Category: Conflict

Is Society Best Understood in Terms of Consensus or Conflict?

Consensus theory is when an individual is granted the privileges to state their opinions but also come together as a group and share their opinions and beliefs. Consensus theory gives everyone the equal freedom of speech an example of this can be everybody gets to vote a new prime minister or a person who is to come into authority.

Closely linked in with consensus theory comes a theory which is Functionalism, TriumphIAS (2019) stated the following “Functionalism represents the viewpoint that all social systems invariably possess the tendency to evolve and integrate such processes and institutions as elements (parts) of the system, which help in its own self-maintenance.” The following reference given above suggests that this theory illustrates that social order should be maintained, additionally this theory suggests that every individual should contribute to society so that there is stability within society. Functionalism has many norms, laws, values and social control however I will be stating some of many I have found.

An example of a norm within society is to gain an education, as we live in the United Kingdom it is the law that a child up until the age of 18 stays within education. Therefore, if a child is not home schooled or sent to a school his or her parents may have to pay a fine or accept other consequences. This maintains social orders as children are getting relevant education, this will enable them to get a professional job within the relevant industry. As the child has the knowledge and understanding of which topics they have learnt and can transfer those skills within work. Education prepares children for adulthood and work world this allows the economy to stay balanced. Functionalism theory enables community union, by this I mean that individual or groups of people can work with one another to decide on what is right and wrong in social order. Puja Mondal (No date) cited MacIver (1937) statement staying “MacIver (1937) observes, ‘Social control is the way in which the entire social order coheres and maintains itself how it operates, as a changing equilibrium’.” This statement given above suggests that there is conformity when voting, taking vaccines this is because if everyone is doing it within society. People within the society tend to turn and do similar actions. Values of functionalism can be a group of people queuing up outside a shop now when a individual see’s this they wont think why people are standing outside a shop instead he will know that he need to stand at the end of the que. As this shows cultural values. As you have good manners not to push in or get rude with anyone, you just go do these actions which everyone does.

Another way the social order maintains is when the higher authorities e.g. police, government try protecting society from crime which comes under the Law side of Functionalism. To ensure security for society police and the government will try their best to control crime and make sure who ever does commit crimes is taken away from society to keep the social order maintained.

INVESTOPEDIA STAFF (2020) stated the following “Conflict theory, first purported by Karl Marx, is a theory that society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources. Conflict theory holds that social order is maintained by domination and power, rather than by consensus and conformity.” The reference given above suggests that the conflict theory is shown as a constant circle which has remained over the decades, conflict theory demonstrates that the rich will stay in authority and therefore will pass their inheritance over to their children. However, the poor who work under the authorities will always remain under them as their children will follow their footsteps and work such jobs as their parents due to lack of education and resourced. The conflict has many norms, values, social control and law however I will be stating some of them regarding todays society. Todays society has many norms linked in with conflict theory, as society is divided between the upper class, middle class and the lower class. There is means of segregation between the classes this suggests that higher class and more rich individuals or groups do not socialise as often with the lower class. This also identifies that the norms of society is that the higher class granted domination and power as they can make lower class work under them however will never be friends.

A social control may be that the rich are controlling and ruling over the poor, as society values rich individuals and therefore the rich do not want the poor to get rich therefore if the poor stay under the rich this will give the rich a sense of domination. Shelly shah (no date) stated the following “In sociology our concern is with social values. Social values are cultural standards that indicate the general good deemed desirable for organised social life. These are assumptions on what is right and important for society,” Values within conflict theory is that the rich seem to be better than the poor, this is what society believes or thinks therefore everyone will stand by the rich people however nobody will stand with the poor. This is because the poor has nothing to give however the rich may award those around them for being supportive. There are some but not many laws regulated within conflict theory one of many is the public order offences. The rich may lie and say that the poor tried to harass them so that they can be imprisonment, this is the public order offense.

To conclude there are similarities within these two theories are both theoretical approaches used throughout sociology to evaluate the concept of culture/ society or how it functions accordingly. The differences are functionalism is the philosophy which claims that all elements of society play an important role and are necessary for the existence of that society. Conflict theory is the idea that, due to the uneven distribution of wealth, there is a constant class struggle in society. In Sociology, two approaches are functionalism and conflict theory. The structure and the functional organisation of a community are clarified by these two distinct theoretical approaches. Functionalism, therefore, states that each part of society serves a role and is necessary for that society to exist. Conflict theory on the other hand, illustrates that society is in constant class conflict due to resource constraints and unequal distribution.

Conflict of Interest: Calibration Laboratory Accreditation in Dubai

Abstract

A conflict of interest may happen when an organization or an individual becomes bias because of a clash between personal interests and professional responsibilities. This conflict may happen when a company or person have an interest such as money, knowledge, relationships, personal interest that may affect their actions and decision-making. (Segal, 2020)

I would like to use our current company that provides calibration services in the local UAE market as an example to this written assignment. The main conflict of interest in a calibration laboratory is maintaining a proper calibration of all device submitted, while driving the business growth by completing more volume with consideration to control operational cost.

Calibration laboratory have an international standard to follow such as ISO/IEC 17025 requirements. But even the with the presence of the international standards, local government body is responsible in enforcing the requirements for accreditation.

With a great effort from United Arab Emirates standardization body called “Emirates Authority for Standardization and Metrology” and s support from Dubai Municipality local government create an accreditation body called EIAC (Emirates International Accreditation Center) all business permit that is related to measuring, testing, and calibration laboratories are required to go for accreditation. (EIAC, 2020)

As per the ISO/IEC 17025 standards it is clearly mentioned that the calibration laboratory personnel must be in-charge for technical calibration and should not be in direct contact to end-users to avoid bias in the result of testing and calibration. But due to tough market competition, most of the calibration laboratories are focusing on saving cost by controlling their operational cost to keep their price as low as possible.

The standards are well designed to give importance to perform actual testing and calibration without pressure to timeline, meeting quotas, or pressure from customers. But due to the cost savings focus of most of the calibration laboratories, the sales/commercial work is being combined to the same person who is handling the actual calibration work.

If the calibration service price can be regulated by the local government authorities, a non-sense low pricing competition can be avoided. And the quality and credibility of all calibration laboratory will increase and will keep the morale high.

