGA also helps in monitoring and large-scale feedback mechanism for the public. By the implementation of the National Electronic Fund Management System (NEFMS) in 2016, and DBT system in 2014, it gets beneficiary for support to the 37% of e-payment, 12.55 million job cards issued to MGNREGA workers, and 10 crores of the workers could be linked through AADHAR, and 69.5 % workers have AADHAR-based payment system. The use of scientific methods and latest techniques has an important role in the plan of rural development scheme. The effective execution and monitoring become possible only by the support of improved technology, which ensures more accuracy and transparency in the implementation of the rural development scheme.

Advanced Technology on Rural Health Care

The use of digital technology in health services is one of the turning-point which regards remotest village or rural development. This facilitates most of the people who face health issues, especially for women and children. mSakhi is one of the android base applications, which is mainly focused on the health workers, to provide high quality health care. ASHA workers can update and file every health record of peoples who live in remote area. They can also use the app to make awareness with everyone, about health issues. Kilkari app, which is mainly given for the awareness related with pregnancy and delivery issues. Mobile Academy is a free audio training program for Accredited Social Health Activists, for improving their skills, in the field of health care. e-Hospital is an online service portal, people can use these services for managing each and every hospital procedure in any government hospital. ANM On Line, this is used for providing service and to ensure better health care for women and children. Mera Aspataal is another mobile app launched by the support of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. This is a user-friendly health service provider with feedback managing system in between patient, hospital and government.

Role of Digital Technology on Rural Knowledge Management

As part of the promotion of rural development in India, many of the institutions and organizations are engaged with this. Implementation of suitable knowledge management system is a necessary factor for overall development of rural sector. The technological development can make a huge impact over knowledge management process, it became more interactive and people centric, rather than a traditional knowledge management system in rural sector. ‘Digital literacy mission scheme’ was announced in the union budget 2016 – 17, which aims in increasing knowledge in digital devices like, computers, smartphones and the Internet. The process of knowledge sharing in rural sector can be efficiently managed by accompanying with the information and communication technology (ICT). Few of the web portal which is used as a powerful knowledge management tool by hosting information on rural development are www.vikaspedia.in, www.panchayatgyan.gov.in, www.india.gov.in, www.rural.nic.in, www.nird.org.in, www.panchayatonline.gov.in, www.digitalindia.gov.in, www.socialcop.com.

The social media act as a potentially powerful knowledge management tool, regarding the rural development. Social media includes social networking sites, messenger apps, blogs and microblogs, video sharing tools, podcasts, Wikis etc. This helps in data and information sharing, knowledge transfer on faster and easier way, and more cost-effective knowledge delivery. The role of smartphone in rural development is incredible, almost 48% of subscribe are from rural areas. Implementation of some mobile based services held especially for the rural important, such as DISHA, Gram Samvad Avaas App (PMAY-G), Mission Antyodaya App, My SHG App, etc. The establishment of expect system, in rural areas, such as ICAR, Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), etc., which helps to manage the particular problem which belongs to pre-set conditioned software application, issues of Internet connectivity and non-availability of subject experts. The rural knowledge management system also included with the implementation of online courses, remote class rooms, and video conferencing. As a part of widening of the learning program, massive online open courses have been launched with support of many organizations. Few of them are: http://www.vikaspedia.in/; http://www.panchayatgyan.gov.in/; http://www.india.gov.in/; http://www.rural.nic.in/; http://www.nird.org.in/; http://www.panchayatonline.gov.in/; http://www.digitalindia.gov.in/; http://www.socialcop.com/ .

SWAYAM, Coursera, edX, Khan academy, Udacity and Future learn. The National Institute of Rural Development and Panjayati Raj, Hyderabad provide the proper training program for elected representatives from rural areas, in the field of adopted information and communication technology (ICT). The establishment of rural community radio, which have objectives of creating awareness, providing knowledge on community development problems, education, hygiene and sanitation, agricultural to local governance, etc. Adoption of digital technology in the process of knowledge management could bring a change in drastically, in the context of rural development. The program, ‘Digital India’, accelerated the rural development program, by making a digital infrastructure up to the level of villages. Scope of new technology: renewable energy adoption for rural areas. Most of the rural areas still remaining are facing the problem of lack of electricity. Government introduced a new program named Saubhagya. Its objective is to ensure the availability of sustainable electrification in every rural household. Many of the rural villages are still depending the renewable energy in the form of mini grids or rooftop solar panels, but it is not much enough. In April 2016, equipment called ‘Solar Dome’ was launched by Dr. Harsh Vardhan, Union Minister and Technology. The equipment was launched to provide light to rural areas, where electricity has not reached yet. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) promoting multifaceted biomass gasifier-based power plant, the purposeful utility of potential of hydropower, combination of this system might produce enough electricity, especially feasible for rural areas. The government promotes the renewable energy production with considerable collaboration with co-operative agencies. Through the establishment of Micro grid rural cooperative models, many of the success stories are emerging from different part of India. The biomass based rural cooperative models, also providing the employment for householders. The energy based rural cooperative models are well adopted across in India for promoting sustainable electrification and development of rural areas.

Advancement in Rural Agricultural Sector

Another scheme that was launched by the government for rural development is ‘Lab to Land’, in the year 2014. The scheme was launched to increase the agricultural production by the proper use of water. The scheme was made due to the decreasing ground water level in various regions of our country and thus was prepared by the combination of logical and traditional knowledge system. These schemes thus motivate people to conserve water. State agricultural universities and around 15,000 scientists are working together in a program called Mera Gaon Mera Gaurav. The scheme is an initiative taken by the ICAR- NAARM along with the department of science and technology.

ICT for Rural Agricultural Advancement

By using ICT, information can be obtained about new technologies and various government schemes for farmer welfare. Mera Gaon Mera Gaurav helps farmers to adopt new technologies suitable for them by the help of agri-scientists. All gram panchayats are connected through cable broadband under the digital India initiative, thus making sure that even the poor can have access to the Internet in affordable price. SMS service portal has also been launched on July 16, 2013 due to let Internet penetration in the rural areas. Various farming related apps have developed and these can be downloaded from the mKisan portal. An example for such an app is the ‘Crop insurance app’, which provides information about government crop insurance schemes.

System for Rural Water and Sanitation Management

The rural regions of India are suffering from many challenges like, lack of water supply infrastructure, insufficient irrigation facilities, inadequate sanitation facilities, etc.

• Water for agricultural purpose. Many irrigation systems like the, drips, sprinkler etc., are known as the micro irrigation system due to the usage of lower amount of water and thus saving water. Levelling technique like, laser levelling can smoothen out the land surface and thus providing an even distribution of water, reduced water and time requirement for irrigation and fertilizer. Crop practices like system of crop intensification (SCI) gives good results.
• Domestic water management. A recommended method for water filtration is the slow sand filtration technique and; solar disinfection method is an energy efficient method to disinfect water in the household system.
• Current government programs/ mission addressing rural water needs. Some of the major Indian government schemes to alleviate the water problems in rural areas are the following: National Rural Drinking Water Program (NRDWP), National Rural Drinking Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance Program (NRDWQM&S) in 2005, Jalmani in 2008, Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) in 2014, all by with the support of MoDWS, Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA) in 2003, by Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD), National Rurban Mission (NRuM) in 2015, Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojna (PMKSY) in 2015 by Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare, National Project on Aquifer Management (NAQUIM) by Ministry of Water Resources, Integrated Watershed Management Program (IWMP) in 2009, by Ministry of Land Resources.

Need of S&T Promotion for Improvement of Rural Areas

The government is continuously making efforts to promote the use of science and technology in rural India. Present NDA regime has started Skill India movement, which basically aims for providing Skill education to youth. Skill can be enhanced by use of science and technology. The labs under the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) System especially Response Rate Limiting (RRL) network are established for developing technologies for rural application, i.e., to meet technological needs of rural production and function. The specialized labs, like Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI) deal with the need of rural or semi-rural producers.

