Category: Community

The core purpose of this Community Assessment paper is to address any one of the many topics from Healthy people 2020. The one topic that stuck out to me most was Family planning. Family planning allows people to attain their desired number of children and determine the spacing of pregnancies. It is achieved through use of contraceptive methods and the treatment of infertility (Family planning/ Contraception, 2018). This practice has helped strengthen individuals’ rights to make such a choice. Unfortunately, however, this practice has been disregarded among many particular groups. As a result of this malpractice, irresponsible individuals, who do not know care about its relevance the least are having children at an alarming rate and are unable to provide for their children. This very tradition has contributed to the ruining of the essence of neighborhoods like my own, which ultimately is critical for the fabric of a sound and nurturing family unit. In this paper, I will discuss the available resources, resolutions, and stigmas that have plagued my community, while at the same time providing awareness and insight as to why this practice is absent among particular groups. Ultimately, the aim is to bring this topic to the forefront, in hopes of changing the community’s outlook on its improper family planning customs and revealing the many advantages of this practice. In an attempt of doing so I will gather statistical data of the benefits of Family planning hoping to put into perspective the importance of planning a family has on our culture. Eventually, what I hope to accomplish is to make the future generation aware of the road that lies ahead if failing to plan for a family and the increased difficulties that come with having limited resources when raising a family.

Unfortunately, due to this negligent practice of non-family planning, teenage pregnancy has rocked minority communities nationwide. Sadly New York’s own, The Bronx, or otherwise known as the “boogie-down”, tops the charts with teenage pregnancies (Axelbank, 2014). To get a better image of why the Bronx holds the number one spot, exploring the south Bronx more in detail is imperative to understand this behavior. The south Bronx is an area in which I hold in high regard, it is where I reside, work and study. The Bronx as a whole is considered to be the largest borough of them all; however, there are different regions of the Bronx, the south Bronx for instance, consists of neighborhoods such as Concourse, Mott Haven, Melrose, Port Morris, Belmont, Castle Hill, Crotona Park East, High-Bridge, Hunts Point, Longwood, Morrisania and Soundview are regarded as the South Bronx. Originally referring to the industrial area, below East 138th Street, the name ‘South Bronx’ symbolically has had its northern boundary shift northward to East 149th Street, East 161st Street, the Cross Bronx Expressway, and Fordham Road over the years (City-data, 2014). The south Bronx, the birthplace of hip-hop has now become the place where babies are having babies.

Woefully, this place of such rich history and beauty is the Mecca for failed Family Planning. The Bronx’s teenage pregnancy epidemic, it has also help raise the poverty rate in the borough. Unfortunately, the Bronx is by far the poorest borough in the city; it has seen the slowest in economic growth since 2002. Unlike boroughs like Staten Island and Brooklyn, the Bronx has yet to bounce back from the recession. Instead, household incomes continue to plummet (Wisnieski, 2011). Sadly enough, where poverty exist resources lack, simply because resources, such as Family planning, teen sex education etc. require federal funding, and in communities like the south Bronx federal-funded programs are simply nonexistent. Neighborhoods like New York’s, south Bronx, sadly is not a priority of the U.S government and being limited to such resources is non-beneficial to the community. Results have proven that federally funded family planning programs contribute tremendously to the reduction of children in poverty as much adults in poverty (Axelbank, 2014). Having fewer children increases a child chance of a better life, which leads to high investment in children, whereas, financial difficulties may lead poorer families to underinvest in their children. Due to unwanted or untimely childbearing, which are factors that drive many families into poverty and keep them in that very situation; Family planning is crucial to our society.

Sadly, with the lack of available resources, it is almost certain that poverty is guaranteed if the practice of family planning continues to get out of hand. I for one have witnessed its effects firsthand on my daily strolls through the many areas of the south Bronx. For instance, In the Concourse section, there is ruggedness about the community members and a sense of hopelessness due to their situation. In the south Bronx, no two neighborhoods are much different just that boundaries separate them. For many individuals, attempting to escape their reality is almost impossible and, unfortunately, for others, they have become immune to their circumstances. Visualizing the image of struggle along with the absence of hope that plagues communities like mine leave me to wonder how people have still managed to not take the issue of Family Planning seriously. Unfortunately, though the blame cannot solely be placed on the community, but on the community leaders as well. Communities like the south Bronx are forgotten as I like to call it “the lost borough” is not important until election time comes around. During this time in which politician sells dreams simply to earn votes and win the election.

However, with the likes of individuals like Bronx borough president Ruben Diaz, who seems to be taking initiative to better serve these less fortunate communities. Programs are being implemented and this is a joint effort teaming up with the DOH along with the Department of Education to ensure that sex education curriculum be taught in ninth and tenth-grade classrooms at 20 different Bronx high schools. This program called “Reducing the Risk,” the lesson plans will stress the importance of using birth control and condoms, the risks involved in sexual activity and the benefits of waiting until they’re ready to have sex and most importantly prevent early parenthood (Focus on teen Reproductive Health, 2012). A similar curriculum will be introduced through the city’s Administration for Children’s Services to reach teens in foster care. “We want to help young people reach their full potential and make better choices in life,” said Bronx Borough President Ruben Diaz Jr., who is a partner in the program. “I believe that this community effort will help our youth improve their knowledge and understanding about sexual health, making them more confident to make the choices that are right for them.”

Undoubtedly, Family planning is one of the most important themes of our culture and services for family planning have become available in abundance due to its past limited access in communities, particularly of color. These resources include contraceptive services, pregnancy testing and counseling, broader reproductive health services, patient education and counseling, breast and pelvic examinations, Breast and cervical cancer screening, sexually transmitted infection (STI) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention education, and referrals (Department of Health, 2016). The lack of planning between two adults can have a detrimental effect on their relationship as well as their children. In addition, financial deficiency can result in limited access to resources and ultimately affect the upbringing of children, which inevitably decreases their likelihood of a productive life. Unfortunately, children of color are more likely to be bought into a world of suffering because of their parent’s ignorance. As we’ve witnessed time and time again those, who fail to follow the Planned Parenthood guidelines are almost certain to fall victim of impoverished circumstances.

Furthermore, family planning services allows individuals to achieve desired birth spacing and family size, and contribute to improved health outcomes for infants, children, women, and families (Healthy People, 2020). Although, these resources are available in staggering numbers, how likely are they used by individuals of low socioeconomic status? Sadly most of these available resources are not utilized as often as they should be, especially in brown and black communities and as result teenage pregnancy have become an epidemic. Due to the increase in sexually active teenagers, who are unfamiliar with the benefits of an organization such as Planned Parenthood, they will lack both the resources and alternatives that are available to them.

Regrettably, however, resources such as Planned Parenthood will soon be a thing of the past because of our current administration’s attitude on the issue. The President’s stance against the rights of women and what they do with their bodies is disheartening. Unfortunately, President Trump hopes to do away with almost all available resources that can prevent teenagers into early parenthood. Organizations funded by U.S. global health programs may now lose federal funding for providing, advocating, or even talking about safe legal abortion. This policy will impact healthcare access provided by over 1,200 organizations (Trump’s Attacks on Access to Birth Control, 2016). Resources such as Planned Parenthood, which has helped decrease teenage pregnancy dramatically, will soon be abolished. As we know family planning agencies have helped give individuals a second chance and also educate them on the seriousness of parenthood; resulting in people becoming more proactive in limiting their chances of having children in poverty and simply waiting. Individuals must know that family planning is a right of their own and that someone as important as the president should not have the power of taking that right away. Becoming parents at a very young age is a recipe for disaster and in doing away with such resources will lead a generation to make the very same mistakes their parents and grandparents made.

The reality is that Planned Parenthood provides individuals with options they otherwise cannot afford and President Trump ending such an important resource would ultimately have a negative effect on those individuals who stand to benefit the most, minorities.

Implementing such a law as the gag rule, President Trump’s primary focus is complete control. The new rules, issued by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services earlier this year, prohibit Title X grantees from providing or referring patients for abortion, except in cases of rape, incest or medical emergency (McCammon, 2019). The “gag” rule prohibits Planned Parenthood or any other agency running Title X programs from referring their clients to an abortion clinic. Unfortunately, Family Planning has become politicized in a negative light, where extreme right anti-abortionists, who is Trump based has forced his hand and he must succumb to their desires. Thus this federal law states, that abortions cannot be offered as a service at Planned Parenthood. Rather than abide by that of the “Gag” rule, Planned Parenthood have chosen to not participate in the federal Title X planning grant program (Wisnieski, 2011).

UnfoYou see family Planning is critical for the fabric of a sound nurturing family unit. As a result of President Trump’s anti-abortion, anti-women’s rights Rhetoric teenagers ‘from all over the country, more so in my neighborhood are discovered another alternative, which is birthing a contraceptive craze Bronx, but of the Bronx entirely have found alternative ways to terminate the pregnancy, which has helped spawn another crisis. In urban communities, Planned Parenthood is more important because of the high number of teenage pregnancies and the consequences thereafter. Children having children is the destruction of a society and parents who bring children into a world of poverty and ignorance will promulgate the same poverty and ignorance unto the next generation

Blockage of this will result in our society moving backward imperative to and the many blocks the issues has experienced. Although this issue is a key to many issue like teen pregnancy, abortion are not the best alternative for teens due to the substantial amount of damage it does to the anatomy of the female it does however give young women the chance to learn from their irresponsibility and understand the seriousness of safe sex and ot planning

patine of the counter contraceptives such as Plan. , which damages create hormone imbalances etc. Period of controlling women and what they do with their body’s. The disparities between white vs. African American and Latina are significant and it’s not a surprise that the Bronx has the highest teen pregnancy rates and also the lowest graduation rates of all the boroughs (Axelbank, 2018). Trump’s anti-abortion rhetoric has help spawned the epidemic of babies having babies

Surprisingly their been a sudden decrease in chil birth because we are now understanding the importance in neighborhoods like the south Bronx

References

1. Axelbank, G., Axelbankhttp, G., &Axelbank, G. (2014, June 8). The Bronx Leads the City With Effective Teen Pregnancy Program. Retrieved from https://www.thisisthebronx.info/the-bronx-leads-the-way-on-successful-teen-pregnancy-program/.
2. Department of Health. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.health.ny.gov/health_care/medicaid/program/longterm/familyplanbenprog.htm.
3. Family planning/Contraception. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/family-planning-contraception.
4. Healthy People 2020.(n.d.).Retrieved from https://www.healthypeople.gov/.
5. McCammon, S. (2019, August 19). Planned Parenthood Withdraws From Title X Program Over Trump Abortion Rule. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/2019/08/19/752438119/planned-parenthood-out-of-title-x-over-trump-rule
6. News, admin W. to the N. (2012, February 22). Local Initiative Puts Focus on Teens’ Reproductive Health. Retrieved from https://www.norwoodnews.org/id=6260&story=local-initiative-puts-focus-on-teens-reproductive-health/.
7. Parenthood, P. (n.d.).Planned Parenthood Action Fund. Retrieved from https://www.plannedparenthoodaction.org/.
8. Parenthood, P. (n.d.). Timeline: Trump’s Attacks on Access to Birth Control. Retrieved from https://www.plannedparenthoodaction.org/fight-for-birth-control/facts/timeline-trumps-attacks-access-birth-control.
9. Wisnieski, A. (n.d.). Bronx leads all boroughs on poverty. Retrieved from https://riverdalepress.com/stories/Bronx-leads-all-boroughs-on-poverty,49286.
10. Tweet Data.gov @usdatagov, Data.gov @usdatagov, & Data.gov. (2014, January 9). Cities.Retrieved from https://www.data.gov/cities/.

Literature Review

On the basis of the author of this literature J. Brain and many others, In 2012–13, an online comprehensive review, scientific and official literature has processed the development of a disaster infrastructure in social media platforms. This infrastructure may be utilized to simplify the disaster development of tools of social media platform, the disaster design of the application procedure of social media platform network and the scientific analysis of tragedy social media platform factors. Media outlets, government, communities, organizations, and individuals include by User of social media Disaster in the infrastructure. 15 unique disastrous uses of social media platform were distinguished, ranging from the preparation and arrival of preparedness information about the disaster, detecting disasters, signaling, and warnings to connecting the members of communities again succeeding the disaster. This infrastructure represents that several numbers of entities may produce and utilizes disaster content of social media platform. As a result, the use of social media disaster may be conceptualized as arising at huge numbers levels, although within a similar disaster. For the implemented infrastructure can predict upcoming research and development of social media disaster for that it is provided by suggestions.