References

1. EIAC. (2020). Professionalism in accreditation. https://eiac.gov.ae/
2. Tony Segal. (June 28, 2020). Conflict of interest. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/conflict-of-interest.asp

Federalism as the Cause of Conflicts in Ethiopia

Ethiopia is renowned as Africa’s earliest independent nation that being the case Ethiopia is still amongst the poorest nations in the continent. In history Emperor Tewodros was the forerunner in bringing modernization and politics by uniting the Ethiopian people under ordered governance. Soon after Emperor Menelik also continued in the path set out for him in consolidating the imperial rule, sustaining the process that directed to the growth of modernization along with fighting for the independence of Ethiopia (Bahru, 2002). The present day, Ethiopia is said to have been the fruit of Emperor Menelik’s struggle for larger territory and power in which during the 19th century where those who chose to surrender and not fight Emperor Menelik, they were allowed to rule themselves but pay tax to the central government. This continued even in the times of the imperial as the initial issue in Ethiopia politics was a struggle of power between regional and central forces, as battles between the central forces and local rulers continued (Bahru, 2002).

Soon after the downfall of the Derg regime in 1991, the ruling party had implemented ethnic federalism and dividing the country among ethnical boundaries. In this chapter, the prevalence of ethnic conflicts in this country is discussed with the keen evaluation of the potential structural causes of conflicts in this country, which have lasted for over twenty-five years. There are varying claims that support federalism as the cause of conflicts in Ethiopia (Abbink, 2006).

Federalism has been described as an ideological system like socialism, liberalism, and communism, where sharing of power among superior leadership groups and is mostly considered as the way that advocates for the rights values of the shared rule and self-rule (Ronald, 2008) which granted some regions powers to rule themselves. The federal form of government is convenient in facilitating the divergence of the local interests that cannot be endured in a form of a centralized government (Alemenate, 2003). Ethiopia’s administration is considered the most ethnocentric in comparison to other African countries such as South Africa and Nigeria in its federal structures. Ethiopia bases on ethno-nationalism are said to probable cause for triggering conflicts and worsening the already tensioned filled atmosphere. Federalism that is ethnic based is said to bring clashes between communities and ethnicities (Alemenate, 2003). Despite the various advantages that the federal system of government is expected to bring about, there are also acceptable dangers that this form of governance could bring about especially in the context of Ethiopia (Alemenate, 2003).

Apart from the historic basis of conflicts in Ethiopia, information was provided by the Human Rights Watch (2014), the Amnesty International (2014), the Human Rights Council (1992-2025) indicated that there were various cases of ethnic tension and cleansing in Ethiopia. One from the many instances of ethnic tensions that have been backed up by the federal structure is when the regional officials in Oromia are said to have evicted a number close to one hundred thousand Amhara residents from their homes. The common initial causes of ethnic conflicts in Ethiopia are mostly really about land and boundaries (Abbink, 2006). This is to say that the federal structure of the government, which is based on ethnicity, is the one that contributed to the tension and conflicts in the country, thus widening the differences among the existing ethnic groups. As a result, the ethnic groups are competing among themselves, leading to inter-ethnic conflicts along the ethnic boundaries (Abbink, 2006).

Ethnic tensions and conflict cannot be fully blamed on ethnicity in full as the politicization of ethnic identity has been playing a vital part in escalating the tensions between the different ethnic groups. In a country like Ethiopia where ethnicity has been diverged, some actions such as voting for leaders or political parties can be done on the basis of ethnicity (Turton, 2006). Instead of resolving the ethnic tension, ethnic grievance escalates and creates the fear for high scale ethnic conflict. It is, therefore, evident that ethnic politics are more likely to divide than unite the society within a nation as Ethiopia which would quickly lead to mistrust among the ethnic groups causing them to easily making them turn against each other. It is for this same reason that David Turton claims that the federal remapping of Ethiopia’s boundaries among ethnic lines has played an important role in increasing rather than decreasing ethnic clashes (Turton, 2006). To end the notion of ethnicity, countries should exclude any form of ethnic based discrimination provide the citizens of the nations with basic fundamental rights despite whatever their ethnicity is (Alemenate, 2003).

The formation of the federal states has been said to be among the causes of conflicts in Ethiopia. As observed by Lovise Aalen (2002), the delimitation of national boundaries in Ethiopia did not only come up with unequal central systems and different integral parts but also led to a country with ethnic groups that have given way to the destabilization of the nation and the constant weakening of the regional governments (Aalen, 2002). The ethnic federalism in Ethiopia does not reconsider the existing social and cultural realities of life that similar to the extent that one cannot tell between ethnic groups. In the Ethiopian scenario, many ethical groups could not occupy territorial defined geographical areas. While pinpointing the political limitations in Ethiopia, Assefa Fiseha claims that a reasonable number of the Ethiopian people do not stay in the first areas where a majority of their ethnic groups are settled (Assefa, 2006). They are most likely have been moved by the resettlement government procedures, or willing went to look for better living conditions elsewhere.

Another critical issue that needs to be pointed out is how finance is distributed from the federal government to various regional states, how the central governments distribute funds to sub-national governments is of importance (Lancaster, 2012). There needs to be a working system that distributes the finances and revenues of the nation from federal to regional governments in order to ensure effectiveness of the federal system. In distributing funds to sub-national governments, the central government could use a variety of national criteria such as population size, poverty level, and revenue generation capacity (Lancaster, 2012). In Ethiopia, the powers of sub-national states are constitutionally protected, but in reality, the form of regionalization is entirely limited by political and administrative centralism (Dickovick, 2014). Due to the subjectivity of the constraints of the federal government’s autocratic nature, the central monetary funds are not distributed to the sub-regional governments in the right fairway. In Ethiopia, regional states have alleged that the EPRDF to be biased in budget distribution as it favors one region over the other (Lancaster, 2012). The wise management of the national resources does serve the national objectives of realizing positive development, reducing poverty, and increasing the standard of living. In the absence of a competent, transparent, and accountable system however the federal government assumes control of the commercial distribution process, which results in dissatisfaction among regional states and across ethnic (Lancaster, 2012).

For the structures of federalism to function correctly, there needs to be a fair and equitable distribution of financial resources between the central government and the states (regions). Where this does not happen, there will be a strong potential for conflict. In the Ethiopian context, regional states have weak autonomy (Abbasi, 2010). As a result, regions have had to depend on the federal government’s allocation of funds. The Ethiopian federal structure appears to be one-party state governance, which is characterized by highly concentrated and centralized powers maintained by oppressive institutions such as the military, other security organs, and state-controlled mass media (Dickovick, 2014).