A lot of effort is continuously made by the government to promote the use of science and technology in the rural areas of India. The skill India movement, which aims to provide skill education to youth, can be enhanced by the use of science and technology. The Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) has many labs that are established to develop rural areas.

Centers like Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI) deal with the needs of the rural and semi-rural producers. In rural non-farm sector and rural industries under household, tiny and small sector are engaged in the value addition activities by the help of the technology development research and training centers under KVIC (Khadi and Village Industries Commission) and State Khadi Board and institutions such as the Indian Institute for Handloom Technology.

Conclusion

In this, we have seen the different schemes of government that have been developed by our government for the development of rural areas of India. These schemes have been incorporated with science and technology in such a manner that, it is very easily accessible by the common people. In this way knowledge pool can be used by even the people who have basic literacy, and in this way the developmental actions taken by the government will be transparent and can be viewed by the citizens. By using information technology, people can now access the schemes advantage in their smartphones itself. The use of advanced technology and science facilitate for the improvement of agricultural and water management in rural areas.

In Egypt cultural and heritage tourism remain special, some of the impressive cultural tourist attractions in Egypt are the Pyramids of Giza, which are among the seven wonders of the ancient world. It includes the Great Sphinx, Luxor Temple, etc.

Throughout its history, Egypt has been known as a destination for tourists and travelers. In 2020, Egypt’s tourism revenue fell by about 70%, reducing the number of tourists to 3.5 million from 13.1 million in 2019. In order to develop Egypt’s tourism sector, the country’s Ministry of Tourism launched the Egypt Tourism Reform Program (E-TRP), which focuses on aspects such as legislative reform, infrastructure and investment. The program is aimed at increasing the competitiveness of the Egyptian tourism sector.

The Heritage Tourism in the Pyramids of Egypt

The heritage tourism in Egypt includes cultural, historic and natural resources. In cultural heritage, the Egyptian pyramids are the most attractive. The pyramids were built as tombs for the pharaoh when Egypt was one of the most powerful civilizations on the planet. Over 4,000 years later, they are still here. When the pyramid was built, it was the body of the pharaoh. When the pyramid was built, it was approximately 481 feet tall. Today, due to erosion and removal of the top, the pyramid is about 455 feet tall. Each side is approximately 755 feet long. It took 20,000 workers over 20 years to build the Great Pyramid. Its construction began around 2580 BC and was completed around 2560 BC. Today, the Pyramids of Giza are a major tourist attraction. The pyramids are in remarkably good condition considering they are nearly 3,500 years old. The lands are falling apart and the government is introducing laws to protect the pyramids.

How Are the Pyramids of Egypt Protected

There are great precautions were taken to protect the Egyptian pyramids. Because there where grave robbery has increased dramatically since 2011. German researchers accused of the crime are currently standing trail in Cairo. In recent times, Egyptian authorities have been quick to react when it comes to protecting their cultural heritage. Over the last 3 years, many sites have been damaged. Illegal excavation in unexplored, mostly in desert areas. Egyptian believed that the Pharaoh resting place would be swear and everlasting. The entrance to the inner chambers of pyramids was carefully hidden. The pharaohs mummy was placed in a huge sarcophagus, which was made of the stone blocks. The upper two chambers are called the queens and kings chambers extend about 20 cm, that are blocked off by stone doors.

Secrets of the Pyramids of Egypt

There are many secrets related to the Great Pyramid. In that pyramids were built as burial places for the pharaohs. Pharaohs were kings of ancient Egypt. Many pharaohs were buried with treasures. To thieves out, builders designed the pyramids with hidden rooms with a mysterious door. Recently, a scientist used a robot to break down a door. The robot drilled through a thick stone door. The robots’ camera showed a room on the other side of the door. The room looked empty except for another door. The scientist was disappointed to find nothing in the room. Scientists hope to return to solve the mystery.

Sustainable Tourism in the Pyramids of Egypt

Sustainability to support tourism satisfaction and experience for visitors to explore the destination and experience the natural environment is also beneficial to the conservation of the world’s natural resources. Tourism to support biodiversity and reduce poverty. The growth of tourism development to overcome poverty in the sustainable development of tourism. Egypt has more potential for ecotourism. This is because Egypt is rich in natural resources and archaeological sites. Egypt’s interest in developing sustainable tourism is important, as the country is quickly beginning to understand the need to balance the environment and development. In Egypt, sustainable tourism refers to projects and initiatives carried out by organizations and government bodies. The Egyptian government is beginning to take measures for sustainable development. In addition, Egypt’s Ministry of Tourism believes that tourism can and should benefit the environment if practiced in an environmentally friendly manner, promoting heritage tourism. Sustainability as an aid to the natural economic viability and healthy growth of communities and also provides the natural environment.

Conclusion

The heritage tourism in the Pyramids of Egypt is the most common type of cultural tourism among worldwide. It is also called historical tourism, which is associated with visiting memorable places. The most famous Egyptian pyramids are those found at Giza. Tourism in Egypt is one of the most important sources of national income. Nearly 14.7 million tourists visit it every year. Currently, the Egyptian government is committed to achieving the sustainable development goals. This commitment is reflected in Egypt’s national strategy, the Sustainable Development Strategy – Egypt’s Vision 2030.

National parks are America’s most scenic and historic places for public use. Today, national parks are commonly used as public resources for a variety of usage such as; recreation, education, scholarship, the preservation of endangered landscapes, natural communities, and species. National parks are also known as an area of land or water that is protected for the use of the public and the conservation of the environment and wildlife. National parks play an important role in helping to protect the environment. They are generally areas of wilderness that are not interfered with by human activity, which means that they do not contribute to the environmental damage caused by humans. It is evident that there are several national parks across the world, which causes more people to become more aware of the importance of conserving these natural beauties.

One national park that has become increasingly popular during the pandemic is Joshua Tree National Park. Joshua Tree National Park is located in southern California, which also lies between two deserts, the Mojave and the Sonoran. In 1936, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt designated a national monument known as Joshua Tree, which was officially recorded as a national park in 1994. Joshua tree is commonly known for a plant called Yucca brevifolia, which only grows in a small section of the Mojave Desert. In the past, there were Mormon pioneers who encountered this specific plant in the mid-1800s. They decided to name it after the Biblical story of Joshua, who raised his hands to the sky in prayer. In addition, in 1936 before Roosevelt established the national monument, there were a few suggestions to name Joshua Tree after a man named Hoyt. Hoyt was known as a local who sought to influence public officials to create a program to protect the desert park for more than twenty years. However, one of the main reasons why they were not able to name it after Hoyt is because there was a strict policy that does not allow parks or monuments to be named after living people. Thus, Joshua Tree National Monument became the official name to represent the park’s most unique inhabitant.

Joshua Tree has so many unique geographical features which makes the park more interesting to visit. It is filled with a variety of desert flowers, a beautiful rock wonderland, and rare oases, which ultimately makes every visit a site for sore eyes. Since Joshua tree lies between the Mojave and Sonoran deserts, it allows the area to become fostering homes for high and lower desert plants as well as wild desert animals. In fact, there are several animals and plants that exist within the park since the wilderness area provides protection from development. Furthermore, there are several different types of plant life that can be found within Joshua Tree. For example, there are fountain grasses as well as a bunch of grass with seeds that are blown into the park from surrounding areas. This allows the desert to make an effort to take soil and nutrients needed by native grasses in order to use it as forage for native animals. There are also cheatgrass and red brome, which are plants that have the ability to carry fire throughout the park as well as being a great source to help burn hotter fire compared to other native plants. In addition, since there are so many plants founded in Joshua Tree, it has given the public the opportunity to maintain and care for the environment. For instance, there are local park staff and community volunteers who actively visit the park in order to remove any nonnative plants. Some of these nonnative plants may consist of: more than 6,700 tamarisk plants, 15,000 Asian mustard plants, and 1,000 tumbleweeds have been removed.

