Category: Conservation

Natural resources are things that occur naturally on the earth. It is an indispensable part of our lives. It is composed of air, water, sunlight, coal, petroleum, natural gas, fossil fuels, petroleum, etc. However, humans use them for economic benefits. Due to overuse, natural resources are being depleted. Some of them are rich in resources and can be upgraded. On the other hand, some are non-renewable. Therefore, you need responsible protection to ensure its sustainability.

Why protect natural resources?

Human development activities depend on natural resources. If resources are used improperly, it will cause an environmental imbalance. Therefore, we must oppose the ecological environment. The need for protection stems from the importance of natural resources. As follows: Water is a renewable natural resource. We use it for drinking, power generation, irrigation, various industries, and many activities. Its scarcity will cause the loss of vegetation, adverse effects on animals and plants, soil erosion, etc. Animals and plants provide a wide range of industrial and biological materials. Furthermore, it also helps in the manufacture of medicines and for other purposes.

The formation of natural resources takes millions of years. Fossil fuels are very important. Many energy sources come from coal, oil, and natural gas, all of which are fossil fuels. Forests are the most important natural resource and contribute to economic development. The forest provides paper, furniture, wood, medicine, chewing gum, etc. In addition, it maintains a balance in the ecosystem. In addition, it can prevent soil erosion and protect wild animals. Earth resources support natural vegetation, wildlife, and transportation. The land also provides us with food, clothing, shelter, and other basic necessities.

Methods of Protecting Natural Resources

Various government departments, as well as national and international agencies, are committed to protecting natural resources. Carry out environmental education and incorporate environmental education into school curricula. National parks are working hard to protect the safety of natural resources. Reduce, reuse and recycle non-renewable resources. Non-human species must be disturbed to meet basic needs. Plant more and more trees to save our forest resources. Looking for alternatives to non-renewable resources. Make better use of biogas and biofuels. Avoid dumping industrial waste into rivers. This is a measure to protect the rich marine life. Overgrazing should be avoided. In addition, the poaching of animals should be controlled. Practicing crop rotation techniques can help maintain soil fertility. Burning fossil fuels emits carbon dioxide, which is one of the main greenhouse gases. It is responsible for the greenhouse effect. Therefore, the burning of fossil fuels must be controlled. These are some of the measures we can take to protect natural resources. As human beings, we have a social responsibility to fulfill nature. Therefore, when using resources, we must follow the principles of sustainable development.

Conclusion

Natural resources are a gift of creation. This help to meet human needs to the maximum. In addition, rational use of natural resources to maintain the earthu2019s atmosphere. In addition, careful use can protect biodiversity. Human beings cannot imagine life without natural resources. Therefore, protecting it is essential.

1.0 Introduction

Currently, Trophy hunting has been extensively debated in the field of biodiversity conservation. Trophy hunting is a form of sport hunting of a wild animal that has specific desired characteristics under the government license, for leisure. Generally, it involves with payment of a fee for a hunting experience by local or foreign hunters (Booth & Chardonnet, 2015). The trophy is an animal or its head, skin, or any other body part that is usually retained by the hunters to keep as a souvenir in their homes and offices but not primarily for food or sustenance (Nelson et al., 2016; Loveridge, Reynolds and Milner-Gulland, 2007).

One of the most extreme varieties of trophy hunting is known as canned hunting which represents a very small proportion of hunting, raises very different issues from trophy hunting of free-ranging animals, and is unfitted declined by existing IUCN policy.

Some endangered species were killed by hunters with approval from Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CTES). Furthermore, Palazy et al., (2011) found an increase in the number of lions, cheetahs, and leopards killed for seven years. Methods are used to kill the animals; trophy hunting (where a gun or bow and arrow were used in the hunt) and trophy fishing or trophy trapping (Booth & Chardonnet, 2015).

Trophy hunting takes place in various forms of governance, management, and ecological contexts, so its wide impacts on conservation, from negative to neutral and to positive. In many ways, correct evidence is lacking, so it is currently difficult to calculate precisely how widespread each outcome is (Corlett, R. T., 2007). In these situations, Trophy hunting is sometimes applied, which is a controversial legal and ethical issue. Nelson et al.,2016, state that the ethics of hunting is the subject of one of the not ending debates within the conservation community. On the other hand, Philosopher King commented it is a fundamental evolutionary component of human life, hunting is part of our genetic heritage (King et al., 2005). However, Trophy hunting has been controversially debated, and there are indeed a few advantages associated with this practice.

2.0 Legal Argument

2.1. Opponent

Casamitjan and Tsang (2016) represent that the laws and policies on trophy hunting remain complicated, according many scientists, governments, and conservationists are unable to agree on great preservation and conservation practices. Some countries have taken notice of its adverse effects of it. Trophy hunting can have an on already decimated wildlife populations. Trophy hunting bans around the world involve the shooting of genetically manipulated and selectively bred animals. Figure shows the countries which are banned. In addition, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) commented that trophy hunting is illegal (IUCN, 2016).

Commercial poaching must be different and It is illegal hunting due to hunters generating significant income by hunting demand for animal products such as ivory and rhino horn. In addition, illegal hunting typically results in population depletion and in severe scenarios may lead to the loss of species (Corlett, R.T, 2007).

2.2 Proponent

In some circumstances, where trophy hunting is practiced legally, based on sound scientific grounds, it can benefit biodiversity and assist conservation objectives (Aryal et al., 2015). Trophy hunting is legal in certain counties such as; Europe, the USA, Canada, and Mexico, several countries in East, Central, and South Asia, and around 23 sub-Saharan African countries (Lindsey, Roulet, and Romanach, 2007), several countries in Central and South America, Australia and New Zealand. However, some community organizations like International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation (CIC) with Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and Boone and Crockett Club in North America, participate in deciding on its legalization (Minin, William & Corey,2016)

3.0 Ethical Argument

As King (2005) described the ethical dilemma surrounding trophy hunting is still a controversial issue between culture and nature, high technology and ancient folk habits, economic need, and reaction between compassion and exploitation. Some conservationists believe that hunting is fundamentally incompatible with the direct moral standing of non-human animals and stop hunting. In contrast, some philosophers who were against trophy hunting argued to ban non-human animal hunting for their direct moral standing (Bashqawi, N., 2014).

The ethical principles of beneficence (animal welfare), nonmaleficence (avoidance of harm), animalism respect, as well as promotion of justice and fairness. The use of trophy hunting opportunities as a conservation tool, however, has led to differences of opinion over whether wildlife should or should not be killed to promote conservation objectives (Williams et al., 2005). Nelson et al. (2016), proposed the ethical discipline called, is consequentialism which the consequences of one’s action are the sole basis for judging whether they are right or wrong.

Rust and Verssimo (2015) commented consequentialist views are common in conservation. Furthermore, judging whether the killing of threatened animals is justified requires an analysis both of the consequences of the population and individual species which are being killed and the actions of the individual doing the killing. The ethics of trophy hunting is the moral status of different arguments (Nelson et al., 2016). The ethical dilemma of trophy hunting is evaluated with help of certain case studies.