Even though the EPRDF has adopted a federal-like system, as a concept the centralized power combined with authoritarianism and the undemocratic nature of the regime compares to that of the government and communist party of the USSR (Abbasi, 2010). The collapse of the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia created a condition in which the effectiveness of federal constitutional structures was under question. Some scholars have argued that democratic discrepancies in communist countries and central systems organized around national groups, promoted nationalist movements to their eventual fall as federations (Abbasi, 2010).

An attempt has been made here above to give an overview of federalism, mainly focusing on its forms and types. In a nutshell, in a multi-national and multi-cultural country, federalism might be an effective method of bringing about political stability and order. However, inappropriate application of the principle in a specific context, such as that of an undemocratic government, may bring about just the opposite results, this may contribute to the ethnic clashes and conflicts that will result in a disintegration of national unity and consensus (Lancaster, 2012).

In the same notion a single dominant party control system could very well be another factor that weighs in creating and aggravating conflict among ethnic groups in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian federal structure appears to be that of one-party state governance, which is categorized as a highly concentrated that the centralized powers is maintained by totalitarian institutions such as the military, other security organs, and having a mass media that is state-controlled (Dickovick, 2014).

To remedy this serious structural disorder, the ‘government’ has to stop politicizing human diversity, and the federal ethnic arrangement in Ethiopia needs urgent reconsideration. A non-ethnic, multi-party democracy has to be established, other measures that are capable of addressing and dealing with structural causes of conflict should be formulated and employed to be able to effectively guarantee stability, equity and economic development and national consensus in Ethiopia.

A Rhetorical Analysis of Akala’s “Find No Enemy

Racism, classism, and internal conflicts are all symptoms indicative of a society with problems that affect some people more than others. The rapper Akala tackles all of these issues, using both personal experience and imitation of another person in his song “Find No Enemy,” released in 2011. He confronts the connotations of his mixed-race heritage in a society that’s supposedly post-racial, misconceptions about people groups like adherents of Islam or Africans, the bad sides of foreign policy, growing up around violence and drugs, people internalizing hatred towards their skin color, the “N-word”, white disdain of black culture, and conflicts on the global scale, like the Armenian genocide. Akala is a British rapper with a history of tackling social issues, and this song is no exception. Akala uses Aristotle’s Three Appeals of Ethics, Emotions, and Logic, as well as a tone near pleading, to convey his feelings, especially disdain, towards social issues in today’s life.

The song begins with soft notes from an electric guitar, some drawn-out and wailing, and a bass line that imitates it. The first few couplets of the song set the precedent that continues throughout the whole song, of uninterrupted verses, with no chorus or refrain to back it up. The first few couplets also immediately begin pondering the categorization of Akala because of his skin color, using words and phrases that make him doubt that the categories he’s placed in have much meaning, seen when he begins the song by saying “Apparently I’m second-generation black Caribbean / And half white Scottish whatever that means / See lately I feel confused with the boxes / Cause to me all they do is breed conflict” (1-4). This attitude of disregarding categorization based on outside opinion appeals to the listener’s sense of ethics, because the majority of the audience would feel that skin color shouldn’t have an effect on how one was treated. A few lines later, Akala goes on to say, “Why must I rob you of your humanity / To feel good about mine?” taking the perspective of one who judges based on skin color and asking a rhetorical question to illustrate the absurdity of racism, also appealing to the ethical sense of the listener. These are only two examples of Akala appealing to the sense of morality possessed by his listeners.

As most societal issues are personal for a significant portion of any given population, “Find No Enemy” also appeals to the emotions of the listeners. Some such populations include people of color, those against Western intervention in the wars of the Middle East, and those with a “rougher” upbringing. Akala’s rhetoric, or word choice, helps with this when he uses words or phrases connected to violence, such as “kill,” “hung you from trees,” and “whips crack.” For listeners with a deep understanding of modern history, lines 80 through 83 have an especially strong emotional connection, because “That was the word that was used to kill Kelso Cochrane and Emmett Till / That was the word that the conscience eased / And made people pleased to hung you from trees” refers to both the use of the “N word” in modern music, which many people of color like Akala oppose, and how it was used by the same white people who would lynch people of color, making it a very negative emotional reaction to many people. As such, Akala uses the emotional appeal of pathos to express his disdain for some societal issues that impact his listeners.

As this song is based in societal issues which cannot be solved with quantities or numerical analyses, the appeal of logos isn’t as present as ethos or pathos. That’s not to say that the appeal to logic is entirely missing, however, it’s just harder to recognize. Lines 21 and 22 touch on the unifying qualities of all humanity, saying “Are we not all the same under the skin? / I got a heart like yours that pumps blood and oxygen” shortly after a line wondering how anyone could be racist. The quote shows how Akala genuinely can’t understand why anyone would be racist from a logical standpoint, as it also touches on the fact that there is no biological difference between the races other than a few superficial things, like skin color and facial structure. This logical exposition shows how Akala is “fed up” with some certain viewpoints he references in “Find No Enemy.”

The tone Akala uses through the whole song remains the same, a near-indescribable tone of a mix of pleading and teaching, with a certain quality of being beaten down in certain lines. It almost sounds like he’s begging the listener to understand his viewpoint, without explicitly stating it. Lines 60 through 63, where “They can keep the charts, all I want is your hearts” is repeated, are perfect examples of the tone of pleading and teaching, as he reassures his listeners that his lack of mainstream attention or success means nothing to him, and his priority is still making music for his fans. His tone in the verse in lines 38 through 42, where he states “And if I’m honest I am just tired / If I’m honest I am just tired / Tired of everyday filling up my car and knowing that / I’m paying for the bombs in Iraq” is a good example of the quality of being beaten down, as he sounds like he is, as he says, tired of inadvertently helping fuel his country’s war machine by doing something as simple as getting gas for his car. Akala’s tone, with mostly negative connotations, helps to convey his disdain for some social issues he confronts.

The appeals of ethos, pathos, and logos, as well as tone, were all tools used by British rapper Akala to convey his disdain for certain societal issues, as well as confront them. Akala draws from his personal experiences when referring to racial issues, and broader historical themes and trends when it comes to other issues. The issues tackled by Akala in “Find No Enemy” only constitute a drop of water in an ocean, in that there are infinitely more topics he could’ve included.

Politics of Peace and Conflict Ending

“Peace is rarely conceptualised, even by those who often allude to it” (Oliver Richmond).