Another iconic characteristic about the park is the rare sight of the desert’s oasis delight. Not many people are familiar with the scenic embrace of a desert. Thus, this oasis view is known as the park’s default scene since the main view is the sight of the stance of palm trees surrounded by a barren landscape of sandy hills. Oases are the result of ground water coming close to the surface and fertilizing an area in an arid landscape. These are confirmed to be seen as small pools or support whole cultivated cities. The oases found in Joshua Tree are usually places where fan palms have naturally sprouted as a result of water fertilizing the area. Nonetheless, this allows the park to be filled with an explosion of color from flowering cacti and wildflowers in the spring. Some of the flowering cacti that grow amongst the park may include: barrel, beavertail, calico, claret cup and silver cholla. Lastly, there are also several other different wildlife that are native residents to Joshua Tree. Some of these wild creatures may consist of: the desert tortoises, which are relatively common in the park. Joshua Tree is an important habitat for these animals, since they are able to live to be 80 and older. It is also a home for more than 250 species of birds, including 78 native species that nest and raise young, and migratory species. Nevertheless, Joshua Tree allows the world to have a better serene view of the desert by reveling in the beauty of nature and what it holds within its core.

Joshua Tree not only offers wildlife habitat and a home, but it also provides visitors with several recreational activities to participate in. Many travelers’ sole purpose of visiting the park is to find an escape from their urban lifestyle. Thus, it has become one of the most popular destination escapes for individuals who have been swapped with work, school, and everyday responsibilities. One of the most popular trails in Joshua Tree National Park is the Hidden Valley Nature Trail. This trail is about a mile long loop that takes visitors through their magnificent boulder valley. It gives hikers the opportunity to explore some of the rocks at a closer perspective as well as being able to catch a glimpse of a lizard or bird of prey. The Hidden Valley Nature Trail also consists of a variety of boulders and rock climbing areas that people can utilize and view from different locations along the trail. In addition, this trail is a great activity for new visitors since it allows them to get a good experience in the core of the national park. Another common place for visitors to stop by is the Cholla Cactus Garden. This garden is located along the Pinto Basin Road, which lies between the Mojave Desert as it slowly transitions into the Sonoran Desert. The view of the Cholla Cactus Garden is very iconic and breathtaking since it is surrounded by thousands of cactuses. The best time to visit the Cholla Cactus Garden is during the peak of early morning or during sunset, since it gives the plant an hourly glow. Nonetheless, Joshua Tree is a great place for people to go on backpacking trips. There are several different tour guides that offer accessible resources to help during the hike, which may consist of: handling permits, gear, transportation, meals, and provides a professional guide in order to fully enjoy your experience with the park itself.

The importance of national parks comes in many different forms. The national park itself serves as a great representation of supporting the ecosystem by protecting nature and wildlife. It is also important for visitors since it gives them the opportunity to improve physical and mental health as well as strengthen their social connections by sharing their personal experiences as a helpful way to educate others about caring for these sites.

When learners are getting self-confidence In English classrooms, they lose conversation fears this process might take several months or years, additionally when learners have gotten enough vocabulary to use in conversations, they are ready to have talks with their counterparts. Some studies sates that having a good relationship between boys and girls can help learns to participate in EFL English conversations regardless of their English level, so far I have seen some studies holding that men have more classroom participation in English talks, bearing in mind that all of these studies were carried out in middle west counties where women play a second role in society and they are not allowed to talk with others easily. This study is intended to identify whether gender plays a pivotal role in Latin American counties focus on Ecuador society where women and men are considered equal given women the same opportunities than men in society. This research wants to answer differences or similarities in gender EFL English conversation. Form teachers experiences in different English Educational Schools stress that gender play an important role in classrooms English learning, holding that women lead English classroom participation.

Gender plays an important role in EFL classrooms conversation, many studies have been done for many researchers who wanted to understand and answer some questions with regard this topic, important researches in middle west counties have revealed that gender influence the students participation in English classes, countries where male role dominate most aspects of society life like middle west countries where differences can be notorious in EFL classrooms communication. Some studies have demonstrated that not only gender dominance can influence learner’s participation in classrooms but also other factor as teacher’s influence in classrooms “as a key factor in making learning and communication effective, even more so in English classroom where students’ learning relies so much on teacher’s teaching” (wen & Clement, 2003, cited in Gol et al.,2004). Teachers play an important role in classroom communication where teachers can control or elicit situations where students have the same opportunities to participate in class Mehrdad Sheybani sated in his study “The relationship between EFL learner’s’ Willingness to Communicate (WTC) and their teacher immediacy attributes: A structural equation modelling”, 2019)that emphasize teachers should the best strategies or a variety of them to help learner during their learning process and encouraging them to communicate in English classrooms these actions spring students willingness participation. Mehrdad Sheybani (2019, p2) speaks about “Teachers’ immediacy attributes” and “learner’s’ willingness to communicate” making a correlation between those variables remarking teacher’s role as a key factor in students’ communication putting aside gender role as main factor in EFL English classrooms conversations.

Identify which factors can influence learner’s participation in EFL English conversations can take us for different paths in order to understand deeply this interesting topic many researches have taken different roads but the gist is the same at the end, teachers, learners and resources play an important role in English learning to Saman Ebadi and Ahmad Asakerh. 2017) in their study “Developing EFL Lerner’s’ speaking skills through dynamic assessment: a case of a beginner and an advanced Lerner” they stressed that teachers and resources are the pivotal in EFL English classrooms conversations these two key points are very helpful for learners encourage them to participate in classrooms topics where the teacher mediate knowledge and resources elicit students focus on classroom themes. “Dynamic assessment capitalizes on the interaction between a teacher and language learners” (Poehner & Lantolf, 2003, p2) evidencing that teachers can give sufficient assistance when learners are developing their speaking skill giving them enough courage to participate in oral communication in classrooms. “Mediation is provided to bring about changes in performance” (Poehner & Lantolf, 2003, p3).

“Vygotosky believes that cognition is subject to modification through mediation which is aimed at improving learners’ performance and making them cognizant of their errors while assisting them to reformulate their utterances to reach self-regulation. Mediation helps examiners to perceive how examinees respond to mediation” (Davin, Herazo, & Sangre, 2016, p3)

This thought confirms that teachers and sources role in EFL classrooms conversations are essential, putting aside once again that gender influence in English conversations is not the main reason or doesn’t play an important role in EFL English classroom conversations.

Speaking English for EFL students might be a traumatic experience because of anxiety placing students in a very difficult situation. But not all learners face anxiety when they have to speak English in front of others. For students who face this problem teachers are in changed to help them to overcome this difficulty

Introduction

The term “propaganda” comes from Latin. Propaganda is always biased. It is a way of distributing information or conveying a message where the message is designed in such a way to make people feel in a certain way. It is a particular kind of communication strategy that circulates specific needs and desires. It is basically how you show something in a way that people start believing it. There are many researches that have been done on propaganda. It is not so important whether the information is true or false or if the cause is just or not — it is all propaganda. Most of the time, the information is confusing, biased and unfair. Because of this, propaganda is likely to make arguments last longer, and make it more problematic to resolve. It can appear as posters, television ads, and radio broadcasts. Propaganda is somewhat like advertising because it uses mass media to spread ideas. However on the other hand advertising is all about selling a product while propaganda is about the ideas and thoughts.

Propaganda Theory

Propaganda theory states how propaganda functions in a mass media. The model attempts to see how the public is influenced, and how the social, monetary, political frames of mind are formed of individuals through propaganda. The main aim of propagandists is to change an individual’s perception in which he/she act and to leave them accepting that those activities are deliberate, that this behaviour and thinking are their own. The influence of propaganda is so strong that the margins are blurred and we do not know whether it is our own thinking or someone else’s.

