Category: Code of Ethics

Code Of Ethics For Immaculata University

Philosophy

The fundamental aim of education is to grow an individual intellectually, personally, socially, and spiritually. Four conditions are necessary for this development to occur – intellectual honesty, reasoned discourse, and openness to all forms of constructive change and most importantly, respect for the rights and freedoms of others. This code of conduct is designed to provide such an enabling environment for learning to take place.

The standards expected from students that join Immaculata University are outlined in this code of ethics. A violation of this code will result in disciplinary sanctions and educational interventions from the Institution’s governing authority.

Presentation

In spite of the diversity of culture, religion, sexual orientation, political and social inclinations, students shall be expected to always endeavor to present themselves in a manner that is reputable both to the members of the University community and society at large. While the University encourages tolerance to all these diversities, the use of foul and insulting language that appears to disrespect and demean others is highly discouraged. Since the University is a training ground for future duties that entail socializing with the outside world, official or smart casual wear is encouraged especially when one is attending classes.

Class Attendance

Whereas a section of your syllabus will entail group work and take-away assignments, a considerable portion of it will involve one-to-one lectures. Students are encouraged to attend all classes as this will help you maximize your learning opportunity as an Immaculata University student. The University may choose to deny students a chance to sit for their exams if they will not have met their requisite condition of having attended at least 2/3 of the assigned one-to-one class hours.

Drug and Substance Abuse

The abuse of illegal drugs such as heroin and cocaine is prohibited within the University premises. While responsible drinking and smoking are allowed within the campus, students are advised to restrict the use of these substances within non-working hours and in places that they are allowed such as recreation centers and designated smoking zones. The use of these substances in public places such as common rooms and lecture halls is illegal as it is considered public disturbance.

Prohibited Conduct

The University considers the following as acts of misconduct:

1. All forms of academic dishonesty. These include but are not limited to plagiarism, cheating, fabrication, and facilitating acts of dishonesty.
2. Endangering your life and that of the other members of the University community and engaging in acts and communication that an external party is likely to interpret as being risky.
3. Violating the disciplinary sanctions imposed for an earlier offense or violation of this code of ethics.
4. Acts of impersonation, falsification of identity and any initiation of false emergency alarms such as fire, explosions, and acts of terrorism.
5. All forms of discrimination and sexual harassment.
6. Unauthorized access to and spread of University material in any form; electronic or otherwise.
7. Commission of offenses that are prohibited by the Federal, State and Local authorities.

Jurisdiction and Authority

Actions that will be taken under this students’ code of conduct are administrative in nature and not criminal. Thus, students may likely find themselves liable to the University authority under this code even if their actions do not necessarily lead to criminal charges. Moreover, the University reserves the right to press charges against the student even if the public prosecutor has absolved them of the guilt of their act of misconduct and concluding that they do not warrant a criminal proceeding.

Explanation of Choice of Code

The rapid technological advancements in recent times have affected the lives of typical American students in several ways. With a Netflix account, for instance, a student can watch as many Hollywood movies as they want. Although most of these movies have aimed at entertaining and informing their audiences, most viewers have seemingly been drawn more to their negativities. The use of the f*** word and other cursing words have, for instance, tremendously proliferated amongst the young people in recent days. Others have emulated the skimpy dressing of some of the actors even when they are supposed to attend official functions. It, therefore, became crucial for me to provide guidance as far as communication and presentation are concerned in the above code of ethics.

Ethical Dilemma Of Robotic Surgery

Brief Description of the Ethical Dilemma

A popular and distinct technological advancement in the present world is robotic surgery that has been acquired in the entire health care industry. In Britain, several surgeries are being conducted by robots and these surgeries have become successful without indulging any type of problem. However, there had been an incident, in which a patient almost died due to technical failure of the camera within a robot, doing his surgery. Several medical problems like cardiac arrest were spotted due to this issue. As a result, there had been a specific ethical dilemma for IT professionals to deal with all types of complexities.

Application of Utilitarianism Theory

The first and the most popular ethical theory is utilitarianism theory, which is also referred to as the major part of the consequentialism theory. It states that a situation or individual can be referred to as ethical in nature, only when it will be providing any type of utility or benefit to the respective involved individuals (Enderle, 2015). As a result, the various aspects of utility are being highlighted in the process, and the individual gains maximum efficiency and effectiveness. It also assures that the respective organization is focusing on the well-being of different people under every possible circumstance and providing maximum advantages or happiness to them.

After considering this specific ethical theory for the case scenario of robotic surgeries, proper analysis and observation have been considered that the robot-based surgeries are extremely effective for the technological world and would be reducing manual barriers completely (Maniora, 2017). Moreover, the robots would not be emotionally affected by the conditions of the patients and hence the surgeries can be completed even with the most critical cases easily and promptly. Thus, chances of failure in the surgeries would be less than human doctors.

Application of Deontology Theory

The second popular and distinct ethical theory is the deontology theory. This particular theory could be stated as the distinct ethical theory that states that any action or activity should be judged on the fact that whether rules are being followed eventually or not. If any specific activity has followed rules and regulations, it is termed as ethical and it is not considered after checking the consequences (Trevino & Nelson, 2016). It refers to the fact that even if the consequences are negative for action, if rules are followed, the situation is effective as well as ethical in nature. This particular theory is completely opposite to the utilitarianism theory that focuses on the utility as well as consequences on a top-level.

After considering this specific ethical theory of deontology for the case scenario of robotic surgeries, it can be observed that the respective IT professionals have tried to ensure that they are providing maximum advantages to the respective individuals of the health care industry, under every circumstance (Ogbari et al., 2016). Moreover, the nerve tissues of the doctors while conducting any type of surgery would be successfully eradicated in this process. Major willingness towards surgeries would be determined eventually by following the rules and also not highlighting the consequences. As a result, a positive attitude is being present for this particular ethical theory.