Results and comparison

We started by analyzing literature of the social media disaster to determine potential users of social media disaster. Following users are pointed out by our review: communities, individuals, organizations, news media, and governments. After all, in the infrastructure entities, users are being referred by us, overall described social media platform clients were also established to a role as content producers of social media disaster in our observation, clarifying the nature of double way communication of social media platform. Relating the users targeted out in our calculation of literature, those involved people in common, just like private residents like another entity agent (just like an organization or government) which were not utilizing social media disaster. While a disaster takes place, those involved people utilize social media disaster can be mentioned without or within the affected area of the disaster. Communities involved grouped peoples linked by areas of geographic just like towns or neighborhoods, also grouped people which share experiences, interest, norms, values and expertise’ and which may or may not as well as share a normal area of geography. Social media platform may enable connections surrounded by both communities’ types, as technologies of communication can role as resources of a community. Organizations are developed grouped peoples which are reacting to internal or external disaster. For example, organizations utilizing social media disaster should contain a response entity of disaster just like the Salvation Army, the disaster has a great impact on business or an association of volunteer not in the affected area of the disaster which is collecting contributions as a donation for the public facing with a calamity. Governments involve which are at the federal state, agencies of government and local level. Government social media disaster users’ examples involve emergency management’s local departments, public safety’s state departments, the NWS and the US FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency).

Personal opinion

A social media disaster infrastructure’s utilizers and utilization was point out with a review of comprehensive literature. To promote the tools of social media disaster development, the social media disaster implementation processes formulation, and the disaster scientific study social media platform factors, this infrastructure can be utilized. It demonstrates that several types of entities may both produce and employ content of social media disaster. Therefore, the use of social media disaster may be abstracted as taking place at huge number levels, although within a similar disaster (Houston, et al., 2015).

The author is talking about in this article, usually, the Internet used by the consumer to content simplifying: it is read by them, it is watched by them and they utilized it to purchase services and products. Progressively, still, platforms are being used by consumers –—such as sites of content sharing, wikis, social networking, and blogs–—to discuss, share, modify and create the content of the Internet. This demonstrates the phenomenon of social media platform, who can now particularly affects survival, sales, and reputation of a firm. Still, a huge amount of executives don’t pay attention to this media form because they do not get clear about that, the several forms it can proceeds. In reacting, we demonstrate an infrastructure which describes the social media platform with the help of seven functional building blocks use: groups, reputation, relationship, presence, sharing, conversation, and identity. As several types of activities of social media platform are explained by the extent through whom they target on few or all of them, we describe the effects about every block that can have knowledge about firms that should involve through social media platform. To suggest, we demonstrate huge recommendations numbers regarding how strategies should be developed by firms for responding, understanding and monitoring to several types of activities social media platform.

With social media platform riser, it results that it has been democratized by corporate communication. They take power from those in relations of public and marketing by the communities and individuals which develop, consume and share pictures, movies, Facebook entries, tweets, blogs and so onwards. Brands based communication occurs, with as well without firms’ permission in question. Now, it depends on firms to make the decision in case of getting serious about participate and social media platform in this network of communication or keeps on ignoring it. Both have a factor of tremendous.

Results

It’s complicated to keep well-informed about the choices of people that have for a social media platform. It appears that the latest services and sites develop each day, vying for the 248 J.H. Kietzmann et al… Conflicting the different site’s functionalities for online communities and individuals attention. When inspecting the ecology of social media platform, It clarifies vastly that many of the sites have struck an alert balance that consists of the different honeycomb‘s blocks. But mostly focus on the identity, also on distribution, et cetera. Nowadays today’s major social media platform sites not focus especially on fair one block. Of the bloggers who assisted to develop this structure and claims that attracts to concentrate on blocks 3 to 4 primary. As Fig 2 we clarify this with 4 examples: Foursquare, LinkedIn, Facebook and YouTube. The darker black color, this social media platform functionality gets higher within the site. by the usage of tools like the infrastructure of honeycomb to develop and understand the platforms of social media platform, and the more general social media platform landscape is increasingly essential. Therefore, now we demonstrate the 4 Cs guideline: congruity, cognize, chase and curate by relative how firm strategies should develop for understanding, responding and monitoring to several activities of social media platform.

Discussion

Social media platform present pervasive and substantial variations to communication among individuals, organizations, and communities. A lot of challenges are represented by this for organizations, many of them developed the methodology of management are worse to handle with clients which no longer wanted to be discussed at; To listen firms wanted by customers, engage properly and replied. Firms which are much serious in case social media platform will find out a most useful and beneficial tool in the infrastructure of honeycomb. By investigating the 7 building blocks’ groups, reputation, relationships, presence, sharing, conversation and identity of firms can understand and monitor how activities of social media platform relies on their impact and function terms, so as to construct strategy of a congruent social media platform which is based on the building blocks’ proper balance for their public.

(Kietzmann, Hermkens, McCarthy, & Silvestre, 2011) In this article few points are discussed by the authors, in reverse to the attractiveness of sites of social networking, through Twitter and Facebook, content is distributed by newspapers. Still in the newspaper, the social media platform role’ model of overall business keeps not able to understand. Is the same mistake is repeated by them in Web testing through the search for eyeballs before finding out revenue stream, giving free content to them? Through the analysis of the top sixty-six newspapers of the US in the presence of social media platform, this analysis empirically investigates Twitter and Facebook as platforms of news. In 2012, the newspaper content distribution by the sites of social networking has turned in to normal exercise. In terms of audience access, Twitter is much better and efficient than Facebook. Meanwhile, the output mentions a relationship which is positive in nature between newspapers’ print readerships, Web, Twitter and Facebook, Web users and the small fraction of print are kept on represented by subscribers of social media platform. Although the publicity about the social media platform sites potential as a channel of news delivery, the amount of shares to the revenue of advertising and Web traffic appears insufficient.

As many types of new papers have turned into enterprises of multiple types of platform, the line of their product has stretched from the domain that is printed to involve the platforms of social media platform and Web. In any of the three types of formats, the newspaper may access, by whom the question is being raised about the relationship between multiple types of requirement related products. The relation between the three platforms of the newspaper is argued above. In this operation of multiple types of platform, the edition that is printed is the major product, which accounts total advertising of 86.5% of revenue also revenue of subscription. The web edition role is unclear. Today, the most localized, common interest of newspapers are still online content offering for costless, but the revenue of online advertisement, while developing.

• RQ1: For reaching the users of social media platform, how many big newspapers of the US are using Twitter and Facebook?
• RQ2: In the process of attaining subscribers, which type of platform (Twitter and Facebook) is much effective?
• RQ3: Sonss (that is, the number of users) of the Print Edition (i.e., rotation) and compare Web Edition (I. e., the number of unique visitors) on how the size of the audience is?
• RQ4: What is the relation between print circulation, visitor of a website and social media platform subscribers of newspapers?
• RQ5: After handling for print circulation, what’s the relation among visitors of the website and social media platform subscribers of newspapers?

RQ1 seems to ask that SNS is used by how many newspapers? Its results show that as a sample sixty-six newspapers use Twitter and Facebook to access users of social media platform users. RQ2 seems to ask which SNS* Twitter or Facebook*is much efficient in audience reaching terms. The number of Facebook likes for the 64 newspapers ranged from 0 to 330,441 (mean 23,321; SD48,976), and the number of Twitter followers ranged from 29 to 872,826 (mean37,670; SD110,611). Between the sixty-four newspapers, forty-nine get hold of more Twitter’s subscribers; fifteen accessed more on Facebook. In the comparison of Twitter and Facebook, Twitter is more efficient. RQ3 seems to ask In what way that the size of the audience that depends on SNSs and it compares to that of the Web editions /print. By comparing SNS subscribers’ amount to the Web editions and print, the social media platform ratio subscribes to the circulation/website of a newspaper having visitors unique and it was intended. Some other few cases of exceptional, SNS subscribers’ number on regular by only a print circulation fraction (14% for Twitter & 9% for Facebook) and visitors of the website (minimum1% for Twitter and Facebook). RQ4 enquires about the relation between the four goods (Facebook, print, Twitter and Web,). Analysis of Bivariate correlation was performed on the four types of variables: (1) Circulation of weekday, (2) monthly visitors of unique website numbers, (3) amount of likes of Facebook, and (4) amount of followers of Twitter. The results are represented in table 5. The ranges of Pearson are from 0.477 to 0.906 (pB0.001), recommending solid positive correlations between four platforms. RQ5 seems to ask that the relation among social media platform subscribers of newspapers and visitors of the website, after handling the print edition influence. Analysis of Partial correlation was performed. Table 6 mentions the number of likes of Facebook and the number of followers of Twitter are affiliated positively with the number of visitors of the website (r0.526, pB0.001 for Facebook; r0.517, pB0.001 for Twitter) once circulation handling. Results conclude a particular relation among platforms of social media platform and Web of newspapers.

Personal Opinion

This study represents that all newspapers of US with a circulation of weekday of greater than 1 lac are utilizing SNSs to deliver content, concluding that suggesting that newspaper content distribution with the help of SNSs has to turn into a general exercise. Still, the SNSs based subscriber represents only a minimum audience size fraction print (for Facebook 9 %and for Twitter14 %) and on Web (less than 1 % for both Twitter and Facebook). In other words, meanwhile most of the newspapers have been promoting their subscribers of social media platform from past years, many of them have not achieved an on the base of subscriber nearly not even the current platforms. Certainly, the number of subscribers of social media platform written in this literature didn’t suppose scenarios just like stale account, further sharing, discussions, and retweets. But, specified subscriber based on a small social media platform, the share of SNSs’ magnitude (revenue of advertising and traffic of Web) is insignificant at finest, although all the hype of media about the SNSs probably like channels of news delivery (Ju, Jeong, & Chyi, 2014)

In the author’s opinion Geo and Armstrong, This analysis content survey’s that how Twitter is utilized as a tool of content broadcasting in the industry of news use

By conception of Gann about values of news such as a context theoretically, by this observation aspects that tweets by news nine organizations in the duration of a period of 4-month to regulate that in what way news links, headlines, individuals, and areas of subjects were engaged during the limits of the character of 140. End outcomes specified that broadcasting regionally is inclined to differ in utilizing Twitter from media of national or local. The agencies of news broadcast were additionally probably to tweet packages of multimedia than based organizations to print-. Public and crime affairs were topics that are more tweeted. Results Implications argued.;

• Research Question 1: Which topics are most frequently tweeted by news organizations?
• Research Question 2: Which kinds of links are employed in news organization Twitter feeds?
• Research Question 3: How often are individuals mentioned in tweets?
• Research Question 4: How do news headlines compare with the tweets of news organizations?

Results;

By news organizations, the initial inquiry question surveyed the topics that are most frequently tweeted.

As it is reported that Table 1, the tweeted topic that is most frequently was a crime (26.3%), followed by affairs of the community (22%) and (16.6%) lifestyle; the tweeted topic lastly was the news of international (7.5%). Analyses of Chi-square are conducted to search out rather differences are there insignificant topics tweeted by medium or by area of coverage As comparing nationwide, local media or regional, differences substantial were originated for crime news of frequency, w2 (2, n ¼ 361) ¼ 35.20, p < .001; the updates about style of living, w2 (2, n ¼ 361) ¼ 13.85, p < .01; along with the updates about professions, w2 (2, n ¼ 361) ¼ 6.93, p < .05. also the summary about crime was maximally intermittently that are tweeted through media regionally (40.6%) however slightest regularly via national mass media (9.6%);(29.6%) was confined media by the style of living to the news of tweet are more likely formerly the media nationally (15.7%) or (10.9%) media regionally; and tweeted media regionally by story of business In business news by tweets 15.2 %, more than twice that of national or local media. Comparing TV and newspaper (analysis not shown), Found for crime news a difference was only in statistically significant, w2 (1, n ¼ 361) ¼ 11.89, p ¼ .01, by TV news (37.9%) with a greater frequency of being tweeted than by (20.8%). Newspapers. Secondly, the inquiry question surveyed the links types that are engaged organization as tweets broadcasting (See Table 2). The outcomes specified that tweets (34.1%) that connected to a section of news alone as well as tweets 34.1% related to a story of news with images. Organization of newscast tweets is about 23% of involving links to presentations interactive media through photos, the video also audio.Between TV news moreover newspaper, an analysis of chi-square initiates significant differences in links to presentations multimedia, w2 (1, n ¼ 361) ¼ 99.97, p < .05, with updates of TV that tweets being further probable to network with contents of multimedia (55.2%) than were newspapers tweets (7.8%). Whereas the twitter’s newspaper was additionally probably contacted to (48.6%) the updates section along with (3.4%) the tweets update about TV, significantly no test was executed due to a size of the small cell. Between regional, local media and national significantly alterations for connections stories for only text, w2 (2, n ¼ 361) ¼ 10.22, p < .01, also with photos that are connected to sections, w2 (2, n ¼ 361) ¼ 12.13, p < .01, were found in their twitter. More links are there for stories to text-only in tweets by a local media (42.0%) rather than media as a nationwide (22.6%) and media regionally (38.2%). Moreover, regional media twitter were slightest expected with photos that are associated with stories (26.1%). As this examination part, examined by coders that whether twitter emphasis on breaking updates. By news organizations, only 4.7% of tweets were focused on breaking news. The coders originate the aim of further sites to updates by Twitter (86.7%) that was to effort traffic, on breaking news focusing with just 4.7% (n ¼ 17). The Twitter feed (54%) was the most rarely utilizing mechanism for organizations of news, followed by (24.7%) Web, (14.1%) Twirl, and (5.8%) Tweet Deck.