Peace can be conceptualized as a communion of ideas, that when agreed upon, causes a state of welfare and well-being for self and others. In other words, peace can often be looked upon as a state of harmony that comes from the lack of conflict. Conflict, can be of different types, differing in intensity and casualties, whether on a local scale or international, spreading across a period. Conflict can be as simple as two people fighting over an orange, or as complex as religious austerity. The key to resolving conflicts lies in understanding what caused the tension and discussing the best ways to create a win-win situation for all parties involved, thereby ensuring minimum damage. Somehow, this theory seems easy to quote and difficult to put into action. External agencies often have to be involved in arbitrating and mediating such issues to ensure a gentle transition from a state of conflict, to a state of non-conflict (negative peace).

In the time of monarchy, the king was the highest authority and his word resolved all disputes. People had to obey. Some kings were wise, some were not. Corruption and foul play started creeping in and monarchy was done away with. Newer forms of governments gave rise to newer forums of justice. For long, indigenous communities have found their own methods of addressing and resolving conflicts in a peaceful manner. Panchayats in India, would call together for a group of elders (headed by a Sarpanch), would listen to a range of disputes and amicably resolve them. However, if they failed to reach a conclusion, the conflict would be raised to the Anchalik Panchayat (block), and then to the Zilla Parishad (district level). A similar setting was seen in ancient Jerusalem, where the Sanhedrin, the supreme council of judges, would discuss, question and resolve issues of any kind among the Jews. However, if they failed to reach a valid resolution, they would raise the issue to the king, who would then raise it to the governor. All around the world, different yet familiar forums of justice and peace were being established. Peace would prevail. The mantra was simple, if two parties could not resolve the conflict, get an external agent to help. Over time, conflicts became grave and started to threaten the lives of people. International agencies were formed to monitor, facilitate and control these conflicts and attempt to bring peace. Humanitarian interventions became necessary to achieve a state of non-conflict. As agents of change, these bodies seemed to gain a certain elite authority to conceptualize and bring about peace. With the vision of world peace, nations are called together to engage in and contribute to peace-building efforts. But not all efforts are successful.

One of the key concepts studied during this term was the approaches to peace-building. While peace is a highly coveted state of well-being for groups, it takes a lot of effort to achieve it. The transition from the state of peace to the state of war is quick, the efforts to transition back to a state of negative peace is slow and hard. A lot of compromise and forgiveness is involved. Often, the ones who agree to bringing in peace are unaware of the pain and hurt caused to the victims of the conflict. Agreements and peace treaties take a top-down approach, trickling from the agents of change, down to the victims of war. These peace agreements tend to neglect the needs of the victims and fail to address the underlying structural issues of the conflict, thereby making the prevailing peace very fragile. There is a constant fear of an outbreak and the tensions make safety and security of the people a real threat. When the peace agreements were made in Sri Lanka, they were primarily focusing on bringing the two disputing parties of UNP (United National Party) and LTTE (Liberation of the Tamil Tigers) together, failing to consider the underlying ethnic differences that caused the conflict in the first place. These underlying tensions then gave rise to newer conflicts and instability, causing the peace process to fail. Now, in a state of Victor’s Peace, monuments depicting the victory from war adorns public spaces which represent a symbol of defeat and sorrow for the LTTE.

Peace can be designed, discussed and regulated by many agencies, both international and local, but unless peace is built by the local community, and not by the elites, it is not sustainable. Pre-existing, deep rooted issues first need to be addressed before any conclusions to achieve peace is drawn.

Dynamics of Peace

Every conflict is unique. Every actor to that conflict is also unique. Therefore, every peacebuilding effort should also be unique. Different strategies to resolving conflict can be conceptualized and formulated based on the pain point of conflicting members.

Actors to peacebuilding, based on Lederach’s model, indicate to first building a strong base, i.e., communities. Communities, are the basic unit of nation-building. Once communities are peaceful, the nation can be considered peaceful. Enlisted below are two strong examples of communities and their peacebuilding efforts.

Bolivia, a landlocked country in South America experienced something remarkable recently. For years their government was headed by an indigenous man – Evo Morales. It was the first time an indigenous man became the voice of the people. A lot changed since his first term. The people supported his work and re-elected him for a second time. Things were a lot more different this time around. Corruption became more prominent and political agendas became clear. Earlier this year, Bolivia had their elections. Many campaigns were created to encourage people to exercise their right to vote. Awareness was spread, candidates made their elaborate speeches and on the day of the elections, something terrible happened- voting booths were attacked, and votes were rigged. Evo came to power for a third time. From a bird’s view, the situation looked harmonious; the people loved the president so much that they re-elected him for a third term, but the truth was far from it. This breach in trust grieved the people massively. Peaceful protests started off as soon as Evo took office again. Although suppressed by the government, the people would not stop. For weeks the protests continued. People wanted a new and fair government. The military intervened. They supported the people. Evo, resigned. International media coverage indicated a coup. The people revolted. Evo is currently seeking asylum in Mexico and an interim president has taken office – Jeanine Áñez. Elections will be held in January (mechanical peace).

Bali, an island in the Islamic country of Indonesia, has a very strong Hindu community. Containing about eighty percent of the Hindu population, its people are very peaceful. Prayers are offered at various times of the day and every auspicious festival is observed with utmost reverence. The only conflict it has experienced in recent times is the terror attack of 2002, that killed about xx people, but even that did not wreck the harmony that exists in its community. Used as a model of peace in South-East Asia, Bali strong culture, faith and community is what sets it apart (energetic peace and moral peace).

‘The Wisdom of Crowds’ states that collective consensus is always closer to the right response than the response of the smartest person in that crowd. It is when the people come together to work in unity, stability, peace and harmony is achieved. Communities have always been central to peacebuilding.

A Collective Approach

Auroville is another thriving example of a self-sustaining peace centered community in India. A home for people of the world, this community was established in 1960s, focusing on the one thing that matters the most, peace. A prime example of nature-based peace approach, this village has grown to 2500 in 2019 and strives to attain and maintain peace and harmony with one’s self and nature. Every person is responsible for his action individually and collectively. This collective approach is what makes it so successful. When one realizes that his/her actions have a consequence that affects the others, they act more responsibly (energetic peace).

