Category: Conflict

Dr. Tram wrote a definitive book about the Vietnam War from around April 1968 when she worked as the chief medical officer in a field hospital in central Vietnams mountains (Tram 2). She volunteered to offer medical services to the soldiers in the war torn areas, and mostly she wrote down her experiences in her diary.

In this diary she described her daily encounters with soldiers, her feelings about their pain, and feelings about the American soldiers among others. Dr. Tram made a difficult decision to stay with the soldiers in the war fields, I say this because despite her rich background, she took great risks unexpected of women in her times, and I believe if she were alive today she would have earned a place in the Vietnamese history books.

Dr. Trams gives us different view of the Vietnam War, it gives a victims view of the war and the perpetrators. Being a North Vietnamese she made a very bold decision to go to the war torn South Vietnam, since at that time North Vietnam was a different country from the south (Mydans 34).

She specifically went to Quang Ngai province to work as a doctor in the hospitals and clinics in the areas of the Duc Pho areas mostly controlled by the National Liberation Front or the Viet Cong. Unfortunately she was ambushed and killed at her twenty-seventh age when she was returning to her hospital from one of the clinical visits.

From her perspective we learn of how the locals felt about the American involvement in the war, we learn that she hated the Americans with a passion for the killings and bombings they did to their country, for maiming her country men and in general were of the pain they underwent in such periods. The abrupt stop in her work shows us how life can be cruel and unfriendly and the war never cares about any one.

We also realize that in these times she missed her mothers love and she was weary and always longing for her mothers caring arms (Tram 2). Despite the American soldiers being perceived by the rest of the world to be hard fighting, hard loving and hard living; we realize they were brutal as it is relieved in the book. It seems as if she was driven by an inner desire to love and care that made her risk her life in the war fields.

Dr. Tram was driven by love and passion for her country men and a desire to see them liberated. She would often stay in Hanoi to attend to the patients and soldiers and every weekend visit her family in the evacuation sites (Mydans 35). She felt the pain, the insecurities and the fear the soldiers experienced and in most cases she would criticize herself for never rising to occasion or being weak while the rest sacrificed their youth for the sake of liberation.

Due to this passion and love she operated on the wounded soldier in unimaginable primitive conditions and was often without drugs that could save their lives. She was always at pain when she saw them die in her hands when she could nothing to save them. She sacrificed her life for the sake of the soldiers and for the sake of her country.

Due to this sacrifice she has entered into the official pantheon of wartime heroes that is inclusive of a number of brave young women who also risked their lives. A hospital has been built and a stature erected in memory of her at the remote site of her clinic in Quang Ngai Province.

I believe if she was alive she would a living testimony and icon of many, and probably she would scold the current selfish regime in which people are mindful of themselves more than their fellow countrymen. She would greatly oppose the trend where the people do not sacrifice for their fellows but sacrifice their fellows instead. She also might probably not agree with the much honor bestowed upon her at the expense of the very many that died in the war.

In conclusion Dr. Trams diary gives us the real picture of the war, by describing the situations the soldiers encountered, the longings for their loved ones, and the harsh conditions they were in. It also shows how love for ones country can make him make a big sacrifice for its benefit.

Works Cited

Dr. Tram, Dang Thuy. Last Night I Dreamed of Peace. Trans. Pham, Andrew. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press. 2007. Print.

Mydans, Seth. Diary of North Vietnam Doctor Killed in U.S. Attack Makes War Real. New York Times 26 Jun. 2006: 34-35. Print.

I would like to thank the following person for helping me put this paper together: Chen Xu, worked with me 4 hours.

De Liang Liang, worked with me 4 hours.

Changes in the society often lead to divisions among members of the society. This is because some people conform to these changes while others stick to the old ways; thus, creating conflicts in the society. The American society in The Age of Innocence and Manhattan Transfer reflect these changes, and the society is divided in issues concerning the new changes; there is a conflict in the society.

The people in the two novels suffer from identity crisis, and the reader who reads them will understand the conflict in the two novels. They show that individuals in the society can solve these conflicts; through understanding themselves.

The paper will intertwine the arguments in the novel with conflicts in the real society. The paper will also cover conflicts discussed by other artists like poets. This will make the paper authentic. The paper will assist the reader to understand Whitman in that it will explore themes advanced by Whitman in his poetry. Whitman was concerned with the idea of an ideal American society, and this paper will explore this theme.