Personal opinion;

By the opinion of the present study authors sought to investigate in what way organizations of news employ Twitter as an information tool dissemination. The various findings move toward out of present research: Firstly the affairs of public, lifestyle, and crime-connected stories, these topics were the commonly tweeted topics frequently. Secondly, it seems that the medium coverage area is associated with the tweets type that is news agencies are employed. The basic alteration between newspaper and organizations tweets of TV news appears to be the packages utilized by multimedia and by television that are tweeted. More frequently and finally, least are individual mentions probable that seems in tweets from state media, instead of local or regional media. (Armstrong & Gao, 2010)

By the views of author’s Fred and Hermida, this study indicates the advantages of social media spaces on news consumption, based on survey online of Canadians 1600. Into social media, News organizations are rushing, by services viewing like Twitter and Facebook as opportunities to distribute and market content. On news consumption, limited research has been outside the US (United States) into the outcomes of social media. For Canadians, the latest research found that social networks are a flattering significant source of news. Social networking users are of Two-fifths said they get news from the public as they follow on services such as Facebook. While fifth get news from individual journalists and news organizations are as they follow. Employers said that social media is valued because it is assisted them by keeping up with exposed and events them to news wider range and information. Although social interaction has always affected the news dissemination,

By the research, our study contributes that suggests social media people experience news are becoming central to the way. Technologies of networked media are extending the user’s ability to receive and create personalized news streams. Inquiring that how networked publics are the news reframing and news flows shaping would subsidize by our considerate of the growing relationship amongst the audience or the journalist.

Results;

Latest inquiry indicated the extent to which recommendations and links are circulating on social networks such as Facebook have become an information and news source for a significant number of users of the Internet (see Table 1). (43 percent) Canadians two out of five who utilize sites of networking socially said they achieved information and news on a regular basis from friends, members of their family and also on social networks acquaintances as they follow. In the use of social media for news, Gender was a factor, with the figure expanding to 49 percent for women as compared for men 36 percent. Also, occupational differences were there, with (51 percent) students and (59 percent) retired people among the major groups who utilize social media most frequently for filtered news by their social circles. By competing, a smaller amount of users of social media, for their daily news and information Twitter is as a source. In Canada, this is not shocking as Twitter has far rarer users than Facebook. We initiate that respondents of 18 percent said they received information and news from their social circles on Twitter. Among younger adults, the social messaging service had a greater uptake. The Twitter highest users for news were aged 1834 years old, with as a source for a quarter citing it in the daily news. In terms of the source of recommendations, there was a divergence preferred by users of social media. Canadians were twice more likely to prefer recommendations, news and links from family and friends than from news organizations or journalists on Twitter and also on Facebook. While, as has been cited, about 43% said that they get the news from family, friends, colleagues and Facebook-like social networks, the version of organization news are only 20 % cited or as a source or a journalist. Users of social media are only 10 percent on Twitter, said they surveyed a journalist or news outlet, as compared to 18 percent from personal joining. The outcome suggests that social media users of a significant number of tend to trust the people about them to express them what they require to know instead of relying solely on institutional media. Still, our findings suggest that news consumers that are younger may be more interested in getting social media news from news accounts professionally. Students were additionally credible to achieve the updates from mass media accounts professionally on both Twitter (17 %) and Facebook (31 %). Students are heavily represented on social media, this might be clarified by the fact and are engaged to be heavy operators of social mass media. By our inspection, 94% of learners supposed that when they were online they must visit sites like Facebook.

Personal opinion;

Whereas the news dissemination through social interaction has constantly occupied a role in the transmission of media. Our training contributes to a growing body of work that proposes sharing that people experience the news is becoming central to the way. Technologies of networked digital media are extending to the news consumers ability to both receive and create by news streams that personalized socially. Our investigation found that understanding with social media is related to ease with crowd-based info and it’s utilized by professional news organizations. In social media consumers who are occupied and are probably to be more open for receiving information and news through their network circles, from journalists and also peers. Additionally, the function of the media is traditional gatekeeping is a significant proportion of news consumers weakened as the opportunity to friends, colleagues family, and also the acquaintances to alert them for the interest of items. Basically, a person’s social circle revenues on the news editor role’s, deciding rather a video, story or another piece of content is interesting, entertaining or important enough to recommend. For personal exchanges, social networks are being evolved rather than spaces. As they are flattering uniquely mediums for recommending news and sharing as technologies for the user’s to suitable computer-mediated for their own resolves. For the time being, audiences prefer to receive links and news from friends and family than from new journalists. But it may alter as people become more recycled to the indication of an organization of news ‘‘liking’’ by joining a journalist on Twitter or on Facebook (Hermida, Fletcher, Korell, & Logan, 2012)

References

1. Armstrong, C. L., & Gao, F. (2010). Now tweet this: How news organizations use Twitter. Electronic News, 218-235.
2. Hermida, A., Fletcher, F., Korell, D., & Logan, D. (2012). Share, like, recommend: Decoding the social media news consumer. Journalism studies, 815-824.
3. Houston, J. B., Hawthorne, J., Perreault, M. F., Park, E. H., Hode, M. G., Halliwell, M. R., & al, S. E. (2015). Social media and disasters: a functional framework for social media use in disaster planning, response, and research. Disasters, 1-22.
4. Ju, A., Jeong, S. H., & Chyi, H. I. (2014). Will social media save newspapers? Examining the effectiveness of Facebook and Twitter as news platforms. Journalism Practice, 1-17.
5. Kietzmann, J. H., Hermkens, K., McCarthy, I. P., & Silvestre, B. S. (2011). Social media? Get serious! Understanding the functional building blocks of social media. Business horizons, 241-251.

The LGBT is commonly phrased and labelled as a prohibited taboo in the society of the Peninsular of Malaysia. In the multiracial society with different cultures and ethnic groups, the idea of LGBT and the issue for this matter has manifested into the social stigma for the citizens of the Malaysia because we could not understand the reasons for the following trend that is happening right now. The definition for LGBT is abbreviated from Lesbian, Gays, Bisexuals, and Transgenders. According to Wikipedia, LGBT is an initialism that stand for lesbian, gay bisexual and transgender. In use since 1990s, the term is an adaption of the initialism LGBT which was used to replace the term gay in reference to the LGBT community beginning in the mid-to-late 1980s. Homosexuality is a person’s sexual, psychological, and emotional interests are mainly of the same sex, regardless of whether such interests are manifested from the appearance of behaviour. Those who develop love, sexuality, or affection with the same sex are called homosexuals. Homosexuality has experienced the development from ‘crime’ to ‘tolerance’, which has a certain historical progressive significance. Today, people are beginning to embrace LGBT as part of society, and many countries like Ecuador, Belgium, France accept same-sex marriage, which has a considerable impact on the world’s cultural reforms. In any case, as a native Malaysian, we understand our Constitution and abide by it. So, in my position, we are totally opposed to the continued inputting of the people’s minds in the LGBT culture. Although we oppose them, we will accept them humanely as human beings.

First and foremost, the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender) community has always been capturing the attention of the general public as being an aberration from behavioural norm. They have been vilified by politicians, professionals, religious fundamentalists and some sections of the general public. In short, they have been condemned as misfits and (expected to) be rehabilitated to conform to accepted social and religious norms. Before we proceed further, we need to examine the label LGBT, which has a negative sexual connotation. The term LGBT was recently imported from the West, designating people with sexual orientations and inclinations that run contrary to the norm. Some Western countries glorify these people in the name of sexual freedom that allows for same sex marriages and promiscuity. In fact, these people, who are genetically conditioned to behave as such, have not just appeared from the blue but have existed since time immemorial and accepted by society then, perhaps only discriminated against by the Church. They served in the courts of yore and in various public services. Their behaviour was accepted as a norm and they were not castigated nor ostracised. The transgender community is a talented lot and is very much an integral part of our society. They have contributed to the nation as professionals, entrepreneurs, artists, fashion designers, makeup artists, television personalities, in the culinary field and, in fact, in all walks of life. We need to be humane to this community and not condemn them as nature’s aberrations. After all, they are God’s creatures and have the right to live their lives as they choose within accepted norms and values. As long as, they keep their public image and mannerisms within the bounds of accepted propriety and decorum, they should neither be harassed nor discriminated against. Society needs to be tolerant of their physiological and psychological differences rather than condemn them as social misfits.

However, in Malaysia, Islam is quite different from the wild lifestyle adopted by the secularism-liberalism system (the separation of culture and politics from religion). According to them, free-sex acts such as lesbianism, gay, bisexual and transgender are allowed because they are human rights and are part of the individual freedom that the country should respect. On the other hand, all this free-sex behaviour is illegal in Islam and Islam does not allow its followers to get caught up in this adultery cycle. Not only that, any illegal act is considered a crime (Al-Jarimah) and it is mandatory to punish. Lesbianism in jurisprudence is called the term as “As-Sahaaq” which defines sexual relations that occur between women. There is no caliphate among the fuqaha that legalized lesbianism is illegal. Among other things, according to the Prophet Muhammad SAW, “Lesbianism is like adultery between women”. Homosexuals are known by the term “liwath”. Hence, penalty for homosexuals is a death sentence. The penalties are adjusted according to the facts. If classified as adultery, then the punishment is to be stoned until death, if the perpetrator is “muhsan” (married). For the unmarried, he or she was beaten a hundred times if she or he is homosexual (LGBT), the sentence is death. Islam forbids homosexual acts according to the hadith that the Prophet SAW condemned men who resembled women and cursed women who resembled men. The penalty is that if it is merely a conversation or dress that resembles the opposite, it should be evicted from the district or village.

Homosexuality is regarded as an act of God’s curse in the Quran and the Old Testament. Islam, Buddhist and Christian strongly opposes these activities because of opposite with human nature. Lay Buddhists (Buddhists who live outside monastery), are expected to follow the Five Precepts (the most superior morality system for Buddhists), the third of which is to “not be involved in sexual wrongdoing”. Though homosexuality has not been directly mentioned in the Pali Canon, which is the collection of scriptures in Theravada Buddhist tradition, most decoders have taken into consideration that homosexuality should be assessed the same as heterosexuality. As for Christians, homosexuality is considered to be a “grave sin” or “contrary to the natural law” and is under any circumstances allowed. Some researchers have even suggested that AIDS is a punishment from God for people who practices homosexuality. Although homosexuality is a sin for Christians, there is not much evidence to where these acts were punished, for over 10 centuries, church leaders were very lenient on gays but by the end of the 12th century, their tolerance began to change. Priests who performed it were either to be defrocked or enter a monastery to perform penance. Normal people were more harshly punished with ex-communication. In the early European Medieval years, homosexuality was also viewed as any other normal sin thus being passed of with light punishments but as time passed, people became bolder to do these unlawful acts that the punishments became more cruel. In France during the 13th century, homosexual acts between resulted in castration (removal of genitals specifically for males), dismemberment of the limbs followed by burning if they do not repent. There are many cases to where these same-sex acts are being punished even in this modern era. For example, two Malaysian ladies were caned 6 times for attempting to have lesbian sex in their car. There is also a similar case in Bandar Aceh, Indonesia where a gay couple were canned more than 80 strokes in front of a crowd in a mosque. Other than that, the country Brunei has also enacted a punishment of death by stoning for people who have been charged for homosexual acts.

Unfortunately, this practice is still considered a human trait for most Protestant churches in the West. Why do all these religions oppose homosexuals and LGBT community? In my opinion, homosexuals can have a detrimental effect on society both mentally and physically. For example, the women’s community feels uncomfortable sharing the toilet with the men that dressed as women. Privacy for women is no longer maintained if we do not prevent this homosexual community from being wider day by day. Furthermore, these free-sex behaviours will also give bad effects and influence the teenagers. The adolescents will be more likely to follow or try to do the same things as the homosexuals did. This will cause the percentage of adultery to increase from time to time if we did not take any prompt actions to prevent this thing from happening even wider.

Thus, parents plays an important role. As the saying by James Baldwin, “Children have never been good at listening to their elders, but they have never failed to imitate them,” This shows that how crucial it is for a parent to set a good example to their children. Thus, parents should not only teach their children good moral values, but they must also apply them too. For example, if parents use phone while eating but the child is told not to use, the child will question the parents. Hence, if parents respect the LGBT community as humans so will the children.