Application of Social Contract Theory

The third distinct and important ethical theory would be the social contract theory. It majorly refers to a specific socialized contract, which must be maintained for all individuals and companies (Sroka & Szántó, 2018). Such a distinct contract is eventually created amongst 2 specific parties, who would be following some of the most important and significant rules and regulations, after negotiation. These rules are mainly for the ethical approach to be followed by both the parties and also bring out a successful and effective solution for the issue highlighted in the aspect. It even reduces the chance of failure in the business, since disputes are avoided due to the negotiation.

After considering this specific ethical theory for the case scenario of robotic surgeries, it is being observed that there was a social contract between the IT professionals and the entire health care industry regarding robotic surgeries (Barry, 2016). As the IT professionals were responsible for making this robotic surgery occur, it was evident that the contract became a failure since a patient almost died due to the technical failure of the robot performing such activity. Hence, it can be referred to as unethical in nature.

Application of Character-Based Ethics Theory

The fourth distinct and important ethical theory would be character-based ethical theory. It is also termed as virtue ethical theory, in which the respective character of an individual is being checked that whether they are following an ethical approach or not. Moreover, the virtue or moral of an individual is also checked in this manner and the individuals or organizations are able to understand the ethical concept (Belle, 2017). After considering this specific ethical theory for the case scenario of robotic surgeries, it is being observed that the IT professionals wanted to help the industry and hence they were ethical for their works. Moreover, they reduced the burden of the doctors to a high level.

Proposed Solution to the Ethical Dilemma with Four Ethical Theories

A proposed solution to this specific ethical dilemma of IT professionals supporting robot-based ethics with the analyses of utilitarianism, deontology, social contract, and character-based ethical theories would be that this type of robotic surgery should be used by the health care industry (Pearson, 2017). Furthermore, the doctors should be present at the surgery place when the robots would be performing such actions to guide the robots. It is absolutely ethical in nature and would be providing some of the most distinct and noteworthy advantages to the issue. Moreover, it would ensure that the IT professionals are helping the technological developments are taking place eventually and major advantages would be provided for the doctors and patients. The social contract would be maintained by these distinct professionals and they would be able to deal with all types of manual barriers and complexities effectively and efficiently.

Application of ACS Codes of Ethics in the Case Study of Robotic Surgery

The ACS code of ethics is referred to as the part of the ACS Constitution and being the part of the constitution, it is the core responsibility of every individual or organization to follow the rules and regulations effectively for ensuring that the steps or actions, undertaken in the process are absolutely ethical in nature (ACS Code of Ethics. 2020). Proper analysis and application of ACS code of ethics in this case scenario of IT professionals enabling robot-based surgeries are provided below:

The Primacy of the Public Interests. This is the first as well as the most distinct code for ACS. It proves that the interests of the public or customers should be kept on top priority for every professional in their work. It would ensure that he or she is considering their customers’ choices on top priority from the personal, sectional, and even business interests. In this case scenario of robotic surgery, the IT professionals have kept such distinct effectiveness of technology on top point, so that the patients and doctors get maximum advantages without any type of issue. Hence, an ethical approach is being followed by these professionals and the scenario is ethical.

The Enhancement of the Quality of Life. The second significant and important code of ethics is to enhance the overall quality of life. In spite of the fact that a patient was almost killed in the process of robot-based surgery, the case scenario is absolutely ethical in nature; since the IT professionals had the intention of helping the industry and ensuring that all types of significant procedures are being followed eventually so that the doctors do not face any issue related to tremor or time and surgeries can be done at any point of time (ACS Code of Ethics. 2020). Hence, the approach of the IT professionals was ethical in nature.

Honesty. The next distinct and noteworthy code of ethics is to ensure that honesty. The professionals of information technology were absolutely ethical and honest and they have followed all types of rules and regulations related to such technologically advanced surgeries. However, there exists a risk of technological failure in every case; hence it was not their fault.

Competence. The IT professional have maintained maximum diligence as well as competence within their works and in the present situation, several such surgeries are taking place in the United Kingdom and the patients are cured accordingly.

Professional Development. Professional development was being maintained by the IT professionals in their works and they have ensured that maximum effectiveness is being gained due to such surgeries and time and cost is saved to a high level.

Professionalism. The robots, designed by the professionals are highly professional and they have maintained professionalism in their accordingly (ACS Code of Ethics. 2020). The main purpose of this particular code of ethics is that a set of values or laws is being followed for maintaining professionalism and professional attributes eventually and it is being followed by them.

Conduct And Code Of Ethics in Education

Today, students seek higher education and attend facilities as liberal arts colleges, private sectors, and public universities. These educational institutions have designed, and created performance benchmarks as a resourceful guide, to inform students, educators, and personnel on the order of regulations, policies, and procedures. At Saint Leo University their educational mission supports and facilitates opportunities for students, personal, and educators to understand the operational structure values. The University vision is focused on educating students and offering all equality, and the means to achieve higher education and tools to attain their goals while recognizing the importance of value and how it contributes to personal and professional aspects in life(Saint Leo, 2019)

Saint Leo University of ”Code of Conduct”, is used to instruct students what is required as applicable actions, and is designed exhibiting six core values. These values are tools of empowerment that offers knowledge to meet students needs. The concept of incorporating six values is too also, unify the college community and the students who are enrolled on campus or who take online courses. The internal framework is a model with a set of core values that pertain to ” excellence, respect, responsibility, stewardship, personal development, community, and integrity”(Saint Leo, 2019). At this university students are held to the highest standard when it comes to academics. All are responsible to abide by the academic honor code and should reframe from performing academic misconduct, plagiarism, or cheating.