Conclusion

Every peacebuilding approach is unique just as every conflict is unique. Since no one approach can address all conflicts, it always helps to know the community – its culture and practices, before addressing the conflict. Peacebuilding agents should first focus on building trust with the local community, finding commonalities, learning from them their culture, norms and social practices, educating them about the peacebuilding efforts and actively involving them in the process. Peace is something that works inside out, unless there is peace on the inside – from the community, into the state, into the nation. The more a person is involved in building peace, the less likely they are to disrupt it. Unless efforts begin from the bottom and make their way up, peace will be hard to attain and maintain. All efforts need to be rigid, yet dynamic.

References

1. http://visionofhumanity.org/indexes/global-peace-index/
2. https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html

Resolving Conflict Essay

“Conflict is inevitable in organizations. However, it can be both a positive and negative force.” As a leader of a current team, at your next team meeting, you plan to do a speech where you outline and discuss five strategies used to effectively manage conflicts in the organization.

Answer: “A soft answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger.” This quote taken from Proverbs in the Bible can be seen as the framework upon which resolving conflict is based. This speech is geared towards outlining and discussing five strategies that can use in effectively resolving conflicts within an organization. The five strategies which will be looked at are; protection, openness, research, mediation, and arbitration.

Proaction can be seen as dealing with a minor conflict before it becomes major. This involves curving a conflict in its very earliest stage so as to not allow any room for such conflict to get to a point where it might be out of control. Another way of effectively dealing with conflict is using the strategy of Openness. Openness when referring to resolving conflict is having the parties involved in the conflict get their feelings out in the open before dealing with the main issues. This will give the parties involve mental relief from what’s on their mind. Seeking factual reasons for a problem before pursuing solutions will help to recognize the underlying issue which might lead to the conflict at hand, this approach used in resolving conflict is called the Research strategy. The next effective strategy which can be used to resolve conflict is mediation. Mediation is having arguing parties brought together and given the chance to have a frank discussion until a mediator arrives at a resolution. Mediation will be more effective when the mediator is not known to any of the parties involved. Arbitration can be effectively used in resolving conflict as this process will have disputing parties agreeing to accept the solution of the mediator which will be the final decision.

In concluding how best an organization can deal with conflict will see how successful it can be, as such effectively resolving conflict should be of great importance for organizations. The various strategies for effectively resolving conflict can be by using the proactive approach, openness approach, research approach, mediation approach, or using arbitration approach. As we go throughout each day let’s all remember that “a soft answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger.”

Conflicts and Relationships in Oryx and Crake: Analytical Essay

Even from a young age Jimmy noticed that Crake seemed disinterested in girls and claimed that he received no signals telling him what kind of girls Crake was into (Atwood, 73). In fact, Crake thinks that sex is a messy and convoluted way of reproduction and sees it as a downfall of human engineering. Things such as jealousy, sexual assault, relationship maintance, etc are seen as unnecessary and debilitating side effects of an ineffective species. “‘How much misery,” Crake said one lunchtime – this must have been when they were in their early twenties and Crake was already at the Watson-Crick Institute – “how much needless despair has been caused by a series of biological mismatches, a misalignment of the hormones and pheromones?

Resulting in the fact that the one you love so passionately won’t or can’t love you. As a species we are pathetic in that way; imperfectly monogamous. If we could only pair-bond for life, like gibbons, or else opt for total guilt-free promiscuity, there’d be no more sexual torment. Better plan – make it cyclical and also inevitable, as in the other mammals. You’d never want someone you couldn’t have.”’(Atwood, 166) Crake see’s humans and their habits as ineffective and inefficient, believing that he knows better ways for the human race to function. This results in him eventually creating the Paradise Project in which he creates a new species of humans which others call the Crakers. Crake begane with altering ordinary human embryos until the Crakers began reproducing themselves. This new type of human was void of any racism, hierarchy, or need for territory (Atwood 305). They ate nothing but plants, went into heat at regular intervals to eliminate sexual torment, and had no need for things like tools, weapons, houses, money, etc.

They are a representation of what Crake believed humans should be, perfectly self sustained with all the little issues and kinks engrained in original humans ironed out until a perfect species was made. Crake’s preference towards science goes beyond just developing a new species of humans. In fact, Jimmy mentions that he thinks it may be possible that Crake killed his own mother and step father while formatting the virus that would eventually be released through the BlyssPluss pill in order to eradicate the original human race. This is a basic relationship, between parent and child, that Crake seemed to have little use for or interest in. Enough so that he eliminated them in order to pursue his scientific research.

The only person besides Jimmy that Crake has any sort of relationship with is Oryx. However, as stated before, she tells Jimmy that sex with him is mechanical. It seems as though even when he is having sex he isn’t doing it for the intamcy or to be close to another person, but simply for release. Likely understanding that he is also apart of the ineffective human race and therefore has basic needs that need to be satiated. Despite that, he sees no point in complicating the matters further than that, in creating a formal relationship or glorifying sex with any unnesesary details. It is suggested by Jimmy that Crake may have eventually become aware of Oryx and Jimmys relationship but whether or not he actually cared is unknown. Crake had previously spoken about jealousy and how, in a perfect species, that would go away. So it’s possible that Crake was simply unbothered by it. Oryx was helping him satisfy needs that he had and beyond that cared very little about who else she saw. However, it is also unclear if Oryx and Jimmys relationship had anything to do with his subsequent murder of Oryx and his own death in response As mentioned before, the Crakers that Crake genetically created dont contain any level of romantic or intimate relationships with one another outside of pure reproduction. Their is no courtship or fighting over mates, jealousy, or sexual assault.

Crake has accomplished this by programming the Crakers to go through mating cycles like many other species. In that way, romance and sex will bever be a problem and will never get in the way. This shows exactly how Crake feels about interpersonal relationships and intimacy. He sees them as purely unnecessary and something that is just in the way of a more productive and efficient human race. It is also mentioned more than once by Jimmy that the Crakers are simply boring. He claims they often sit around and do nothing and yet seem completely satisfied. From this we can see that Crake puts a lot more weight on productivity and the effectiveness of a species than on entertainment, relationships, or anything similar. He thinks in strictly scientific aspects and gives them a value that greatly exceeds anything else. With the crackers we see the conflict between love and science fade away. Relationships and science have both been eradicated, the Crakers feel no need to court one another outside of mating at the intended times or in the pursuit of knowledge. Family, marriage, religion, art, science, all of it no longer holds any use. Therefore, the intense battle between humanity and science that was so prevalent throughout the novel seems to become nonexistent, useless even as the Crakers would lack the knowledge to understand such a problem.