Conflicts in the society arise because there are some people who are not contented. People may want to change their way of doing things, but some people may feel that this is not right. Conflicts may also arise as a result of peoples self centeredness. Some people are very self-centered, and they want to go against the norm of the society; they are selfish, and they feel that the society should bend to offer them what they want.

Conflicts also arise when new ways of doing things are introduced in the society. The new things tend to topple the norm of the society, and this is taken with rejection by some members of the society; thus this creates conflicts.

The hypothesis of this paper is that cultural conflict leads to many conflicts in any given society. There are cultural conflicts in the two novels, and these conflicts result fro a crash in cultures of the people involved. The society in The Age of Innocence is going through tremendous changes, and the people are affected by these changes. The old New York is characterized by people who are conscious of the good of the whole society (Wharton 11).

People in this society are ready to sacrifice their own happiness so as to live to the expectations of the society. The society comes first, and people are ready to sacrifice for the society. In Manhattan Transfer, the author deals with the development of urban life. The challenges that face people are addressed in this novel, and people are struggling to maintain a good life (Passos 25).

The social life in this novel is in jeopardy, and a lot of social problems are evident. The author takes people from the flourishing areas of New York to areas that are struggling. Some characters in the novel are successful while others are not, and this makes the novel have a characteristic representation of the urban life.

Works Cited

Passos, John. Manhattan Transfer. Houghton Mifflin, 2003.

Wharton, Edith. The Age of Innocence. Forgotten Books, 1948.

Introduction

In the play, Wandas Visit, conflict arises between Jim and his wife, Marsha when Jims ex-girlfriend comes to their home for a visit. The ex-girlfriend, Wanda has an abrasive and intrusive personality. Her total lack of restraint in her speech and action rubs Marsha the wrong way and she is annoyed that Jim does not handle the situation better.

Main Conflict in Wandas Visit

Jim and his wife are leading a normal and almost boring life since their marriage has lost its charm. Major conflicts and arguments between the couple arise when Jims ex- girlfriend, Wanda arrives at their house for a visit. What is it specifically that causes the arguments between the couple? First of all Wanda is all over Jim even in the presence of Marsha. She hugs him unnecessarily and even offers to feed him when they go out for dinner as a threesome.

Wanda knows exactly the effects of her actions on Marsha and Marsha suspects that she intends to break up the relationship. First of all, since Wanda is an ex-girlfriend, Marsha is very wary and watchful of how Jim interacts with her. Marsha is gravely disappointed by the way Jim handles the situation.

He does not tell Wanda to respect their marriage rather he seems to even enjoy all the attention he is receiving. At the end of the day, Marsha comes in to find her husband massaging Wanda on the couch. This makes Marsha even more annoyed and she seems to give up on Jim taking the initiative to tell Wanda off. The act of Wanda feeding her husband in public annoys her further. Wanda has determined to totally ignore Marshas role as Jims wife and carry on as if Jim is a single man.

The way Wanda flirts with Jim is not the only thing that causes conflict within the marriage. Wanda talks all the time, telling them of her promiscuous relationships and suspicious, possibly criminal activities. She confesses that she went through cosmetic surgery to avoid being recognized by an influential man in the criminal world. At night, when she is not able to get any sleep she comes to their bedroom and starts talking to them the whole night! Marsha all this time has been polite to Wanda but she is nearly losing her mind. That night Marsha and her husband did not sleep at all. By this time, every time Marsha and Jim are alone, they are arguing all the time.

Marsha feels as if her life all of a sudden is in control of a mad woman. She starts hoping for the day that Wandas visit will be over since it is clear Jim is not willing or able to control her. By the end of the play, Marsha has stopped pretending in front of her husband and Wanda that she is fine. She is extremely cold towards Wanda.

The resolution of the Conflict

The conflict between the couple is resolved when Wanda is kidnapped by the influential criminal she has been fleeing from. Regrettably, she is found several days later, dead. The couple, with the absence of Wanda is able to fully reflect on the events of the last several days. They are forced to think on the importance of their marriage. There are positive outcomes that emerge from Wandas visit. The marriage gets back its romance and the couple works towards sustaining their marriage.

Goldsmith, Arnold. The Contemporary American Urban Novel. Wayne State UP, 1991.