Propaganda is often used in politics. This is because the politicians rely upon the votes of the public so they make sure to change individual’s perspectives. The usually use such tactics like making up false statements about their opponents to make themselves look great and other individual look bad. For example when we talk about supporting a specific political party, our thinking is developed in such a way that we have made a certain thought. Also, Hitler had made a successful propaganda against the Jews. He used to say that the Germans are the superior ones while the Jews are like animals. In one of the films of Fritz Hippler, Jews were shown disfigured and negatively portrayed whereas Germans are shown as beautiful people with brown hair and coloured eyes. All experiments also were used to be done on Jews without giving them anesthesia because they thought they were still evolving.

The word propaganda is often used in a negative sense, especially for politicians who make false claims to get elected or spread rumors to get their way. In fact, any campaign that is used to persuade can be called propaganda. The government produces many kinds of propaganda. Any kind of public service announcements about healthy living can be considered propaganda. Moreover, propaganda is used to brutalize and create hatred towards an opponent in the war by making false picture in front of the fighters and residents.

Types of Propaganda

There are three main types of propaganda that are:

1. White Propaganda: it originates from a source that is distinguished effectively, and the information in the message will in general be accurate. It is generally, honest and straight. It depends on truth with authentic components, despite the fact that it does not tell every bit of relevant information. It does not hide its origin. In spite of the fact that what audience members hear is sensibly near reality, it is displayed in a way that tries to persuade the audience that the sender is the ‘hero’ with the best thoughts and political belief system.’ It is basically to distract the attention from risky events, that the deliberate defeat of possibly damaging information and thoughts are joined with deliberate promotion of positive information. For example, the government has increased the taxes but it claims the long-term benefits of it.
2. Black Propaganda: it is the intentional and planned spreading of lies. It is basically the absolute lies where one cannot even find the origin of it. It just converts the real thing into a lie. At times the source is hidden or recognized to a false power and spread deceits, fabrications and deceptions. Black propaganda refers to being dishonest and the origin is hidden or fabricated. The main characteristic of this type of propaganda is that the individuals do not know that someone is affecting them, and do not realize that they are being pushed in a specific way. Black propaganda depends on the enthusiasm of the receiver to accept the trustworthiness of the source. For example, Bengal war happened and there was so much hatred between Pakistanis and Bengalis that no one still knows why was this so. It is very hard to find its origin. Another example is 9/11, no one still knows the origin of it. Some say it was the Jews who did it, some say Talibans were behind this and some say Americans. This is a perfect example of Black propaganda where there are only lies and no one can get to the origin of it. Also stereotyping a race by saying “Muslims are Terrorists.” The whole race cannot be terrorists.
3. Gray Propaganda: it is information whose origin is always of questionable and accuracy is unsure. There is no clear sign of the origin. Characterized by its absence of clear source, the data contained in Gray Propaganda does not really need to be incorrect; it could be valid or false. Regular practice for Gray Propagandists is to publish an article in a magazine, specifying no source.

Techniques of Propaganda

• Name Calling: This type of propaganda is done by the usage of derogatory phrases to build negative opinion about someone. A title is created for any person, brand or organization and is made common through repetition. The aim is to create disliking of a group of people with the help of negative labels and verbal attacking thereby creating distrust towards their subject.

  Example: There are certain brands that have rivalries with other companies who tend to follow the technique of name calling which has a strong impact on public preferences. For some its offensive, some find it funny. Another popular example in politics for name calling is of Osama Bin Laden, who is called terrorist in the entire world and along with him Pakistan is also referred as terrorist country.

• Glittering Generalities: This propaganda uses techniques with positive connotations, including catchy phrases, slogans which escalate and amplify quickly it has to be designed in a way which can be accepted by the people without any proof or questions. The technique also consists of vague statements and emotional appeal so people don’t look for concrete reasons.

  Example: Starbucks: ‘The best coffee for the best you’ is trying to sell the coffee by telling the consumers that since they are best so they deserve to have best coffee. The ad is glittering because they are claiming they offer the best coffee and there is no one like them.

• Transfer: This type of propaganda is where the qualities of a person or a product are projected to an object or other things. It depends on the propagandist whether an idea is to be linked with something positive to gain popularity or negative to demote it. In the propaganda either a celebrity or a politician is endorsed in order to promote one’s message.

  Example: During the times of World Cup, or T20 cricket matches Pepsi ads have patriotic songs like ‘Josh e Junoon or Dil Dil Pakistan’ and the Pakistani flag waving in the background. Upon seeing the flag and listening to the songs you feel a sense of patriotism and the greatness of the flag. Therefore the Pepsi bottle subconsciously makes you think that it is as awesome as the Pakistani flag. You see what happened there? The ad company purposely displayed the Pakistani flag and the song with their product to manipulate you. This is an ad technique called transfer.

• Testimonial: It is one the most favored propaganda techniques as it includes celebrity endorsement to promote a particular idea. Famous person or a celebrity vouches for something viewers generally take the credibility; this therefore boosts the trust and belief of the consumer towards the product. The popularity of the person recommending the product or the idea helps in enhancing of the sales without addressing about the facts of the products. The technique not only involves celebrity but also the experts like doctors or engineers.

  Example: Lux soap is one of the leading brands of soaps, because they have been endorsing celebrities like Fawad Khan, Mahira Khan and Saba Qamar the list goes on and people tend to use Lux soap a lot. However one of the laboratories researched claimed that using Lux soap can make your skin dry and rough. Yet, this technique not always uses celebrities. At times, the propaganda uses some specialists like doctors or dentists etc. The idea behind it is that when experts are recommending people would trust them. At times, a few brands may likewise use figures like specialists and designers for promoting their brands. For example Sensodyne toothpaste ad shows a doctor/ dentist in which she is suggesting to use this toothpaste for sensitivity in teeth.

• Plain Folks: This technique is about where ordinary people promote products and ideas. The goal is to make audience believe that the product, service or the idea is for everyone. This idea is used by both the advertisers and the politicians; the public believes it more because the ideas are reasonable for the general public as they are attracted on the basis of their common values.

  Example: Shaukat Khanum Hospital- Cancer awareness ad campaigns: The inclusion of women and children is one of the easiest ways to attack people emotionally and drag their attention. Therefore, Shaukat Khanum Hospital endorses small children and helpless women suffering from cancer in order to collect donations and Zakat.

• Bandwagon: This technique about the psychological influence and how people build opinions or choose sides not according to their beliefs and values but instead what the general public believes in or in other words whatever the trend is. It’s all about persuading the target audience to follow a certain trend or take action and to create a desire and urge to become the part of a crowd. Also at times they offer low evidence or lie about the amount of support they have.

  Example: Oral B toothpaste: The ad claimed, “Australia, you’ve made the switch.’ It states that the Australians who are smart have realized the superior benefits of Oral B toothpaste, therefore switching from the brands they were loyal to, previously.

• Card Stacking: The hidden agenda behind this technique is to fool the target audience by omitting certain facts. It is the downplaying of any possible negatives or side-effects. In addition to, it is manipulating information so that one item looks better than the other. Also to make people realize that if they chose the other side they will have to face consequences in terms of loss.

  Example: Nestle company introduced a baby formula in South Africa. People were convinced that the baby formula was better than the mother feed however Nestle failed failed to realize that due to poor water conditions they were unable to feed the babies in clean water, which resulted in death of infants. It is pretty unethical to make innocent people believe that powder milk consisted more nutrients than the mother’s milk. However this resulted in the death of infants.

Analysis: The USA and its allies decided to enter Iraq in 2003 with military power so as to coup/ expel Saddam Hussein’s rule of dictatorship. The main argument according to George Bush’s speech for invading Iraq was Saddam Hussein’s ownership of weapons of mass destruction and the access to them. Actually the fact was that Saddam Hussein’s government did not own weapons of mass destruction. As indicated by Duelfer et al. 2004: 1, Saddam wanted to end sanctions while safeguarding the capacity to reconstitute his weapons (WMD) when sanctions were lifted.’ Furthermore, it was stated that the previous regime had no formal composed plan for the renewal of WMD after sanctions. Nor was there a recognizable gathering of WMD approach creators or organizers separate from Saddam. Rather, his lieutenants comprehended WMD renewal was his objective.