“As 50% of LGBT community reports that their parents reject them due to their sexual orientation. In a study of LGBT male teenagers, 27% moved away from home due to conflict between family members over sexual orientation.” (Remafedi, 1987, as cited in “Today’s Gay Youth,” n.d., n.p.)

It appears that, societies are filled with people who are against LGBT, but we should not forget the fact that they are humans too. This habit of making people feel inferior about themselves will eventually lead them to mental issues such as depression and mental breakdown. This clearly shows that, LGBT community have lack of support and understanding from their parents which cause them to take in whatever the society says about them. Thus, to avoid that, parents should be more supportive so that they can gain the child’s trust for their child to share things easily. As most of us know a LGBT person, is scared and nervous to share their feelings about being different from others. Hence, if they have the supports of their parents, they will be more confident and outspoken about their feelings.

“Ms. Cooper said, the school convinced her that she should let her soon go but no child should face this whether he or she is from the LGBT community. When bullying becomes the serious matter where the kid wants to leave school and give up their future, something has to be done.” (Browman, 2001, p. 3)

Above is a proof where the child is having the support of the parents but not the school. So as a school, they must teach the students about this community and teach them about the Malaysian Syariah law which clearly shows that how this matter contradicts with the Malaysian law. Although, Syariah law does not accept the LGBT community yet LGBT people should not feel bad about this issue as human rights under Federal Constitution help them to gain their rights as a human being. By doing so, the school is not only educating the students, but it might as well educate the teacher or others regarding this matter as it spreads faster. For example, a five-year-old tells everything to the parents about what he or she has learnt in school. Furthermore, the counselling centre in school should counsel the students who are being harassed, bullied or even cat-called and let them know that “it’s okay to be different”. Thus, it is important to realize that the acceptance process of the LGBT community as a human takes time and it not only involves the family and school but also the society.

To sum it all up, LGBT has always been a subject of great controversy. This case study can be explained by understanding that all human beings are not alike. They have their own views towards culture and lifestyle. We may disagree with their culture, but we agree that they have a right to practice all humanly rights as they are people with feelings and emotions too. Many well-meaning people will sagely tell you that we are all unique, that we have our own peculiarities and idiosyncrasies. This makes you believe that no two people are alike just like no two snowflakes are alike. Hence, we humans are born with some hard-wired behaviours that are mainly caused by the influences of our surrounding environment. These are the default settings that we are all born with. So basically, no individual is born a clean slate. Even though we are hard-wired to behave in ways that ensure our survival and growth, the believes that influences these individuals can be so powerful that they can override our most primitive evolutionary programming. To conclude our thesis, as humans, we are all born the same way and therefore deserve the same rights and acceptance as long as we follow the laws and comply with the norms set to protect all individuals.

INTRODUCTION TO INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY

Indigenous community refers to the culturally distinct societies and communities and include are 370 million people around the world. Indigenous community people can also be referred to aboriginal people and are generally more poor and vulnerable. Further, indigenous community people also faces high level of discrimination and violence. Along with this, indigenous people have lower life expectancy rate than the non-indigenous people due to lack of adequate health care services. However, indigenous community people are practitioners of unique culture and way of living which cannot be separated from their practices. The main concern of this research is on indigenous community people of Australia that accounts to around 2 % of Australian total population. Further, it has been identified that around 20 % lives in the remote areas of Australia. Health of indigenous community people is also very poor in comparison to health of non-indigenous people and it has been identified that rate of poverty is among this population is thrice of the non-indigenous people.

ISSUE FACED BY ABORIGINAL PEOPLE AND CHILDREN

The main aim of conducting this research is to challenges faced by aboriginal community people of Australia where special emphasis has been placed on the separation and housing related problem faced by such people. It has been identified that Aboriginal children are separated from their families as social workers generally remove aboriginal child from their families by believing it to believing it to be unsafe. Further, it has been identified that placement of such children in out of home care is major concern and challenge faced by community people(Muir and Bohr, 2014). According to the government survey reports, number of aboriginal children being separated from their families has doubled over the past decade. Thus, the need is to place aboriginal children in the family or at least with an aboriginal family. Furthermore, it has been identified that parents of aboriginal children want their child to live and stay in the family network to learn the native language and culture (Fernandes, 2018). Furthermore, it has been identified that forced separation and relocation of aboriginal children has caused devastating consequences both in terms of social and cultural dislocation which further is affecting the health and wellbeing of such people. separating aboriginal people from their communities has been identified as relocation of children away from their traditional lands of special cultural and spiritual significance The intergenerational effects of forced separation on the social and emotional wellbeing of Aboriginal children and young people. Along with this, various other issues have been identified along with forced separation such as mental health of children, emotional and behavioral difficulties etc.(Ivers et al., 2006)

Following graphical representation highlight the issue of forced separation and relocation of children between age of 4 to 17 years. This include separation both from family and traditional land.

Thus, it has been identified that the problem of separation of aboriginal children from their families and traditional land is faced in whole Australia among indigenous community – aboriginal people. Along with this, aboriginal people are facing various challenges relating to their language and culture. The main challenge that is faced is difficulties in preservation of language and culture(Bernard, 1996).

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

To solve the problem faced by aboriginal community people, various community development projects have been undertaken in Australia to solve the problem faced by indigenous community people (Herbert-Cheshire, 2000). One of the main community development project that has been undertaken is “Partnering with aboriginal community controlled organizations to deliver trusted services with stronger outcomes for Aboriginal people”. This community development project has been undertaken to improve the lives of people by undertaking fair and equal partnerships. Furthermore, the main aim of this partnership is to understand the problems of indigenous people in better manner which further will help in solving community problems in better manner. Along with this, the key component of this project is to improve the outcomes for aboriginal children and families. Self determination has been identified as the key element to solve the issue faced by aboriginal people of Australia. In addition to all the plans and practices, the major concern of this project is on raising the aboriginal children with safety by connecting them to families, communities and culture. In the partnering plan, it has been identified that respectful engagement and shared decision making have been identified as important variables for improving the well being of aboriginal people. Practices for removal of health disparities should also be adopted to solve the problems faced by aboriginal Australians. For this purpose, aboriginal health team of south metropolitan health service in Perth also had partnership with local aboriginal communities (Durey et al., 2016). National partnership agreements have also been promoted to improve the health of aboriginal people by developing inter cultural behaviors and through emphasizing health service providers to develop partnership with aboriginal communities(Federalfinancialrelations.gov.au, 2019).

Following are some of the key values that have been discussed in the current project to improve the collaborate among various organizations and to develop indigenous people position and wellbeing:

• Promoting the rights of aboriginal people i.e. children and families to protect all the rights by adhering to united nations declarations on the rights of child and of indigenous people.
• Setting up of aboriginal family kinship structures to improve the care for aboriginal children.
• Developing and promoting fundamental right of self-determination.
• Developing cultural security and wellbeing

Along with this, various community development projects have been undertaken to improve the language and cultural position of these community people which is base for setting up the identity of aboriginal people. language and cultural identity of community people is key to define the unique identity of aboriginal people. “Indigenous languages preservation: Dictionaries project” is one of the main project that is undertaken to strength the culture, identity and wellbeing of aboriginal indigenous Australians(Thieberger, 2015). Under this project, various dictionary databases have been created for preserving the language of aboriginal Australians. The main aim of this project is to identify dictionaries that are in advanced stage of development. Along with this, “indigenous Australian languages” is another major project undertaken to create strong cultural identity to enable aboriginal people feel proud of their culture and language. (Vigilante et al., 2013) further identified that Kimberley land council in Australia is undertaking various community development activities to improve “aboriginal people position in Kimberley region”. The community development activities of Kimberley land council community includes focus on understanding government programs for aboriginal people. Thus, it has been identified that number of community development projects have been undertaken to improve the position of Aboriginal Australians in Australia with the aim to solve the problem of separation of Aboriginal children from their families and to give unique identity to language and culture of aboriginal people.

STAKEHOLDERS OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

Partnering and language strengthening project involves active participation of various stakeholders and parties. The main organizations that have been involved in completion of community development projects are government, non-government and non-profit organizations and community associations(Mcgill.ca, 2019). Government organizations helped in development of all the initiatives for the aboriginal community people i.e. partnering various communities, language strengthening projects and healthcare projects. Government organizations identified the problems faced by aboriginal people such as health, poverty, separation, housing and lack of various facilities. On the basis of same, various measures were initiated by government to strengthen the position of aboriginal people by developing effective policies for them(Simpson, Wood and Daws, 2003). Major emphasis of whole partnering project was on improving the condition of aboriginal people by strengthening their rights and by influencing the child care practices. standardized norms for all community projects were set by the government to influence relationship of aboriginal community people with health care organizations.

Following points shows the Government’s role in assisting partnerships:

1. Designing strategy and agreed approach for collaboration in evaluation.
2. Arranging Funds for capability building.
3. Auditing quality and integrity of partnerships.
4. Reducing administrative burden associated with arranging Aboriginal community services.
5. Ensuring budget levels are adequate for sustainable service.

Furthermore, NGOs also played key role in influencing the completion of the project by adopting various funding practices which is the main driver for successful implementation of projects. NGOs also helped in identifying the local conditions which further helped in better implementation of projects. Partnership project was framed after identification of need to avoid separation of aboriginal children from their family members. Along with this, various community organizations also played key role in completion of project. To develop partnership values, understand cultural values and improve outcomes for Aboriginal familes and children, the Noongar Family Safety and Wellbeing Council (NFSWC) and The West Australian Council of Social Service (WACOSS), organized many roundtables about partnership between Community Service Organisations (CSOs) and Aboriginal Community Controlled Organisations (ACCOs) within the time period of April 2018 and June 2019. The main objective of such roundtables was to identify reasons of unsuccessful partnership between ACCOs, public sector agencies and CSOs, find ways to improve it and work together for the betterment of Aboriginal people. Issues such as increasing rates of Aboriginal child removal, cultural safety plans, legal representation in court proceedings were discussed as part of such meeting.

STRENGTHS OF THE PROJECTS

Successful implementation of community development projects was possible only because of effective implementation and number of strengthening factors of the project. The key strengths of the community development projects are enlisted as follows:

• Effective Identification of issues faced by aboriginal people.
• Setting up of number of partnerships effectively.
• Focus on strengthening the rights of aboriginal people
• Establishment of various partnership agreements for land, family and knowledge.
• Identification of various voting rights of aboriginal people and setting up vision statement.
• The main focus of the vision statement was on avoiding removal of aboriginal child from their families and traditional land and culture.
• Identification of future service design strategies and services for Aboriginal children.
• Setting up of order of partnership agreements on the basis of priority.

LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECTS

Despite the successful implementation of community development projects, there were some of the limitations in the community projects that could have been removed through various other measures. Following are some of the limitations of community development projects:

• Lack of funding is one of the major limitation of partnership project as more funding could have helped in better implementation of project.
• Lack of travelling was done outside the metropolitan area.
• Although round table member organizations participated in the project, but it has been identified that only limited round table member organizations were involved in the project.
• No formal rules had been established for roundtable member’s participation.
• Lack of proper governance structure is another major limitation of the project.

CONCLUSION

In nutshell, it has been identified that aboriginal people of Australia are facing various issues such as lack of services, separation from family members, separation from traditional land, staff exhaustion, higher crimes, lack of health care, little education etc. which has worsened the position of these people in the Australian environment. It has been identified that bread down in the families of Aboriginal people is rising at faster rate. “Partnering with Aboriginal Community Controlled Organizations to deliver trusted services with stronger outcomes for Aboriginal people” has been identified as important project of western Australian council of Social service. Various organizations involved in this project helped in successful implementation of the project. Along with this, various other projects have also been discussed in this report for better understanding. Further, some of the limitations have been identified that should be avoided in all government projects in future.

