Category: Communication

Social networking can be defined as a virtual environment in which individuals form groups for a common goal of socializing. Traditionally, social networking is mostly done offline by groups of friends or people sharing a common interest. Technological advances have, however, changed the social networking concept to the point where it mainly implies online social engagement (Baoku 218).

Social network sites on the internet such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube among others are filled with individuals that want to interact. In the contemporary world, disputes and conversations on diverse subjects and ideas are discussed via social network platforms.

The subjects for these conversations range from cooking, employment opportunities and gardening to making new friends, politics and general sharing of information (The 2014 Survey: The Biggest Internet Impacts by 2025 para. 2). As a rule, the people belonging to the same network share a range of hobbies, not to mention the fact that their lifestyles and standards may match.

A registered member of a particular social network is able to interact freely with other members, as well as read their profiles. The purpose of a social network is solely to provide people with an additional method of communication. Advanced social networking has transformed not only the way, in which humans communicate but also the way, in which people shape their patterns of social interactions.

The rise of Internet sites, such as Facebook, as a tool for social networking, has posed a legitimate threat to the traditional interaction process. As a result, future generation may not understand the need to interact physically. It is evident that most traditional ways of interactions will be completely eclipsed unless the effects of online social networks are reduced.

Social networking has numerous drawbacks that can discourage one from being active in society (Baoku 9). Some of these disadvantages include seclusions, cyberbullying, poor range of methods for expression, and the diminishing sense of human dignity. The main idea behind the creation of social sites like Facebook was to create a wider avenue of communication (Baoku 9).

Teenagers represent over 75% of the users of social media (Boyd and Ellison 224). Their interaction, if not guided and controlled, can turn to be very dangerous. The main agenda of teenagers in social media is to draw the attention of their peers to themselves as opposed to the maturity in reasoning demonstrated by the adults. Teenagers, in their turn, tend to draw the attention of the others to themselves by posting rather explicit pictures.

The commentaries left on the wall tend to be rather one-note. Controversial images are used by teenagers in order to provoke the outrage of their peers and, perhaps, stir a flame (a heated discussion).

A study commissioned by the Harvard University showed that a great number of teenagers, both girls, and boys, try to gain more followers by depicting themselves as much more outgoing, light-minded and even a bit vulgar than they are in ordinary life (Baoku 8). For example, they post photos showing them drinking, dancing or smoking. It is demeaning to post such photos since it lowers one dignity.

The fact that a majority of users of social media are teenagers has made them a soft target by criminals, as well as to a range of Internet bullies, also known as trolls. Teenagers expose themselves to bullying on the web. Online trolling in social networks have turned out to be the worst form of bullying. Bullying is devastating in real life; in the virtual one, it becomes rather bearable, yet very annoying.

Cyber bullying is dangerous because all that is commented on an individual is seen by everyone (The 2014 Survey: The Biggest Internet Impacts by 2025 para. 1). The worst thing is that there is no one whom a targeted individual can turn for help. Bullies can comfortably hurl their insults without any control from adults or authorities. Cyber bullying is not only devastating but also viral.

It is a very immoral and undignified thing to do, which should be prevented at all costs. Restrictions on social networking can help make interactions in social sites a means of ensuring safe communication.

Frequent use of social networking sites affects the number of physical interactions amongst people directly. People cease live communication since they consider social networking a more effective means of communication. As a result, social networking contributes to the isolation of individuals. In the contemporary world, being socially active does not require much of live interaction.

Conversing is done through computers and the Internet. Language skills and the skills of public speaking are endangered, since live conversation can easily be replaced by social networking.

Engaging in a conversation and a constructive dialogue is becoming difficult due to the fact that social networking has minimized peoples ability of understanding body language Since social networking does not allow for active use of body language in the communication process, with the emphasis being on the verbal communication, the very process of debating and confrontations is filled with obstacles, with the chances of a misconception rising increasingly.

It should also be kept in mind that, apart from the inability to debate adequately, social networks develop a range of other nonetheless significant communication issues in their users. For example, the social network can make one detached from reality completely, since living in a virtual world requires fewer efforts.

Indeed, it is much easier to follow the ideal image of ones self in the virtual realm, where ones personality remains concealed and where the responsibility for actions and statements is impressively lesser. Another obvious problem of social networks concerns the increase in the number of people to contact with; as a result, the process of communication devalues.

Regular debates and arguments exchange will be made more difficult due to the inability to understand one anothers body language. Humanity is based on the pillars of socialization and regular interactions; hence, the development of social sites may pose a great danger to the entire world.

Works Cited

Baoku, Li. E-Marketing on Online Social Networks and Ethical Issues. International Journal of Online Marketing 2.4 (2012), 1-14. Print.

Boyd, Danah M., and Nicole B. Ellison. Social Network Sites: Definition, History and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 131.11 (2007), 210-230. Print.

The 2014 Survey: The Biggest Internet Impacts by 2025. 2014. ELON University.

Introduction

The internet has continued to globalize our world as technological advances are put into use. Digital technologies that emerged have enabled the digitization of almost all devices in the world. These include digital electronics, signatures, photos, and media, among others. Communication has also taken center stage as the trigger for more technological advances; these include mobile phones and computers as opposed to former ways.

These ways composed manual writing of letters and face-to-face communications. Communications in writing used to take the form of letters, which were usually mailed to receivers. Manual mailing of letters had several disadvantages, such as privacy and confidentiality risks, since it passed through various channels to its destination. Other difficulties included flexibility, time taken for delivery, response time, among others.

For this reason, electronic communication, which was fast, secure, and efficient, was adopted to improve service delivery and communications at large. In this communication line, several advances have also come up, including electronic mail and chat, among others. This paper will explore the phenomenal email growth as well as whether this growth is set to continue.

E-mail and its growth

E-mail, which is usually known as email, refers to electronic mail. It is a mode through which messages can exchange digitally, generally from an author to one or more individuals. During its initiation, people used to be online at the same time to communicate through email; however, the current technology has enabled the use of computers and the internet to exchange digital messages without the necessity to be online at the same time. These advances have enabled the storage of email messages in servers to allow recipient access even later. The method is based on the storeandforward, which enables servers to perform the task of storage, acceptance, and forwarding of messages.

Reasons for email growth

Several reasons have contributed to email growth over the years. These include the fact that it does not currently require both participants to be online simultaneously. This has been enabled by servers ability to store information. Also, it is fast, making it easy for both companies and individuals to send urgent information without any delays. Accessibility is another reason for its growth; email accounts are provided freely by providers and can be accessed via the internet, which has become increasingly cheap.