Unfortunately, as part of the educational system, students and teachers deal on daily bases, barriers that pertain to unethical behaviors. Ethics are standards that pertain to right and wrong conduct performed by students. Saint Leo University’s, code of ethics manages common ethical issues that arise concerning disciplinary actions, such lying, taking credit for another colleagues’ work, and the use of improperly citing researched information. Incorporated within the educational framework is the zero tolerance policy that is used for aggressive, anti-social, and behavioral issues towards bullying, discrimination, sexual harassment, and carrying a firearm on campus. Ethical and Development professionals responsible for identifying personal needs and design a training program that will comply with employees needs. As part of the job, this profession requires interviewing new employees, overseeing training, evaluation of progression, and teamwork in group settings.

Today, Human Resources have been incorporated as a segment to manage and develop strategic strategies to recruit, hire, and develop plans to maximize the efficiency of an organization. Organizations with Human Resource Analysts their role involves suggesting advice on how managerial leaders can implement the appropriate measures to handle employees strategically. Managing human resources requires strategic planning to address not only employers changing needs but also a competitive job market that is constantly evolving. In order for a company to remain competitive, the HR department seeks to recruit and hire employees, who have specific skills, and are technology savvy to meet the future goals of a company. During the employment process, the Human Resource professional performs an evaluation which also determines if the candidate will fit in their community and believe in the vision of the company. In addition, human resource management (HRM), strategize to develop competitive comprehensive plans to assist employees and retain long-term commitments it requires offering a flexible work schedule, pension plan, and benefits packages.

The job of Human Resource Professional involves tackling legal and liability issues that pertain to confidentiality, labor rights, and laws. As an analyst, it requires handling ethical and legal issues with confidentiality and integrity within a work environment. As a requirement, of the HR department, confidentiality is essential and this can hinder the reputation of the individual or their career.

In business world, human resource management needs to ensure employers abide by the laws to protect their employees as well as their business. Organizations that consider marketing domestic or Internationally are responsible for implicating laws to make sure their workers receive basic rights and the company abide by national laws. Employee training is essential for developing individuals’ skill sets and expand economic growth. In the field of business, students have two types of training programs to choose; contract training or in house training.

Contract training is used to train employees from an outside organization, where In- house training is provided by the employer. A corporation that best represents an organization providing their employees with the appropriate training is the Disney Company. The family-oriented firm has two sources of training. The internal training program, ”Traditions” is an in house process that offers interns and cast members to work in ” live laboratories”, to receive the first-hand experience and attend Disney Institute, attending semesters and educational programs such as managerial leadership. In addition, the company has an educational program, Disney Aspires designed for hourly employees who want to receive trade or degree that is accredited, such as Valencia College who has collaborated educational program that is applicable to the Disney Way. Though both are a source to receive valuable knowledge and to develop skills, the two training programs offer an employer’s personnel different educational styles. Organizations that offer in-house are capable of designing the exact skills and materials for an employee to succeed in their position, while also providing convenience.

Through on the job training, employees are provided access to strategic planning and learn to establish goals and develop safe practices. Contrast training is an external development process that is taught by industry experts. Employers who use a third-party organization to train employees need to make sure the material is relevant and is designed for employees to apply for their hired position. In using a contract trainer, the specific training program developed is evaluated by the participants by providing feedback. This is how the instructors know if they had met the desired results. From the feedback, programs are continuously updated and prepared for a future session. Also, when thinking about the expense of the style of training, it is more cost-effective for employees to attend in house training programs rather than external training programs, unless the employer has a compensation plan that assists with helping to attend educational programs or vocational training programs. Training and development programs are the future to the success of any type of organization. No matter the style of training either one is beneficial and will help strengthen personal and professional skills and make a person wiser to be capable to perform the requirements of the hired position as well as achieve success.

Reference

1. EdDirect Education. (2019). Ethics in Education. [online] Available at: http://www.eddirect.com/resources/education/ethics-in-education [Accessed 2 May 2019].
2. Saintleo.edu. (2019). [online] Available at: https://www.saintleo.edu/hubfs/Greek%20Life/Student%20Affairs/Code%20of%20Conduct.pdf [Accessed 2 May 2019].
3. Smallbusiness.chron.com. (2019). The Role of Human Resource Management in Organizations. [online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/role-human-resource-management-organizations-21077.html [Accessed 2 May 2019].
4. Smallbusiness.chron.com. (2019). What Are the Major Ethical Issues Business People Face?. [online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/major-ethical-issues-business-people-face-20900.html [Accessed 2 May 2019].
5. Smallbusiness.chron.com. (2019). 10 Reasons HR Is Important to an Organization. [online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/10-reasons-hr-important-organization-22424.html [Accessed 2 May 2019].
6. WiseStep. (2019). Top 7 Legal Issues Faced in Human Resources Professionals – WiseStep. [online] Available at: https://content.wisestep.com/legal-issues-faced-human-resources/ [Accessed 2 May 2019].

Professional Code Of Ethics For Teachers

Introduction

The main purpose of education is to create skills, grasp knowledge and spread awareness about our glorious national heritage. The values enshrined in our constitution lay stress on attaining basic scientific outlook and commitment to the ideals of patriotism, democracy, secularism, socialism and peace. Education should strive for academic excellence and progress of the arts and science in conformity with our national needs and priorities. For the purpose of this code, the term ‘teacher’ covers all school teachers, on full-time or part-time basis.