Goldsmith examines various American novelists and the way these novelists present the American society. Goldsmith notes that these novelists have presented the conflicts that faced people as they encountered new ways. This book makes the reader understand the concerns that are raised in American literature.

Gray, Richard. A History of American Literature. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.

Gray gives the history of the literature of America, and he highlights the conflicts featured in this literature. A lot of American literature, according to Gray, arose form the cultural conflicts that Americans faced. Thus, cultural conflict is the root of most American literature. This theme is presented in the poetry of Whitman, Poe and many American authors.

Lee, Harry. Edgar Allan Poe: An Illustrated Companion to His Tell-Tale Stories. Metro Books, 2008.

Harry introduces the concerns of Poes literature, and he shows that Poe deals with the conflicts in the American society. The American society is made up of people from different cultures, and there are lots of cultural conflicts. However, Poe suggests that formation of an American culture will solve this problem.

Passos, John. Manhattan Transfer. Houghton Mifflin Co., 2003.

This novel is an expressionistic image of New York in the 1920s, and it reveals the lives of rich, power brokers and poor immigrants. Dos Passos records the lives of characters who are struggling to be a part of modernity before modernity destroys them.

This novel gives the story of people who are struggling to fit in the new American society. People face a lot of challenges in this society. The novel also reflects themes of nationhood present in Whitmans poetry.

Reynolds, David. Walt Whitmans America: A Cultural Biography. Vintage Books, 1995.

This book is indispensable in studying Whitmans work. It gives themes that are recurrent in Whitmans work and explains their relevance to American people. The conflicts presented in this book are relevant in understanding the conflicts that faced America during cultural integration.

Wharton, Edith. The Age of Innocence. Forgotten Books, 1948.

This is the primary text from which this essay will be constructed. The book gives the raw material for the future paper. There is a conflict in this book, and people are getting in to foreign ways. People respect the American Society of the time, and the family is very important. However, some new ways are starting to have influence, and the society is changing.

Works Cited

Goldsmith, Arnold. The Contemporary American Urban Novel. Wayne State UP, 1991.

Gray, Richard. A History of American Literature. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.

Lee, Harry. Edgar Allan Poe: An Illustrated Companion to His Tell-Tale Stories. Metro Books, 2008.

Passos, John. Manhattan Transfer. Houghton Mifflin Co., 2003.

Reynolds, David. Walt Whitmans America: A Cultural Biography. Vintage Books, 1995.

Wharton, Edith. The Age of Innocence. Forgotten Books, 1948.

Euripides created one of the most marvelous plays in the world literature. He managed to reveal the conflict of the sexes. He managed to depict the eternal conflict that has not yet been resolved. Thus, Euripides managed to depict womens aspirations.

His Medea seeks for respect and love on the part of the man she loves. Medea sacrificed her own family and her people to follow her beloved and she feels betrayed: I have no mother, brother, or relation, / to shelter with in this extremity (Euripides lines 298-299.).

She cannot stand Jasons disrespect. She cannot forgive his being so ungrateful and indifferent. The only thing she wants most of all is revenge:

&In other things a woman may be timid& but when shes hurt in love, her marriage violated, theres no heart more desperate for blood than hers. (Euripides lines 303-307)

Medea wants to hurt the man who made her suffer. She refuses to live in the world where men can do anything they want to, whereas women should only obey. The woman is determined to destroy the wretched man who dared to abuse her.

However, it is impossible to state that Medea is led by rage and hatred only. The poor woman is trying to resolve her own conflict. She has to do a dreadful thing which makes her suffer greatly: But next thing Ill do fills me with pain  / Im going to kill my children& (Euripides lines 940-941).

The woman loves her children but she cannot let her abusers escape from punishment. Medea understands that her children will never be safe as they will be haunted since their mother killed the rulers of the powerful state: Theres no one / can save them now (Euripides line 941-942). She understands that the only way for them to escape from a horrible death is to kill them painlessly.

When it comes to Jason, the only thing he wants is to gain power and respect in his country:

The most important thing for us to do is to live well and not in poverty, knowing that everyone avoids a friend once hes a pauper& (Euripides lines 664-667)

He is not content with what he has. As any other man he wants to gain more power. He wants to be respected by others. He is not so much concerned with his family he is more concerned with his prosperity and his position in the society.