3.1 Does Trophy hunting provide a positive conservation impact on finances & biodiversity?

3.1.1 Proponent

According to proponents of trophy hunting, as a conservational tool trophy hunting is morally justified. Supporters of trophy hunting, and even canned hunting, proclaim their activities support conservation. Despite this shortcoming, trophy hunting is legalized in countries like South Africa, Due to hunting generates substantial income (Loveridge, Reynolds, and Milner-Gulland, 2007).

Hence, it is clear that with effective governance and management, this practice does have positive impacts.

Lindsey et al., 2012 state that trophy hunting generates the conservation of wild habitats and provides potential revenue for conservation. According to the CITES proposal, at least 1.7 million hunting trophies have been traded between 2004-2014.

Lion is classified as vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation (IUCN) Red List of Threatened species. The most studied lion is the African lion (Panthera leo) which is a species of great ecological and economic significance among these top predators (Becker et al., 2013).

Trophy hunting for lions, particularly adult healthy males is a substantial source of income for many developing African countries (Tanzania, Benin, Niger and etc.) especially, where they are less attractive to photographic tourists (Loveridge et al., 2007; Sandbrook & William, 2012 ). As an ethical principle, the beneficiary of trophy hunting is, lion hunting contributes a higher financial viability impact, with proportional significance highest in Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zambia (Lindsey et al., 2012). There is no other species population in Tanzania. Thus, Lion trophy hunting generates proportional significance financial.

The trophy hunting industry is not dependent only on lions for viability and other species such as elephants, buffalo and leopards are more vital in financial terms (Lindsey et al., 2012). According to the IUCN report, the bulk of income was generated while trophy hunting. As an example, 0.35% of the white and black rhinos conserved by South Africa and Namibia, will have generated a turnover of close to US$4 million (IUCN,2016).

The amount charged for trophy hunting is utilized for improving the standard of living of endangered species. It would be profitable for them to be partners in the conservation effects. International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) stated hunting contributes to otherwise poor communities. Alexandra Songarwa mentioned this scenario as “Saving lions by killing them” (Ahamed, A., 2016). Hence, his statement also asserts that trophy hunting is ethical under the ethical principle of beneficence. Indeed, Hunting ethics contains benefits for future generations of people and wildlife as a conservation tool.

Additionally, another argument, trophy hunting may impact biodiversity conservation. On the other hand, beneficence that favors trophy hunting is hunting animals that are old males who have already contributed to the gene pool (Vora, A., 2018).

A special case of killing Black rhinos in Namibia is still debated, as Corey Knowlton’s statement, that hunting older rhinos would not contribute to the gene pool and they could no longer reproduce. Scientific studies which are cited by IUCN note that the absence of older males from the pool actually improves the fertility of the group, which leads to an increase in the population of rhinos. In South Africa, the population of white rhinos increased from 1,800 (in 1968) to around 18,400; and in South Africa and Namibia, the black rhino increased from around 2,520 (in 2004) to around 3,500 (IUCN,2016). This evidence reveals a positive correlation between population growth and trophy hunting. According to the IUCN report, white rhinos are no longer a threatened species whereas still, whereas black rhinos are critically endangered. Hunting advocates pointed out that killing animals who are older, aggressive, or non-breeding for conservation is moral in order to this scenario. In the case of black rhinos, animal killing for conservation is ethical.

3.1.2 Opponent

Does Trophy hunting provide a negative impact on biodiversity?

Most hunters are driven by self-interest that does not mean hunters do not respect animals. Though, most countries are allowed to hunt certain animals (as pointed out above). This case made certain animals made “scapegoats” while the remaining species can live. View of animal rights, even all non-human animals are sentient beings thus they have (individual rights) autonomy to live. All animals should be treated equally. Although such hunting advocates argue that animalism (interest of individual animals) is taken as a human attribute not that of animals. From this point, killing animals is unethical (Ahmad, A., 2016).

The opposition to trophy hunting is driven by the emotional aspect that may have a legitimate part to play role in moral judgment but in some cases, conservationists may be neglected the importance of emotion. Hence, the ethical dilemma of hunting is the animal rights movement and concerns harming individual sentient beings. The key for conservation professionals is recognizing that emotion is not anathema to rational decision‐making. Philosopher Peter Singer has argued while killing animals, there’s much suffering and pain that may not be ignored (King et al., 2005). Such views against animal rights activities said that non-human animals are not feeling creatures. Hence, they believed, the animal has no mental stress. Thus, there can be arguments that there is no animal welfare issue. In contrast, Tom Reghan argues, that hunting animals have inherent value thus, moral precedence should be given to animals over ecosystems, just as it is given to human beings (King et al., 2005). Where human-animal relation is considered, the moral rule is “save people over animals (Hazzah, Borgerhoff & Frank, 2009). Additionally, hunted animals can suffer from extreme fear and stress during hunting. Sometimes the victims are parents with dependent offspring who also die as well, slowly, of starvation. These animals’ argument mentioned above is similarly based on human utilitarianism. Thus, this argument which is hunting suffer hunted animals is untenable. Although, as divinity ethics, every entity in nature has its particular right to exist (Lindsey, P. A., 2008). Nevertheless, scientifically, the high-stress hormone (Cortisol) is found in hunted animals rather than in normal animals (Mentaberre et al.,2010). Hunters must make sure that does no harm to animals which means non-maleficence. In order to do that, killing animals is morally wrong.

In contrast to 3.2.1 statements, hunters most prefer to kill big and already rarest vulnerable animals. Thus, hunting adversely affects the gene pool and reduces the average size of future generations which threatens the ability of the species to thrive. Communities against this practice, hunting is an unacceptable use of natural resources and is highly offensive to the global human populations. In fact, even 86% of Americans oppose big game hunting.

In 2015, American hunter, Walter Palmer killed an African male lion, named Cecil is killed under a legal license in Zimbabwe. Cecil was a 13-years old famous lion and part of a conservation and renewing lion populations in Africa. But the death of Cecil drew global attention to animal welfare and animal rights (Bekoff, M., 2018). In this case, Cecil had more suffered before dying. As King mentioned, harming an individual sentient being is unethical. Furthermore, Oxford university scientist states that 72% of male lions were killed by trophy hunting and 30% of those male baby lion shot was under four years old within the national park. Regarding the ethics of hunting Cecil, for conservation, killing animals is morally wrong. Though against this argument, Capecchi and Rogers (2015) stated that regarding the controversy, trophy hunting of endangered animals is acceptable.

Lion hunting generates the highest prices for all trophies. In this case, Walter Palmer hunter earned US$54,000 from Cecil the Lion. Hence, Trophy hunting is a significant ethical dilemma.

Not only that hunting can influence the behavior of the non-targeted animals (rare and exaggerated features), species like genetically or phenotypically altered due to hunting (such as reduced horn size), the introduction of species beyond their natural range (including into other countries) and deletion of predators (Nelson et al., 2016). The death of an individual animal cannot be justified based on animal autonomy, non-maleficence (limited suffering) by conservation efforts,s and hunter’s rights. Thus, Trophy hunting is considered immoral.

4.0 Conclusion

Trophy hunting is extrapolated from utilitarianism reasons therefore, there’s no noticeable way to settle conflicting viewpoints towards hunting ethics. Factors of physical and emotional suffering rarely take into account and this practice is mainly based on economic benefits. Thus, conservationists ignored this element. Such reasoning can also be challenged from the standpoint of animal rights. Nonetheless, trophy hunting is still an ethical dilemma for conservancies. Animal killing for economic or entertainment cannot be justified.