This has allowed a larger population of the world to send and receive emails. Emails are cheap and easy to use; this is because of the free accounts and interfaces, which are user friendly, allowing for a few clicks on the mouse and keyboard inputs to send. Moreover, email security is more dependable than other means as these messages are usually encrypted and then decrypted to the receiver. In essence, email growth has been phenomenal.

Future growth

People are increasingly opening new accounts for emails. This is mainly because the accounts are free and simple to use. It is expected that more people will continue to use emails as it serves every category of people. It serves all levels of businesses as well as organizations and individuals. Some security concerns have been raised regarding hackers who access personal information. For instance, Google has faced attacks on emails recently. Such practices make email service insecure, although these can be mitigated by upgrading its security levels.

Conclusion

Email use has been prolific, and only time will tell as it continues to grow throughout the world. With more people set to learn, at least the basics of computer use, it is expected to continue to flourish. However, security concerns need to be considered to reduce its threats.

Elaborated and restricted codes are specific forms of language and speech in particular social contexts, including in different orders of meanings. Basil Bernstein claims that English social classes demonstrate a diverse knowledge of each mode of speech and its social and educational consequences (Neuliep). Even though the codes are often referred to as interchangeable, they differ based on an individuals social status and help differentiate between strata.

Primarily, the developed code provides for other circumstances, is apparent in meaning, and uses complete forms of expression and its objective standards. There are no indents or fillers in this code; it contains only complete, well-stated thoughts that do not require prior knowledge on the listeners behalf (Neuliep). For example, the monologue of Romeo in a famous Shakespeare poem refers to elaborated code. In the monologue, the context is clear, there are no shortened and vague expressions, and the character uses pure English.

In the meantime, the restricted code is used in close social circumstances, where it is legitimate to expect general assumptions and understanding, and provides for vague, concise, and index speech. This code is typically represented by short words and phrases interjected into any part of a sentence for confirmation of meaning (Neuliep). For instance, such phrases as you know, right, and you know what I mean relate to restricted code.

In summary, the code theory suggested by Basil Bernstein discloses the meaning of elaborated and restricted codes. While the former represents complete and thought-out statements, the latters primary focus is the confirmative interjections. Hence, the significant difference between the elaborated codes is that they view different longitudes of words and phrases. Both allow linguists and other researchers to view the diverse social groups and speech peculiarities.

Work Cited

Neuliep, James. Intercultural Communication: A Contextual Approach. SAGE Publications, 2020.

Abstract

Subsystems are evidence-based models for ensuring that competent individuals complete specific functions in a timely manner. In the identified organization, the proposed command, control, and communications (C3) framework will transform operations and guide leaders to identify new or initial technologies that have the potential to deliver positive results. The C3 subsystem model has been effective in supporting the level of coordination and performance in the military. Companies and business firms can consider the attributes of this model if they want to transform the experiences of the targeted clients and improve the overall coordination of their efforts.

The main theme of the proposed project is that of improved coordination. The ultimate goal behind any CS subsystem is to deliver a seamless process of communication whereby data, images, and voices are transmitted to maximize the nature of available responses for the most efficient output. The presence of high-quality resources and infrastructure within a given organization will ensure that information is managed, coded, and transmitted efficiently to meet the demands of all stakeholders. The major objectives of the proposed project include: identifying and introducing the right technological aspects that can result in a stable C3 subsystem in the selected organization, presenting evidence-based approaches for implementing the designed subsystem successfully and outlining the unique practices and strategies that have the potential to transform or improve the levels of efficiency and performance.

The current wave of globalization is a major force that is dictating the goals and procedures many organizations undertake to achieve their aims. The targeted firm has been recording positive results due to the use of modern technologies to streamline communication. However, there are specific gaps and challenges that support the decision to introduce a new C3 subsystem. Firstly, the existing communication and information-sharing practices are critical issues that explain why the current system needs to be upgraded. Secondly, different agencies in the sector are embracing the use of modern technologies to achieve their aims. This situation presents a case for introducing a superior subsystem that will ensure that all interlinked organizations perform optimally. Thirdly, the changing security issues and Internet-based attacks explain why it would be necessary to consider the decision to introduce a better subsystem. These developments will make it possible for the identified organization to achieve its goals much faster. These needs are valid and capable of disorienting the effectiveness and integrity of information sharing and responsive support.

The initial technologies at this organization are pertinent to the perceived need. For instance, some of the current resources are outdated, thereby increasing the possibility of potential phishing and hacking. The nature of modern technology means that new resources and devices will emerge continuously that are faster and more reliable, and the failure to adopt these may result in the loss of competitive advantage. This fact explains why continuous development and improvement of C3 subsystems is a powerful strategy for supporting the objectives of any given organization. In conclusion, the consideration of these aspects and possibilities explain why it would be necessary to undertake the intended development project and implement the targeted C3 subsystem in the identified organization. This approach will support the delivery of high-quality and timely results.

Summary

As the size and scope of various businesses worldwide increase, new issues emerge that require a response. In large international companies, communication and oversight become problematic due to the distance, hierarchy, and sometimes language barriers, as well as a sheer number of departments and smaller units and sub-units involved. As a result, they can be uncoordinated, and issues would develop without an opportunity for upper management to notice or address them. To address these concerns, businesses worldwide have been developing frameworks that use the latest available communications technology. However, their increasing digitalization has created opportunities for malicious actors to find and exploit system vulnerabilities for illegal and damaging purposes. Data breaches and instances of hacking occur regularly, harming millions of customers as a result. As a consequence, an efficient communication framework for any given organization has to promote coordination by minimizing the risks of misunderstanding and improving cybersecurity at the same time.

This project aims to investigate the concept of the command, control, and communications (C3) subsystem, which initially emerged in military applications. Armies have to deal with many of the same issues described above and need to maintain their flexibility and capacity for rapid response. Moreover, the constant innovation in military systems forces them to regularly adopt new technology and incorporate it into existing frameworks. However, the military is not the only setting that faces challenges that require adaptation to the swiftly changing environment and swift implementation of efficient responses. Many civilian organizations, especially business ventures of all types, encounter similar challenges on a regular basis and have to develop adequate responses to them. As such, knowledge of the systems used in the military for secure and quick communication and coordination may be beneficial to other types of organizations, including those in civilian settings. To that end, this project will explore the technological requirements of C3, approaches that can be used to implement it, and its practices and strategies that can improve performance.