Oryx and Crake is filled with conflicting viewpoints about which is more important, scientific progress or the ability to form intimate connections with other humans. Sharon vs Jimmy’s father, Jimmy vs Crake, Jimmy vs Oryx, protesters vs big corporations, all show the constant battle. All need to decide whether they value the ability to further themselves scientifically, to make life easier and to strive for immortality, or interpersonal relationships, the ability to connect to one another on a deep level and to care for one another. It seems that by the end of the novel that science has prevailed. The original human race has been eradicated by Crakes virus and the only human society left is the Crakers who have no use for such philosophical problems. This leaves the readers with the question of what they would choose. It is no longer an important question to the characters by the end of the novel because neither option is possible anymore, but to the readers it is. However, thankfully, Atwood leaves the readers with some semblance of hope. The novel ends with Snowman, Jimmy, finding out that other original humans have stumbled across the Crakers and are in the general vicinity (Atwood, 364). The last pages narrate Snowman’s indecision on how to approach the others, whether to offer a white flag in hopes of peace or to potentially attack them. The readers never get to see what Snowman decides to do, nor what the response of the others is. But it leaves a sliver of hope that the conflict between science and humanity may be reborn, or perhaps that the latter will prevail after all.

Works Cited

1. Atwood, Margaret. “Oryx and Crake”. New York: Nan A. Talese, 2003.

Portrayal of Martial Conflict in Eliot’s Middlemarch

“Such, my dear Miss Brooke, is the accurate statement of my feelings; […] to be accepted by you as your husband and the earthly guardian to your welfare.” In doing so, Eliot positions the traditional assumptions of marriage, as “decided according to custom, good looks, vanity and merely canine affection,” (p. 8) she will undercut. Eliot presents the marriage between Dorothea and Casaubon, as driven by selfish motivations and egoism. Ironically, that which draws Dorothea to Casaubon, by means of his “knowledge,” (p. 34) and her desires “to be [more] wise,” (p. 52) and Casaubon to Dorothea, for his interest in her youth, “she had the very considerate thought of saving my eyes,” (p. 53) is what propels the inevitable conflict which will arise within their marriage. As such, both Dorothea and Casaubon are limited by their own ambitions; the separation between what Dorothea’s expects to receive from her marriage, and the reality of her relationship with Casaubon, proves extremely different. Andrew Dowling suggests that unrealistic expectations “operate as a central sign of hidden pain that disrupts rather than maintains an image of marital unity.” Eliot illustrates as such through omniscient narration, whereby Dorothea is described as “sobbing bitterly,” (p. 157) on her honeymoon with Casaubon, upon realising “that her feeling of desolation was the fault of her own spiritual poverty.” (p. 158) Thus, I would articulate Eliot’s critique on early Victorian perceptions of marriage as realised through the realities of marital conflict in the second half of the nineteenth century.

In Eliot’s Middlemarch, marital conflict is also recognised as giving rise to female self-expression within the patriarchal domain of the 1800s. Cara Weber writes that by “[calling] attention to Dorothea’s expression of pain,” in her relationship with Casaubon, she gains a greater sense of herself: “Middlemarch enacts the coming into being of the self in conflict: the self comes to know itself in its realisation that it is divided from itself.” Whilst married to Casaubon, Dorothea experiences a growing sense of helplessness, emphasised by means of claustrophobic imagery – illustrating the confinement of the self within traditional Victorian convention: “it appeared that she was to live more and more in a virtual tomb.” (p. 388) Eliot utilises emotive language, such as “repulsed,” (p. 388) to depict the major conflict between Dorothea and Casaubon regarding Will and “his claims on the family property,” (p.388) that drives Dorothea’s emotional “benumbing.” (p. 388) In this vein, Casaubon is recognised as an amalgamation of female repression. His growing distrust in his wife and her relationship with Will – “[marking] more strongly the alienation between them,” (p. 387) is representative of the female plight towards individual freedom beyond the realm of marriage. It is Dorothea’s painful experience in her marriage to Casaubon, and in the event of his death, that Weber posits as “[opening] up the space for a question as to what is going on in her life and how she should respond to it.” Metaphorically rejecting traditional Victorian ideals of marriage, Eliot positions the marital conflict between Casaubon and Dorothea as avowing her authentic self-expression, by means of her love for, and eventual marriage to, Will Ladislaw: “[Dorothea] was conscious of another change which also made her tremulous; it was a sudden strange yearning of her heart towards Will Ladislaw.” (p. 401) Thus, the self emerges as a process. Clifford Marks suggests that Dorothea’s relationship with Will presents “a character who must act against the will of the world,” and both exemplifies the role of marital conflict in driving personal development and reflecting Eliot’s musings regarding shifting Victorian attitudes in the relationships between men and women.

Although Eliot situates marital conflict as bolstering the process of female self-expression, it simultaneously serves to hinder an individual’s personal growth. This is exemplified in the relationship between Rosamund and Lydgate, both of whom promote the notion of marriage as static and embody the role of marital conflict in propelling false selves. Rebecca Mitchell, in The Rosamund Plots: Alterity and the Unknown in Jane Eyre and Middlemarch, dislocates traditional assumptions associated with Victorian perceptions of marriage as unifying by “[insisting] on the unknowability of the other.” Whereby, an individual can never really know who they are married to because expectations place limitations on the self. Echoing the egoism which fosters the connection between Dorothea and Casaubon, Rosamund and Lydgate are drawn to each other for their own selfish reasons and in turn, create falsified ideas of who the other is. For Lydgate, Rosamund appears “polished, refined, docile,” (p. 134) – her “feminine radiance,” (p. 134) as seemingly connoting the subservience and obligation which makes a good Victorian wife. Similarly, Rosamund recognises Lydgate as the vehicle through which she may elevate her social standing beyond that of the “daughter of a Middlemarch manufacturer.” (p. 82) As such, Mitchell upholds that the marital conflict which arises between Rosamund and Lydgate is founded on the failed assumption that both individuals “understand the other perfectly.” Eliot writes: “between [Lydgate] and [Rosamund] indeed there was that total missing of each other’s mental track, which is too evidently possible even between persons who are continually thinking of each other.” (p. 478) Through the deliberate and purposeful characterisation of Rosamund, highlighting her agreeable but inauthentic disposition, which “aids the impression of refined manners,” (p. 130), Lydgate is shocked to learn “of his powerlessness over Rosamund.” (p. 477) Driven by idealistic desires associated with the female body and marriage in the Victorian context, Rosamund creates a false self in her marriage to Lydgate to sustain the luxurious lifestyle she leads. Likewise, Lydgate retreats from telling Rosamund of the “sorrow,” (p. 478) which her lifestyle choices bring. Lydgate too, creates a false self, “[abstaining] from mentioning to Rosamund,” (p. 479) the financial burdens which weigh him down. Thus, both individuals are inherently unknown to each other and therefore, are unable to learn anything from each other or about the self – illustrating marital disharmony as propelling false selves.