5.0 Reference

1. Ahamad, A. (2016) The Trophy Hunting Debate. A case for ethics. Economic &Politics weekly 11: pp29-31.
2. Aryal, A., Dhakal, M., Yadav, B. P., Shrestha, U. B., Bencini, R., Raubenheimer, D. & Ji, W. (2015) Is trophy hunting bharal (blue sheep) and Himalayan tahr contributing to their conservation in Nepal? Journal of Mammal 26: pp85-88
3. Bashqawi, N. (2014) Kill to Conserve: Ethical Implications of Trophy Hunting Conservation Measures ESSAI 12
4. Becker, M. S., Fred, G. R., Egil, D., Leigh, K., Carlson, R. S. & Carlson, A. A. (2013) Estimating Past and Future Males Loss in Three Zambian Lion Populations The Journal of Wildlife Management 77: pp128-142.
5. [bookmark: _Hlk3996422]Booth, V. & Chardonnet, P. (2015) Guidelines for improving the administration of sustainable hunting in sub-Saharan Africa. FAO of the United States.
6. Casamitjana, J. & Tsang, J. (2016) Killing for Trophies. An Analysis of Global Trophy Hunting Trade International Fund for Animal Welfare
7. Corlett, R. T. (2007) The impact of hunting on the mammalian fauna of tropical Asian forests. Biotropica 39: pp292-303
8. Hazzah, L., Borgerhoff, M. M. & Frank, L. (2009) Lions and Warriors: Social factors underlying declining African lion populations and the effect of incentive-based management in Kenya. Biological Conservation 142: 2428-2437.
9. King, R. J. H., Bateson, P., Eves, H. E., Chrstine, M., Nelson, F., Kerasote, T. & Yaich, S. C. (2005) The Ethics of Hunting FORUM pp392-397.
10. Lindsey, P. A., Roulet, P. A. & Romanach, S. S. (2007) Economic and conservation significance of trophy hunting industry in sub-Saharan Africa Biological Conservation 34 pp455-469
11. Lindsey, P. A. (2008) Trophy Hunting in Sub Saharan Africa: Economic Scale and Conservation Significance Best Practices in Sustainable Hunting pp41-47
12. Lindsey, P. A., Balme, G. A., Booth, V. R. & Midlane, N. (2012) The Significance of African Lions for the Financial Viability of Trophy Hunting and the Maintenance of Wild Land PLoS ONE 7: pp1-10.
13. Loveridge, A.J., Searle, A.W., Murindagomo, F. and Macdonald, D.W. (2007) The impact of sport hunting on the population dynamics of an African lion population in a protected area. Biological Conservation 134: pp548-558.
14. Loveridge, A. J., Reynolds, J. C. and Milner-Gulland, E. (2007) Does sport hunting benefit conservation? Conservation Biology pp224-240.
15. Mentaberre, G. Olvera, L. J. R., Diaz, C. E., Raich, B. E., Marco, I. & Lavin, S. (2010) Use of haloperidol and azaperone for stress control in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) captured by means of drive-nets Research in Veterinary Science 88: pp531-535
16. Minin, E. D., William-Leader, N., & Corey, J. A. B (2016) Banning Trophy Hunting Will Exacerbate Biodiversity Loss Trends in Ecology & Evolution 31: pp99-102
17. Nelson, M. P., Bruskotter, J. T., Vucetich, J. A. & Chapron, G. (2016) Emotion and Ethics of Consequence in Conservation Decisions: Lessons from Cecil the lion Conservation Letter 9: pp302-307
18. Palazy, L., Bonenfant, C., Gaillard, C. and Courchamp, F. (2011) Cat Dilemma: Too Protected to Escape Trophy Hunting? PLoS ONE 7
19. Sandbrook, C. & William, M. A. (2012) Accessing the Impenetrable: The Nature and Distribution of Tourism Benefits at a Ugandan National Park Society & Natural Resources: An International Journal 9: pp 915-932
20. Vora, A., (2018) Legal and Ethical Implications of Using Trophy Hunting as a Conservation Tool Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy 21:pp46-50
21. Williams, L. N., Milledge, S., Adcock, K., Brooks, M., Conway, A., Knight, M., Mainka, S., Martin, E.B. & Teferi, T. (2005) Trophy Hunting of Black Rhino Diceros bicornis: Proposals to Ensure Its Future Sustainability Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy 8: pp1-11

Water is an absolutely essential resource for us. This is not surprising considering the fact that more than sixty percent of our bodies are made up of water. In fact, water is more than a mere resource; it is life. Without water, there would be no life on this planet. Even today, if we are deprived of water, we would die out very quickly.

Electricity doesn’t hold the same importance as water in the overall scheme of things; we would certainly not die without it. It is an invention of the modern era, however, and everything we use in these times is powered by electricity. Without electricity our entire way of life will be set back by at least five hundred years.

Saving Water and Electricity

Considering how important the two resources are – one to our survival and one to our way of life – there can be no doubt about the fact that everyone needs these resources. The problem is that since the population of the earth is growing every day, the demand for these resources is also increasing. However, these resources are not infinite.

Indeed, even though water covers seventy percent of the planet, only around two point five percent is fresh water and one point five percent of that is trapped in ice fields and glaciers. We only have access to the remaining one percent which can be found in lakes, ponds and rivers and in underground pockets. It is this groundwater that we usually tap into. Unfortunately, the levels of water under the earth are either diminishing because of the enormous demand or are contaminated due to chemicals that seep into the ground. In short, we are running out of water.

Electricity is mostly generated using fossil fuels such as natural gas and coal. These are naturally occurring substances generally found in the earth or refined from crude deposits. Since modern life runs on electricity supplies, the demand for it is high and increasing every day. The increasing population requires more electricity to be generated but the resources that generate this electricity are finite. To put it simply we are running out of coal and petroleum which yields natural gas.

This is why it is imperative that we save these resources. If we do not take steps now, soon we may no longer have them at our disposal.

Tips to Conserve Water and Electricity

In light of this looming crisis, it becomes every individual’s responsibility to conserve these resources. Fortunately, there are quite a few small steps we can take to save water and electricity. These small steps can have a huge impact if the majority of people follow them. There are some simple hacks that we can utilize to conserve both.

• When washing clothes in a washing machine, ensure that you have put in a full load of clothes so that you don’t need to run it multiple times. This saves both water and electricity.
• Instead of using the dryer function, hang your clothes out to dry. This simple step can save you a lot of electricity.
• Use bio-friendly soap while washing clothes to ensure that the run-off doesn’t pollute sources of fresh water.
• When leaving a room, ensure that electrical appliances are not running needlessly. Switch them off.
• When going to take a shower, collect the cold water that first comes out in a bucket. You can put this water in jugs for use around the house.
• Unplug any chargers that are not charging a device.
• In summers, if the heat allows it, turn off the air conditioner and instead open up some windows. This ensures circulation of air, keeping your home cool. At the same time, it lessens the use of electricity and keeps your power bills lower.
• Switch from regular bulbs to fluorescent bulbs. They use a fraction of the electricity that a normal bulb uses and are brighter.
• Instead of washing dishes under running tap water, fill the sink halfway and wash dishes in that water.
• Don’t leave the tap running while brushing your teeth or performing any other ablutions.
• Locate any leaks in the plumbing and have them repaired immediately. You can save close to thirty litres of water this way.