REFERENCES

1. Aifs.gov.au. (2006). The intergenerational effects of forced separation on the social and emotional wellbeing of Aboriginal children and young people. Available at: https://aifs.gov.au/sites/default/files/ss%282%29 .
2. Bernard, H. (1996). Language Preservation and Publishing. [online] Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287202702_Language_Preservation_and_Publishing .
3. Durey, A., McEvoy, S., Swift-Otero, V., Taylor, K., Katzenellenbogen, J. and Bessarab, D. (2016). Improving healthcare for Aboriginal Australians through effective engagement between community and health services. BMC Health Services Research, [online] 16(1). Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4936288/.
4. Federalfinancialrelations.gov.au. (2019). National Partnership agreement on closing of the gap in indigenous health outcomes. Available at: http://www.federalfinancialrelations.gov.au/content/npa/health/_archive/ctg-health-outcomes/national_partnership.
5. Fernandes, D. (2018). As more Aboriginal children are removed from families, critics say government risks a second Stolen Generation. [online] Public Radio International. Available at: https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-10-09/more-aboriginal-children-are-removed-families-critics-say-government-risks-second .
6. Herbert-Cheshire, L. (2000). Contemporary strategies for rural community development in Australia: a governmentality perspective. Journal of Rural Studies, [online] 16(2), pp.203-215Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0743016799000546 .
7. Ivers, R., Castro, A., Parfitt, D., Bailie, R., D’Abbs, P. and Richmond, R. (2006). Evaluation of a multi-component community tobacco intervention in three remote Australian Aboriginal communities. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, [online] 30(2), pp.132-136. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-842X.2006.tb00105.x .
8. Mcgill.ca. (2019). An Overview of Community Development Initiatives Engaging Indigenous People in Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America. [online] Available at: https://www.mcgill.ca/isid/files/isid/pb_2014_01_geboe.pdf .
9. Muir, N. and Bohr, Y. (2014). Contemporary Practice of Traditional Aboriginal Child Rearing: A Review. [online] Journals.sfu.ca. Available at: http://journals.sfu.ca/fpcfr/index.php/FPCFR/article/viewFile/231/218
10. Simpson, L., Wood, L. and Daws, L. (2003). Community capacity building: Starting with people not projects. Community Development Journal, [online] 38(4), pp.277-286. Available at: https://academic.oup.com/cdj/article-abstract/38/4/277/264881
11. Thieberger, N. (2015). The lexicography of indigenous languages in Australia and the Pacific. International Handbook of Modern Lexis and Lexicography, [online] pp.1-16. Available at: https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/55705/lexicogPacificAustralia.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
12. Vigilante, T., Toohey, J., Gorring, A., Blundell, V., Saunders, T., Mangolamara, S., George, K., Oobagooma, J., Waina, M., Morgan, K. and Doohan, K. (2013). Island country: Aboriginal connections, values and knowledge of the Western Australian Kimberley islands in the context of an island biological survey. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement, [online] 81(1), p.145. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285047654_Island_country_aboriginal_connections_values_and_knowledge_of_the_Western_Australian_Kimberley_islands_in_the_context_of_an_Island_Biological_Survey

Introduction

The aim of this account is to identify how community may act as an influence on Architectural Designs.

The beginning of the 21st Century has seen the general requirements of residential architectural change significantly, with an ageing population and the housing crisis putting an enormous strain on current housing. The issues with this situation result in a huge impact on the quality of life of the people living in buildings no longer suitable for them; with the elderly especially experiencing social isolation and loneliness when occupying such spaces.

Outside community can be an important aspect of an architect’s design and should be considered when developing a scheme, with the outside community acting as an individual’s first interaction of the space, evoking thoughts and feelings.

Evaluation of a Particular Aspect of History and/ or Theory

Community is a crucial aspect pf architectural design as it provides an understand of the clients need to create the most effective design. What is community? A Community is a set of people residing in a specific area or region and normally linked via a common interest.

A successful community is one that regulates isolation. A community brings people together to advocate and support each other in ways buildings cannot.

There are many different kinds of community’s: Neighbours, Place, Interest, passion, Action and geographic boundaries. Both linking to community intergenerational or Co-Habitation Housing are the two options the design brief focused on.

Integrational is when a family with different generations of ages all live together under the same roof. Whereas Home-shares consist strangers of a variety of all ages living together.

Analysis of Two Consistent Precedents

Courtyards have been embedded in Architectural design for centuries, in both the Western and Eastern world. Used throughout history, from ancient architecture to modern designs, they play a key feature in the creation of community amongst occupants. The Bain Apartments, Toronto provide a key precedent study on the effective use of courtyards. The site is built up of vast amount of three story buildings spanning two large city blocks in East Toronto. The real character of the site though comes from the positioning of the buildings, surrounding nine communal courtyards.

Eden Smith an English- Scandinavian Architect designed The Bain Apartments which were originally known as Riverdale Courts. It was one of the first housing projects in response to an identified housing crisis in Toronto, with the aim of the housing project being to improve the conditions of the working class men in the area by creating a sense of community in what is essentially a densely populated area.

According to Zhang, (2015). “The Communal Courtyards can promote better social interaction and neighbouring communication that will result in more human care for one another”.

Mutual Courtyards inside can offer a stage for network exercises, such an and chatting with neighbours, which are on the whole conductive to the physical and psychological well-being of inhabitants.

In comparison to the back to back houses workers were accustomed to, based around the location of the factories in which they would work and with access from long narrow streets with little or no exterior space, the impact of community led design externally is hugely apparent with this precedent.

The idea of an open floor plan first started to become popular in the post war era.

As people started to have bigger families, the need for a communal space within the home was on the rise. The pros of an open floor plan gave design adaptability – as families aged and grew the space could adapt to their needs, rather than being limited to the confines of more traditional housing designs.

Moreover, in the 21st century with the economic crash, families found that young adults were living in their family homes much longer than they had previously, with the ability to get onto the property ladder significantly more difficult due to high housing prices, a housing crisis and the general cost of living. These issues meant that homes had to start working for larger families past the point of childhood.

An example of how this is achieved is that when a person is in the kitchen, they are able to communicate with other people in the house easily, creating a sense of connection. In contrast to this, a house of this scale with an enclosed floor plan would potentially isolate individuals, and make fluidity of activities and social interaction between family members strained.

Application to Design

For the current Design Project, the brief involves designing a dwelling based on either Intergenerational or Co-Habitation Housing. The Site is a shared between three other dwellings located in The Timber Yard in Newcastle’s, Ouseburn.

The initial design process divided the site between four dwellings. With inspiration taken from both Western and Eastern Courtyards. The Site Plan aimed to create a private community for occupants, within the confines of the pre-existing Timber Yard Walls. With residential only access inside courtyards, this creates a safe sub- community contrasting from the industrialised area of Ouseburn.

When walking through the Timber Yard Site it is essential that a strong sense of community is identifiable and established. The Analysis of the precedent studies and historical use of courtyards has confirmed that the experience of a strong community contributes a hugely positive impact on the quality of life of the individuals within.

Originally to create the sense of the community the layout of the site plan consisted of a large straight path running across the front and back of the allotted site.

Upon analysis of the The Bain Apartments, it became clear that trying to create connections from one end of the site to the other does not create a sense of community within the site. Organising the Site to create situations where residents would be communicating and socialising on a much more intimate scale was a more logical approach.

Further analysis of community in relation to the social aspects of the table also informed the final site placement decisions. Several areas were strategically placed alongside walkways in the site where residents can socialise when crossing paths with one another and catch up in different areas. Outdoor areas for activities such as Pentanque and Basketball promote physical and mental health of the occupants.

Creating an Open Floor Plan within the dwelling, allows for the occupant to flow throughout building easily– allowing the residents to communicate with each other from any room within the dwelling.

Expanding on the open floor plan, a mezzanine floor for the second level in the dwelling creates beautiful double height spaces and more connection horizontally through the building, with the view from the glass balcony on the mezzanine floor looking down into the main living area.

Conclusions and Reflections

Community is an underrated theoretical subject, with not a vast amount of obvious information linking Community and Architecture directly.

When effectively integrated, the use of community influences within a design can have a captivating effect on the overall experience for the user. Homes are supposed to be lived in by the occupant, and with the ever increasing expense of home ownership, it is essential that these spaces enhance the user experience.

By creating a pleasant environment for the occupant and enhancing the way in which connectivity is achieved within the space, social isolation and loneliness for residents who may live in multi-generational homes can be achieved.

Furthermore, community has been a fascinating subject to research, and should be implemented throughout all architectural areas. The research conducted in this analysis of community throughout this illustrated account has proven to be exceptionally valuable and has helped the design project to evolve into the final outcome of the Timber Yard six person Intergenerational Dwelling. To Conclude, a broader understanding for community has been obtained, allowing this aspect of theory to be used in all other designs.

Reference List

1. Anna Falkenstjerne Beck (2019) What Is Co-Housing? Developing a Conceptual Framework from the Studies of Danish Intergenerational Co-Housing, Housing, Theory and Society, DOI: 10.1080/14036096.2019.1633398
2. Boschi, N. and Pagliughi, L.M., 2002. Quality of life: Meditations on people and architecture. In Proceedings of Indoor Air 2002.
3. Dictionary.cambridge.org. (2020). COMMUNITY | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary. [online] Available at: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/community [Accessed 27 Dec. 2020].
4. Edwards, and Edwards, Brian. Courtyard Housing : Past, Present, and Future. Oxford: Taylor & Francis, 2006. Print.
5. Edwards, B. (2006). Courtyard Housing: Past, Present and Future.
6. Niven, J. and De Courcy Meade, T. (1895). On Back-To-Back Houses. Journal of the Sanitary Institute, 16(2), p.9.
7. The WritePass Journal. (2020). Write an essay on buildings/architectural designs that wouldn’t have been possible without the use of computers – The WritePass Journal. [online] Available at: https://writepass.com/journal/2016/11/write-an-essay-on-buildingsarchitectural-designs-that-wouldnt-have-been-possible-without-the-use-of-computers/ [Accessed 27 Dec. 2020].
8. Ruiu, M. L. (2016) ‘The Social Capital of Cohousing Communities’, Sociology, 50(2), pp. 400–415.
9. Zhang, D. (2015). Courtyard Housing for Health and Happiness: Architectural Multiculturalism in North America. p.52.

Social media platforms can be deem as an open book: on their versatile interfaces which is changing all the time, people can perceive a huge number of amazing communication acts, “from mundane gestures to revolutionary ones, from intimate exchange to the rise of new global public spheres”(Langlois & Elmer, 2013, p. 1). As Facebook, Twitter and other web 2.0 platforms grew, they made efforts for enhancing our connection to the world, giving individuals the chance to make voice and be heard when offering entertainment at the same time(Braun & Gillespie, 2011). However, as Mosco(2009) pointed out, “new media are now develope opportunities to commodify content because they are fundamentally grounded in the process of digitization, which refers specifically to the transformation of communication”(p. 135). In this essay, regarding individuals’ understanding, interaction, interpretation and perception, no matter written or spoken, as the public discourse on the social media platforms, the commodification of this media discourse has bring three kinds of consequences as follows: firstly, users’ privacy is being violated with nearly no compensation when their private information is commercialized into a product and sold to the third parties; secondly, the inequality of power between users and platforms is intensified as the civic discourse can be manipulated by power groups through the commodification procedure; thirdly, for the sake ok economic profits, platforms may use improper strategies to boost click numbers of their media content, such as fake news or exaggerating articles with clickbait headlines, in order to attract advertisers, which in turn do harm to the long-term development of social media platforms, even the media society.

‘Discourse’ has becoming a common and familiar term in social research fields for decades, with its fundamental insights brought by Michel Foucault. Although there is no universal and deterministic definition of discourse yet(Temnikova & Vorobeva, 2016), scholars are still trying to further define and explain it within different contexts. Jorgensen and Phillips (2002) put forward a preliminary concept of discourse as “a particular way of talking about and understanding the world (or an aspect of the world), and a form of social action that plays a part in producing the social world-including knowledge, identities and social relations” (p. 9). Dabirimehr and Fatmi (2014) have the similar argument, claimed that “people’s view, social identities and relations are the products of discourse” (p. 1283), besides, our representations of the world are also products of discourse(Burr, 1995; Gergen, 1985). By and large, in many cases, the word ‘discourse’ is the general idea about people’s interpretation and perception when they understand the reality and aspects of the world(Rear, 2013; Van Brussel et al., 2019), and discourse “is not restricted to spoken or written language, but is extended to a wider set of social practices”(Torfing, 2005, p. 6). Moreover, based on Foucault’s elementary analysis of discourse, items such as ‘power’, ‘ideology’ and ‘knowledge’ cannot be ignored when it comes to discourse, they are linked and implied with each other(Foucault & Gordon, 1980; Daudp, 1983; Escobar, 1984; Jorgensen & Phillips, 2002; Torfing, 2005).

In this digital age, with the development of technological information, social media platforms have brought great convenience to people’s daily life. Unlike the case of traditional media (such as newspapers and television), users can now give feedback immediately to what they see, hear or read on social media platforms, and interact with others at the same time, which means they are not merely passive recipients anymore(O’Keeffe, 2010). Meanwhile, during that interactive procedure, comments and other usage behaviors are serving as a democratic function to “provide a forum for civic discourse” (Allan, 2009, p.281), and those public discourse be accurately recorded by the unthinkable huge database of social media platforms, whether spoken or written. As O’Keeffe (2010, p.441) concluded, “media discourse is a public, manufactured, on-record, form of interaction.” Here ‘public’ also has its special significance, it means “both a quality of information and an amorphous social aggregate whose members share a community of interest (Gerbner, 1985, p.14).” Such public discourse on social media platforms contains a certain item of knowledge, giving chances to individuals for sharing collective feelings with each other. As a result, “the platform has become the substrate of our social interactions, the means by which human relationships are formed and maintained”(Abdo, 2018).