Teachers help students learn the academic basics, but they also teach valuable life lessons by setting a positive example. As role models, teachers must follow a professional code of ethics. This ensures that students receive a fair, honest and uncompromising education. A professional code of ethics outlines teachers’ main responsibilities to their students and defines their role in students’ lives. Above all, teachers must demonstrate integrity, impartiality and ethical behavior in the classroom and in their conduct with parents and co-workers

Code of Ethics for Teachers

A professional code of ethics outlines teachers’ main responsibilities to their students and defines their role in students’ lives. Above all, teachers must demonstrate integrity, impartiality and ethical behavior in the classroom and in theirconduct with parents and coworkers.

Teachers help students learn the academic basics, but they also teach valuable life lessons by setting a positive example. As role models, teachers must follow a professional code of ethics. This ensures that students receive a fair, honest and uncompromising education. A professional code of ethics outlines teachers’ main responsibilities to their students and defines their role in students’ lives. Above all, teachers must demonstrate integrity, impartiality and ethical behavior in the classroom and in their conduct with parents and coworkers.

Professional Ethics and Accountability for Teachers

Ethics originated as the philosophical study, begun by Plato and Aristotle, of what constituted a good life. Under the tutelage of subsequent philosophers, the thought came about that a truly good life was a life lived virtuously. This line of though helped to establish a philosophical study of just and unjust behavior. This has taken root most especially in the professional field where the jobs of people have grant them a certain amount of authority.

Professional Ethics

If one is attempting to live a just, and therefore ethical, life, then it follows that their actions should be virtuous in their vocation as well as their personal life. This is the beginning of professional ethics. Professional ethics were established, and are constantly being developed, as a guiding set of principles that help dictate what constitutes good behavior of person in authority. Professional ethics, in short, are the means of which we judge authority’s validity.

Professional Ethical Principles:

• The following are the basic “rules” for ethical behavior:
• Not using authority to influence personal life or for monetary gain.
• Not using authority with malicious intent.
• Acting within the scope of position’s authority only.
• Not influencing or advocating unethical conduct in others.
• Acting in good faith to fulfill the duty of the position of authority.

Need of Professional Ethics:

• To aware the teachers to do their duties and abiding by truth, hard work and honesty when they tend towards comforts, selfishness, laziness and money.
• To change the conduct and behavior of teachers in such a way behind which there must be social acceptance and approval.
• To act as a role model for students by behaving in ethical manner to one and all.
• To create, sustain and maintain a reciprocal relationship between school and society for ensuring harmonious development of the students as well as of society.
• To enable every teacher for becoming a real one in truest sense of the term by moulding his personality.
• To bring improvement in professional environment to make it more conducive, favourable and appropriate for effective working. For this the teacher have to follow the ethical codes of teaching profession.

The following are some professional ethics for teachers:

• Loyalty Towards Duty
• Punctuality
• Dutifulness
• Respect for the profession
• Respect for the institution
• Respect and admiration for Co-Staff
• Strictness and straight forwardness
• Truthfulness
• Honesty
• Good Behavior Towards Students
• Use of Rights
• Motivational Attitude
• Studious / Good Learner
• Dressing Sense
• Positive Attitude
• Innovative
• Proper Use of Authority

Ethics Involving Students

A teacher has a duty to encourage students to learn to the best of their abilities, and also to teach social values such as respect for self and others, integrity, responsibility, cooperation, loyalty and honesty. Teachers must follow school rules and enforce all rules equally. Teachers must not intentionally disparage students, and must not reveal confidential information about students.

Personal Integrity and Accountability

Teachers must he honest, law-abiding citizens with great personal integrity who strive for the best possible performance as a teacher. A teacher must have all necessary qualifications before accepting a job, and continue professional growth through additional training, certifications or advanced degrees as required by their employers. A teacher must not accept gifts that might appear to influence any professional decisions. A teacher must not violate official school policies at public events, and must make sure to clearly distinguish personal statements from any comments made in a professional capacity representing the school.

Ethics Involving Colleagues

Ethical behavior also applies to colleagues, and teachers do not intentionally make false statements about colleagues or the schools where they work. A teacher must also take care to not reveal any confidential information about colleagues, nor disparage or interfere with a colleague’s choice in educational methods.

Responsibilities to Parents and the Community at Large:

A teacher must strive to maintain an open, accepting classroom environment where students from all cultural backgrounds will feel comfortable. Teachers also have a responsibility to communicate honestly and openly with the parents of students regardless of the circumstances. A teacher also has a responsibility to be an active participant in extracurricular school activities as well as in the community at large.

Commitment to the Profession

The education profession is vested by the public with a trust and responsibility requiring the highest ideals of professional service.

In the belief that the quality of the services of the education profession directly influences the nation and its citizens, the educator shall exert every effort to raise professional standards, to promote a climate that encourages the exercise of professional judgment, to achieve conditions that attract persons worthy of the trust to careers in education, and to assist in preventing the practice of the profession by unqualified persons.

Professional Values and Relationships

Teachers should:

• be caring, fair and committed to the best interests of the pupils/students entrusted to their care, and seek to motivate, inspire and celebrate effort and success

1. acknowledge and respect the uniqueness, individuality and specific needs of pupils/ students and promote their holistic development
2. be committed to equality and inclusion and to respecting and accommodating diversity including those differences arising from gender, civil status, family status, sexual orientation, religion, age, disability, race, ethnicity, membership of the Traveller community and socio-economic status, and any further grounds as may be referenced in equality legislation in the future.

• seek to develop positive relationships with pupils/students, colleagues, parents, school management and others in the school community, that are characterised by professional integrity and judgement
• work to establish and maintain a culture of mutual trust and respect in their schools.