Conclusion

These are some of the tips that you can utilize every day in your home and even at work to conserve water and electricity. In doing so, not only will these resources last longer, but also reduce the carbon footprint of your home or work. In all ways, this is a win-win scenario for you and for the environment.

The Water conservation is the call of today. We need to learn the methods & strategies how to conserve water safely. Since, the water is precious resource. Therefore, there is the great importance and advantages of water conservation.

Read our best written Essays on the topic Water Conservation with quotes & images. These short & long essays are quite helpful for children & students. These essays are meant for Children and students of Primary, high School and College Level Students

Water is very essential part of life and life sis completely impossible without water. It is basic need of all the creatures of this planet.

Our earth has seventy percent water but out of seventy percent only three percent can be used for human consumption and other uses.

It is very important to save water otherwise we will come to meet difficult conditions. Water is extremely wasted in whole world.

There is the great importance of water conservation along with energy.Today, we have a major problem of water shortage in many places. Clean water is hardly available in areas of different countries.

Importance of water conservation

Save water is akin to save earth. Our all plans should be directed to save water today to make difference for tomorrow with the increasing availability of all water resources

Today, world is facing problem of water sacristy. Water is our life and it is very important to save water for our coming generations.

Water is not only used for drinking and household purposes but also in our many fields. Our industries excessively use water for their work.

Electricity is made through electric power. Shortage of water can cause serious problems to all the departments of life.

Excessive use of water is disturbing ground water table below the earth. It is decreasing day by day. It is crucial to decrease the excessive use for existence of life on earth.

Water conservation is basically saving humanity. It will save life on earth. Number of people and animals die of drinking polluted water as fresh water is not available to everyone.

It is really alarming situation and can be fatal if left unchecked.

How to Save water;Methods & Strategies to Conserve Water

It is responsibility of every person to save water. Availability of clean water is difficult these days. We are ready to buy water for our health. It is now understood that water saving is very important.

Every person at home should avoid using excessive water. He should make all possible efforts to save water. We often show careless behavior for water conservation.

People leave taps running at homes and public. We should be careful in this regard. People waste a lot of water while bathing, washing hands or fruits etc. they should use water filled utensils instead of running tap.

Using of bucket instead of shower will also save water. Industries should also take solid steps for conservation of water.

We should plant tress in rainy seasons so that they may get natural water. Water conservation system must be introduced. It has been seen a lot of water is wasted due to floods every year.

It is very important to make solid management for floods. Government should build dams for this purpose. Dams will save water as well as prevent floods.

Our industries drain their usable water containing toxic materials into the streams or other water bodies. It deteriorates the water and makes it useless for human consumption.

It is truly big loss. Besides, we have no mechanism to save rain water and use it further. Rain water can be used for watering our fields.

Conclusion

The need of hour is to understand the severity of problem of water scarcity. It is responsibility of every person to play his role for conservation of water.

We should encourage family members, children, friends, neighbors and co workers to adopt different procedures for conservation of water.

Government and private sector need to work together for positive results. It is also very important to create awareness among public through print and electronic media.

Every person should fully aware of importance of water conservation for his country and whole world. Today, a lot of people are struggling for fresh and water all over the world.

They are suffering and the condition can be worst in future. In order of avoid any nasty condition in future, we should play our role by saving as much water as we can.

Conservation of forest and wildlife in India (essay) along with questions and answers. Conservation of forest is necessary because forests provide many resources such as food, medicine, fabric, and raw materials. Further, apart from keeping a check on the global temperature, forests also contribute towards preventing soil from getting eroded and shelters more than 80% of the animal species and terrestrial biodiversity. They also aid in improving the socioeconomic aspects of a country.

What are forests – Conservation of forest

There are over 800 definitions of forest that are used around the world. Further, it is not necessary that an area has to be populated with trees for it to be deemed as a forest. And in some cases, an area can be legally designated as a forest, regardless of the type of local vegetation. Overall, forests are the natural habitat of large scale wildlife, growth of trees, shrubs and different variety of plants which, unfortunately, are dwindling every year. Hence, conservation of forest is an important responsibility that all of us have to undertake.

What is wildlife – Conservation of forest

Wildlife refers to the animal species that are not domesticated. So, any living organism that lives in the forest region is associated with wildlife. It is found in almost all ecosystems such as rainforests, boreal forests, plains, grasslands, deserts etc. Wildlife provides great stability to our environment wherein they are involved in natural processes either directly or indirectly. Each living organism is placed in the food chain and is equally important, they may be a producer, a consumer or a decomposer, all these are interlinked and depend on each other for their survival.

Importance of wildlife – Conservation of forest

• Important for their medicinal values: More than one-third of our pharmaceutical needs are catered by wild plants. Forests provide great scope for breakthroughs in the field of medical science and technology along with the requirements for the large-scale manufacture of antibiotics and other medicines for therapeutic uses.
• Helps keep our environment healthy: They are responsible for maintaining temperatures globally, thereby fighting against the greenhouse effect and in turn preventing the sea levels to rise sharply.
• Important to maintain ecological balance: the interdependence of plants and animals is very essential
• Economical importance: Fossil fuels obtained from forests help in the economic growth of the country, which in turn contributes towards a better standard of living.
• Helps preserve biodiversity: There are thousands of species that take shelter in these huge forests.
• Microorganisms in wildlife take part in nitrogen fixation, thus, bringing about an increase in the levels of soil fertility

Ways to Conserve the Forest

Controlled Deforestation

While deforestation cannot be avoided completely, we must look to control it. Young and immature trees should not be felled as far as possible. We must look to avoid large-scale commercial deforestation as well. Adapting practices such as clear-cutting or selective cutting will be beneficial in the long run.

Protect against Forest Fires

Forest fires are the most common and deadly cause of loss of forests. They can start due to natural causes or can be accidents caused by man or even intentional in some cases. Once a fire spreads in a forest it is very difficult to control. Precautions must be taken for such incidents. Making fire lanes, spreading chemicals to control fire, clearing out dry leaves, trees, etc.

Afforestation

This is the process by which we plant more trees in the area. We try to increase the forest cover by manual transplantation, or fresh plantation of trees. It is an attempt to balance our ecosystem to reduce the effects of deforestation and environmental pollutions of all types.

Better Farming Practices

Slash and burn farming, overgrazing by cattle, shifting agriculture are all farming practices that are harmful to the environment and particularly to forests. We must keep all these practices under control.

Jhoom farming is one such practice we can employ to combat forest pollution. In the North-east areas of India, where the land is kept barren after cutting the crops. Weeds and creepers and wild plants grow on this land and make it fertile again in time and then the land is cultivated again.