In the USA, President George W. Bush needed to defend on numerous events the verdict to assault Iraq. Many supported him while others disagreed. For defending his decision George W. Bush frequently used political speeches, as a method for displaying his thoughts and requesting support. Moreover, government officials and politicians will in general convince individuals into supporting their political activities, choices, apparently with the guide of propaganda.

The purpose of this research paper is to evaluate the language in George W. Bush’s political discourse, dated 19 March 2003, so as to uncover various components of propaganda, therefore the selection of expressions, words utilized.

In this article, Propaganda is explained in detailed. As it is already explained above, it is basically a word that can be related with numerous authoritarian systems, such like Adolf Hitler’s Third Reich, or the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. It may likewise be related with the circumstance after the World War II, enduring till 1989, the alleged ‘Cold War’. According to Compton’s Encyclopedia & Fact-Index definition (1992:609), propaganda is ‘a message that is expected basically to serve the interests of the person who is sending the message. It might likewise be characterized as the spreading of information so as to impact general public and to control other individuals’ trust.’

On the contrary, according to Steuter and Wills (2008: 18), propaganda is not about spreading information but collecting reactions and emotions. In politics, propaganda is viewed as “the instrument by which the governments induce the general population.” As should be obvious from the above mentioned, propaganda is viewed as a message or as a procedure.

According to Jowett and O’Donnell 2012:3), the purpose of propaganda is to “convey a message or a thought to the public with a related objective.” For example, some government official trying to make an atmosphere of protection and safety, despite the fact that the war is about to happen, or some company selling its product and challenging its competitor. When George W. Bush delivered his speech on Operation Iraqi Freedom, he deceptively also had this belief to the public with a related objective.

Examples of Propaganda in George Bush’s Speech

The ideology and purpose of the propaganda campaign: the ideology in George W. Bush’s speech can be decided by examining the speech to check if there are previous fights, future goals or references to esteem framework. He clarified in the start of his speech the explanation of attacking Iraq. Bush gives a recommendation that Saddam Hussein is to some degree a danger that may release war. Moreover, Bush reinforced his case by saying that: “the allies and people of US would not live helpless now in such a regime that compromises the peacetime with weapons of murder. We will meet the threat with our navy, army and air force.” George Bush exposed the main reason in his political speech, to defend the verdicts to attack Iraq. As per Jowett and O’Donnell (2012: 292) ‘the motivation behind propaganda is to accomplish approval of the propagandist’s ideology by the individuals’.

The context in which propaganda occurs: the speech was delivered on March 19, 2003, in which George W. Bush mentioned about the risk for the USA and the reason for attacking and occupying Iraq. USA and its allies took the decision to enter Iraq with military force. Basically the reason for entering in Iraq was that USA was at risk brought about by Saddam Hussein’s ownership of the weapons of mass destruction. In this setting he gave his speech, announcing the reasons of interfering in Iraq, as well as mentioning the risk for the USA.

The target audience: it the fellow citizens/ residents. He mentioned by saying that his fellow citizens must defend the world from the serious threat and that these dangers and threats to the nation will overcome. He guaranteed that they will acknowledge no result but success. As to George W. Bush’s speech where the interference in Iraq was justified, he addressed the entire American nation.

Special techniques to maximize effect: it is by all accounts essential to see what George really said in his speech. His speech is examined with the one of four special techniques to maximize effect i.e. “group norm.” He mentioned that he has faith in qualities and standards. He explains that he has no determination in Iraq but only to protect the people from the threat. Later in the end of his speech, he promised to given them freedom and to safeguard it.

Conclusion

So basically all what George W. Bush has said in his speech, there is no proof for it other than his own officials. What’s more, since we realize the government was occupied with a far reaching effort of dishonesty and propaganda in the run-up to the Iraq war, there is little motivation to trust them. Saddam Hussein was considered to be in charge of assaults on the US. George had let them know again and again that it was a demonstration of self-conservation, for in the event that we didn’t attack, at that point, Saddam Hussein, who most likely had something to do with Sept. 11, 2001, would assault us with his weapons of mass destruction.

It was appealing to see that a few components of propaganda were utilized in the content. The ideology is seen, where George W. Bush calls attention to that Saddam Hussein’s system is a risk to the world with the alleged ownership of WMD. To conclude it can be said that propaganda elements were used in his speech in a broadened way. One may sensibly assume that the use of propaganda was deliberate and George knew that it could have an impact on his group of viewers.

The species of Homo sapien sapiens arrived on Earth two-hundred-thousand years ago. This species is what is called the “Modern Human.” The ability to “speak” is an aspect that is fascinating, seeing as humans are the only organism that has this ability. Some microorganisms have vocal cords and hold a conversation in their way, as well. However, it is believed that they are not able to communicate at such a level as humans. One can argue that animals communicate better than humans, and this could also be considered valid. Why is it that animals grunt and trill and humans have complex structures for language and still leave meaning subjective? Even so, animals communicate primarily for survival, which renders their means of communication useful. However, humans do not always speak for survival. In more modern periods, they speak to talk because although the danger is imminent, it is not something to be readily wary of. The dictionary describes the conversation as the informal exchange of ideas by spoken words. However, in more modern times, merely exchanging ideas has taken a backseat. It instead replaced by its aggressive cousin named “opinion.” The definition of conversation could be modified to relaying ideas, forcing opinions and avoiding boredom in current society.

Relaying and sharing maintain two entirely different meanings, one means to receive and pass on and the other means to tell someone about. Social media allows for billions to relay information daily. The process might have begun with one sharing information but quickly turns into thousands of communicating the same information. Communicating is done in the form of retweeting or reposting or even regurgitating what was heard. The amount of content that modern society can view at once causes relaying information to be done absentmindedly, and often , nothing learned is retained. Take mass shootings, for example; the U.S. holds thirty-one percent of the mass shooters in the world, although the country alone takes up five percent of the world’s population. These shootings happen often. Therefore, many are seen retweeting condolences and reposting information about the shooting in hordes continuously. After the turmoil, each post and tweet gains hundreds of thousands of eyes and continually builds on top of each other. In another corner, fights and opposition are blaring the tired quote of “People kill people, not guns.” This is heard for three days maximum until the deafening silence is reached and a new distraction is underway. Now, what just happened? Everyone shared and shared until they reached the conclusion of nothing. Some stayed and fought, and others forgot the issue at hand, but nothing was loud enough for a significant change in the law. Therefore, they all moved along with life until the next shooting, all with the same disbelief and stagnant behavior.

To reiterate, social media is a platform where you can easily view how a majority of people in society react and communicate. On many of these apps and sites, many will refuse to compromise even on small topics, like pineapple on pizza. In this day and age, there is no longer the push of opinion solely from organizations, but also a push of opinion or agenda from almost every average person in society. Many are very polarized on situations and have a hard time attempting to hear the other side out. One issue that is very polarizing in this day and age is abortion. One will probably see a new article or several feuds over the topic daily. The opinions come from men and women alike, some are pro-life, and some are pro-abortion. However, very few can meet in the middle, and some believe that they should be able to speak out on the bodies of women and their struggles without even attempting to learn the facts. The aggressive nature of opinion in this day and age has become very stark and continues to drive the humans of this society further away from each other. Whenever one believes that the world is moving forward, there is always a case, law, or war that sets the world years or decades behind. Now that people have more abilities to speak out, they use that ability in the wrong way. The conversation has now become diluted to an amalgam of polarized opinions and bias and is no longer a vibrant and lively experience. However, when it is an exciting experience, there is always someone there to condense the length of the event.