Professional Integrity:

Teachers should:

1. act with honesty and integrity in all aspects of their work
2. respect the privacy of others and the confidentiality of information gained in the course of professional practice, unless a legal imperative requires disclosure or there is a legitimate concern for the wellbeing of an individual
3. represent themselves, their professional status, qualifications and experience honestly
4. use their name/names as set out in the Register of Teachers, in the course of their professional duties
5. avoid conflict between their professional work and private interests which could reasonably be deemed to impact negatively on pupils/students.

Professional Conduct

Teachers should:

1. uphold the reputation and standing of the profession
2. take all reasonable steps in relation to the care of pupils/students under their supervision, so as to ensure their safety and welfare
3. work within the framework of relevant legislation and regulations
4. comply with agreed national and school policies, procedures and guidelines which aim to promote pupil/student education and welfare and child protection
5. report, where appropriate, incidents or matters which impact on pupil/student welfare
6. communicate effectively with pupils/students, colleagues, parents, school management and others in the school community in a manner that is professional, collaborative and supportive, and based on trust and respect
7. ensure that any communication with pupils/ students, colleagues, parents, school management and others is appropriate, including communication via electronic media, such as e-mail, texting and social networking sites
8. ensure that they do not knowingly access, download or otherwise have in their possession while engaged in school activities, inappropriate materials/images in electronic or other format
9. ensure that they do not knowingly access, download or otherwise have in their possession, illicit materials/images in electronic or other format

The Code Of Ethics In Financial Industry

Why do we need to understand ethics in finance？

The ethical issues in the financial industry affect almost everyone. People’s lives are inseparable from the financial industry, so the moral issues of the financial industry are also the focus of attention. Many people even think that the financial services industry has more ethical issues than other industries.

The ethics in the financial industry are different from the ethics in our daily lives. What you think is ethical behavior in life may be unethical in the financial industry. For example, we have good friends who talk about everything in our daily lives. You will share everything with him. This is out of trust in him. But those engaged in the financial industry must abide by ethics. But when he shares the work information with his friends, if he knows the information but does not tell his friends, it means that he does not trust his friends, which is our deep-rooted idea. But out of the ethical standards of the industry, if he tells his friends relevant information and exerts a bad influence, this is also a violation of the ethical standards. This puts employees in an ethical dilemma.

Today, global transaction volume is gradually expanding. Although unethical situations are limited, the impact of unethical behavior is more complex and severe in the Internet age. If the company’s senior management attempts to obtain benefits, modify the financial statements and fraud, it may even cause the company to fail. And we can also find that this kind of ethical behavior is more personally controlled than the environment, so it is important to understand the ethical standards of the financial industry and establish correct regulations for employees to follow

From a philosophical point of view, ethics is equivalent to a standard that regulates people’s code of conduct. If a person follows the good side of everyone’s common understanding, then this person will be said to be ethical. But if a person does not comply with ethical standards, he may not receive serious punishment. Therefore, in this angle, ethics needs to be maintained by human self-consciousness. But the ethics of financial markets are different. The ethics of financial markets are more like a bottom line. Anyone who touches the bottom line will be punished.

Financial markets affect a large number of people. Even if you do not work in the financial field, you are still a consumer in this field. Therefore, it is very important to maintain the ethics of the financial market. The basic requirement of financial market ethics is fairness. Not everyone can abide by the financial market ethics One of the characteristics of human beings is greed. Some people’s desire for money trumps their sense of financial market ethics. This kind of person will make ethical violation behavior that destroys financial market ethics. And the most common violation of financial market ethics is insider trading.

Cases on insider trading

Sometimes insiders sell or buy stocks based on their own secret information. Next, let me share a related typical case. In December 2001, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced that it would stop the production of a drug. This drug is an important part of the company’s production line. So after the news spread, the company’s stock fell sharply. Many investors have been affected. But the company’s CEO Samuel Waksal has not been affected. Martha Stewart is one of those who has not been affected. Because Martha Stewart’s broker Peter Bacanovic told her that Samuel Waksal sold her own company’s stock. The reason the broker knew the news was that Samuel Waksal was another of his clients. After knowing this news, Martha Stewart sold 4000 shares before the news came out. The total price of the stock sold is about 250,000 dollars. After this incident, many investors began to boycott Samuel Waksal. Samuel Waksal was also forced to resign as CEO. And she was eventually arrested in 2003, sentenced to more than seven years in prison, and fined 4.3 million dollars. In 2004, Martha Stewart was also convicted of insider trading. She was sentenced to five months in prison and fined 30,000 dollars. This is a good illustration of the truth that the risks of violating financial market ethics are much higher than the benefits. Obeying the financial market ethics can make the market fairer, and your investment can also get the return you deserve.

When a person is in a different position, the information that can be obtained is different. The higher the status of a person, the easier it is to obtain internal information. But the more likely he is to violate financial ethics. The most serious event in 2020 may be the outbreak of COVID-19. This global disaster had a serious impact on the economic development of the entire world. The US stock market has experienced four unprecedented blows due to the full-scale outbreak of COVID-19 in the United States. It had negatively affected almost everyone in the financial market. But some people are not affected by the stock market crash. When the epidemic in the United States was not as serious, US Senator Richard Burr knew the severity of the epidemic in advance. He learned that the epidemic in the United States may have a serious impact on the economy. But he spread the news to the people that the US epidemic can be controlled. At the same time, he sold 33 different stocks on February 13 with a total value of between 630,000 dollars and 1.7 million dollars. He is not the only one doing this kind of behavior. After investigation, at least four senators and about twenty members of the House of Representatives sold some financial assets at the same time. Although they have been found to be selling shares, they deny that they are using information unknown to the public for profit.