Other important ways to conserve the forests

1. With the advent of industrialization, several trees have been cut at an alarming rate for raw materials and various other purposes. This felling of trees can be regulated by selective cutting, clear-cutting and shelterwood cutting.
2. Forest fires are one of the common causes of loss of forests. Sometimes the forest land is set on fire to make the land available for commercial purposes. Once cleared, there can be no vegetation. Natural forest fires are also responsible for the destruction of huge forest covers. Latest fire fighting techniques should be adopted to conserve the forest. However, forest fires are an important part of the ecosystem and it helps replenish nutrients in the soil from dead and decaying matter.
3. More trees should be planted to increase the forest cover. Trees should be selected according to the geographical conditions of a particular region and proper care should be taken during the growth of trees.
4. Prevention of exploitation of forestry and forest products is necessary for the conservation of forest.
5. The existing forests should be protected from diseases by spraying chemicals, antibiotics or development of pest-resistant strains of trees.

Conclusion – Conservation of forest

Conservation of forest and wildlife in India (essay) along with questions and answers. Almost 31% of the earth’s land surface is covered by forests. According to a 2015 report, 23% of India’s land cover consists of the forest region. Trees and plants in the forest are an integral part of the ecosystem. It sustains life on the planet, provides clean air and shelter. Also, forests help conserve biodiversity. Therefore, we must ensure that we conserve forests and wildlife.

Some trees can stand the test of time, like Methuselah, the pine that has lived through thousands of California summers. Then, of course, there are the trees that hold a special place in our hearts. We can enjoy them for most of our lives–if we take care of them.

That’s why Rachel, a Davey blog reader from Utah, asked, “We have a really old tree in our yard. I’ve noticed dead twigs and branches, but other than that, it looks healthy.”

She wanted to know how she could fix it and boost her tree’s health again. What are the secrets to keeping a tree healthy and strong for years to come?

HOW TO MAKE A TREE HEALTHY AGAIN

1. Plant the right tree in the right place. Pick a tree meant for your area, then, find a spot that will get enough sun and provide enough space for its full-grown canopy. Before you dig, make sure it’s not too close to power lines, underground utility lines or your home. Finally, don’t plant it too deep! That’s the number one mistake our Davey arborists see.
2. Properly water. Just like any other plant, you need to water trees! If it hasn’t rained for several weeks, check to see if your tree needs a drink. Usually, mature trees need one inch of water a week. New trees require somewhere between 4 to 10 gallons each week during the first growing season or two.
3. Mulch. Mulch insulates tree roots, protects them from lawn mower cuts and helps prevent dry soil. Help your tree reap these benefits by removing grass underneath the tree and spreading 2-to-4 inches of mulch. Be careful not to cover the base of the trunk.
4. Fertilize. In the forest, natural plant materials feed the soil around trees. But in our yards, we rake and remove all those natural nutrients, like leaves and grass clippings. Fertilizer solves that problem. Apply a slow-release fertilizer regularly to release nutrients into the soil. Also, test your soil periodically to see if any elements are missing or in short supply.
5. Prune. Proper trimming improves trees’ structure while also removing any deadwood holding them back. Do major pruning when the tree is dormant and doesn’t have any leaves (if possible). Then, in summer, focus on tidying up and clearing out small, dead or damaged twigs.
6. Book checkups. Scheduling your annual checkup? Make an appointment for your tree, too! Spotting signs of pests or diseases early can make all the difference. ISA Certified Arborists® look for red flags like discolored leaves, cankers, holes, and more. Then, they provide a plan of action on how to help.

Rubber tree or rubber plant, Hevea brasiliensis is belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. It has soft wood, high, branching limbs and a large area of bark. These trees are generally found in low-altitude moist forests, wetlands, riparian zones, forest gaps, and disturbed areas which located in rainforests in the Amazon region of South America. It is the most beneficial, useful and economical important member of the genus Hevea because the milky white latex extracted from the tree is the primary source of natural rubber and they can be used to make a lot of products which normally used in our daily life such as boot, tyres, shoes, mattress, and so on. However, the productivity of the rubber was affected by the bacterial and fungal disease which largely reduced their quality and quantity.

Rubber trees are extremely vulnerable to the South American leaf blight which caused by the fungus, Microcyclus ulei, an ascosmycete. They attacks young leaves, stems or fruit tissue of five or more species within the genus Hevea (H. brasiliensis, H. benthamiana, H. spruceana, H. guianensis, H. camporum). (Lieberei, 2007) The symptoms caused by the infection different with the age of the infected leaves. In young leaves of susceptible clones up to 10 days of age, 3-4 days after inoculation, slightly discoloured, hypertrophic deformations are visible. 5-6 days after inoculation, greyish to olive-green masses of conidia are formed on the lower surface of the leaf. When infection rate is high, these spore-producing lesions join together, the leaves turn reddish and premature leaf were fall. The petioles, young twigs and young fruits of susceptible clones can also be infected. When conditions are favourable for disease development and in highly susceptible clones, infection and rapid re-infection of young leaflets can cause successive defoliations which lead to dieback of terminal twigs and branches and eventaully leads to the death of young trees.

For the young leaves that are older than 12-15 days, the lesions become smaller, only slightly hypertrophic and conidiospore production is low or even absent. For slightly infected young leaves or infected older leaves, no premature leaf fall is induced, instead, on the upper surface of these leaves, black stromatic areas form. The stromata contain pycnidial cavities in which conidia are formed. Later on, the stromatic areas coalesce to form ring-like structures. The leaf tissue within the rings often disintegrates, creating small holes within the rings. In these older parts of the stroma, ascospores are formed in pseudothecia.(Centre for Agricultural and Bioscience International, 2018)

Apart from that, South American leaf blight caused serious problems to the rubber plantations because the rapid distribution of spores, the high capacity for destruction and the complication in controlling the fungus. Premature leaf fall caused by M. ulei leads to dieback of trees and economic losses. Retardation of growth in seed orchards and in clone gardens reduces the number of rootstocks needed for budding as well as the amount of budwood from defined clones. Severely attacked defoliated seedlings cannot be budded and no buds can be collected from clone-defined plants because the bark is too hard and cannot be removed in the required manner. In adult plantations, continuous attacks of M. ulei cause dieback of twigs or even death of the whole plant. Furthermore, attacked plants are easily infected by other pathogens which contribute to the rapid death of trees.

In addition, the spores of Microcyclus ulei are spread widely by the rain or wind. Wind is the major factor of spreading of the spores among the plantation of the rubber. Dissemination of conidia occurs usually when the temperature is high and low relative humidity. Natural dispersal of M. ulei happens through conidia and ascospores dispersed mainly by wind although rainfall assists spore release and daytime showers can lead to large transient increases in spore concentration in the air. Spore production is decreased during dry weather. Wind may spread spores over large areas and diseased leaf debris containing the ascospore stage may also become airborne and be carried over shorter distances by the winds.

There are severe ways that can be done to prevent the spreading of the spores which eventually lead to infection of the rubber. The methods that need to carry out to prevent the further destruction caused by the fungus to the rubber are crown budding, escape areas, and biological control. First and foremost, one of the most efficient method of control is budding of very productive rubber tree stems with crowns of clones of Hevea species that are resistant to M. ulei, especially in the areas of high infection rate. Crown budding must be used as a plant management method in the high infection areas in order to replace susceptible crowns totally or at least partially. In these ‘mixed-crown’ plantations, the plants with resistant crowns will serve as a protector to the dispersal of inoculum and concurrently represent a favourable environment to natural enemies of both pathogens and phytophagous insects. In ‘mixed-crown’ plantations, the non-budded plants should consist of clones with a certain level of resistance or tolerance.