Throughout this study, the author expects to obtain an improved understanding of how organizations communicate, both on the same level and between different ones. They will learn about the measures that businesses currently take to address their communication-related concerns, particularly their strengths and weaknesses. Moreover, they will evaluate the advantages and challenges involved in implementing a C3 system, both technological and organizational. They will learn how the military deals with cybersecurity threats and whether the measures that it uses can be transferred to other contexts. Overall, this project will likely be beneficial to both the author and the various industries that are interested in efficient and secure communications.

Problem Statement

Organizations around the world have struggled with effective communications for a long time. As a result, they would adopt any significant improvements that emerged as soon as possible because of the potential benefits. Recently, the emergence of the Internet and the various efficiency improvements, through both faster information transfers and the opportunities for automation, have changed the landscape of organizational communication. However, as Ganapathi (2016) notes, while the new methods are convenient and have been adopted widely, they also have issues due to the lack of face-to-face contact, which can lead to misunderstandings. If the information that is being transferred to a manager or from them is misinterpreted, the overall performance of the organization can suffer as a result.

To combat this tendency, managers are trying to institute strict control measures that would enable them to receive accurate information and oversee the progress of the various initiatives that they introduce. However, as Mullakhmetov (2016) claims, management is highly complex, and an effective and robust framework is required to address every concern. As such, organizations are struggling to create a system that would accommodate the entirety of the managers needs. Attempts to achieve this goal tend to be isolated, and a universally successful standard has not been adopted worldwide. Additional research is required before organizations worldwide can adapt to the challenges posed by the new modes of communication.

The increased availability of long-distance access and communications have also increased the threat of an external attack. Cybersecurity is considerably more complicated than physical protection, and a malicious individual will often only need a computer and knowledge of a security issue to damage an organization. As a result, numerous hackers have emerged with motives ranging from financial gain to personal enjoyment (Sirohi, 2016). As a result of an attack, critical infrastructure can be compromised, critical data can be stolen, and a variety of other significant issues can occur. Depending on the organization in question, attacks can lead to losses of money, valuable resources, or possibly human lives. As such, both of the issues described warrant a robust response that can address them.

Addressing both these issues in terms of communication within a business organization requires a robust and comprehensive cybersecurity network that will decrease the risk incidence. The importance of cybersecurity for countering external attacks against sensitive data is evident, as digital threats require urgent and effective responses in all domains and fields. Cameron and Marcum (2019) are right to note that all digitally stored information is potentially vulnerable to shutdowns, system infiltrations, ransomware demands, and other types of cyber-attacks, thus making cybersecurity a priority for most organizations. However, cybersecurity also has the potential to decrease the dangers associated with misunderstanding. While the adverse effects of misinterpreted information are harmful as they are, this harm may become even greater if an infiltrator is able to use it with malicious intent. Hence, while cybersecurity does not reduce the risk of misunderstanding per se, it reduces the risk of it being exploited by a hostile actor. Therefore, cybersecurity as a problem partially encompasses the dangers associated with misunderstanding as well, which is why one may perceive it as one of the main problems worth investigating in terms of communication quality in organizations.

Significance of the Problem

It can be challenging to evaluate the direct effect of misunderstandings during communication because of the high subjectivity involved and the difficulty of obtaining accurate information. However, organizational performance is likely to improve once these issues are resolved due to the increased flexibility and ability to respond to developing situations. The increased transparency would likely make it easier to identify internal issues and address them. Additionally, managers would be able to oversee the implementation of various initiatives more directly and introduce corrections if necessary. Overall, communication improvements offer numerous opportunities for superior performance, though it may be challenging to quantify them.

The effects of cybersecurity failures are more significant and noteworthy because of the numerous past incidents associated with them. Gupta, Agrawal, and Wang (2019) discuss numerous attack incidents, which involved airports, government facilities, hospitals, and nuclear plants. Kumar and Kumar (2017) express a concern that smart power grids, which were developed to manage the supply and demand of energy, can be targeted and compromised. A successful attack on a critical infrastructure object could be devastating, potentially causing enormous damage. The situation is further exacerbated by the fact that many organizations across multiple domains do not have personnel sufficiently well-versed in the matters of cybersecurity and protection from external attacks. Cameron and Marcum (2019) note that civilian organizations, military, private security contractors, and the government itself all feel a shortage of capable of implementing and monitoring cybersecurity solutions and technologies. Moreover, attackers will often use vulnerabilities of which the organization is not aware, making attack detection challenging. As such, an attacker will frequently have the advantage and be able to achieve their goal, which makes attack prevention critical.

Another weakness of contemporary attack management methods is that the measures used in responses tend to reduce the effectiveness and convenience of the organizations systems. This consideration applies in most scenarios that involve the possibility of an attack, regardless of the framework used. Couretas (2018) claims that any prevention or response measures disrupt the operations of a BMC3 system, where BM stands for battle management, and an understanding of the risks involved is necessary before any response. If an organization devotes excessive effort to reinforcing its security, its other activities will be compromised. As such, it is necessary to maintain a balance between performance and security.

Alternative Actions

One option to improve the quality of communications is to develop an approach that is suitable for a variety of multi-department organizations. Levinthal and Workiewicz (2018) discuss the nearly decomposable approach, where different sections of the business interact internally with a high degree of detail and formulate aggregate communications between each other. While such a system would reduce the degree of direct managerial control, it would also enable them to focus on the strategic aspects of management. In massive multinational companies, leaders may not have enough time to oversee the individual performance of every department and prefer to focus on the details. It can also create a better framework for the exercise of initiative that furthers the managements overall goals in the organizations departments and smaller units and sub-units. However, this approach may not be suitable for every scenario and does not address security directly.

A solution corresponding to this approach would be Semantic Web technologies. These technologies rest on the premise that different units and subunits within the same organization may use different standards and formats of processing and storing data as well as different protocols. Semantic Web technologies rest in creating common and widely used ontologies based on shared concepts. Ip et al. (2019) point out that Semantic Web technologies are among the most viable means of delivering information across organizational boundaries swiftly and efficiently. Thus, ontologies based on shared concepts decrease the possibility of miscommunication and all the risks that are associated with it.

Moreover, Semantic Web technologies and the ontologies they create have considerable potential in the field of cybersecurity as el. Syed et al. (2016) make the demonstration of this potential the staple of their analysis. According to them, Semantic Web technologies allow the integration of data on security policies and protocols used in different units and subunits of a given organization and provide for the effective transaction of this data between the interested parties. Apart from that, Georgescu and Smeoreanu (2017) also demonstrate that ontologies created with the help of Semantic Web technologies to detect the activities of black hat hackers. The knowledge acquired from this analysis may be used proactively to structure the communications within a given organization in a way that would provide fewer openings and opportunities to the hackers. Thus, just as Semantic Web technologies are useful for mitigating the risks of misinterpreting information, they can also benefit the organizations cybersecurity and make digital communication safer overall. However, as mentioned above, Semantic Web technologies do not increase security level per se  they merely improve the exchange of information that may lead to such an increase.