Among anything else, it can be believed that we all have too much of a useful resource, which is technology. Hence many of our conversations and media being boiled down to buzzwords to avoid boredom or gain attention. People in centuries before, had conversations of purpose as animals do. This is reflected in the writings that have been left for us to explore. One could believe that this is due to the less complicated life they held or the many wars and battles they had to endure. People wrote to check on each other, warn of danger and would wake up daily to tend to a simple routine. Even then, when there was boredom, the people would create games and songs. Now, the average person has to engage in complicated multitasking and primarily communicates virtually. Boredom arises quickly due to those mentioned above “too much of a good resource,” and we no longer have conversations of purpose due to the overwhelming nature of multitasking. The way that modern society is propagandized makes it seem as if the inventions of the future are too few, expensive, or unnecessary. It is almost as if we are in the end stages. The show “Black Mirror” emphasizes the dilemma caused by the inventions of the near future. In each episode, there is an immense downfall caused by technology, and this is also an issue that we unknowingly face. Creating games and songs out of boredom become more difficult because it seems that everything has been created. Also, if the technology is overdone, our demise is imminent. To put it, it appears that there is barely anything to do that does not quickly get annoying. Naturally, the repetitive nature of scrolling on cell-phones is addictive to humans, but it also hinders many from having fun. Regardless, it should be mentioned that it is not typical in most social settings to engage in creating songs, games, or fun. Many of these bland modern conversations could be the result of aggravation from overworking and lack of opportunity for excitement.

The conversation is a mere distraction from what has become our reality. The more technologically advanced society becomes, the less enjoyable and creative one becomes when placed around most people. Even at parties, you will see many on their phones or staging their faux happiness. Even then, most of us using cell-phones are communicating with other people, although they are not around. Luckily, the conversation is still psychologically enjoyable to man, because it is always done. Some talk more than others because discussion was positively reinforced when they were growing up or simply because they are extroverted. However, we must face the fact that the means of conversation has strayed far from what we all believe and want it to be. A world that was once simple, transformed into one that is so complex that conversation is reduced to overlay to avoid or address the problems that the modern world provides.

Introduction

Among the most consequential cultural and economic phenomenon of the modern era has been the multi-faceted and ever-changing tourism industry. It includes people going to and staying in unfamiliar places for various reasons, whether for work, pleasure, or other reasons. This international emigration has the potential to improve economies on a local and national level while also bringing people together from different backgrounds. Travelers’ lives are enriched and their perspectives broadened when they encounter with diverse cultures, landscapes, and experiences as they explore new destinations.

But tourism isn’t all sunshine and rainbows; it has far-reaching consequences for locals, ecosystems, and historical sites. Overtourism, which can result from an increase in demand for tourism, changes the social fabric of locations, strains infrastructure, and degrades natural resources. Therefore, the sector is at a turning point, where responsible and sustainable tourism must coexist with the pursuit of financial gain. The goal of these essays is to explore tourism’s complexities by looking at its social, economic, and environmental aspects. We hope to gain a better understanding of tourism’s function in today’s linked globe and to be able to foresee a way forward that will guarantee the positive influence and endurance of this worldwide phenomena by examining the possibilities and threats it poses.

100 Words Essay about tourism

Tourism is a powerful engine for global interaction and economic growth, offering a gateway to explore diverse cultures, natural wonders, and historical sites. It not only enriches travellers’ lives with new experiences and insights but also significantly contributes to local economies by creating jobs and promoting cultural exchange. However, the industry faces challenges such as environmental degradation and cultural displacement, necessitating a shift towards sustainable tourism practices. Balancing the economic benefits with the need to preserve natural and cultural assets is crucial. By adopting responsible tourism, we can ensure that the beauty and diversity of destinations are maintained for future generations to enjoy.

250 Words Essay about tourism

Tourism, an ever-expanding global phenomenon, serves as a bridge between cultures, economies, and environments, offering a unique lens through which we explore the world. It stands as a significant contributor to economic development, particularly in regions where other industries may be limited. Through the creation of jobs, stimulation of local economies, and infrastructure development, tourism can uplift communities and provide new opportunities. The cultural exchange that tourism fosters is invaluable, allowing individuals to gain deeper insights into the customs, traditions, and ways of life of people from different parts of the globe, thereby promoting understanding and tolerance.

However, the rapid growth of tourism also brings to the forefront critical challenges that cannot be overlooked. The environmental impact, including pollution, habitat destruction, and strain on resources, poses a significant threat to the natural beauty and biodiversity that attract visitors in the first place. Similarly, the social and cultural impacts, such as the commodification of cultures and potential disruption to local communities, call for careful consideration and management.

The concept of sustainable tourism has thus gained momentum, emphasizing the need to balance economic benefits with environmental and cultural preservation. This approach advocates for responsible travel practices, community involvement, and the conservation of natural and cultural heritage. As tourism continues to evolve, the focus shifts towards creating a more sustainable and equitable industry that respects the delicate balance between welcoming visitors and preserving the essence of destinations. Embracing sustainable tourism practices is not just an option but a necessity to ensure the long-term viability and positive legacy of tourism around the world.

400 Words Essay about tourism

Tourism stands as one of the most influential and vibrant sectors of the global economy, embodying the spirit of exploration and the desire for connection that characterizes the human experience. It encompasses the act of traveling to and experiencing places beyond one’s usual environment, for leisure, business, or other purposes. The industry significantly contributes to economic growth, cultural exchange, and international understanding, offering a pathway to prosperity for many regions.

The economic impact of tourism is profound, serving as a major source of income and employment in many countries. It stimulates growth in a multitude of sectors, including hospitality, transportation, and local businesses, contributing to the overall development of tourism destinations. This economic infusion can lead to improved infrastructure, healthcare, and education for local communities, enhancing the quality of life for residents.

Culturally, tourism promotes the sharing of experiences, traditions, and values. It offers a platform for cultural exchange, where visitors and hosts interact, fostering mutual respect and understanding. This exchange enriches travelers’ perspectives, broadening their horizons and deepening their appreciation for diversity. Moreover, tourism can play a pivotal role in preserving cultural heritage, as it incentivizes the maintenance and celebration of historical sites, traditional crafts, and cultural practices.

However, the surge in tourism also brings challenges that must be addressed to ensure its sustainable growth. The environmental footprint of tourism, characterized by resource consumption, waste production, and habitat disruption, poses a threat to the natural environments that attract tourists. Over-tourism in popular destinations can lead to overcrowding, degradation of visitor experiences, and strain on local resources and communities. Socially, the influx of tourists can lead to cultural commodification, where local traditions and sites are commercialized, potentially eroding their authenticity and meaning.

The response to these challenges lies in the promotion of sustainable tourism practices. Sustainable tourism aims to minimize negative impacts while maximizing the positive contributions of tourism to economic, social, and environmental well-being.

In conclusion, tourism is a powerful force with the potential to promote economic development, cultural understanding, and global solidarity. Yet, its sustainability hinges on our collective ability to manage its growth responsibly, ensuring that it benefits host communities, preserves cultural heritage, and protects the natural environment. By embracing the principles of sustainable tourism, we can forge a path that allows us to explore and appreciate the world’s wonders while safeguarding them for the enjoyment of future travelers.

500 Words Essay about tourism

Tourism, a dynamic and multifaceted industry, has grown exponentially to become one of the cornerstones of the global economy, fostering intercultural dialogue and contributing to the socioeconomic development of numerous destinations worldwide. This intricate tapestry of travel and exploration allows individuals to transcend geographical boundaries, offering a unique blend of recreational, cultural, and educational experiences. As people traverse the globe, they not only satiate their wanderlust but also forge connections that bridge cultural divides, enriching their understanding of the world and its diverse inhabitants.

The economic implications of tourism are profound and far-reaching. It serves as a vital engine for economic growth, particularly in regions where other forms of industry may be less viable. Tourism generates revenue through direct spending on accommodation, transportation, attractions, and dining, while also stimulating growth in secondary markets such as retail and entertainment. This influx of capital can lead to significant infrastructural development, enhancing local facilities and services, which in turn improves the quality of life for residents. Moreover, the industry is a prolific job creator, offering employment opportunities across a spectrum of skill levels, from hospitality and service roles to management and conservation positions.