Besides, establishing plantations in ‘escape areas’ is used to control Southern American leaf blight. These areas have climatic conditions that are unfavourable to M. ulei. In various research, escape areas have been identified in Brazil, for example in the Açailândia-Maranhao state. The rubber trees have a normal production without being attacked by M. ulei, although its presence is detected in seed gardens. Plantations on the banks of the large rivers of the Amazon region and in the Sao Paulo highlands are considered to be escape areas. On-shore sea breezes were considered able to reduce the occurrence of conditions favourable for the development of the disease near coasts. In escape regions it is necessary to looking for adapted clones that change their leaves in a very short period and only during conditions which are unfavourable to the pathogen.

Furthermore, biological control also another method of control that can diminished the impact bring by South American leaf blight to the rubber plantation, the mitosporic fungus Dicyma pulvinata is found growing on conidia, forming lesions and on stromata of M. ulei. Application of D. pulvinata spores to highly susceptible monoclonal plantations does not lead to disease control in these plantations, but the fungus may serve as an important component in systems of integrated control and has been developed for potential commercial use. For integrated control measures, additional aspects such as enhancement of resistance by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza have to be taken into account. In plants that are colonized by mycorrhiza, the incubation period of the leaf pathogen is prolonged, whereas sporulation and lesion diameter are diminished.(Plantwise Knowledge Bank, n.d.)

Entertainment and nature are in a constant battle; animals and resources can be used to fuel the entertainment industry, but at the cost of the environment and animals. In circumstances like a circus, animals are often mistreated. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) works to ensure the protection of animals and their habitats. Founded in 1961 in Switzerland, the WWF promotes wildlife conservation and aims to “elevate wildlife’s worth” (Endangered Species Conservation). They prioritize species and habitats in order to focus their projects on significantly impacted animals or areas. These efforts are carried out to “reduce humanity’s impact on nature” (Global Initiatives). On the other hand, the Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Baileys’ Circus is able to gain profit from training wild animals to perform. The circus includes animals in their act, which is of concern to animal activists. Tigers, elephants, llamas, lions, horses, and goats can all be seen during a full performance (Ringling Brothers). Though the Ringling Brothers train animals for entertainment while the WWF tries to free animals from human actions, the two organizations could come to mutually beneficial compromise.

The WWF was founded during a time of insufficient conservation efforts. Conservation organizations were very short of funds, and the organization was created to help with financial needs. The WWF is trying to protect wildlife, habitats, and resources. Part of their wildlife protection includes preventing animal captivity and mistreatment. In recent years, WWF has focused on advocating for captive whales, tigers, and elephants. All of those animals are used for entertainment purposes (Endangered Species Conservation). The WWF is fighting the capture of Asian Elephants, which are used in the Ringling Brothers’ circus. According the WWF, “efforts are being made not only to improve safety, but also to encourage captive breeding rather than taking from the wild. With nearly 30 percent of the remaining Asian elephants in captivity, attention needs to be paid to improve care and targeted breeding programs” (Endangered Species Conservation). In order to fight on behalf of the elephants, the WWF employs local staff in Cambodia to patrol the elephants. The WWF has also funded forest guards in Vietnam. They also have conservation efforts in Sumatra. They protect habitats as well as elephants. In the effort to repair habitats, the WWF is restoring the elephants’ migratory routes. The WWF will reach their goal when humans are no longer impacting elephant’s lives and habitats (Asian Elephant).

The Ringling Brothers circus began with four siblings in 1884 in Wisconsin. Soon, they bought out Barnum & Bailey’s Circus, their main competitor (Ringling Brothers). The Ringling Brothers train Asian Elephants and claims that “the Asian elephant is a respected and revered member of the Ringling Bros. family” (A Commitment To Caring). However, a trainer exposed the cruelty that this particular circus imposes on elephants, which received a lot of press coverage. People For the Ethical Treatment of Animals states that “In the Ringling Bros. circus, elephants are beaten, hit, poked, prodded, and jabbed with sharp hooks, sometimes until bloody. Ringling breaks the spirit of elephants when they’re vulnerable babies who should still be with their mothers” (Circuses). Because of the public’s reaction to the way Ringling Brothers trains elephants, the company has decided to eliminate elephants from their acts. Though elephants are still currently used to entertain their audiences, the elephants are being retired and moved to the Ringling Bros. Center for Elephant Conservation in May 2016 (A Commitment to Caring).

Though the Ringling Brothers and the WWF have no previous history of working together, they could certainly join together in a way that is beneficial to both organizations. While the Ringling Brothers still use elephants in their performances, they care greatly about the public’s opinion of them because their profit relies on it. Moving their elephants to a conservation center will appease the public as well as protect the elephants that the WWF is desperately trying to defend. The two organizations could find common ground for a compromise because the Ringling Brothers needs to satisfy the public and the WWF wants to act as a guard to the elephants. The WWF could provide funds for the Ringling Bros. Center for Elephant Conservation as well as advertise the fact that the Ringling Brothers is removing the elephants from the circus. As a result, the Ringling Brothers would receive positive publicity and aid for their conservation center and the WWF would promote antianimal captivity.

Much of this compromise depends on money. In 2014, the WWF received $182,705 and spent only $178,450. The WWF had $4,255 leftover (Jeffries). Though the financial report for 2015 has not been released yet, it is safe to say that the WWF made roughly the same amount of money. The WWF could use its remaining money to help provide for the elephants at the conservation center. The elephants eat 2.5 tons of hay per day, and each ton costs about $100 (A Commitment to Caring). If the WWF spent all of its extra money on feeding the elephants, it could pay for 11.65% of the elephants’ hay. While this is not a large portion of the hay, it is still helpful. The Ringling Brothers could also ask for donations at the circus, which could be used to pay for more food. Elephants eat grains, vegetables, and fruits in addition to hay. The Center for Elephant Conservation also uses a lot of water to bathe and supply for the elephants (A Commitment to Caring). Though this partnership may not provide a large additional amount of funding, even a small amount is helpful. The Center for Elephant Conservation can also earn money from public trips through the facility. In addition to day trips, the Center for Elephant Conservation can earn money by hosting larger group trips. For example, schools could have field trips to the Center for Elephant Conservation. Not only does that promote the conservation work that the Ringling Brothers are doing, but the WWF will also be able to include their conservation messages. The group trips could include presentations about why conservation is significant and how individuals can personally contribute. Group trips to the Center for Elephant Conservation will benefit both organizations because the Ringling Brothers will receive positive publicity and earn money while the WWF can encourage others to participate in conservation efforts. With additional funding, the conservation center could potentially take on more animals. The Ringling Brothers can expand their conservation efforts by transferring more animals from the circus to the conservation center. The WWF could consider funding an expansion at the Center for Elephant Conservation as well as additional resources. In return for their financial support, the WWF can include in their conservation campaigns that the Ringling Brothers pulled more animals out of their circus. This will help their campaigns because it shows the public that conservation efforts are becoming widespread and that it is easy to help. The idea of widespread efforts encourages the public to join. Also, seeing the success of the Ringling Bros transition might inspire similar organizations to do the same.