The second alternative approach is to continue developing communications and control frameworks in isolated organizational environments. Soriano (2016) describes the process as one of defining subsystems and establishing the interfaces between them. However, with this method, the success of the endeavor relies heavily on the competence of the experts who are implementing it and may be prone to human error, which is responsible for a considerable percentage of security breaches in digital communication. Moreover, the systems designers will sometimes overlook security concerns, leaving opportunities for attackers to infiltrate the systems. Okcu (2016) discusses how, in the past, actors have been able to hijack unmanned military aircraft, record their data, and identify command centers. It is highly challenging to create an entirely secure system, and it will likely need continuous adjustments.

This approach is best served by a number of solutions addressing the weakest component of any security system  the people. As mentioned above, creating isolated communications and control frameworks depends on the competence of those developing, maintaining, and using them to the utmost degree. Nobles (2018) reminds that a considerable portion of cybersecurity breaches in communication stems from human-enabled errors. Cameron and Marcum (2019) also point out that the qualified specialists well-versed in the matters of cybersecurity are in short supply in both military and civilian contexts. Considering this, training the specialists responsible for the development and maintenance of the isolated communications and control frameworks as well as the personnel that will operate them becomes essential in this scenario. Cameron and Marcum (2019) caution against the dangers of technological determinism and note that technologies alone will not suffice to ensure security, even in the case of an isolated system. However, this approach is inherently limited, as there is no way to guarantee the strict adherence to data protection protocols, and human-enabled errors will always remain a possibility.

The last approach that was analyzed involves using recent technological advances and the high availability of cloud-based services. Bhanu, Babu, and Trimurthy (2016) propose the implementation of a Web-based, continuously evolving communications system that can be rapidly adjusted to match the current needs of the organization. Depending on the implementation, the system may be able to answer emerging communications needs rapidly and enable security adjustments. However, as it would be stored in a remote location, the danger of a remote attack that uses universal and resource-intensive methods, such as a denial-of-service approach, increases.

This particular technological solution provides for extensive automation and reuse, thus ensuring swift communication without compromising security too much. Bhanu, Babu, and Trimurthy (2016) specifically emphasize that the dynamic nature of the system allows addressing security concerns as they arise in a quick and reliable manner. As noted above, devoting greater resources to security may affect performance negatively. The emphasis on the lightweight code in this approach allows to partially alleviate this effect. However, the implementation of a Web-based, continuously evolving communications system also exerts considerable pressure on the organizations resources. As noted by Bhanu, Babu, and Trimurthy (2016), Implementation of WEB services requires huge amount of storage area processing power and porting of the technologies which are required for interacting with internet world (p. 385). Hence, while reasonably effective in terms of ensuring cybersecurity and preventing misunderstanding in communication, the implementation of this technological solution tends to be quite costly.

The comparison of these possible avenues of approach suggests that the use of Semantic Web technologies is the preferable option to alleviate the risks of misunderstanding and improve communication. Its advantage in this respect stems directly from the fact that making the communication more efficient by creating ontologies based on shared concepts is the primary goal of this particular solution, as noted by Syed et al. (2016). When compared to the creation of C3 frameworks in isolated organizational environments with the emphasis on training in security protocols, it provides for more efficient communication between different parts of a heterogeneous organizational framework. When compared to the implementation of a Web-based, continuously evolving communications system, it is not as adaptive but ensures greater compatibility between the frameworks and the standards used in different units of an organization. Based on that, one may conclude that Semantic Web technologies and the ontologies they create are a preferable way of dealing with misinterpretation of information in communication when applied to civilian settings.

In terms of cybersecurity and protection from external attacks, Semantic Web technologies also appear to be a preferable option when compared to the other two. As a rule, contemporary attack management methods in cybersecurity are reactive rather than proactive and rely on response measures activated after an attack is detected. However, Georgescu and Smeoreanu (2017) point out that the implementation of Semantic Web technologies allows taking a proactive approach in this respect and identify potential attacks before they occur. While it does not cancel the necessity of rigorous training in the matters of cybersecurity, it can help to structure the communications within an organization in a way that will be conducive to greater security. When compared to the Web-based, dynamically evolving communications system, this option does not put as much pressure on the organizations financial resources. With this in mind, one may conclude that Semantic Web technologies are, at the very least, a promising avenue of approach to improve the security of communications in a civilian setting.

Finally, when evaluating and comparing possible options, one should also consider the theoretical approach they are based on and the organizational context of their potential implementation. The emphasis in rigorous training in the matters of communication to reduce the risks of human-induced errors and misunderstanding if security vulnerabilities they promote is not equally applicable in most organizations. It may demonstrate better results in hierarchical organizations pursuing efficiency and security, even it when entails high costs  that is, in military or law enforcement settings. However, business organizations that have to balance costs and efficiency more precariously and feature less centralized and hierarchical structure will benefit from the solution that corresponds to its nature. Departments of a business organization will likely have a greater degree of autonomy and initiative than the units in the military, which is why the nearly decomposable approach will be e preferable way to proceed in such a context. Since Semantic Web technologies is a solution that suits this particular approach, thus making it a preferable option for improving communication in a business setting specifically.

Recommendation

A preliminary investigation into the applicability of the C3 model in non-military organizations is warranted. An adjustment will likely be necessary because of their non-hierarchical nature and the relative independence of various departments in a business or other organization compared to most armies. However, it is unlikely to be significant enough to render the approach invalid or overly challenging to implement. There are likely beneficial aspects in C3 that can be transplanted to most organizations without incurring high costs or affecting their operations adversely. An investigation would be able to discover those tools and identify ways in which they can benefit communications in various contexts. However, the applicability of C3 to civilian settings and business in particular in terms of cybersecurity specifically should not pose too much of a challenge because both setting face largely the same problems. The lack of well-trained specialists and operators able to reduce the incidence of human-induced errors and the risk of cyber-attacks remains an issue for military and civilian organizations. Hence, the solutions found in any of the two settings may benefit the development of secure communication and control frameworks in both settings.

The second recommendation would be to analyze the communication experiences of various organizations and the measures that they have taken to improve their managerial control and security. In doing so, the researcher would be able to identify the current practical issues facing the organization. Additionally, the investigation would provide examples of the potential implementation of the C3 approach by identifying opportunities for improvement. The organizations in question can benefit from specific recommendations created as a result of the analysis. Overall, a practical case study would contribute significantly to the overall analysis of the potential benefits of the adoption of C3.