Admittedly, Jason cannot understand his wife who wants to save her family. Jason thinks Medea is simply jealous. He thinks that she simply does not want to share him with another woman:

But you women are so idiotic  you think if everything is fine in bed, you have all you need, but if the sex is bad, then all the very best and finest things you make your enemies. (Euripides lines 677-680)

Jason thinks that Medea is also afraid of living in poverty. He tries to ensure her that he will give her money and all she needs. The man cannot understand that things (gold, clothes, etc.) mean nothing to a woman if her family is being destroyed.

Jason thinks Medea is hysterical as all women are. He cannot also understand why Medea (as well as any other woman) objects to such reasonable arguments he provided. Thus, Jasons biggest mistake is that he thinks Medea simply wants to remain his only wife. He also underestimates his wife and has to pay a horrible price for his mistake.

Works Cited

Euripides. Medea. Vancouver Island University, n.d. Web.

The main character of the story is a poor Black young man from the working class. He does not have a job because he does not have a birth certificate, and his family does not have any money for a doctor. The protagonist comes from the South of the country, where people got used to helping each other. He likes going to the movie because after the film there is an opportunity to play a bingo game.

The first paragraphs introduce the conflict between the Northern and Southern parts of the country, between black and white people, between the rich and the poor. The protagonist wants to win money to pay for the doctor for Laura, his sister or a close friend. He is hungry, but he cannot ask for some food, because in the South it is not acceptable. White people make laugh at him, which reflects the real conflict between Black and White people in the U.S. of that time.

During the bingo game, the main character is getting drunk because someone has given some whiskey to him and is thrilled because of the chance to win. He is so anxious and excited about an opportunity to save Laura by winning the prize that he cannot take his thumb from the button. He gets a sudden insight that the bingo wheel is God, and that all his life was a bingo game where he got unfortunate numbers. He feels that he has discovered the secret of winning the bingo game and wants to share it with others, but they laugh at him.

The character is overwhelmed so much that he does not even realize that the police have arrived to get him off the scene. He feels that he controls the wheel and that he understands the principle of winning the bingo prize. He imagines that the longer he pushes the button with a sincere belief that he will win, the more chances he has. He also feels that he can finally control something in his life.

The author does not give any name to the character because it could be any Black person of that time. It also might demonstrate that almost every Black person at that time did not have many opportunities to earn a lot of money and to live a decent life. It reflects the central conflict between poor black people and white people. The main character does not even have a birth certificate; he is a nobody for the society ruled by white people.

Another reason for this is that the character himself forgets his name. On the one hand, it shows that he is an insignificant person from the bottom of society. On the other hand, he also realizes that the people who laugh at him are the same as him. They are poor, and they dream of winning money in order to pay a hamburger or pay the rent.

The book The Dragons Village by Yuan-Tsun Chen focuses on the story of a young girl Ling-Ling who faces the complexities of life in the countryside and decides to take an active part into the realization of the land reform in a small village.

While struggling with the social and political constraints, the heroine also faces other challenges, including gender differences and violent policy against villagers. Before her departure to the village, Ling-Ling leads a privileged life in China with her uncle and aunt who adopted her when her parents died.

However, the girl chooses to sacrifice her calms and save life of revolutionary ideas and for the welfare of Shanghai.

Despite the fact that Ling-Ling have never been concerned with political and social issues, she has strive to outstrip her male friends in abilities to prove that women are capable of introducing changes to political and social order.

At the edge of the revolution, Ling-Lings disillusioned perception of the world, as well as her idealized views on the land reforms, does not allow her to delve into the reality.

As her aunt explains, When you came home after school, you boasted about how you had jumped higher and run faster or even eaten more than boys.

Thats a childs world&Now, this is a grownups world for you, and its a man world¹. While facing the reality, Ling Ling soon rejects to leave for Hong Kong with her uncle; instead, she decides stay in Shanghai to see what happens to her nation.

While describing the revolutionary events, the author takes the perspective of an idealistic seventeen-year-old girl who joins the movement of villagers to support the integration of the land reform.

Being bred as a city girl, the heroine is frustrated with the impoverished areas of Shanghai that differ significantly from her previous life.

While living with her aunt the influence of a male dominating society is more oppressive at that. According to Grice, the novels importance may be attributed to the critical and ruthlessly unsentimental account that it offers in Communist China².

In this respect, female identity in China was strongly associated with inferior roles in social context whereas males were regarded superior to women due to their political and economic dominance.