In addition to financial help, this partnership would also provide positive publicity. The public wants to see the elephants taken out of the circus because of their mistreatment; therefore, by transferring the elephants to the conservation center the Ringling Brothers would gain the public’s support. The website for the Center for Elephant Conservation has a video that explains and shows the conservation center. The WWF could put this video on their website to promote wildlife conservation and anti-captivity. By publicizing the conservation center, the Ringling Brothers gains support while the WWF is able to further spread its message.

Though the WWF would lose money and the Ringling Brothers would lose its main act in the circus, both organizations have a lot to gain from this compromise. Promoting animal welfare puts both organizations in a positive light, and could potentially show other organizations that use animals in the entertainment industry that they could survive without animal performances. This partnership would promote anti-captivity to other organizations as well as to individuals. A simple compromise can help promote positive messages in addition to fostering public support, which is essential to both the Ringling Brothers and the World Wildlife Fund.

Our planet – and, first and foremost, our country – is full of many weird and wonderful creatures. It is the strangeness and diversity of these animals that draws me to them. I spent countless hours as a child trawling through animal encyclopedias and have been extremely lucky to spend time in Africa, taking part in safaris several times. These experiences, of being so close to awesome animals such as the honey badger and leopard in a truly natural environment, really fascinated me and are probably why I am so interested in the natural world and the creatures that live in it. It is the variety between these creatures, and the way they adapt to survive in their natural environment, that means I am deeply motivated to undertake a degree in biology.

Wildlife conservation is an area of biology I find particularly interesting. I have written a persuasive essay in English about why wolves should be reintroduced to Scotland. This is a topic of great importance to me as I strongly believe that, having degraded Scotland’s once-breathtaking landscape through killing off native species such as the lynx and wild boar and through our destruction of natural woodland, it is our duty to reverse this and restore the country to its former beauty. Reintroducing wolves could reduce deer numbers, thereby helping the regeneration of Scotland’s native trees, which would be a significant step to protecting the country’s wildlife. I am currently reading ‘Scotland: A Rewilding Journey’, in the hope that it can provide some answers as to how to accomplish this.

For my advanced higher biology project I will be using practical wildlife conservation methods to compare the biodiversity in coniferous plantation and natural deciduous woodland. I am planning on doing this by measuring bird diversity, insect diversity and plant species diversity. I am expecting the results to show a greater biodiversity in deciduous woodland due to the monoculture and rotation nature of coniferous plantations.

I am looking to volunteer for a wildlife charity in the next year. I am also planning on taking a gap year in 2020-2021, and am hoping to take part in a volunteer expedition with marine conservation charity Blue Ventures in Belize or Timor-Leste. This would enable me to develop my sampling and surveying techniques which are useful in all practical research investigations.

Animal behaviour also captivates me. On a school trip to Malawi in 2018, I experienced first hand the amazing hunting technique of the leopard as we watched one stalk a herd of impala for almost an hour before eventually being spotted. Leopards fascinate me, due to the mystical aura their elusive habits create, and because of their incredible adaptability in order to survive, demonstrated by their fishing behaviour in Savute, Botswana.

I am currently taking part in the British Trust for Orthinology’s Garden Birdwatch Scheme, where every week I record all the different bird species I see in the garden. This is enabling me to develop my wildlife observation and species identification skills, and has further increased my love of wildlife through watching birds such as the blue tit and robin behaving in the outdoors.

In school, I have won the outstanding pupil award in biology and history. I have qualified for the North team in the Scottish Inter-Districts cross-country 4 years in a row, with resilience required to compete in this event in driving snow, wind and rain. Furthermore, I competed for Scotland at the World Schools Orienteering Championships in Sicily, 2017, using mapwork skills crucial for biological fieldwork surveys.

In the future I intend to pursue a career working to conserve Scotland’s wildlife by reintroducing native animal species and helping to stop habitat destruction, amongst other things. I feel that a degree in biology would help me achieve this goal and I know I have the work ethic, enthusiasm and enquiring mind required to succeed.

Leadership is a process of community influence where there it is maximizes the efforts of others peoples towards the achievement of objectives in the organization or institutions or anywhere. It is defined as a process by which a person influences others to carry out an objective and directs the association in a way that makes it more coherent and cohesive. In this review paper, I have discussed about the role of leadership in the field of conservation biology. The main objective of this review was to understand that types of study have been done to influence positive impact or thought in the field of conservation biology. It was found that the leadership has always amazing role in the conservation biology sector. By using or developing innovation research tools, research methods, mathematical model and advanced computer based softer programs contributes towards the conservation of nature and several threatened species such as tigers, rhinos and elephants. We reviewed that leadership in the field of conservation biology was contributed directly or indirectly to protect the nature. In this regards, the leaderships is in the field of conservation biology is vital which maintain the sustainable ecosystems in the earth and saving the living animal.

Leadership is a process of community influence (Jago 1982; Hackman 2002), where there it is maximizes the efforts of others towards the achievement of objectives (Kouzes and Posner, 1987, 2017; Zaccaro, Rittman and Marks 2001). It is defined as a process by which a person influences others to carry out an objective and directs the association in a way that makes it more coherent and cohesive (Black, Groombridge and Jones 2011: Bruyere 2015). A good leader is one who is always three steps, kind, motivating, knowledgeable and always concerned for the other people which ahead of the others, and he looks out for the people before himself.

They build excellence and accomplish this by first building character (Hackman and Wageman 2005; Bruyere 2015). Understandably, they need to be trusted, and prove themselves trustworthy so that people will look up to and admire them. In this way, they make an environment in favor of them. One who strives to be a good leader has to be honest, exciting, bright, and stand firm for what he believes, not backing down (Kotter 1988; Kouzes and Posner, 1987; Zaccaro, Rittman and Marks 2001). Truly committed leaders strive to know more and study continually to pick up their skills, not sitting down and watching life go by. In this way, I understand that a true leader becomes experienced by studying and following the many mistakes and successes of others. Zaccaro, Rittman and Marks (2001) suggested that putting himself out there, in the real world, leader is able to relate to others in their everyday lives. While there is no such thing as a perfect leader, the job should still be done to the best of his ability (Black, Groombridge and Jones 2011).

In the leadership, an intellectual ability included judgmental ability and oral communication ability which make to be a top level in that community. In addition, many authors suggested that physical traits cannot be ignored, such as age, height, weight, and physical attractiveness to be successful. However, sometimes it is not only inborn personality traits that are important but also styles and behaviors that a person learns. A good autocratic leader set their goals without considering the opinions of their followers, and then commands their followers to execute their assigned tasks without question (Kouzes and Posner, 1987; Zaccaro, Rittman and Marks 2001). Hackman and Wageman (2005) stated that consultative leaders solicit the opinions and thoughts of their followers in the goal-setting process but ultimately determine important goals and task assignments on their own, which is mostly, happen in the leadership because of the unique behavior of the leadership. In addition, democratic or participative leaders participate equally in the process with their followers and let the group make decisions. Extremely laid-back leaders, so called laissez-faire leaders, let the group take whatever action its members feel is necessary (Hackman 2002).