An analysis of the other paradigms aimed at the improvement of coordination and control in various organizations is also warranted. It would be beneficial for the comparison between the usefulness of C3 and that of the other methods that have been tried. While C3 may offer some advantages over the systems that are currently being used, its benefits may not necessarily be high enough to justify widespread implementation. It is necessary to evaluate how well C3 will apply in civilian setting in multi-department organizations that feature greater autonomy in their departments and are not as hierarchically organized as the military. The comparison can help determine the strengths and weaknesses of each approach, letting different organizations choose suitable ones. Moreover, a new method may emerge as a result of the comparison, one that combines aspects of both of those mentioned above.

References

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2. Cameron, E. A., & Marcu, T. M. (2019). Why business schools must incorporate cybersecurity into the business curriculum: Preparing the next generation for success. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 19(4), 25-33.
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With 195 countries spread across the globe, where each constitutes a host of a specific culture, understanding them can be difficult. Each conforms to a set of norms and behaviors considered as the backbone of their foundation and history. These include the beliefs, mentality, and customs of the individuals under each of their groups (Kreuz 54). The systems that people use from a particular background form part of their identity that differentiates them. The onset of globalization amplified the worlds interconnectivity paving the way for more interaction opportunities among these different communities of the world. However, these differences pose challenges to all sets of people due to their unique ways of thinking and perceptions towards others. As a result, cross-cultural communication tries to bridge the gap by creating meaningful conservations that respect peoples uniqueness. Therefore, although cross-cultural communication provides the avenue for interactions without boundaries, challenges such as ethnocentrism, language barriers, stereotypes, misinterpretations, and assuming similarity instead of difference affect its efficiency.

A significant barrier to cross-cultural communication lies in ethnocentrism, which refers to the use of an individuals culture as a reference point when evaluating others. In this case, people assume that their beliefs set the precedence concerning all matters under discussion. Colonialism represents an example of ethnocentrism in which a country invades another one, intending to enforce social change and dominate others in the region (Sorrells and Sekimoto). In such instances, the invading country perceives the systems and behaviors of the other as inappropriate, thus the need to take action exists. Therefore, when one party perceives their standpoint as superior to another, the ability to communicate effectively diminishes. Trying to force ones views on others further shows a disregard for their beliefs, hence a sign of disrespect. This means that one party does not consider the others thoughts as valid for any argument they may engage in at any given time. Consequently, such communication fails to produce results leading to further problems in understanding each other.

Apart from that, language barriers also pose a problem for cross-cultural communication among various people. On occasions where people from different backgrounds interact, some inadequacies occur when trying to understand particular points (Jenifer and Raman 334). For instance, global teams that use English as the common language of communicating may face challenges with team members with a poor grasp of the language. Such scenarios lead to isolation whereby such members may withdraw from conversations since they can neither adequately pass their message nor understand their colleagues appropriately. As a result, the creation of factions under a singular organization may occur, with each community preferring to interact with their people rather than mingle as a whole. Furthermore, it can create negative perceptions of the intellectual abilities of such individuals leading to poor relationships among the different groups. Therefore, the inability to use a common language to express themselves poses a danger of destroying cohesion and understanding among people from different communities.

The use of stereotypes when interacting with a group from a different culture also hampers cross-cultural communication. Stereotypes mainly involve oversimplified clichés about the behavior or actions of others from a particular community. Most of them may emanate from gender roles, cultural beliefs, religion, or racial profiling, where significant variances occur in most people. Believing that all people from one specific nationality behave the same and possess similar traits can create a problematic scenario (Hussain 46). For instance, the belief that all Arabs and Muslims engage in terrorism represents a widely accepted global perspective that leads to the discrimination of people with such backgrounds. Therefore, the tendency to try and predict the behaviors of others based on previous experiences or encounters can destroy the opportunities to understand their individuality. As a result, assumptions can further create misunderstanding, especially if the affected party does not condone such perceptions about them. This can prevent the building of relationships with unique people due to such thinking when evaluating a person without first learning about them. Consequently, stereotypes can disrupt communication channels based on the observations made beforehand by other parties.

Furthermore, misinterpretations of non-verbal cues may also cause misunderstandings among different cultures. When communicating, people use various signals to show attention, satisfaction, agreement, or disagreement. However, others use unique cues when responding under different contexts. The ease at which individuals can misinterpret clues creates the potential for unwanted conflicts that hinder the communication process (Kreuz 165). These cues thus provide an important addition to the communication process, with humans heavily relying on them. Without them, communication becomes very problematic, especially between people of different nationalities. Therefore, when people from different regions communicate, one might misinterpret a cue as offensive while it was meant positively. Such misleading interpretations affect the communication between the two individuals resulting in an unwarranted backlash that can ruin the conversation. The differences in the perceptions of nonverbal cues thus can mislead others from different backgrounds, affecting their ability to talk efficiently.

Lastly, the assumption of similarity among cultures can pose a significant challenge to cross-cultural communication. Diverse people interpret actions and behave differently, hence when traveling to a new area, the idea that any two systems can overlap may cause misunderstandings. For instance, some may perceive the display of public affection as inappropriate, while to others, it represents an entirely normal behavior (Sorrells and Sekimoto). Therefore, in such a case, one may assume that others lack emotional intelligence and the ability to control their urges. On the other hand, the other party may consider the person as intrusive and disrespectful when people showcase their love. Assuming similarity instead of difference, and vice versa can further cause a lack of recognition of unique cultures and behavior across borders. Thus, this affects the relationship of such individuals from the onset due to the generalized assumptions that the beliefs of individual communities can apply to all.

Despite the ability of cross-cultural communication to provide the avenue for interactions without boundaries, challenges such as ethnocentrism, language barriers, stereotypes, assumption of similarity instead of difference, and misinterpretations affect its efficiency. Ethnocentrism leads to the perception that an individuals culture supersedes any other belief system. On the other hand, language barriers can cause communication problems due to inadequacies in understanding the other party. The use of stereotypes to judge peoples behavior without knowing them can reduce interaction effectiveness. Additionally, the assumption of similarity instead of differences concerning conduct across different nationalities can cause the misrepresentation of their intentions. Lastly, the misinterpretation of non-verbal cues by others from different areas can lead to misunderstandings based on each partys definition of such cues. Therefore, cross-cultural communication barriers can prevent the effectiveness of passing on messages involving people from different backgrounds and nationalities in a highly interconnected world.

Works Cited

Hussain, Shafaat. Managing Communication Challenges in Multicultural Organizations. International Journal of Media, Journalism and Mass Communications, vol. 4, no. 2, 2018, pp. 44-49.