With such powerful and meaningful functions as mentioned above, the truth that social media platforms and the public discourses they converge are playing a salient role in people’s life is self-evident. However, social media platforms may transform public discourse in ways users are not completely aware of, sometimes fostering public discourse means “moderating and silencing the voices of individuals”(Braun & Gillespie, 2011, p.394), while sometimes the communications are harnessed by these platforms in order to monetize it (Langlois & Elmer, 2013), which is reflected by the procedure of commodification. When talking about commodification, Canadian scholar Mosco(2009) usefully defined it as “the process of transforming things valued for their use into marketable products that are valued for what can bring in exchange ” (p. 127), and new media are expanding opportunities “to commodify content(including data, words, images, motion pictures and sound)” (p. 135). It is undeniable that driven by the market economy, commercialization and commodification might, to a certain extent, accelerate the development as well as expansion of social media platforms, nevertheless, increasingly widespread or even excessive commodification of public discourse could have an adverse impact on not only social media platform itself but also the whole society, as Jorgensen and Philips(2002) pointed out: “ struggles at the discursive level take part in changing, as well as in reproducing, the social reality” (p. 15).

For the public discourse of social media platform, one of the direct consequences of this kind of commodification is that users’ privacy is being violated. Most of the web 2.0 applications (such as Facebook, Twitter, Weibo) rely heavily on user-generated content as individuals upload their information to form the media discourse in that open platform(Kang & McAllister, 2011), however, after collecting member data, media platforms then package and commodify those valuable information into a marketable product which can be sold to the third parties to achieve their economic goals, and users are usually uninformed during this process(Cohen & Shade, 2008; Mosco, 2009). As Fuchs(2011) claimed:

The privately generated user data and the individual user behavior become commodified on Facebook. This data is sold to advertising companies so that targeted advertising is presented to users and Facebook accumulates profit. […] It is nontransparent for most users what kind of information about them is used for advertising purposes, and that users are not paid for the value creation they engage in when using commercial web 2.0 platforms and uploading data. p.160

Through this way, comments, feedback, interactive information, usage behavior, personal data and user-generated content, all these media discourses are being commodified, violating users’ privacy with nearly no compensation. As Kang and McAllister(2011) concluded, in fact, the essence of new media technology’s interactivity is giving rise to a huge loss of privacy among users.

Based on the invasion of users’ private information, another consequence of such commodification of public discourse on social media platform is that, by manipulating the social discourse, the inequality of power between users and platforms might be intensified. Social media platforms are supposed to be the place where individuals can perceive the world and make their voices freely, but as mentioned before, public discourse can be harnessed, as Escobar(1984) claimed: “The production of discourse is controlled, organized and redistributed according to a certain number of procedures” (p. 379). During those procedures, the “power groups” might manipulate public discourse due to political influence, economic interests or other reasons, thus individuals are receiving the ‘filtered’ or incomplete information(van Dijk, 2006), without even noticing it, and it is commodification which lays the foundation for such manipulation since the discourses can be sold as a “product”. Through the whole process, individuals have less power of initiative to know what ,why and how the certain kind of information is shown on their pages. Take one of the biggest and most popular social media platforms in China, ‘Sina Weibo’, as an example. On Weibo user’s “main page”(through which they get access to the activities, posts and comments from their Weibo friends), there is a row of tabs at the bottom, and the button in the middle is called “Discover”, users can click this button to see the trending hashtag of Weibo, which is updated every ten minutes. At the very beginning, the existence of the trending topics was to make it more convenient for users to explore what is happening around the world and make instant interactions with each other. However, nowadays, that list of hot search topics has become a commercial product that can be bought and manipulated, and the price is depending on the ranking order of the topic list. In order to promote their products or services, many companies and organizations pay a large amount of money to buy the trending hashtag, so that users can see these topics at first glance when they browse the web page, the more people click that topic, the higher it ranks in the list, at the same time, companies can also pay money to online supporters for creating more content to the hashtag. When the hits reach to a certain number, there will be a label “Blow up news” attached to the topic, having the most attractive effect on Weibo to individuals. What is more, when some breaking news happen and become the real trending topic on Weibo, if it is negative to someone(such as celebrity) or certain group(such as company or organization), the comments and reposts can also be deleted or blocked from the topic lists by spending money to the platform. In this way, the trending hashtag, as well as all the comment under that tag, has lose its meaning as a form of public discourse and become a commercial product instead. Those who have money or power to manipulate the trending topic can thus maximize their economic interests and further expand it with the data they gathered, and control or block negative public opinions on the Internet when something bad happens. When the online discussion is bought by companies to publicize their merchandize or service, users may have to face a lot of unconcerned information when they are surfing the internet, and when the real trending hashtag is deleted by companies to control the public comments, users further lose their power to make their voices for what they really care. Temnikova and Vorobeva(2016) once claimed that “individual’s participation is important since the perception of the media materials affect particular culture of the society” (p. 2), that perception and interactive participation cultivate civic notions of what is significant and what is right(Gerbner, 1985), but when that media materials are serving as a product and can be manipulated by the person or group who has more power, how could individuals distinguish what is important, how could they represent for themselves by forming their discourse and how could their perception become neutral and useful for bringing beneficial changes to the whole society? In the meantime, power has responsibility for constructing the social world as well as the ways in which the world is created and can be discussed(Jorgensen & Phillips, 2002), but when that power is unequal and assembled by certain groups, it might be difficult to form a benign social world.

Last but not least, the third consequence of commodification of public discourse on social media platform is the pervasion of exaggerated, even fake news or articles with advertisement for attracting more users since the clicks can be commodified by the company to gain benefits, and this may do harm to the credibility of social media platforms. “In a multi-channel environment, where each media user has an almost indefinite number of texts to choose from” (Bolin, 2007, p. 246), companies are trying to explore new approaches to secure their economic profits when charging media audiences for content has become more and more difficult(Bolin, 2007), under this circumstance, commodifying the discourse is no doubt a useful and popular method for them, which means they can publish brand-related information to gain the money from advertise agencies, since they have thousands even millions of potential consumers-their subscribers. To achieve this, it is crucial for media firms to try to grasp the audiences at the first time when they browse the pages, especially when the click number is relevant to the earnings: the more pageviews, the more possibility for selling the advertisement. Therefore, in order to attract the audience’s attention, more and more eye-catching content are produced to make gimmicks, even some of them are based on incomplete or even untrustworthy information(van Dijk, 2006). For instance, in China, as the biggest and the most popular social media platform, WeChat has a lot of convenient and powerful functions, one of them is public accounts. Based on personal interests, by subscribing public accounts on WeChat, users can receive newsfeed or read articles published by those accounts, and give their comments or share it with their friends. However, when companies who own the official accounts realized that they can commodify their messages, images and articles into a commercial product, things begin to change. They take the funds of advertising company and then put product placement into their articles, like Kang and McAllister pointed out:

Media companies produce content that attract audiences and encourage, trick, or seduce viewers to watch the accompanying advertisements. […] Audiences, in turn, watch “free” media content as well as advertisements delivered along with them, and some of those who are persuaded by the advertisements eventually buy the advertised products. p.144

At the very beginning, individuals may be allured to read those commercial content, but when this strategy become a commonplace phenomenon, they become vigilant, reluctant, even cancel their subscription for the official accounts. Meanwhile, with more and more official accounts’ emergence, advertising agencies at the same time have more choices to consider which public account has the most clicks in order to efficiently facilitate their advertisement, thus the competition between different public accounts on WeChat platform become more intensive, and holders of those accounts begin to develop various strategies to attract their subscribers in order to boost click numbers and then attract advertisers. Some of them use clickbait headlines which is incongruent with the details of the newsfeed, while some of them even fabricate facts to create sensational articles for attracting more pageviews, and therefore misinformation might be spread by those misleading topics and content(Chesney et al., 2017). Gradually, bombarded by the overwhelming newsfeed with worrying quality, users may find less cultural and social meaning of those media discourse. Like Allan(2009) argued, “When the public is less interested in civic news and when the quality of the news is on the decline, the basis for informed public discourse is undermined”(p. 44). Discourse is the essential constitution of producing “the subjects we are, and the objects we can know something about”(Jorgensen & Phillips, 2002, p. 19), and different discourses can reflect different perception of the world, which “lead to different social actions, and therefore the social construction of knowledge and truth has social consequences(Burr, 1995; Gerbner, 1985, p. 268-269). If the public discourse on social media platform is in low quality or is driven by economic interests, it is inevitable that people’s interaction and perception will be influenced, users may lose confidence to the social content as well as the commercial platforms, which is detrimental to the long-term development of media and communication system.

Take Michel Foucault and many other scholars’ previous research on ‘discourse’ as the theoretical foundation, this essay tried to explain a general idea about public discourse, especially in the social media domain. Based on that, as commodification of public discourse is becoming more and more common in this digital age, without denying the possible advantage of this phenomenon, this essay summarized three kinds of adverse consequences of the commodification process. Firstly, users are losing their privacy when they participate the online activities on social media platforms, the public discourse-all their comments, posts, as well as usage behaviors can be commercialized and sold to others without users’ fully agreement. Furthermore, some certain groups with more power can manipulate the civic discourse due to economic, political or other reasons, when the discourse itself can be monetized to a commercial product, and individuals are less powerful to resist or change this situation; Lastly, in order to attract more users and advertisers, more and more fake news and marketing information are published by the platforms, since they can gain economic benefits by commodifying those content. What must be acknowledged is, there may exist other consequences of commodification of public discourse by social media platforms, which this essay did not include. As Mark Zuckerberg, CEO and founder of Facebook, claimed in his book that he deems “ the world will be better if you share more”(Culter, 2010), and the company is making efforts to enhance the communication between people, by indicating the possible results of the commodification phenomenon, this essay believes that, the social media platform should do help to create a better world, not a more commercial world.

Hollywood has always had a problem with the way it portrays marginalized communities. This is especially prevalent in the way that people of color are often underrepresented or misrepresented. According to a study by the Media, Diversity and Social Change Initiative conducted at the USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism, ‘Latinos are among the least represented speaking roles in film and TV, even though they make up about 17.4 percent of the U.S. population. Out of more than 11,000 speaking characters surveyed in film and TV, 5.8 percent were Hispanic or Latino.’ The few times when Latinos are then represented, they are often very stereotypical characters with Latin women being overly sexualized and Latin men being overly macho and violent. The 1961 film adaptation of the hit musical ‘West Side Story’ adopts some of these stereotypes and is criticized for its representation however because it is such a cultural landmark in the film and theatre world that eventually opened doors in Hollywood for Latin performers, there is value in the story, and it can be depicted correctly. By using the qualitative research method of case study, in this report, I will examine the film in order to understand the experiences of the Latinx community within the film industry.

I have chosen to take a qualitative approach when doing research for this report as this method is helpful when discussing broad ideas, and the experiences of certain groups and communities which otherwise can’t be described numerically. Qualitative research is flexible as it allows for change as your knowledge develops. There are many types of qualitative research methods such as focus groups, one-on-one interviews, ethnographic research, and case study. In this report, I will specifically be using a case study to research my chosen topic as a case study allows for a deeper understanding of a particular community as it can be used to apply a real-life event or example to a broad question that can be hard to answer but with an in-depth case study, a hypothetical can be put into a real-life situation which can be more relatable to the reader especially if they aren’t apart of said community.

The representations of the Latinx community within the film have been explored by many within the industry and community itself. Academics such as Manuel H. Ayala Palomino and Ma del Roble focus on the Hispanic image in movies and argue that ‘The negative representation of Latinos in American cinema has taken since the beginning of it, and rather than being an invention of the film itself, was the projection of the image that Americans perceived a minority of Mexicans, who at the time was their immediate neighbors.’ (Ayala and Mendiola, 2004). Their ideas support the argument that the Hollywood film industry doesn’t represent the Latin community well and suggest that the experiences of the community haven’t been positive since the beginning and ‘representations of Latinos in American cinema have evolved over time’ (Ayala and Mendiola, 2004), but only in recent years has a more positive change begun. Latinx representations in US film became a burgeoning topic when studying film in the 1980s and early 90s. The studies analyzed and documented the evolution of the pre-existing representation of the Latin community in film, the studies of Pettit 1980 and Berumen 1995 are some of the earliest works covering this topic and are regarded as important and pioneered other documentation of how Latino and Latina characters had been portrayed and how they feature narratively in terms of plot and how they served the other characters around them. They also discuss the importance of the Chicano film movement of the 1950s and 60s which reflected the resistance Mexican-Americans had to the cultural subjugation they were facing. The Chicano film is classified as films that are made by and for ChicanosChicanas (the chosen identity for many Mexican-Americans in the US). Such films portrayed the Chicanismo ideology and the experiences the community had in America at the time, ‘We can not overlook that in the sixties the movement claimed begins social and civil rights on the part of the Chicanos who saw the importance to be heard in the media and has its own expression in the motion picture.’ (Pena-Acuna, 2010).