There are so many examples of the leadership in the in the different sector in the world. For example, if we are talking about the country- we are led by our president and his advisors. There might be the boss in the business sector. If we are talking the conservation biology sector, there might be the peoples who are leading through different approached and models. Therefore, the leading is a big responsibility not to be taken lightly Kouzes and Posner, 1987; Hackman 2002.

Kotter J. (1988) explained something different on leadership from management. In the company or organization, effective management has always different types of task such as planning for the further works, hiring new staffs, supervising to the employees, etc. to make sure that the initial plan is executed properly (Zaccaro, Rittman and Marks 2001). However, the successful leadership goes beyond management of plans and tasks. It envisions the future and sets a new direction for the organization. In addition, successful leaders mobilize all possible means and human resources for the best work and perform; the leaders inspire all members of the organization to hold up the new task or mission and execute it with keenness (Kouzes and Posner, 1987; Zaccaro, Rittman and Marks 2001). The leadership has to perform an amazing in the most of the time in the organization. For example, when an organization faces an uncertain situation, it major responsibilities goes towards the leadership or strong leadership (Kouzes and Posner, 1987; Zaccaro, Rittman and Marks 2001). However, sometimes management also has to play a vital role, for example when an organization faces internal operational complexity, and then it demands management (Kouzes and Posner, 1987).

Many authors described that this theory probably the first academic theory of leadership. Thomas Carlyle (1841) can be considered one of the pioneers of the trait theory, using such approach to identify the talents, skills and physical characteristics of men who arose to power. Ronald Heifetz (1994) traces the trait theory approach back to the nineteenth-century tradition of associating the history of society to the history of great men.

Situational theory also appeared as a reaction to the trait theory of leadership. This theory assumes that different situations call for different characteristics; according to this group of theories, no single optimal psychographic profile of a leader exists. Herbert Spencer (1884) said that the times produce the person and not the other way around.

In the leadership sector, the next and very popular theory is a functional leadership theory (Hackman and Walton, 1986), which is a particularly practical theory for addressing specific leader behaviors expected to contribute to managerial efficiency. This theory argues that the leader’s main job is to observe that whatever is necessary to group needs is taken care of; thus, a leader can be said to have done their job well when they have contributed to group effectiveness and cohesion (Fleishman et al., 1991; Hackman and Wageman, 2005; Hackman and Walton, 1986). While functional leadership theory has most often been applied to team leadership (Zaccaro, Rittman,and Marks, 2001), it has also been effectively applied to broader organizational leadership as well.

We already understand that there might be something different or unique to be a good leadership. Therefore, the leadership must have to a capacity to think in a different way that you can understand and solve the problem. The vision is one of the prime factors for the leadership. Without vision, we can do anything, therefore the leading means having a vision and sharing it with others. The leadership can understand the problem and their solution if they have strong vision. Jane Goodall, a common name in the field of conservation biology was born on 1934, identified the threats to the chimpanzees in Tanzania, and she worked for social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees (Goodall, 1966). Her vision was to conservation the wild chimpanzees in the human dominated landscape of Tanzania (Goodall, 1966, 1993; de Wall 2005).

The motivation might be another factor in the field of leadership (Kouzes and Posner, 1987). A leader knows how to motivate better than anyone else; it is one of their main functions as people managers (Hackman and Walton 1986). Through motivation, a leader channels their coworker’s energy and professional potential in order to achieve objectives (Morgeson and Hofmann 1999). Goodall (1966) motivated to the local people to protect the primate species in Tanzania. Goodall (1966) raised conservation awareness programs, highlighting the species role in the nature, developing the positive attitudes’ of local peoples towards primate conservation. Black, Meredith and Groombridge (2011) stated that using the business skill in the field of conservation sector also helps to promote the sustainable development. The policy maker and local people must have agreed with this (Black and Groombridge 2010).

One of the basic qualities of any leader seeking success is precisely emotional intelligence (Hackman and Walton 1986; Kouzes and Posner, 1987, 2017), that ability -often innate -that makes leaders put themselves in the place of others, understand their concerns and solve problems. Leaders know the secrets of their businesses and therefore can empathize with customers and members of their teams: that empathy gets to inspire and establish links that will ultimately lead to success (Hackman and Walton 1986; Kouzes and Posner, 1987).

Black, Groombridge, and Jones, (2011) stated that true leadership seeks continuous improvement and leaders have the ability to turn the people in their teams into stars, people who have improved and developed their skills through the influence of their leader (Bruyere, 2015). Black, Groombridge, and Jones, (2011) approach leadership in conservation to be more effective achievements.

Understanding food ecology and behavior of the wild carnivores can contribute to maintain prey predator level and maintain forest and grassland ecosystem. Ackerman, Lindzey, and Hernker, (1984) developed a mathematical equation (Y= 1.98+0.035x) to understand the food ecology of the carnivore. Such equation was novel in the field of large predators’ food behavioral ecology, and now this equation has been widespread (more than 10000 citations). Ackerman, Lindzey, and Hernker, (1984) developed the equation on Cougar food habitat, however this equation has been also used to the lions, tigers, leopard, etc. There was a huge conflict between people and carnivores in 1960s and 1967s. People had no ideas about the prey selection and food choice of the carnivores, people had no ideas abou the contribution of wild or domestic prey to the diet of large predator. In addition, people had strong thought that predators kills to livestock and they mostly depend on the livestock. In fact in 1984, Ackerman, Lindzey, and Hernker, (1984) equation solved these questions.

Wildlife conservation issues are worldwide. Wildlife is facing threats due to many reasons such as anthropogenic pressure, hunting, etc. Wildlife’s’ habitat is shirking, as a result people and wildlife conflict is increasing day by day. Hines (2013) developed the computer based programs called the PRESENCE: Software to estimate patch occupancy of the species. Such types programs helps to understand the species distribution and occupancy, and helpful to mitigate the human and wildlife conflict. Similarly, Efford (2009) also developed the program called DENSITY. According to Efford (2009), the program DENSITY gives a figure or number of the species in the particular habitat.

Burnham, Anderson and Laake (1980) also developed a method called line transect sampling, and was to estimation of density of ungulates. Such models was mostly used to know the density of deer species, but these days line transect sampling is being use for many wild species even in the field of Ornithology.

The challenging thing in the field of conservation biology is to understand the species population. There are some species such as deer, elephant or rhinos that we can count directly, but direct count method is not possible for the nocturnal species such as tigers or lions. We cannot employ any programs unless we have estimated population figure. To answer such question, White et al., (1982) developed a model and called capture-recapture sampling. This is for the nocturnal species and based on camera trap study. We can estimate nocturnal species population and density based on the stripe, their photographic rate, study area, and species’ birth and death rate calculation (White et al., 1982). The camera trap sampling (White et al., 1982) have been a viral in the field of wildlife conservation. There are latest upgraded models have been arrived in the world.

This study concluded that role of leadership in the field of conservation biology is significantly appreciated. Developing theories, models and software are the noticeable work regarding species conservation and balance the natural ecosystems. It was concluded that researchers or leaders develop something now which is always government body or stakeholders catch up to deliver up to the local level.

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