Jenifer, Delecta, and G. P. Raman. Cross Cultural Communication Barriers in the Workplace. International Journal of Management, vol. 6, no. 1, 2015, pp. 332-35.

Kreuz, Roger, and Richard M. Roberts. Getting Through: The Pleasures and Perils of Cross-Cultural Communication. MIT Press, 2017.

Sorrells, Kathryn, and Sachi Sekimoto. Globalizing Intercultural Communication: A Reader. SAGE Publications, 2015.

Issues and Constraints

Effective construction communication needs the engagement of all the stakeholders to design a plan for building a piece of property. As a project manager, I will communicate with the necessary stakeholders and develop a construction project for the client who purchased the property five years ago. I will also consider all the requirements for the building and constraints to the stakeholders.

As the client purchased the property five years ago, it is necessary to develop the project as soon as possible. However, the building requires creating a plan, involving all the stakeholders, employing architects, and considering the budget. Thus, exercising the construction may take approximately 5-9 months. There can be other constraints to the projects, such as communication with residents and concluding contacts with material suppliers (Sapuay, 2016). Therefore, it is important to think over all the points and design an exact plan with the key points of implementation.

The second point to consider is the construction cost, which includes the cost of furniture and equipment. As a project manager, I should think about the salary for the employed workers, such as architects, engineers, inspectors, and consulters. Thus, the cost may also be a constraint that can augment the time needed for construction.

It is also essential to ensure the quality of the materials for the building, colours in the architecture, as well as safety of staying in the housing. It will be important for the project employees and subcontractors to accept the plan and deadline of the construction.

However, the project may face such issues as different technology among the contractors. Due to this, not all the suggested materials can be used. The managers should find the ones that are available at present in the city. In addition, weather conditions and a lack of appropriate documents may also delay the construction. Therefore, the construction strategy should include the delays and hampers, and possible variations in time.

Roles and Responsibilities of the Stakeholders

For the project to be successful, the stakeholders should exercise their functions effectively. Firstly, contractors are the people who manage the building process from the pre-design stage to the one of post-construction and approval. A contractor may have assistants, such as sub-contractors. They are responsible for directing the time, budget, and workers, and meeting the plan requirements.

Clients are the persons who own the property and are the initiators of the project. Their roles are to invent the design, the external look of the building. They also define the materials, terms, and budget of the project. In real estate construction, clients range from young families to owners of commercial housings. The client is the main point to start the project and to finish it.

The government is also an important stakeholder in construction management. The local government admits or forbids the project, considering the needs of the local population. Federal governments establish the codes and documents for safety, such as materials and fire protocols (Wu, 2016). The role of unions is to be a consultant for a contractor and ensure proper management of human resources, execution of policies and procedures requires for the building. In addition, unions may provide the project with qualified workers, such as traders, contractors, and sub-contractors, who can provide better and safer work.

Power and Interest of the Stakeholders

Stakeholders are responsible for managing the construction project, and thus, they have the power and interest in it appropriately. At the stage of monitoring and finding information and data for the building, the power of an architect is low, and the interest is low. However, the power and interest of a contractor and their sub-contractors will be high at this stage as they are responsible for monitoring and concluding contracts with governmental and commercial organizations and the Client. In addition, the government will also have high power as they direct all the development of the construction. The Client will have high power and interest in the project during all the stages, as they are the customer and the motive force for the start and execution of the building.

A contractor and a sub-contractor will have high power and responsibility in keeping the management informed about the execution of the project and its issues, risks, and constraint. In keeping the Client satisfied, an architect and a designer will have high power. A designer produces a plan for the building, creating the internal and external look. They also decide where and how the building will be constructed. It is especially important in a highly-populated area with a great amount of traffic on the roads. A designer decides where the windows will open on, and how to construct the building to avoid much noise from the outside. The division of powers in the construction project can be seen in Picture 1.

In the detailed management of the project, project managers and end users have the main power. They determine whether the building can be finished and whether it has been conducted in a proper way. The end user approves or disapproves the project and defines the design in details. Therefore, the stakeholders, including a contractor, an architect, sub-contractors, the Client, a designer, a project manager, and users, have a different amount of power and interest during the initial and late stages of the execution of the project.

Deliverables of the Project

A work breakdown structure (WBS) is an instrument in project management that considers all the steps in a plan, organizes the activities, and presents them graphically (Helicar, 2021). It provides the project manager with a detailed plan of the project deliverables and works that need to be done. As a project manager, I will consider the work components to deliver the house to the Client.

The first work to deliver the project will be design, which includes the permissions of the governmental organizations and local site owners, among others (Helicar, 2021). This stage also needs graphical drawings of the building to be created. The second deliverable will be procurement (Helicar, 2021), which is acquiring the materials and services for the construction. It also involves employing workers, such as electricians and plumbers. Thus, in this stage, the house is provided with an electricity and water supply system.

The third deliverable is the very construction of the building. Here, it is important to take into consideration both the exterior and interior of the building. The architects are responsible for executing the works on the external and internal appearance of the house as it is planned in the design drawings. The fourth deliverable is inspections, which include masonry work and building finishes. Masonry work utilizes separate objects to construct a house; they may include brick, stone, and mortar. It is one of the most popular methods in the world for a long time already. Building finishes include the ends acts that are needed for the completion of the project.

The last deliverable is the turnover, which is the total sales made by a business in a certain period (Helicar, 2021). It includes the revenues made for the period of the building and has two components. The first component is finishing the work step by step so that all the requirements are met. The second component is closing the project, its approval by the Client and the local government, and providing all the formal documents needed. Therefore, to deliver a house to the Client, the project manager should consider the design, procurement, construction, inspections, and turnover deliverable acts.

Risks of the Construction Project

In the construction of the house, it is essential to consider all the risks involved in the project life cycle. The main categories of risks in construction include safety, finance, and schedule. The building is a dangerous industry, and thus, the priority will be on providing safe working places for the employers. To do this, the directors exercise everyday inspections to ensure that all the procedures and protocols are followed.

The financial risks include the unplanned costs and the urgent need for materials not included in the project plan (Siraj and Fayek, 2019). In addition, there is a risk that the Client will not have enough money to pay for the project, and thus, the project cannot be completed in a set period. To mitigate this risk, the project manager should think over every point of the plan accurately and make the necessary estimates that will include unpredicted situations.

The schedule risk implies the lack of a proper timetable of the execution of the project and may result in great losses in the building budget (Siraj and Fayek, 2019). The schedule may be changed unpredictably due to every point in design or outside factors of the project. The changes may also lead to misunderstandings with the stakeholders and workers. Thus, to eliminate the risk, the manager should ensure that the budget is enough to cover the expenses and the schedule includes such shifts.