Thus, by examining the film ‘West Side Story’ that premiered in 1961 we are able to gather an understanding of the feelings the Latinx community had at the time as the representations of the community were still filled with stereotypes, but they were also at forefront of a major motion picture that arguably led to positive outcomes and changes for the community.

West Side Story directed by Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise is the film adaptation of the Broadway musical by Arthur Laurents first performed in 1957. Based on Shakespeare’s classic tale of Romeo and Juliet, the story centers around an Anglo-American man, Tony, and a Puerto Rican woman, Maria, who fall in love but cannot be together as a battle for supremacy between two rival gangs, the Jets and the Sharks, wages in the background. Everything comes to a head in the dramatic final act resulting in death on both sides and the eventual death of Tony creating a heart-breaking ending for Maria as she has lost her one true love. The original idea was for the show to be a love story between a Jewish man and a Catholic woman, and it would be called ‘East Side Story’. However, the shows composer Leonard Bernstein and lyricist Stephen Sondheim thought the conflict should be between Anglo-Americans and another race. They discussed African-Americans and Chicanos before settling on Puerto Ricans. This choice reflected the real-life influx of Puerto Ricans moving to America around this time. Puerto Rican migration was facilitated after 1917 by the granting of US citizenship to all the residents of the Island, which had been acquired from Spain in the War of 1898. However, the change of legal status which took place in 1917 did not immediately produce a wave of migration from Puerto Rico to the United States. The large migration of Puerto Ricans to the United States took place after 1945 as a result of economic changes having to do with the transformation of the Island’s economy from a monocultural plantation economy into a platform for export production in factories. In the film the gang ‘The Jets’ are second-generation white males who come from working-class families. They have racist attitudes towards the Puerto Ricans and believe themselves to be superior to the Sharks and that they are the rightful owners of the West side of New York. The Sharks are a Puerto Rican gang who immigrated to America and are now creating their own community within this part of New York. They are portrayed as being violent and are often the ones who instigate the fighting. The conflict between the two fictional gangs echoes the real-life attitudes of the time as more Latin people migrated to the US with dreams of a better life in the 50s and 60s, and the anti-Latino sentiment only grew within America. Latinos were barred from entry into Anglo establishments and segregated into urban barrios in poor areas. Though Latinos were critical to the U.S. economy and often were American citizens, everything from their language to the color of their skin to their countries of origin could be used as a pretext for discrimination. Anglo-Americans treated them as a foreign underclass and perpetuated stereotypes that those who spoke Spanish were lazy, stupid, and undeserving. In some cases, that prejudice turned fatal all of which is reflected in the film. In this way the film does well in shining a light on the discrimination Latin Americans were facing at the time. The love story between Tony and Maria urges the audience to put aside their differences and makes them sympathize with this couple who only want to be able to love each other in the open without fear or prejudice. This message, however, can get overshadowed by some of the big mistakes the film makes mainly with its casting choices. The character of Maria is played by white actress Natalie Wood who takes on a fake Latin accent and her skin color is made to look darker. The use of ‘brownface’ is an insult to the Latin community as this story is supposed to show the hardships and racial discrimination they face yet, one of the main Latin characters is played by a white woman doing a crude imitation. This casting choice is then contrasted by the character of Anita another Latin woman who is played by Puerto Rican actress Rita Moreno. Anita is strong-willed and arguably steals the show with her incredible dancing and deeply moving acting ability. Rita Moreno went on to win the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and was the first Latina to do so. Moreno has said that she was proud to play the character of Anita and that she had never played a Latina like her before the character of Anita is regarded as a positive representation of the Latinx community however Moreno also spoke out against the use of brownface on actors in the film, but she wasn’t listened to by the producers. This is another way in which an otherwise positive experience for the Latinx community is tarnished by the film industry being more interested in appealing to a white audience by casting a woman whose features would be more fitting for that of a leading lady suggesting that Latin people can only play the side characters and villains. Overall, what the film West Side Story tells us about the experiences of the Latinx community within the film is that while films that have Latinx representation that explore the communities’ experiences in America have and are being made, if these films aren’t made by listening to Latinx people or with them behind the camera then the efforts trying to be made come off as shallow and at the end only benefit the those in the film industry who are already in power.

When researching this topic and attempting to answer this question I have found the case study method helpful in getting to the deeper parts of the topic and as stated previously, a case study allows for a real-life example to be attached to a broad idea which ultimately makes it easier to understand and grasp. By conducting this case study, I was able to delve deeper into a piece of media I was already familiar with but only knew at face value and by researching something I was already aware of and a fan of I was able to gain a greater understanding of it and form new opinions. When finding relevant sources, I was able to choose from a wide range as the topic of representation in film is an issue that has been discussed and argued about frequently. Finding sources that were written by people within the Latinx community was especially helpful and enlightening when doing research on a topic like this it is important to include the opinions of the community being discussed so that the report is genuine and doesn’t exclude the ideas of those who actually experience the things said. A case study does however allow for researcher bias which is a limitation I faced when doing my report as it is hard not to infuse it with my own subjective feelings it can also be difficult to come to one conclusion and classify what has been found with the research in a case study.

In conclusion, if I were to do other research reports in the future, I would want to investigate by using other qualitative research methods that include gathering the opinions of other people such as interviews in order to make sure that the findings don’t have a bias toward them interview also allows for more specific insights into a topic and by embracing the qualitative research method in this way, it becomes possible to encourage respondent creativity, allowing people to express themselves with authenticity.

Thesis: Vietnamese and Laotian refugees were able to acculturate, but socio-economic factors in the United States caused difficulties with the process of acculturation

From the 1960s to the present-day United States, various Southeast Asian communities such as Vietnamese and Laotians have greatly increased in population size. With the withdrawal of American troops in the cessation of the Vietnam War, countless individuals were left with only their broken communities. In a humanitarian effort, the United States allowed Southeast Asian refugees to immigrate to America. And although many Vietnamese and Laotian refugees migrated to America, this effort would become deceptive, as many refugee communities would struggle. Vietnamese and Laotian refugees were able to acculturate, but socio-economic factors in the United States caused difficulties with the process of acculturation.

Unfortunately, many people are unaware of the history of Vietnamese and Laotian immigrants. It is very important to spread awareness to U.S.-born citizens, non-Southeast Asians, as well as future generations of the struggles of these immigrants. Many continue to struggle with traumas of the past that are difficult to be forgotten and healed. The United States left an ever-lasting impact on the region that is not regularly talked about in history class. This impact caused millions of refugees from Vietnam and Laos to leave their countries and immigrate to America. In an effort to provide insight, scholarly literature will be used as evidence and analysis.

As Vietnamese refugees settled into the United States, they felt a yearning for their lost nation. This feeling of displacement led to the construction of “Little Saigon”. These were social and commercial districts built to reconstitute the broken community which was densely Vietnamese. Furthermore, the Little Saigons represented the collective goals to have a successful capitalist enterprise overseas as defiance towards the communists and to collect enough democratic power throughout the Vietnamese diaspora to bring back to Vietnam (Lieu 2011, 27). Trauma from the war and the Communist regime would further highlight the community’s anti-communist sentiments. The Little Saigons provided Vietnamese refugees with a haven in American society to solidify their ethnic identity.

At the same time, affirming their ethnic identity was complicated. There was an interference in the economic expansion and development of Little Saigons due to the overlapping diaspora with the ethnic Chinese. It was apparent that the two ethnic groups’ tensions have carried on to America. The Chinese occupancy caused disarray in the Vietnamese sense of cultural nationalism, anti-communist politics, and ethnic identity (Lbid 2011, 30). This influenced the way Vietnamese refugees differentiated their identities from other ethnic refugees and the American populous. They differentiated through “language, formal business practices, informal networks, and organizational afflictions (Aguilar-San Juan 2009, 25). The Vietnamese communities’ anticommunist ideology was an important identification for them in the American communities, but this was indistinguishable from the other Southeast Asian refugees.

Not only did Vietnamese refugees struggle with proclaiming their ethnic identity, but also faced complications in establishing a prominent space for their religion. Specifically, Vietnamese American Catholics. Vietnamese refugees recognized being Catholic as being authentically Vietnamese. Hence, creating a distinct Vietnamese parish presented controversy. Vietnamese Catholics practiced an old-world Catholicism, which noted them as “white” Catholics, that was accepted by “traditional” Catholics (Lee and Southeast Asians in the Diaspora 2015, 155). This indicated contemporary Catholic practices have not been practiced, and thus, signifies Vietnamese Catholics as an immigrant group. As aforementioned, Vietnamese Catholics struggled with their institutionalized Catholicism and minority status in the American church system.

From the collective narrative work Vietnamese American 1.5 Generation, edited by Sucheng Chan with contributions by students at the University of California, the struggles of Vietnamese immigrants can be understood through in-depth historical context. Historically, many were confronted with exile after the devastating win of North Vietnam, which resulted in their involuntary migration to the United States. Through analysis of the individual narratives, the preservation of ethnic identity is perceptible. These individuals felt the moral and cultural importance to maintain their “Vietnameseness” but understood the need to compromise to succeed in American society (151, 2006). The struggle of dealing with trauma from the Vietnam war can also be seen in Thi Bui’s The Best We Could Do, in which she states, “This – not any particular piece of Vietnamese culture – is my inheritance: the inexplicable need ad extraordinary ability to run when the shit hits the fan. My refugee reflex” (305). The knowledge to know when to run from danger was a trauma passed down from immigrant parents.

On contrary to Vietnamese immigrants, very few Laotians immigrated to the United States. This is ascribable to the type of migrants they were. The overtaking of the Laos government was more serene compared to the fall of South Vietnam. Although many Laotians fled to Thailand to seek refuge, their motivations for immigrating to the United States were different. The United States viewed the Laotians as economic migrants as compared to the Vietnamese immigrants who were under political oppression (Bankston 2000, 1093). Therefore, the United States was more reluctant to take in Laotian refugees compared to the Vietnamese.

Similarly, Laotian immigrants understood the need to adapt to American society. In Laotian cultural values, certain body language can be considered rude. This can be anywhere from body gestures to physical contact. The Laotian interpretations of these body languages had to be altered to American culture. More so, many immigrants had to change their family values. In America, family members typically worked outside the home independently of each other. But for Laotian families, working together was necessary to produce goods for a living (Lbid 2000, 1094). This was part of the economic hardship that the Laotian immigrants unfortunately faced. In fact, Laotians found themselves further below the poverty line than Americans. Compared to the 1 out of 10 Americans below the poverty line, there was 1 out of 3 Laotians (Lbid 200, 1098).

More so, the Laotian community dealt with educational hardships. According to Lee and Southeast Asians in the Diaspora, “Lao students’ low academic performance is attributed to differences between Lao and American cultures” (269). As previously stated, Laotians had to adapt to American society to succeed. More contributing factors to their difficulty succeeding were the students’ hesitation in addressing their language and cultural needs in the classroom. Thus, their level of assistance from teachers was not focused on.

In using the Pew Research Center’s Social and Demographic Trends Project, the present-day socio-economic status of Vietnamese populations can be presented. It is apparent through the graph “Educational attainment of the Vietnamese population in the U.S., 2015”, there’s a considerable distinction between the educational level of U.S.-born and foreign-born Vietnamese.

The U.S.-born Vietnamese who obtained a “Bachelor’s degree” is 37% of the Vietnamese population along with 14% holding a “Postgrad degree”, whereas foreign-born

Vietnamese is at 18%. The difficulty of adapting to the United States is a possible explanation for this disparity in the educational levels since those who are foreign-born tend to have Vietnamese as their primary language. In addition, the graph of “Top 10 U.S. metropolitan areas by Vietnamese population, 2015”, presents Los Angeles as number one with an overwhelming amount of approximately 300,000 (“Vietnamese: Data on Asian Americans.”, 2017). These numbers indicated the success of the most prominent Little Saigon in preserving the Vietnamese people.

As previously stated, there were very few Laotian immigrants in the United States. However, the Laotian population has steadily increased since the beginning of the 21st century. A possible reason can be due to the increased immigration rates of Laotians through the sponsoring of citizenship by their relatives in the United States. In 2000, the Laotian population was approximately 198,000 but was recorded as 271,000 in the year 2015. Also, the rate of an obtained “Bachelor’s degree” for U.S.-born Laotians is 37%, while foreign-born is 18%. This number is similar to foreign-born Vietnamese, where a language barrier can be attributed to the difficulty of getting a degree.