Hence, as soon as Ling Ling realizes the actual matter of affairs, she starts engaging actively into the fight for freedom and prosperity of rural inhabitants to bring in equality to China.

Her idealistic and radical approach allows the protagonist to celebrate the strength of spirit and confidence into her power as a representative of a female minority.

Although Ling-Ling can hardly image of what poverty means to people, she still manages to overcome herself and struggle for the upheaval of virtues and morale in the Revolutionary China³.

In conclusion, the book The Dragons Village focuses the idealistic world of a young girl who strives to improve the social and political life in the village.

Being challenged by the impoverishment of the region in which she previously lived, the protagonists decides to fight for the freedom and equality to achieve fair treatment of all people irrespective of their privileged status.

This strong autobiographical account also provides the political and social constraints that the girl faces due to the failure to recognize the problems of the Revolutionary China.

Bibliography

Chen, Yuan-Tsung. The Dragons Village. US: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 1981.

Grice, Helene. Asian American Fiction, History and Life of Writing: International Encounters. UK: Routledge, 2012.

Grice, Helene. Negotiating Identities: An Introduction to Asian American Womens Writing. UK: Manchester University Press, 2002.

Footnotes

¹ Yuan-Tsung Chen. The Dragons Village. (US: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 1981). 10.

² Helen Grice, Negotiating Identifies: An Introduction to Asian American Womens Writing. (UK: Manchester University Press, 2002), 110.

³ Helen Grice, Asian American Fiction, History and Life Writing: International Encounters. (New York: Routledge, 2012). 22

The dilemmatic nature of the argument and the contrast which is created by the personas of Creon and Antigone, characters of the famous Greek myth about Oedipus, are particularly interesting for their potential for interpretation. The narrative is exceptional for its propagation of the ideals held by Antigone and the messages about the inevitable nature of fate. This classic tale and, in particular, the questions that it raises remain relevant as familial values are speedily losing their popularity among the younger generation.

The character of Creon is a distinct example of an individual with an idea of power and his own potential. This statement is partially true, as the characters are, indeed, juxtaposed to one another, and thus, their characteristics are exaggerated. This is especially traceable in the pair of Creon and Antigone. Both Creon and Antigone stand for a set core of principles, by which the distinction is made between their roles in the narrative  Creon stands for egotism, and Antigone clearly emphasizes familial values. These familial inclinations of Antigone, in particular, make her a very likeable character. A young woman for whom an honorable death ceremony for her brother is more important than her own life  and for that, Antigone deserves immense respect and it is what the author personally agrees with.

In Antigone, Creon appears as a strong leader, whose leadership becomes borderline tyrannical at vital points in the story. Such tendencies are fueled by the desire to prove himself  the inclination that arouses another very important theme of this myth  the prevalence of human laws over the divine law. Creon says to his son, Do you want me to show myself weak before the people  or to break my sworn word?, continuing that if he allows even for small weakness, he will not be respected as a ruler (Sophocles 520). Clearly, his strong adherence to the illegitimacy of Antigones actions stems not from a genuine belief that her behavior was somehow immoral  but directly from his self-assurance as a lawmaker. Perhaps unknowingly, he exposes himself as quite egocentric, expressing that whoever is chosen to govern should be obeyed  just and unjust (Sophocles 525). Moreover, he shows no signs of understanding his own son  willing to judge his sons bride with full severity, as if blind to his suffering. In particular, such a stance  in which Creon exhibits himself as a blindly ambitious and avaricious person whom it becomes extremely hard to stand by.

On the contrary, Antigone represents  and upholds  completely different values that prove to be much more sincere than those of Creons. Mainly, Antigone acts out of a very emotional state, which in turn, is produced by her fervent belief in the divine order  the final Justice that rules the world makes no such laws as does the king (Sophocles 360). Her principled position on the matter is as concrete as Creons decision to punish her publicly in order to reinforce his leadership  however, Antigones ideals are far superior to his.

The womans desire to bury her brother properly arises from her very strong subconscious belief in the integral goodness of familial values, which is not specifically just another type of law  but the traditions that hold sacred meaning. Her reason is not supported by a rigid system, like the one Creon, by the right of kingship, improvised when judging Antigone. Instead, she acts out of a place of inherently knowing  and willing to die for her principles, with this idea encapsulated in these simple words, I knew I must die (Sophocles 365). She speaks of her death as if it is the least of her concerns, the Death of mine is of no importance (Sophocles, 370). Ones family is deeply ingrained in ones identity, and it is important to stay principled when protecting them, even if it is already too late.