Essay about Personal Conflict

According to Hocker & Wilmot conflict is an “expressed struggle” between at least two “interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resources, and interference from others in achieving their goals” (13). In what way or manner individuals react to and/ or handle conflict decides if conflict will limit success or bring about a better understanding of each other. In most conflict situations, people have a conflict with people they know, and there are many alternatives to solving conflict situations (Hocker & Wilmot 23). This paper will examine and determine my personal conflict style professionally and personally. Then, I will interview my husband to get his perspective on my conflict style. Ultimately, I will discuss the positive and negative features of my conflict style, and how I utilized all the course activities and resources to make positive changes in my life and the life of those around me on a personal and professional level.

The personal conflict style I most identify with and utilize periodically in my day-to-day routine in my Behavioral Health is collaboration. According to Hocker & Wilmot, “trust enhances collaboration or the ability to work together for commonly identified goals” (15). The primary advantage of collaborating conflict management is that it makes all parties involved in the dispute feel valued and understood. When you critically listen to the concerns people in conflict have with each other, you diffuse the hostility by allowing free expression (Hocker & Wilmot 109). I have learned that conflicts exist because individuals involved do not hear the other person, and that creates misconceptions. It is important that the parties involved in conflict communicate their concerns, it will foster understanding, empathy, and mutual respect (Hocker & Wilmot 117).

My conflict style is not interested in power and supremacy, as opposed to competition. For example, when my husband and I along with my three children thoroughly clean our home every Saturday morning. We collaborate on the chores, contrary to just me doing everything myself. Once upon a time, not too long ago, before I learned the primary means necessary to evolve into an effective leader is understanding the tenacity and fallibility of self. In addition to defining my strengths, I understood that I had the capacity to learn when and how to implement those skills in any conflict. By pinpointing my weaknesses, I improved my leadership style by working on those weaknesses, and by replacing those bad qualities with positive leadership attributes. I feel that the five leadership assessments that I have recently completed have provided me with a tremendous opportunity to self-assess my leadership style by utilizing a variety of leadership assessment methodologies.

Although, there are some advantages/disadvantages to having a collaborating style. For instance, conflicts are resolved in a manner that brings about the best result for all parties involved. Both sides get what they want, and adverse feelings are lessened, and it creates mutual trust; maintains positive relationships; builds commitments. The disadvantages are it is time-consuming; energy consuming (Hocker & Wilmot 209).

My husband perceived my conflict style as accommodating, compromising, avoiding, and collaborating. He believed as I did initially. I too understand it heavily depends on the person and the conflict. He became undecided but eventually settled on compromising. As noted, on my Conflict Skills Inventory my family all agreed that my strengths can also be my weakness at times. However, everyone agreed that I am a rational person and I genuinely seek to avoid conflict. Although, I am not a hot-headed person when I am pushed my strengths become my weakness. If that makes sense. This conflict style is not shocking to me because I discussed it in Week 2 as being my conflict style. I believe my husband’s opinion has drastically changed since the start of this class, which is great. My mom viewed my conflict style as accommodating. She believes that I go out of my way for people. The accommodating style is one of sacrifice, selflessness, and low assertiveness. I am willing to give up everything in order to preserve the relationship with the other party (Hocker & Wilmot 103). By accommodating, I am reserving my personal needs, which is how my mom perceives my conflict style.

To summarize, my husband’s and my mom’s evaluation of my conflict style encourages me to evolve into an effective leader by understanding the tenacity and fallibility of self. In addition to defining my strengths, I have the capacity to learn when and how to implement those skills in any conflict. By pinpointing my weaknesses, I can strive to improve my leadership style by working on those weaknesses, and by replacing those bad qualities with positive leadership attributes. I feel that the five leadership assessments that I have recently completed have provided me with a tremendous opportunity to self-assess my leadership style by utilizing a variety of leadership assessment methodologies.

Conflicts face the basic choice of avoiding or engaging. I believe that if I can change and adapt then I will be more effective at resolving conflicts. The concept that people can change their communication style based on the demands of different situations appears to be true. I am learning to be a direct interpersonal communicator and I expect change and adapt to change in my communication with others. This way I will avoid getting “stuck” in certain conflict styles. I have learned that conflict is evitable and natural. How I decide to handle conflict is detrimental to my health. Whether in my personal or professional relationships it will increase the value in my work environment/marriage or decrease it.

Learning to deal with conflict in positive ways instills good communication as well as permits a foundation for a healthy work environment and a healthy relationship. I understand not to attack the person even when I mean well, I can sometimes come across as harsh because of my choice of words. I have learned the importance of being honest. Being honest even if the truth hurts, it’s the key to a healthy relationship. I will learn to admit when I am wrong because I am not perfect and to apologize when I make a mistake instead of making excuses. This approach will make me feel better and it will help strengthen my relationships both personal and professional.

I believe this style was learned from being a child. I do not recall many conflicts among my parents as a teenager. My parents did not yell and scream at one another. They both displayed a sense of calmness and understanding and respect for one another. I view their behavior contributed to my conflict style. I also remember my dad communicating that he needed to take a walk if he felt overwhelmed by the situation. For instance, the fourth horseman is stonewalling, which is usually a response to contempt. Stonewalling occurs when the listener withdraws from the interaction, shuts down, and simply stops responding to their partner (Hocker & Wilmot 239). I will only take this approach if my emotions are intact. Which they usually are. I will eventually express to my husband my feelings whatever they are if I’m feeling angry, I express that we can talk later once we both have calmed down. It’ll be easier to work through this after I’ve calmed down.” I believe this is the appropriate approach because I fear I may say something I would regret later. I like to face conflict head-to-head but in a healthier manner so stonewalling appears to be best. However, it is not often. Yet, if I feel that stonewalling is the best approach during a conflict, I will stop the discussion and ask my husband to take a walk or a break to clear our thoughts.