Overall, even though the United States provided aid to Vietnamese and Laotian immigrants, these ethnic groups had complications of acculturation, particularly, the Vietnamese. They were exiled from their country, and involuntary migrated to another country in hopes of surviving. Their struggle of keeping their ethnic identity, while trying to succeed in America was a psychological stress for most. Although the Laotians did not suffer as much as the Vietnamese, their economic troubles were worse. Their graduation rates comparable to the Vietnamese ethnic group are staggering. It is important to be aware of these cultural, economic, and historical differences as it may provide insight as to how and why certain ethnic groups in the United States function how they do.

References

1. “Laotians: Data on Asian Americans.” Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project, September 8, 2017. https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/asian-americans-laotians-in-the-u-s/.
2. “Vietnamese: Data on Asian Americans.” Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project, September 8, 2017. https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/asian-americans-vietnamese-in-the-u-s-fact-sheet/.
3. Aguilar-San Juan, Karin. Little Saigons: Staying Vietnamese in America. Minneapolis: the University of Minnesota Press, 2009.
4. Bankston, Carl L. ‘Laotian Americans.’ 2000, 1091-100.
5. Bui, Thi. The Best We Could Do: An Illustrated Memoir. Abrams ComicArts, 2017.
6. Chan, Sucheng, David Palumbo-Liu, Michael Omi, K Scott wong, and linda trinh vo, eds. The Vietnamese American 1.5 Generation. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University, 2006.
7. Lee, Jonathan H. X., and Southeast Asians in the Diaspora. Southeast Asian Diaspora in the United States: Memories and Visions, Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars, 2015.
8. Lieu, Nhi T.. 2011. American Dream in Vietnamese. Minneapolis: the University of Minnesota Press. Accessed September 16, 2019. ProQuest Ebook Central.
9. Zong, Jie, Jeanne Batalova Jie Zong, and Jeanne Batalova. “Asian Immigrants in the United States.” migrationpolicy.org, March 2, 2017. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/asian-immigrants-united-states.

In a world that often celebrates individualism, the significance of community cannot be overstated. Communities have the power to bring people together, fostering connection, collaboration, and personal growth. Whether it is a local neighborhood, an online platform, or a shared interest group, communities provide a sense of belonging, support, and inspiration. This essay will explore the transformative impact of communities, highlighting their role in shaping identities, promoting social cohesion, and enabling collective progress.

Community Impact on Well-being and Mental Health

Communities play a crucial role in promoting emotional well-being and supporting individuals’ mental health. The sense of belonging and social connection fostered within communities serve as protective factors against mental health issues. Being part of a community provides a support system that offers comfort, understanding, and validation, serving as a buffer against feelings of loneliness and isolation. The presence of empathetic community members who share similar experiences can significantly contribute to an individual’s emotional well-being. Knowing that there are others who understand and empathize with their struggles can provide a sense of relief and reduce psychological distress. In times of adversity, communities offer emotional support, providing a safe space for individuals to express their feelings, seek guidance, and find solace.

Community-engaged activities and mental health promotion

Engagement in community activities has been linked to improved mental well-being. Participation in group activities such as exercise classes, mindfulness practices, or creative pursuits offers opportunities for social interaction and promotes mental health. Engaging in shared activities within a community encourages a sense of purpose, provides a sense of accomplishment, and enhances self-esteem. Additionally, communities can organize initiatives focused on mental health awareness, education, and stigma reduction. These community-driven efforts raise awareness about mental health issues, provide resources, and create safe spaces for open conversations, fostering a more supportive and understanding community environment.

Building Identity and Belonging

Communities are the foundation for building identities and fostering a sense of belonging. They act as mirrors, reflecting and validating individual identities. Whether it is a cultural or ethnic community, individuals find solace in the shared experiences, customs, and traditions that bind them together. By recognizing and celebrating their unique backgrounds, communities cultivate self-esteem and self-awareness, enabling individuals to embrace their identities with pride.

Moreover, communities with shared values and common goals transcend cultural boundaries. Ethnically and culturally diverse communities provide spaces where differences are celebrated while promoting unity. These communities emphasize the importance of inclusivity and acceptance, creating a sense of belonging for all members. Similarly, interest-based communities bring individuals with shared passions together, nurturing their interests and fueling personal growth. These communities allow individuals to learn, collaborate, and explore their passions within a supportive and encouraging environment.

Social Cohesion and Support

Communities offer a vital support system, promoting social cohesion and providing emotional support. In times of adversity, community members find comfort and resilience through their connections. Communities become a source of solace, offering a network of support that helps individuals navigate through challenges. Through empathy and compassion, community members form stronger interpersonal bonds, fostering a sense of unity and shared responsibility.

Additionally, communities facilitate collective problem-solving. By tapping into the collective wisdom and expertise of its members, communities are uniquely positioned to address local challenges effectively. Community-driven initiatives empower individuals to unite, pooling their resources and skills to find innovative solutions. These grassroots efforts not only bring about positive change but also strengthen the fabric of the community, reinforcing the bonds among its members.

Collaboration and Knowledge Exchange

Communities thrive on collaboration and knowledge exchange, serving as hubs for learning and growth. Within communities, individuals have the opportunity to learn from one another through peer-to-peer interactions. By sharing their knowledge, skills, and experiences, community members enrich each other’s lives, creating a culture of continuous learning. This peer-to-peer learning dynamic allows individuals to expand their horizons and develop new skills, nurturing personal growth.

Moreover, communities provide mentorship and guidance. Experienced members of the community play a vital role in nurturing the growth of newcomers. They offer advice, share insights, and provide support, enabling individuals to navigate their personal and professional journeys more effectively. This mentorship fosters a sense of collective progress, as the community as a whole benefit from the growth and success of its individual members.

Promoting Individual and Collective Progress

Communities serve as a catalyst for personal and collective progress. They inspire and motivate individuals to strive for excellence. Within communities, individuals find role models who embody their aspirations, fueling their ambition and providing a path to follow. These role models demonstrate what is possible and serve as a source of inspiration for others.

Furthermore, communities exert positive peer pressure, encouraging personal development and achievements. When surrounded by motivated and accomplished individuals, individuals are more likely to push themselves, set higher goals, and achieve their full potential. The supportive and encouraging environment within communities fosters a culture of growth, enabling individuals to surpass their limitations.

Beyond personal growth, communities also have the power to drive social change. Community-driven activism enables individuals to come together, address societal issues, and effect meaningful change. Through grassroots initiatives, communities amplify voices and empower marginalized groups, driving social progress from the ground up. These initiatives not only make a tangible difference but also instill a sense of civic engagement and social responsibility within community members.

The Digital Community Revolution

With the advent of the internet and digital platforms, communities have undergone a remarkable transformation. Online communities have emerged as powerful hubs of connection, transcending geographical limitations and expanding the possibilities for collaboration. People from different corners of the world can now come together based on shared interests, passions, or goals, forming virtual communities that thrive on mutual support and knowledge exchange. Online platforms such as social media, forums, and specialized online communities have provided a virtual space where individuals can connect, interact, and engage with like-minded individuals, regardless of their physical location.

Challenges and opportunities

While the digital community revolution offers numerous opportunities, it also comes with its unique set of challenges. One significant challenge is nurturing trust and authenticity in virtual spaces. In an era of online anonymity, it is crucial for online communities to establish mechanisms to verify identities, ensure respectful interactions, and combat misinformation. Building a sense of trust and creating a safe environment where members feel comfortable sharing their experiences and knowledge is essential for digital communities’ long-term success and growth.

Nevertheless, the digital community revolution presents exciting opportunities for community growth and impact. Online platforms enable communities to leverage technology for enhanced collaboration, knowledge sharing, and collective action. With the ability to reach a global audience, digital communities can amplify their voice, mobilize resources, and create meaningful change on a larger scale. The rapid dissemination of information and the ease of communication within online communities facilitate quick response and collective problem-solving, allowing communities to address issues with increased efficiency.

Additionally, the digital realm offers new possibilities for cross-disciplinary exchanges and innovation. Online communities bring together individuals from diverse backgrounds, expertise, and perspectives, fostering a fertile ground for creativity and novel ideas. Collaborative projects that were once constrained by physical boundaries now have the potential to flourish on digital platforms, leading to groundbreaking solutions and breakthroughs.

Conclusion

Communities play a vital role in our lives, offering a space where individuals can find support, forge connections, and collaborate toward common goals. Whether they are based on geographical proximity, shared interests, or cultural backgrounds, communities foster a sense of belonging and promote personal growth. By embracing diversity, offering emotional support, and enabling knowledge exchange, communities nurture our identities and create a sense of purpose. They become platforms for collaboration and problem-solving, driving progress at both the individual and collective levels. As we navigate an ever-changing world, it is imperative to recognize and value the power of communities, harnessing their potential to create a better, more interconnected society.

The Presence of Healthy Lifestyle in the Modern Society

Did you realize that the absence of activity can cause such perilous diseases like stroke, diabetes, and lethal growth? Absence of physical movement is going on in different nations. Present day society is currently breaking away at building up the rates of physical exercises as an approach to battle illnesses. Accordingly, having a healthy lifestyle has an essential job in a person’s life.

Benefits of Physical fitness

“The benefits of physical fitness are numerous. The person who is physically fit has a greater amount of strength, energy, and stamina an improved sense of well being better protection from injury because strong well developed muscles safeguard bones, internal organs, and joints and keep moving parts limbers and Improved cardio respiratory function”. Bucher and Prentice(1985), (pg. 5)

“Physical activity enhances mental health in certain respects. Data on the comparative effects of recreation and housework suggest that quality of time, and not mere energy expenditure, must be taken into account in attempts to explain the psychological benefits of physical activity”.Stephens, T. (1988).

“ There is irrefutable evidence of the effectiveness of regular physical activity in the primary and secondary prevention of several chronic diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, hypertension, obesity, depression and osteoporosis) and premature death. Current Health Canada physical activity guidelines are sufficient to elicit health benefits, especially in previously sedentary people. There appears to be a linear relation between physical activity and health status, such that a further increase in physical activity and fitness will lead to additional improvements in health status”. Warburton, D. E., Nicol, C. W., & Bredin, S. S. (2006). Conducted study from the Ukactive, British Universities & Colleges Sport (BUCS)

From the Ukactive British colleges’ schools sport Bucs Precor and Scottish survey sports (sss) called the British dynamic survey overview has discovered that advancing physical activity including sports participation and gym membership improves students personal wellbeing mental wellbeing social inclusion and perceived academic achievement and employability.(https://www.ukactive.com/).

The Importance of Physical Fitness

Each individual must know the significance of physical wellness. In other words, one must have essential information about life structures and physiology. This key learning enables a person to appreciate physical health. It is the point of confinement of a person to work reliably and effectively right when a situation develops. Physical health makes you feel soundly more sharpened, physically pleasant.

“Increased physical fitness not only improves health but improves your performance at work. Hundreds of American companies have backed with idea financially by employing full-time directors of fitness for their work”. Gorden Jackson(1985)

Physical Education and Physical Fitness

5 The essential point of physical education isn’t to create star competitors, the winning group of master execution yet a national essentialness with character values and physical wellness. It plans to form youth into native who has the ability to appreciate the power and fascinating life. Mathews (1967).

According to Falls, (1971) “Physical fitness is an important objective of physical education programme and the programme is directed toward achieving the objectives through specific development exercises as well as games and activities that help to improve physical fitness”.

Harrison Clark (1971), (Pg.6) opines Neuromuscular coordination of a person which incorporate his capacity to adopt new aptitude at long last to accomplish competency in physical exercises is fundamental to all period of physical education.

Physical activity for school age youth

“School-age youth should participate daily in 60 minutes or more of moderate to vigorous physical activity that is developmentally appropriate, enjoyable, and involves a variety of activities”.Strong, W. B., Malina, R. M., Blimkie, C. J., Daniels, S. R., Dishman, R. K., Gutin, B., … & Rowland, T. (2005).

“Children and youth 5-17 years of age should accumulate an average of at least 60 minutes per day and up to several hours of at least moderate intensity physical activity. Some of the health benefits can be achieved through an average of 30 minutes per day”. Janssen, I., & LeBlanc, A. G. (2010).

References

1. Clark, D. A., Stinson, E. B., Griepp, R. B., Schroeder, J. S., Shumway, N. E., & Harrison, D. C. (1971). Cardiac transplantation in man: Vi. prognosis of patients selected for cardiac transplantation. Annals of internal medicine, 75(1), 15-21.)
2. Bucher, C. A., & William, E. (1985). Prentice,’. Fitness for College and Life’, Toronto: The CV Mosby Company, 7.‏
3. Stephens, T. (1988). Physical activity and mental health in the United States and Canada: evidence from four population surveys. Preventive medicine, 17(1), 35-47.‏
4. Warburton, D. E., Nicol, C. W., & Bredin, S. S. (2006). Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. Cmaj, 174(6), 801-809.‏
5. Janssen, I., & LeBlanc, A. G. (2010). Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 7(1), 40.‏