While Antigones bravery and selflessness are enough to admire her deed, there is also a third principle that justifies it. It is closely related to the idea that Antigone bases her stance upon the idea of intuitive righteousness  the sincere familial love she has for her deceased brothers. From here, it becomes clear that this righteousness, this natural law, is preserved and transmitted as a tradition. In a sense, the traditions counterpart becomes a fleeting law set up by one ruler. The tradition holds the wisdom and experience of hundreds of generations and thus holds immense value and meaning. Perhaps, she seems detached and unaffected by the fate Creon decides for her  Antigones act abides by the timeless rules of tradition, of natural law.

Thus, for the reasons established above, Antigones actions can be considered quite honorable, as they are fueled by her innermost desire to uphold her principles in regard to her family, as she believes family to be one of the most important things in a persons life. She is compassionate, principled, and altruistic  while not only respecting the traditions but being fully conscious of the consequences. Antigone rises against the tyranny of a one mans law, and personally, I consider this to be an act of bravery that deserves respect and appreciation. My personal values coincide with Antigones to a significant degree, and therefore, I support her act of selflessness and staying true to her principles in the face of adversity.

Introduction

Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (1818-1883) is among the famous Russian novelists who have managed to explore various themes. Fathers and Sons is one of the novels that portray his major works in the nineteenth century. The sons and their fathers in this novel have demonstrated an enormous gap which exists between two generations. The generation gap of the second half of the nineteenth century portrayed by Turgenev is clear-cut and depicts an aspect and problem that Russia faces.

A twofold character is introduced in this novel and an ongoing crash of the Nihilistic opposition between Bazarov and Pavel ensues. The dual character clearly elaborates the differences in ideologies between the two generations. The entire novel contains instances that show conflicting ideas between two generations evaluated and analyzed in this paper. It is worth noting that throughout the history, generation gap often leads to conflict, especially between people with different world views, for example, radical and traditional ideas.

Ideological Conflict and Generation Divide

Fathers and Sons novel contains various instances which demonstrate discrepancy between ideas of individuals from the two generations. Ideological conflict refers to divergences in peoples point of views, doctrines as well as beliefs on the basis of political, economic as well as social facets. On the other hand, generation gap is the demarcation of individuals in certain generations which could be in term of civilization or other factors.

In the first half of the novel, Turgenev demonstrates father son dynamic which exhibits the separation between the son and his fathers world views. This demarcates a boundary between the new and the old generation. Arkady and Bazarov represent a generation with a rebellious position. Both of them ascribe to nihilism. On the other hand, Pavel, Nikolai and Platonich ostensibly stand for a generation that upholds traditional principles. This is clearly exhibited in their ideological arguments. Nikolai seems to be ashamed that he lives with Fenichka, who is 23 years old, and yet they are not married. Arkady is not shocked to realize that his father lives with a girl. He even calms his father down. To him, that is not a major issue, and it seems acceptable. This clearly portrays the difference in ideologies between the sons and his fathers.

Bazarov demonstrates the differences that exist between the two generations. He tries to portray his nihilistic ideals. He is a man who believes in nothing. He seems to criticize individuals who are in romantic relationships. Arkady is a follower of Bazarovs nihilistic beliefs. The two try to take their emotions out of the scene, but it is impossible to do such a thing bearing in mind that they are humans. Their philosophy is, however, doubted even if they are in a generation that proclaims not to believe in emotions. At a later stage, we see Bazarov falling in love with Anna, and Arkady falls in love with Katya. This means that they believe in love, a fact that beats their philosophical logic. We also find Arkady and Nikolai having an upright father and son relationship. He significantly respects his father, and the fact that his father has married to a young wife does not bother him. However, their beliefs are clearly divergent. In order to be acceptable to his cohort, Arkady espouses nihilistic ideologies as a way to entertain Bazarov. However, that is not his true self that has been portrayed in his characters.

The two generations in the novel are depicted to have different stance on morals. There is an instance when Bazarov kisses Fenichka. Pavel sees them kissing and secretively plan for a contest in order to challenge him. Bazarov thought that duels are ancient and silly, and he is convinced that the kiss is just a petty issue. An act which could be seen as disrespect by the older generation has been depicted as a normal conduct, signifying a sub-culture that prevails in Bazarovs generation.