Related laws and regulations

Therefore, maintaining financial market ethics requires specific means. If the relevant legal provisions are not stipulated to maintain the ethics of the financial market, there will always be such a person to disturb the fairness of the financial market. Once the financial market is no longer fair, the vitality and participation of the financial market will be greatly reduced. In fact, the law has relevant provisions. The company must report the transaction content to the company’s important internal management personnel and the board of directors and disclose the situation to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The definition of a company’s key internal personnel is a person who holds 10% or more of the company’s shares. If the Securities and Exchange Commission investigates the insider’s insider trading problem, it will be punished by law. Participants in insider trading will be fined three times their illegally obtained profits and will judge the length of jail time based on serious circumstances. This is stipulated in the ‘Internal Trading Sanctions Law’ promulgated in 1984 and the ‘Inside Trading and Securities Trading Law’ promulgated in 1988. But the law can only play a role of supervision and punishment. The most important thing is that each of us consciously abides by financial market ethics. If we do not touch this bottom line, then we will have a better financial market environment.

Conflicts of interests

Conflicts of interest is a condition in which a person has an interest that restricts that person’s ability to act in the interest of another when that person is responsible to act in that other person’s interest . In other words, financial managers should act in the interest of their clients instead of themselves.

Conflict of interest is a moral hazard. A company or its employee providing financial services realizes the interests of one party at the expense of the interests of the other party. Conflicts of interest can significantly reduce the quality of information in financial markets and make the problem of information asymmetry more serious. It will also block financial markets from transferring funds to the most productive investment opportunities and resulting in lower efficiency of financial markets and economic operations.

Conflict of interest is a moral issue for financial managers. Financial services companies or their employees hide information or provide false information, thereby harming the interests of their customers. The investment bank may allocates some popular, undervalued initial public offerings (IPOs) to company executives who have potential business with the investment banks. This behavior is called spinning. Conflicts of interest may also happen in accounting institutions. Customers will put pressure on auditors and ask them to change their comments and opinions, otherwise their accounting and management business will be delivered to other companies. Auditors provide biased audit reports in order to expand or maintain audit business. Credit rating agencies evaluate the results that satisfy the securities issuing company. In the 2007-2008 subprime mortgage crisis, institutions that should provide reliable information to investors were motivated to deceive investors, and thus profited from investors and their customers. Conflicts of interest will also happen in universal bank. Banks make active promotions. However, customers need fair and rational suggestion.

Although the market can sometimes weaken the adverse effects of conflicts of interest, it is difficult to always effectively control the driving forces of those conflicts of interest. In 2002, Sarbanes-Oxley Act was introduced. It sets new requirement for all us public company boards, management and accounting firms. It is used to monitor and prevent conflicts of interest. The Global Legal Settlement was also introduced in 2002. First, it directly reduces conflicts of interest and requires investment banks to cut off the link between research and securities underwriting. It prohibits spinning. Second, it encourages investment banks to contain conflicts of interest themselves. Accused investment bank is fined $ 1.4 billion. It proposes specific measures to improve the quality of information in financial markets. It requires investment banks to disclose the content of recommendations provided by their analysts. Investment banks are required to sign 5-year contracts with no less than 3 independent research institutions and provide research services to their brokerage clients.

Conflicts of interests can be managed by transparent regulatory measures and separation of business functions. By setting up a firewall, the business activities of different departments are separated. The agent will not be responsible for multiple principals at the same time. Conflicts of interest can also be controlled by developing a sense of professionalism so that financial agencies get to know the importance of objective independent judgement.

Conclusion

Our society is built on morality. In the financial industry, observance of ethics is very important.The consequences of unethical behavior are painful for the company and the market. Companies can implement their own ethical standards, etc. to avoid unethical events. Creating a fair and ethical financial market environment is beneficial to everyone in the market, but this requires more than company or legal constraints. It is more necessary for each of us to understand the moral standards, enhance moral awareness, and keep the moral bottom line in our hearts.

Reference

1. Boatright, J., 2011. Ethics In Finance. [online] ResearchGate. Available at: [Accessed 25 April 2020].
2. Essays, UK. (November 2018). Ethics in the Finance and Investment Industry. Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/business/ethics-in-finance-and-investing-business-essay.php?vref=1
3. Sebastian, A. (2020, January 29). Why Insider Trading Is Bad for Financial Markets. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets-economy/092216/why-insider-trading-bad-financial-markets.asp
4. Lipton, E., Fandos, N., Lafraniere, S., & Barnes, J. E. (2020, March 20). Stock Sales by Senator Richard Burr Ignite Political Uproar. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/20/us/politics/coronavirus-richard-burr-insider-trading.html
5. Insider trading. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/insider_trading
6. Hall, M. (2020, March 19). What Is Insider Trading and Is It Illegal? Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/what-exactly-is-insider-trading/

Code Of Ethics In Eclectic Alchemy Solution Pty Ltd

Eclectic Alchemy Solution Pty Ltd expects every employee to follow this set of codes, based on legislation and the values we hold. We as a company have a right to set our codes in accordance with our company brand.

Who must follow the code?

We expect all our employees and Board members to know and follow the Code. If a member of our company fails to comply with the demands set forth in our code of ethics, consequences may be put into place based on the severity of the breach of conduct. The code of ethics also applies to any volunteers, contractors and other temporarily employed members of staff to follow to code as any other member of staff may.

Customer Service

The upmost amount of integrity is expected when dealing with our customers. They need to be treated with respect and should be leaving our service with a smile on their faces. A higher standard of care is expected and should always be maintained in order for growth as a business.