Culturally, tourism acts as a catalyst for the preservation and celebration of heritage. It incentivizes the maintenance of historical sites, traditional arts, and cultural festivals, which might otherwise be at risk of fading into obscurity. Tourists seeking authentic experiences contribute to the valorization of local customs and traditions, fostering a sense of pride among communities and encouraging the transmission of cultural knowledge to future generations. This cultural exchange enhances the tourist’s experience and cultivates mutual respect and appreciation between visitors and hosts.

However, the burgeoning growth of tourism necessitates a critical examination of its sustainability. The environmental impact of tourism, characterized by increased pollution, habitat destruction, and strain on natural resources, poses significant challenges. Destinations famed for their pristine natural environments or rich biodiversity are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of unchecked tourism. Additionally, the phenomenon of over-tourism, where the sheer volume of visitors overwhelms a destination, can lead to a decline in the quality of life for local populations, degradation of the visitor experience, and dilution of cultural authenticity.

Addressing these challenges requires a paradigm shift towards sustainable tourism, an approach that seeks to mitigate the negative impacts of travel while amplifying its positive contributions. Sustainable tourism emphasizes environmental stewardship, cultural preservation, and equitable economic benefits.

In conclusion, tourism is a powerful force with the capacity to transform not only landscapes but also lives. It offers a window into the diverse tapestry of human culture and the natural world, fostering understanding, empathy, and connection. Yet, the future of tourism hinges on our collective ability to embrace sustainable practices. As we navigate the complexities of this global phenomenon, we must strive to balance the needs and aspirations of tourists with the well-being of host communities and the environment. In doing so, we can safeguard the wonders of our world for future generations to explore and cherish.

ABSTRACT

Chatbot is widely popular now-a-days and catching speed as an application of computer communication. Some programs respond intelligently like human. This type of program is called a Chatbot. This paper addresses the design and implementation of a Chatbot system. We will also study another application where Chatbots could be useful and techniques used while designing a Chatbot.

INTRODUCTION

In today’s world computers play an important role in our society? Computers give us information; they entertain us and help us in lots of manners. A chatbot is a program designed to counterfeit a smart communication on a text or spoken ground. But this paper is based on the text only chatbot. Chatbot recognize the user input as well as by using pattern matching, access information to provide a predefined acknowledgment. For example, if the user is providing the bot a sentence like “What is your name?” The chatbot is most likely to reply something like “My name is Chatbot.” or the chatbot replies as “You can call me Chatbot.” based on the sentence given by the user. When the input is bringing into being in the database, a response from a predefined pattern is given to the user. A Chatbot is implemented using pattern comparing, in which the order of the sentence is recognized and a saved response pattern is acclimatize to the exclusive variables of the sentence. They cannot register and respond to complex questions, and are unable to perform compound activities [1]. Chatbot is relatively a new technology. The application of a Chatbot can be seen in various fields in the future. This paper covers the techniques used to design and implement a Chatbot. Comparisons are made, findings are discussed and conclusion is drawn at the end.

IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS

Chatbot is a computer application which uses artificial intelligence to mimic human conversation. It helps the user by answering the questions asked by them. The program is implemented using Java programming language. Particularly Java applets are used. Applets are used because it is easy to create the dialog box required for the conversation between the user and the bot. Detailed implementation is given below

A.Fundamental Design Techniques and Approaches

Creating the dialog box

All the packages required for creating the dialog box are imported. The size of the dialog box and text area inside the dialog box is given. Vertical scrollbar is used so that the screen is scrolled as the conversation goes on. Horizontal scrollbar is never used because the size of the dialog box is fixed.

Creating a database

Two dimensional string arrays are applied to build a database. Rows in the array are used for request and response. All the even rows contain the request or questions and all the odd rows contain the response or answers.

Columns in the array are applied to save different types of questions that could asked by the user and responses that a Chatbot can answer. There is one row in the array which contains default responses which is used when the matching question is not found in the array.

B. Modules Description

The description of the modules used in the implementation

Chatbot

In this function, all the variables used for creating the dialog box are added. Default close operation is set to EXIT_ON_CLOSE so that the dialog box closes on exit. Required background colour is set using inbuilt set Background () function.

Random

The input from the user is taken using get Text () function. All the punctuation marks in the user input are removed using trim () function. The uppercase letters are converted to lowercase. A variable called response is used to hold a byte value and it is set to 0. While response is 0, the match for the input is found in the database and it is returned as a response which is displayed in the text area. If the response is 1, then the match for the input is not found in the database. In this case, a default response is returned. Random () function is used to choose the response saved in the database.

AddText

All the texts or strings used in input and output are added to the text area in the dialog box.

InArray

This is used as a pattern matching function. A variable match is used to hold a Boolean value and it is set to false. If the match for the users input is found in the database, true is returned else false is returned as a result. This value is returned to keyPressed() function and the result is displayed in the dialog box.

COMPARISON

This Chatbot is very simple and user friendly. It is not very complicated like other Chatbots. The working of the Chatbot is simple and can be easily understood by any person. In other Chatbots, the working is very complicated. Many classes are used which is difficult to understand. In this program, only one class is used to make it simple and obtain the expected output. This Chatbot uses simple pattern matching to represent the input and output whereas other Chatbots uses input rules, keyword patterns and output rules to generate a response. If the input is not found in the database, a default response is generated. The input and output can be customized according to the user. Based on the developer or the user, the required requests and responses can be stored in the database. Since own database can be created, it allows the user to understand how the response is generated. This Chatbot can be used for the entertainment purpose. Whenever a person is bored, he can chat with the bot for entertainment. It can also be used to provide information by modifying the program as needed by the user.

FUTURE SCOPE

Chatbots are also referred to as virtual assistants. It is a rudimentary form of artificial intelligence software that can mimic human conversation. The Chatbots can be analyzed and improved. It can be used in various fields such as education, business, online chatting etc. It can be used in the field of education as a learning tool. The information necessary for education can be stored in the data base and can be retrieved any time by querying the bot. In business field, it can be used to provide business solutions in an efficient way. When the solutions are efficient, the business can be improved and the growth of the organization will be increased. This Chatbot can be used in online chatting for entertainment purpose. People can chat with these bots online when they are bored for the purpose of entertainment. These bots can also be used to learn different kinds of language. The language that has to learnt can be stored in the database and can be learnt by asking questions to the bot. They can also be used in the field of medical to solve health related problems. Chatbots are going to explode and can be really dominating in future. Chatbots can provide a new and flexible way for users. They are giving AI something better to do. Chatbots results in smart conversation and is advancing at an unprecedented rate with each new development. ChatBot usually store contextual data which can be used in the detection of geo location or a state (which data is needed for which step when communicating with a bot?). This could also be a telephone number or other private data, and no one knows whether the data is encrypted before it gets saved to a database. Since Chatbot predicts and provides accurate response to a posed question, it is hard to imagine the future without a Chatbot.

CONCLUSION

A chatbot is one of the simple ways to transport data from a computer without having to think for proper keywords to look up in a search or browse several web pages to collect information; users can easily type their query in natural language and retrieve information. In this paper, information about the design, implementation of the chatbot has been presented. From the survey above, it can be said that the development and improvement of chatbot design grow at an unpredictable rate due to variety of methods and approaches used to design a chatbot. Chatbot is a great tool for quick interaction with the user. They help us by providing entertainment, saving time and answering the questions that are hard to find. The Chatbot must be simple and conversational. Since there are many designs and approaches for creating a chatbot, it can be at odds with commercial considerations. Researchers need to interact and must agree on a common approach for designing a Chatbot. In this project, we looked into how Chatbots are developed and the applications of Chatbots in various fields. In addition comparison has been made with other Chatbots. General purpose Chatbot must be simple, user friendly, must be easily understood and the knowledge base must be compact. Although some of the commercial products have recently emerged, improvements must be made to find a common approach for designing a Chatbot.

“Sir, of all the tiresome emotive words coined by this generation “gentrification” must rank among the worst. By its implication of class ridden envy, peculiar I believe to this country and perhaps a symptom of our current malaise, fears of “gentrification” threaten plans for the rehabilitation of many derelict areas of “listed” housing in London.”