The Thomas Kilmann Conflict Questionnaire highest score indicated my most used strategy. The lowest score indicated my least preferred strategy. According to the results: Competing, I scored low which is true, and I expected to score low. I also scored low on collaborating and accommodating which tied. Not a shock at all. In compromising I scored a 7 and in Avoiding I scored an 11. My husband’s opinion of my conflict style was dead on.

The presence of conflict does not determine the quality of any relationship; rather, how you handle conflict situations determines the quality of the relationship. Professionally, I need to study conflict so I can be of help to others experiencing interpersonal conflict. To be of most help I will need specific intervention skills which is a prerequisite for being an effective helper to others, such as my children, friends, family, and associates. As an employee, I would like to learn how to get along better with fellow employees, my manager, and the general public as a leader, I would like to recognize conflicts before they start, and respond correctly in order to implement productive responses. While helping employees resolve their disputes and to prevent interpersonal conflicts from spreading to other parts of the organization. Conflict management is important in my personal relationship because it will be beneficial to my life as well as my family members by helping me better manage it with a healthier approach. The better I am at handling conflict management will directly affect my family and my peers positively.

Since the skills approach utilizes tools to measure technical, human, and conceptual skills (Hilmot & Wilmot 303). I feel that this kind of leadership assessment technique is an adequate comprehensive measure of identifying leadership skills that one possesses. When I answered the questionnaire on skills approach, I scored high on all technical, human, and conceptual skills. The scores that I received imply that my leadership skills are strong in all three areas of the skills approach that were mentioned above. I tend to be technical at work in terms of making every effort to understand the task at hand, following directions, and completing things well within the deadline. At the same time, I tend to utilize adequate human skills in keeping an open and clear communication style with my colleagues. I also tend to see the big picture in performing any given assignment and feel intrigued by complex organizational issues, which indicates that I use strong conceptual skills at work. Completing the skills-approach assessment has provided me with an insight into all the skills and traits that I am already performing successfully. I agree with Northouse as he has described the skills approach as an assessment tool that addresses more than just leadership in terms of its focus on motivation, critical thinking, personality, and conflict resolution (233).

Works Cited

1. Hocker, L., J, & Wilmot, W., W. (2017). Interpersonal conflict (10th ed). New York: McGraw Hill.
2. Northouse, P. G. (2019). Leadership: Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks: CA: Sage Publishing.

Response Essay about Conflict

Conflict reflective essay

As a paramedic working frontline for an ambulance service, we are first contact for many patients for an acute compliant and with the increased NHS pressures caused by the global pandemic where service users can wait longer for a response this can lead to heightened levels of frustration. This can lead to conflict not only for the service user themselves, but also other people involved be that on scene or not.

During this reflection I hope to improve my understanding of conflict resolution and learning new and improved way of dealing with conflict situation for my future practice.

For this reflection I have decided to use Gibbs reflective cycle (The University of Edinburgh) as I feel this will provide the best structure for my reflection as it not only considers the positivesnegatives of the event but also my own feeling on an event but my future plans for it use and continued learning that I need to strive for at a registered HCPC (HCPC)

Description

The incident which I’ll be using for this reflective piece is a job I attended while working on a double crewed ambulance with a paramedic. We attended a patient in the early hours of the morning who had suffered a fall. When we were greeted by the patient partner who informed us that they had both come back from an evening out drinking and the patient had suffered an unwitnessed fall down the stairs. We proceeded to assess the patient and retrieve a brief history of what had happened.

The patient had full recollection of the event and their initial observations were unremarkable. From a head-to-toe physical assessment, it was found that the patient had palpation tenderness located on their cervical spine which with the history of fall couldn’t possibly mean a fracture. We explained to the patient that due to this we would need to transport to hospital for further assessment and as a precaution we would need to immobilise them for transport to ensure no further damage could be caused.

The patient was happy with what we had discussed but their partner began voicing concern that we were wrongfully restraining his partner. Even though we explained that the use of head block, cervical collar, orthopaedic board, and straps was for the patient’s safety and also with their express permission, the partners aggressive behaviour about the situation continued to escalate.

For our own safety and for the safety of the patient’s injuries we informed control of the escalating situation and police we dispatched to our location where their dealt with the partner allowing us to continue with patient care and transport the patient to hospital.

Feelings

My feelings about the incident started with that of confusion. We had remained open and engaged with both the patient and the partner about our proposed treatment. We reiterated numerous times that we weren’t forcing the patient in any way and all treatment was being done with the patient full consent.

A great feeling of relief came when the police arrived promptly due to the possible risk to crew safety. Their presence meant the incident could be quickly resolved and had it escalated further they had the means to deal with it allowing us to continue our patient care.

Looking back, I felt a certain amount of disappointment in myself for not being able to deescalate the situation myself. Whether a different technique would have worked with the partner I’ll never know as the incident is unlikely to occur again with the exact same perimeters

Evaluation

From a clinical point of view the incident was a success. Even with the partners disruptive involvement the patient received the correct care for their complaint and no further injury was sustained during transport to an appropriate centre for further assessment and treatment in a timely order due to utilisation of police at the earliest opportunity.

The main area for improvement in this incident was that of the techniques I employed to deescalate the situation with the partner. I feel that a using a different type of conflict resolution technique could have mean that I could have handled the situation without needing to rely on the police who I am aware are as busy as our service.

Analysis

While reflecting on this incident I concluded that the primary reason for this conflict situation was the patient partner reaction to the treatment plan they were unhappy with due to not being able to fully understand the reasons for its implementation.

There are many models available to break down the flow of communication, through research I’ve found the found the Sharron-weaver model to do this in the best way for my learning style.

The Sharron-weaver model consists of 5 elements of communication, information source, transmitter, channel, receiver, and destination. The author discusses how issues within one or many of the step can lead to communication issue which ultimately leads too conflict. As an example, the author speaks of how effectively the received meaning of the communication affects the behaviour of the receiver. The model discusses how it is best to carefully choose the wording of the information being communicated so that the correct meaning can be taken by the receiver to avoid any communication issues.

Conclusion

Reflecting on the incident where a lack of understanding and communication led to a conflict situation, I feel through analysis I have identified areas of improvement in my ability to resolve conflict for future incidents.

This reflection has enables me to research communication techniques and aggressor red flags which will best help me to deal with situations but also to protect myself and crewmate if a situation is likely to escalate beyond my control.

Action Plan

I will utilise the techniques I have learnt through my reflection in my future practice is in conflict situations. I intend to maintain and develop this by keeping up to date with the trust policies and training on conflict resolution.