Integrity

Our company upholds a professional reputation that is expected to be upheld in all that you do as an employee. Our reputation is exceptionally important for our customer to hold us as their preferred operators. A certain level of integrity should be engrained in everything you do for our corporation.

Responsiveness

Ensure that each customer gets served and finalised as soon as possible. It is essential that customers are getting processed at a rate that is in accordance with our current reputation and is of a high standard.

Support other employees

We expect that in each working environment all employees are supportive and respectful of others in the environment. Supporting each is essential for us all to reach our full potentials. As an employee of Eclectic Alchemy Solution Pty Ltd you are called to provide your upmost standard of creativity, in a safe a secure environment.

Harassment, Discrimination and Bullying

Harassment, Discrimination and Bullying is entirely not tolerated at our institution in any form verbal, physical, or visual. If you believe you’ve been bullied or harassed by anyone at Eclectic Alchemy Solution Pty Ltd, or by an Eclectic Alchemy Solution Pty Ltd partner or vendor, we strongly encourage you to instantly report the incident to your supervisor, Human Resources or both. Similarly, supervisors and managers who learn of any such incident ought to instantly report it to Human Resources. HR will promptly and completely investigate any complaints and take applicable action.

Safe Workplace

Our workplace should be considered a violence – free one. Violence of any calibre will not be tolerated, nor will any threat of violence within the workplace.

Confidentiality

Our certain kinds of company information, if leaked prematurely into the press or to competitors, can hurt our product launches, eliminate our competitive advantage and prove costly in other ways.

Ophthalmology Code Of Ethics

Preamble

As an Ophthalmologist, you are considered to be a medical practitioner. A medical practitioner is an individual who is of great significance to society due to their ability of aiding others to live a more healthier life. As an individual who is part of such a noble profession, there are areas of your practice that will require you to follow ethical principles.

Competency

“Competence involves technical ability, cognitive knowledge, and ethical concerns for the patient. (AAO)” An Ophthalmologist must;

• Not fabricate or tamper with their qualifications, as this may be lead to their discreditation and/or legal consequences.
• Acknowledge any impairment or disability that they possess and how that may affect their ability to practice.
• Practice in their area(s) of expertise, or atleast under a qualified assistant, if under any form of training (AAO).

Affiliations

It is important for an Ophthalmologist to understand and acknowledge the implications of any form of relationship in their practice. An Ophthalmologist should:

• Not practice with the intent of economic gain for an individual or institution of any sort. (AAO).
• Disclose any sort of ‘conflict of interest’ associated with their practice. An Ophthalmologist must acknowledge the manner in which their professional judgement of a patient’s health can be construed (AAO).
• Be accurate and truthful with any professional discourse done with fellow colleagues.

Patient Care

As a professional health care practitioner, an Ophthalmologist must understand that their first obligation is to the best interests of a patient’s health. An Ophthalmologist:

• Must not discriminate against a patient due to their identity
• Must make sure to obtain the written consent of a patient before any course of action is taken when regarding the treatment of the patient (ICO).
• Ensure that the privacy and confidentiality of a patient is maintained (ICO).
• Must be prompt in their response when addressing the needs of a patient that has been critically injured (ICO).
• Be faithful and accurate when disclosing information about a patient’s health to the patient or their company.
• Should not unnecessarily recommend procedures that will be of no benefit to the patient’s wellbeing. An Ophthalmologist should in fact attempt to minimize the cost of a patient’s care while considering the best interest of the patient (ICO).

Social Standards

An Ophthalmologist caters to the eye health needs of a patient and is thus an important aspect to society as a health care practitioner. In order to be socially responsible, an Ophthalmologist Should:

• Not portray themselves as a unique provider of healthcare who distinguishes themselves from other Ophthalmologists.
• Not provide a patient with any misleading information through omission when addressing their health (ICO).
• Exploiting a patient’s anxieties in order to unfairly benefit themselves (ICO).

Works Cited

1. AAO. “Code of Ethics.” American Academy of Ophthalmology, 17 May 2016, https://www.aao.org/ethics-detail/code-of-ethics#ethicsA3.
2. ICO. “Ethical Guidelines for Ophthalmologists: Ethical Principles and Professional Standards.” International Council of Opthalmologists, 9 July 2014. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjRpau5v77lAhWbKDQIHRymDAQQFjAEegQIARAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icoph.org%2Fdownloads%2Ficoethicalcode.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2ldJyreHp8M6bCrHhxh5WE

IEEE Code Of Professional Values And The Manner In Which Individuals In The RSS Should Follow The Moral Dilemmas

Introduction

information technology is a relatively new discipline and continuous innovation. IT professionals are ethically ethical with changing discipline, changing discipline, ethical discipline based on limited discipline – with a special precedent or cumulative wisdom. Discipline does not change much with the growth of ethics in the industry, although significant changes occur. Moreover, some predict that problems with the most powerful code of conduct around the computer have not been revealed yet. Of course, the Code of Ethics is a tough challenge for IT professionals, in fact, ‘although the computer revolution is often described as’ technical, ‘but the reality is primarily social and ethical’

Professionals, employers, intellectuals and students recognize the importance of ethics for IT practitioners. For example, according to an international survey by Information Systems Professionals, over 90% felt that professional standards had to be enforced. An Australian survey by Information Systems Professionals and Educators revealed that morality was one of the most important aspects of undergraduate degree programs for students. Another Australian study comparing student student prospects with student student expectations has revealed that there is significant importance to business ethics in business ethics.

Rights vs virtue

The ethical field is widely applied in various fields. There are several ethics relevant to the ICT industry. The objective of the report is to explain all ethics and professional ethics relevant to the ICT sector. The moral theories and the related themes for information technology cover each detailed description. This report highlights the contrast and contradiction between different moral theories.