Project Brief

General Information

• Project Name:___________________________
• Client:__________________________________
• Prepared by: Date:_____________________________
• Authorized by:_________________________________

Project Objectives

As the client purchased the property five years ago, it is necessary to develop the project as soon as possible. However, the building requires creating a plan, involving all the stakeholders, employing architects, and considering the budget. Thus, exercising the construction may take approximately 5-9 months. There can be other constraints to the projects, such as communication with residents and concluding contacts with material suppliers. Therefore, it is important to think over all the points and design an exact plan with the key points of implementation.

The purpose of the project is to provide the construction project for the building together with the issues and their resolutions.

Project Deliverables

Project Information

Project Critical Success Factors

1. The building requires creating a plan, involving all the stakeholders, employing architects, and considering the budget.
2. As a project manager, I should think about the salary for the employed workers, such as architects, engineers, inspectors, and consulters.
3. It is also essential to ensure the quality of the materials for the building, colours in the architecture, as well as safety of staying in the housing.
4. It will be important for the project employees and subcontractors to accept the plan and deadline of the construction.

Project Assumptions

1. Exercising the construction may take approximately 5-9 months. There can be other constraints to the projects, such as communication with residents and concluding contacts with material suppliers.
2. The cost may also be a constraint that can augment the time needed for construction.
3. Weather conditions and a lack of appropriate documents may also delay the construction.

Project Constraints

1. There can be constraints to the projects such as communication with residents and concluding contacts with material suppliers.
2. The cost may also be a constraint that can augment the time needed for construction.
3. Weather conditions and a lack of appropriate documents may also delay the construction.

Reference List

Helicar, L., 2021. What is turnover in business and how do you work it out? Simply Business. Web.

Sapuay, S., 2016. Construction wastepotentials and constraints. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 35, pp. 714-722.

Stakeholder Management in the Construction Sector, 2020. Web.

Siraj, N. and Fayek, A., 2019. Risk identification and common risks in construction: literature review and content analysis. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 145(9), p. 03119004.

What is a Work Breakdown Structure?, 2020. Web.

Wu, C., Wang, F., Zou, P. and Fang, D., 2016. How safety leadership works among owners, contractors and subcontractors in construction projects. International Journal of Project Management, 34(5), pp. 789-805.

Appendix A

Project Risk Register

Appendix B

Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

Appendix C

RACI Chart

There are two main types of contact such as verbal and non-verbal means. Verbal communication for a person is the primary and universal way of connection and it is carried out with the help of words, and human speech belongs to its means of transmission. The primary nonverbal means of communication include gestures and facial expressions. Any other form of interaction can be expressed using language. Even though there are various ways of transmitting information, all verbal and non-verbal means of communication are necessary.

The speaker in this video leads an active monologue, and his speech is exceptionally clean and free from various verbal fillers. He speaks at a relatively high pace; that is, his speech is fast, which makes it a little challenging to listen to his monologue calmly. Listeners need to always be the focus of attention in order not to miss important information and not to lose the thread of the conversation. The volume of speech is average, and sometimes, the speaker intonationally and loudly highlights the main aspects of his presentation. The speakers articulation is not broken; he does not stumble or get confused in words. His pronunciation is clear, intonationally diverse, and understandable to any listener. The speaker actively interacts with the audience, jokes, and keeps the audiences attention from the beginning to the end of his speech.

In this video, the speaker is a dark-skinned woman. She is well dressed, and her outfit is classic, that is, a black and white dress and neat. She gestures a lot, which means either that she considers such a presentation of information successful or that she is nervous about public speaking. Undoubtedly, some gestures are necessary for speakers, and they are not annoying. In addition, the speaker periodically walks around the stage, which also does not cause negative emotions. The woman practically does not take her eyes off the audience, which allows her not to lose eye contact with the audience.

In conclusion, the skills of verbal and nonverbal presentation of information are necessary for every person. This is important because it will help to convey information clearly and correctly to listeners, as well as make the presentation more exciting and understandable. In addition, the skills of using verbal and non-verbal means of communication can demonstrate that this person knows and understands what they are talking about.

Introduction

As Hoppe (2009, p.1) argues, business communication skill are not inborn, but rather learnt as one interacts with different business scenarios; so long as one is flexible to learn. A combination of both non-verbal and verbal communication abilities is an important component of any business presentation, owing to the fact that quality and powerful presentations have more power that is convincing on customers. The most vital components of any good business presentation are the nature of words and language used, without forgetting to compliment the two with some body language.

Importance of verbal and non-verbal communication

Before adopting any communication mechanism, it is important for all sales people to take note of the context under which such presentations will occur. This includes the location, customer qualities, companys perceptions, and ones competence. In addition to the presentation context, it is important for all presenters to take note of the positions they take for this influences the nature of responses customers will give (Hogan, 2009, Para. 1-6).

All sales representatives need verbal communication skills, for through words spoken customer experience with a certain company improves. The nature of the Language used can persuade or discourage customers, hence likelihoods of customers accepting to sign business deals with such organizations. Good verbal communication also gives an organization a good rapport to investors. This is because sales representatives are immediate contacts to customers, hence the need for competence. In addition, it may help to eliminate misunderstanding that may arise in the process of business transactions. This is because is gives a platform of explaining, clarifying, and attending to customer queries or pressing issues that may vary depending on experience, age, and culture (Illumine, 2010, p.1).

It is important for all representatives to compliment their verbal messages with nonverbal cues, for they enhance message transfer. Good nonverbal communication involves the coining of environmental factors with the message conveyed. This involves enhancing communication using the following: gestures, tonal variation, touch, eye contact, and posture. Most nonverbal cues are important for complementing verbal messages so long as they are correctly applied. On the other hand, non-verbal communication can make customers to be confident in an organization through its sales representatives.

In addition, it helps to manage the communication process between parties involved, because through it individuals can convey different signals across the board. Non-verbal cues can also help a representative to predict what customers are thinking; hence, structure their answers to meet their demands, which is an important component of minimizing differences and conflicts (Bizmove, 2009, P.1).

To improve nonverbal communication, it is necessary for all representatives to be confident and enrich their presentations, with tonal variations (when stressing a point), vary the rate, and use gestures that are organized. In addition, it is important to maintain eye contact, for it will greatly compliment ones presentation.