The two generations have divergent views about marriage. Although Nikolai lives with Finichka before their marriage, he thinks she is a low-class woman. This issue does not bother Pavel, instead, he advocates that, indeed, it was time his father should marry her. This depicts a clear-cut border between the new and the old generations ideologies.

There are situations where the son supports his father, however, in other case, he is determined to rebel. Arkady is warm-hearted and open to others just like his father Nikolai. However, he seems to believe in science and philosophy that are preached to him by his friend. Bazarov, on the other hand, supports his father, but in some instances, he disapproves his fathers views.

Pavel is a character who is very conventional. Interestingly, he also holds on attachment to the ancient ideals as well as to social policies that are strictly followed by the czarists. Pavel and Bazarov are the two characters who entirely indicate the contrast in ideology between generations as well as being a confirmation that generation divide is a common phenomenon in the second half of the 19^th century. Unlike Pavel, Bazarov does not believe in the old ideals, such as aristocracy, serfdom or patriotism. The two disagree in an argument. Therefore, it is clear-cut that they have divergent points of views.

The fact that Nicholai tries to read progressive books as well as make sure that they have more progressive talks with his son depicts that generation divide exists. Perhaps, the father tries to find ways in which generation gap could be closed. Nicholai recognizes that he couldnot comprehend everything in her sons new world. He is both awestruck as well as frightened by his sons beliefs, and this depicts the shock that prevails due to differences the two generations world views. The narrative, therefore, demonstrates that generation divide prevails between the father and his son.

The new generation, however, seems to have unshaped beliefs. We find this in Arkadys actions, especially when he defends his fathers as well as his uncles convectional beliefs. He also appreciates romantic acts as well as art and nature. However, Bazarov portrays a group of individuals in his generation who are enormously grounded in their beliefs and ready to ruin the views of the older generation at all costs.

Conclusion

Fathers and Sons novel exhibits the connection that fathers and sons have in the face of changing age. Intergenerational conflict has been clearly outlined in the development of characters in this book. Generation divide has developed conflict which affects characters attitudes towards life. Bazarov, Akardy and Odintsova are characters who have been portrayed to exhibit characteristics of generation that believes in science and philosophy. They seem to put emotion out of their context in the first place; however, we find them disapproving their beliefs by taking actions that show they have emotions. Their nihilistic beliefs set them aside from the generation that believes in traditional ideals. Throughout the novel, the characters expose the fact that the difference between their ideological conflicts is an element of generation divide.

Bibliography

Turgenev, Ivan. 2005.Fathers and Sons. Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing.

It goes without saying that in the sphere of criminal justice, informed decision-making and ethics are highly essential. Thus, criminal justice equality is based on the ethical assumption that people have a right for equal legal protection and should be sentenced to fair punishment regardless of their socioeconomic status, race, and education. In turn, criminal justice inequity may be regarded as the violation of these ethical norms and biased attitude to suspected offenders on the basis of stereotypes or prejudice related to his personal peculiarities.

At the same time, conflict theory states that any society may be divided into powerful and powerless groups that are in the state of permanent conflict between each other for limited resources. According to this theory, crime is the result of this social conflict as wealthy individuals try to take and keep more resources traditionally by suppressing poor people, and all groups generally aim to maximize their power and wealth. Within conflict theory, criminal justice equality is impossible as the law and its enforcement are used as a tool of dominance by groups with political, social, and economic power to maintain privileged positions over seemingly dangerous subordinate groups. In this case, the deviant behavior of subordinates is criminalized while the same behavior of powerful individuals remains unpunished.

Throughout history, in the United States, society was divided into White, politically connected, and wealthy individuals included in a dominant group and racial minorities and politically neglected or poor community members in a subordinate group. Thus, criminal justice inequality may be exemplified by racial disparities when African Americans are treated unfairly and with less respect throughout the whole system from routine police stops to long-term imprisonment (Hetey & Eberhardt, 2018, p. 183). Other examples of inequality in terms of criminal justice are international corporations frauds and embezzlements on a grand scale by politicians that remain even unnoticeable while ordinary people are sentenced to imprisonment for less serious malefactions.

Reference

Hetey, R. C., & Eberhardt, J. L. (2018). The numbers dont speak for themselves: Racial disparities and the persistence of inequality in the criminal justice system.Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(3), 183-187. Web.