As cited in the book ‘Gentrification’ a letter to Times London (1977) by the member of greater London council William Bell specifies about the issue of an emotive word and how it threatens the plan of rehabilitation in many derelict areas of listed housing in London.

Gentrification was a term coined by a British sociologist Ruth Glass in 1964. “But it would be a careless to assume that it started form there “ . The phenomenon started much before the term was introduced. For many the term could evoke a various range of emotions such as anger, grief, resentment and powerlessness, which are mostly rooted to ones’ personal experience.

Modern dictionary defines gentrification as “a process of renovating and improving a house or a district to conform with the middle-class taste” and to add further, by displacement of the indigenous population from their neighbourhood.

As described by Cheong and Fong in article ‘Gentrification and Conservation: Examining the Intersection’, “gentrification is a politically charged set of spatial and temporal process involving complex negotiation between government, markets, local businesses, national and international companies, social and cultural ideologies, racial and ethnic minorities and majorities of varying social classes and host of other influential” . In this highly variable mix, addition of heritage value further elevates and complicates the process of neighbourhood. So, the question here is, how are heritage and gentrification related? Does heritage conservation exacerbate the process of gentrification?

As Viollet-le-Duc defines, the idea of historic preservation that evolved during the first quarter of the 19th century in his book ‘The Architectural Theory of: Viollet-le-Duc’, with time the mediating process has evolved and has become an important aspect that has gained international attention. Conservation as a process of care, should employ an ethos that values the age, cultural identities and most importantly the ‘sense of a place’. Is it something that’s happening? Yes, indeed when it is carried out in a sustainable manner considering the sociocultural aspects of a neighbourhood.

The argument put forward in this paper is against negative rhetoric related to gentrification and conservation. The urban conservation in present day scenario is seen acting as a precursor to gentrification. And gentrification further leading to the displacement of indigenous people and culture of the place. A new materialistic approach to conservation is employed in neighbourhood revitalisation. “The visual impact of physical conservation is easily recognizable at street level: upgradation of buildings, streetscapes and landscapes that leads to an “improved sense of a place” . Despite of these seemingly positive aspects, the question, ‘for whom?’ remains—who is benefited with this revitalized economy and improved sense of place? — negative impact due to heritage conservation rises when the targeted user group for attaining the benefits of the same is different from the local residents.

The heritage conservation and its impact on neighbourhood is captured by Smith, Neil in his journal article ‘Historic Preservation in a Neoliberal age’, where he describes:

“The benefits of historic preservation in terms of ‘economic and community development’ are heavily weighted toward one part of the population, while the costs largely fall to a quite different group… Historic preservation has thrived on popular appeals to the ‘‘national interest’’ and to a common cultural heritage, but the social bifurcation of who benefits and who pays belies these claims.”

Smith portrays that heritage conservation works in conjunction with gentrification and without clearly defined methods or protocols for social protection it will inevitably lead to gentrification. But heritage conservation is not the only factor that causes gentrification of a neighbourhood and displacement of the residents (mostly working-class people). As Kalima Rose defines, there are specific community attributes that create this vulnerability of displacement that includes:

• High proportion of renters
• Ease of access to job centres
• Location in a region with increasing level of metropolitan congestion
• And comparatively low housing values, for housing stocks with architectural merits.

So, heritage conservation remains a part of the complex network of various entities leading to gentrification. As we take a close look into the variables of gentrification and the way they interact with each other resulting in a change in neighbourhood, a challenge is posed upon us- which factor is to be criticised individually as the culprit for gentrification. The deeper we look, the more difficult it is to define gentrification, its impact, how it is experienced and what are the broader implications in neighbourhood level.

Much of the negative rhetoric in the present scenario associated with gentrification and urban conservation is an issue of lack of evidence-based analysis. The process involved in designation of historic place must become a participatory process were preservation is defined through public policies and public eyes . To exemplify the same authors Avrami, Leo and Sanchez use the example of a survey conducted in New York. The authors project the issue of exclusion of public through the lens of preservation. Further emphasises is on societal aims cum benefits that preservation is intended to achieve through legislative mandate. The survey conducted based on the topic within New York public throws light upon how exclusion of public could potentially lead to negative impacts due to preservation. The lack of diversity among advocates and decision-making actors pose a threat on the process of historic designation to a neighbourhood and could impose an indirect effect on the underrepresented communities. The paper concludes as the challenge faced today by heritage conservation are institutional infrastructures that doesn’t allow for “nimble policy reforms and fears of undermining the legal footings of preservation by opening up the municipal ordinances.”

The relationship between gentrification and heritage conservation is a complex phenomenon. To exemply that gentrification due to heritage conservation doesn’t always create a negative impact city of Hoi An, Vietnam and to exemplify the negative impact due to inconsiderate behaviour of the governing body towards the local residents while conservation, The Rocks, Sydney is being chosen.

Hoi An is a historic city in Vietnam Quang Nam province and is one of the finest examples of well-preserved Southeast Asian trading port dating from 15th to 19th century. The town reflects an amalgamation of indigenous and foreign cultures that combined to produce this unique survival. The town comprises of 1107 timber framed buildings, with brick or wooden walls, including architectural monuments, commercial and domestic vernacular structures. The streets are lined up by the row houses, tiled and wooden components carved with traditional motifs. An interesting feature to note is that the town still acts as an active port region and centre of commerce. The cultural and historic features of town are well preserved and stands evident within the boundary of inscribed property, even while its functioning as a port city, along with rushed incoming of tourist.

The heritage management plan for the zone is developed so that there is a buffer zone to protect properties from external threats. The adverse effect caused urbanization, or any other potential threat would not affect the community due to the buffer zone. Active participation of local community and authorities make the neighbourhood a successful example of heritage conservation.

So, in this case designation of historic area has not caused or exacerbate gentrification rather it has benefited the community.

Whereas in case of The Rocks during 1970 a resident’s action group along with the BLF (builder labours Federation) protest to save the rocks from redevelopment of the area as high-rise commercial precinct from a residential neighbourhood by Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority. A green ban was placed with the effort of the activist group. But today the Rocks is not the same neighbourhood that once the activist groups fought for. The man ideal then was to protect the residential neighbourhood from being demolished, but with mediating time the economic pressure on the residents increased due to lack of proper buffer as in case of Hoi An. So gradually the place became a ‘heritage theme park’ as defined by various critics. The place today stands as a relic with no meaning.

The idea of conservation here was completely off track, instead of protecting the culture of a place what was focused was a portrayal of the build mass as heritage. A sense of place and the value of heritage always is related to the indigenous people and their activities around that neighbourhood. But what we see here today is completely a new set of users completely unaware of the deteriorated past. The place did portray an improved sense of place as presented initially in the paper but with improper

In both cases we could see that the conservation or designation of historic area was not the reason the exacerbate gentrification, it was the approach and the targeted user by the governing body. In case of ‘Hoi An’ the benefits of the conservation was targeted to the local community thereby creating a positive impact due to gentrification, whereas in case of ‘The Rocks’ with mediating the focus was shifted on to the incoming tourist community and not the local and hence led to formation of a place with zero meaning, mere build mass got the focus and the area became a heritage theme park. The conservation designation doesn’t cause the negative gentrification it is for whom the conservation is carried out that defines the impact of it.

“The challenges of gentrification can best be met by implementing strategies that enable low-income residents to stay anchored in their neighbourhoods and to thrive.”

To conclude as Lawrence quoted in his research it would be apt to implement strategies in accordance to the need of the local residents of the zone. The prime target must be the indigenous user. When gentrification happens due to conservation resident seek protection and this must come in various forms as historic designation of neighbourhood would protect the neighbourhood whereas the policy reforms such as low-income housing and rent freeze policies would protect the people. A value based heritage conservation is something that’s intended to be carried out assessing the community needs, bridging social and economic realities for creation of a sociocultural sustainability.