Assertive and Aggressive Behaviors

Correct use of verbal and nonverbal communication skills depends on presenters qualities, that is whether assertive or aggressive. Most assertive representatives are confident and present their ideas in a direct and directional procedure. On the other hand, most customers consider aggressive representatives as being harsh and pushy, whereby force is their main element of passing ideas. Assertive presenters use a polite language; but firm. Most aggressive presenters use a language considered forceful to many customers. Wrong use of tonal variation and facial expressions helps to differentiate this two, whereby it is possible to differentiate motives of the two (Elmore, 2009, Para. 1-8).

In addition, most assertive representatives respect other peoples ideas and always incorporate them in decision making, where as aggressive ones like to always take control and take less consideration on others views.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is important for all sales representatives to remember that their listeners not only listen to their verbal presentations, but also they watch their nonverbal cues, which depict many qualities. This in many ways can help an organization to improve its business market, for many investors or customers will have confidence on such organizations.

Reference List

Bizmove. (2009). Non-verbal communication. Bizmove.com.

Elmore, T. there is a fine line between assertiveness and aggressiveness in Sales. Houston Business Journal.

Hogan, K. (2009). The secret language of business is non-verbal communication. Paramount learning.Web.

Hoppe, E. (2009). Persuade others by simply using the head. 25-Resource Article. 

Illumine. (2009). Verbal Communication. Illumine training. Web.

Public communication becomes possible when individuals enter the public sphere to deliver messages to other people or groups. In its turn, a public sphere is a social place where citizens gather and express their views on political, social, and economic matters (Crossley and Roberts, 2004). The concept of the public sphere that evolved during the last couple of centuries has been discussed by many theorists. It is not the same as it was under the proto-democratic structure of society in ancient Greece (Robertson and Carroll, 2018). With the advent of technology and social media, the space for public communication extended and became more complex.

Habermas, a famous representative of the Frankfurt School, developed the notion of the public sphere and explained how it transforms. According to him, the late 17th century marked a more active engagement of citizens in discussions/debates over common issues in special public places. He believes that the early middle-class public sphere was a form of rational discussion and debate between the state, bourgeois businessman, and citoyen (Kellner, 2014, p. 20). It emerged to mediate contradictions between classes and to reach societal consensus by reducing the focus on privacy concerns in favor of public affairs. Related civil activities such as debates made it possible for individuals and groups to express their concerns and shape public opinion. The latter opposed the state, and its power and influenced its decision-making. Thus, the bourgeois public sphere was based on democracy, constitutional order, and its main principles, including the judicial system, political rights, freedom of press, speech, and assembly. It seems that Habermas slightly idealized the liberal democracy of the 19th century.

The public sphere is somewhere between the government and its people; thus, it is crucial for democratic order. Public deliberation regarding the states actions and common social issues tend to promote public interests and affect the policy and decision-making of authorities (Sommerfeldt, 2013). Earlier public communication mainly took place in physical spaces like parliament, discussion forum, or conferences and within a network of institutions. The latter includes the democratic press, publishing enterprises, and civil society organizations.

Habermas states that the public sphere structurally transformed from the space of free and rational debate to a place where the economic and political elite manipulates public discourse. Such powers as capitalistic economy and media that contributed to the establishment of the liberal democracy started to threaten its existence in the previous century (Kellner, 2014). The consumeristic drive resulted in the domination of mass media manipulated by powerful corporations and the more fundamental role of the state. As a result, the public sphere shrunk, and citizens became less active in democratic participation.

Nevertheless, social media had revitalized public communication for a while. Those civic spaces isolated earlier now have global public discourse via social media platforms (Robertson and Carroll, 2018). The main idea is that all classes may participate in public communication and affect the states decision-making through social media. In other words, with the advent of media platforms where people from all over the world can freely share and discuss any information, the public sphere has become less physical. A part of public affairs moved to virtual spaces and engaged more people in discussions and civic activities such as volunteering. However, issues like hyper-targeted media, the spread of fake news, surveillance, and excessive advertisement contribute to the transformation coined by Habermas. For instance, during the 2016 US presidential campaign, Cambridge Analytica disclosed and misused the personal data of Facebook users (Robertson and Carroll, 2018). This analytical assistance helped Donald Trump to hold the best political digital ad campaign ever and win the elections.

To conclude, public communication occurs in the public sphere, a social place where individuals or groups can promote their interests and discuss common social issues with others. Its main task, as the mediator between citizens and state, is to preserve democratic order. The public sphere has evolved from a physical place for discussion like central well to virtual spaces such as comment sections on Facebook. Public communication became both more accessible and complex at the same time.

Reference List

Crossley, N. and Roberts, J. M. (2004) After Habermas: new perspectives on the public sphere. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Kellner, D. (2014) Habermas, the public sphere, and democracy, in Boros, D. and Glass, J. M. (eds.) Re-imagining public space: The Frankfurt school in the 21st century. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Robertson S. P. and Carroll J. M. (2018) Social media and civic engagement: History, theory, and practice. San Rafael: Morgan and Claypool Publishers.

Sommerfeldt, E. J. (2013) The civility of social capital: Public relations in the public sphere, civil society, and democracy, Public Relations Review, 39(4), pp. 280-289.

It is possible to state that non-verbal communication is a significant part of all interactions, and it is especially vital to encode the messages appropriately to ensure that the receiver obtains exact information. Sometimes, non-verbal communication is not deprived of noises that make the meaning of a message unclear, deteriorating the communication process. Unlike verbal communication, non-verbal communication, such as e-mails, does not reveal emotions that are a significant addition to the main meaning of the message or can be deceiving like gestures. For instance, once I saw a situation where a student was waiting for his turn to begin a presentation, while his instructor confused him by a sign on his head clearly meaning you must begin. It resulted in simultaneous speaking of both the other instructor and the student himself. This situation taught me to ask for clarification before acting if the message is not clear.

I have always approached feedback as a tool for my performance improvement. For instance, recently, I received negative feedback on one of my essays. The instructor kindly explained that I had made many formatting mistakes, and the topic was under-researched because I had not utilized peer-reviewed articles. I considered all the comments and paid more attention to my next assignment. It resulted in mostly positive feedback from the instructor and some more useful recommendations. I learned how to approach criticism in an appropriate way to improve my skills and expand my knowledge.

I want to improve my communication skills in downward and upward communication by building and examining lists to abstract employees and learning to approach directives received to ensure efficient signal decoding. With the purpose of clear encoding of messages, I want to improve the techniques of body signal utilization through modeling and improving their intentional use of them.

Organizational barriers make it complicated to pass information through the chain of command, as supervisory communication deteriorates in the process. Interpersonal barriers do not allow to establish clear communication if some participants are judgmental based on race, sex, or other determinants. Finally, language barriers reduce the clearness of supervisory communication, making it ineffective.