It gives an explanation of the rights of all the rights of the general public, and allows the public to accept or reject it. An activity or choice If the function or assumption of the privileges of other people is to be considered morally right, The owner’s assumption is usually two times (not accurate). The first is God’s rights. This thought declares that the rights are from God. This assumption is erroneous on the basis that there is no evidence that God exists. One of the wrong censorship of rights is the right granted by the government. In the state’s recognized rights, the legislature selects the right activities. Some think that governments have endorsed the recognized rights of the state. The current human rights, legitimate rights and legally binding rights. Human rights are not respect for any nationality and religion. The legal right is that a person is approved in a legal framework

Virtue Ethics

This is to define some kind of function based on the character of a person, or distinctly morally definite performance, in a certain way or in the performance of the process of that process.

Following are three main elements of this moral theory:

Judaism: This is the core of the code of ethics that says that a person’s prime intent is saturation. The main goal of a happy life is a personality trait that can contribute to good.

Ethics of Protection: This is the second factor in practical ethics that suggests the importance of collaboration, community and relationship above the collective standards and impartiality. It supports the well-being of the rest of the community and the guests and for the well-being of the people. Product based Theory: This agent evaluates a certain process or judging ethics based on ethical and moral feelings.

This theory is appropriate to the information technology field in the context of a number of activities that are morally ill-founded by IT systems. For example, downloading content from the Internet to movies and other rights is a general practice performed by every other user. It is ethically wrongly regarded as theoretical. However, it is morally correct by justifying the ethics of ethics to justify the unity of the individual. It says that content has been uploaded for fun and entertainment and has been shared with friends and family. Such activities are said to be inaccurate.

Rights Ethics

The Second Theory of Ethics relating to ICT and its content is the Theory of Human Rights. First and foremost, legal rights when discussing rights to a person. Every citizen of this country is entitled to be provided by the state and federal government. In addition, there is another right that is called natural rights. This theory is based on the second rights, such as thought, belief, customs, and freedom.

These principles apply to the IT industry, as it assesses certain actions measured on the basis of the rights granted to each person. For example, there are specific rules in every country and impedes people’s ability to restrict the content of a particular website on a content that condemns a person or condemns the government’s content. However, this moral theory aims at the individual to use his / her belief and expression

Theory Of Relativist

Morality is a code of ethics relative to the customs, traditions and standards of one’s society and culture. Among some of the events that have been named morally rightly based on the norms of the law, the other is called a moral error by the other community or society. It is appropriate for the world of Information and Communication Technology. For example, YouTube is a site blocked in some areas. Also, there are a number of organizations that allow Facebook and other social networks to use apps. Some people do not allow them to use such terms. The main reason for this is the negative impact on the productivity of employees. However, there are no restrictions on these applications in other parts of the world due to non-justification of the use of terms like YouTube and Facebook based on the standards of society.

Objectivist

The root cause of this theory is the cause, the object and the self. By means of various sources and sources of living. Objective is the way to choose the person in your life. Includes selfish content and motivation. The theory of objectivism is based on these values. In accordance with this theory, the Code of Practice in any ICT activity in the Information and Communication Technology world. For example, from now on, the downloading process of copyright contents of the website discussed under the Code of Ethics is fair. However, this act may impose. legal penalties and punishments, leading morally to the same process under the theory of objectivism.

Theory of Objectivist and Relativit

Relativity is anything that the person thinks of a person definitely determines what is ethically based on right or wrong. Politely, one does not feel the same to someone else. This may be due to various questions. The so-called hatred can be identified by isolating both a good and a bad person outdoors. When deciding the public, it is called traditionalism. However, objectivity is expressed by the idea that good and evil is what is good and what is bad for people to consider it.

Consequentialist

This moral theory is that a certain activity is morally correct and that these consequences are in no way harmless. The following two fundamental principles are related to the following moral theory:

The results or consequences of this process determine that the action is right or wrong.

This act correctly determines the positive effect of the Act.

There are many forms of this theory, such as Theravadaism. That action, or the importance of human well-being or the wellbeing of the process, is of utmost importance. On the other hand, chauvinism says that a person’s greed is a matter of high concern

This theory applies to Information Communication Technology and its related activities. Based on other ethical principles, the actions of the information technology industry are justified by the moral consequences of their negative consequences. For example, indexing ethics has been named morally as if indexing is done for personal gain when downloading free of charge free content. The uniqueness principle acts morally as a failure of the proprietor of the process. There may be legal obligations for user and content providers. The main consequences of this action have been called upon to harm the parties involved in the moral and moral misconduct.

Deontology

The theoretical theory of ethics is the theory of a certain function of a function that is based on the control or duty associated with it with the level of compliance. The outcome of this process of action is to consider not only the consequences or consequences but also the adherence to defence law.

This is true in the field of information technology. There are several guidelines and rules associated with this section. For example, there are a number of project management methods defined in project management. The customer will need to connect with each project. The Waterfront module is only when the customer starts and closes. If a project is operating, the customer should not be involved after completing the specific sprite, if it is operated by an appropriate method. That act is regarded as a moral lie. In accordance with these rules, the customer may need to review and consult the project manager or other member of the project team.

Consequentialist vs Deontology

Satisfaction with the satisfaction of a definite result means that they do not follow the principles and guidelines set out in Deontology by following standards and control in specific results. When you have a specific promise, it is correct to follow the guidelines by following the correct guidelines.

Code of ethics and competence as standards for IT teaching and enterprise

The ICT Code of Practice records the moral and professional responsibilities of ICT. The Code of Practice should give advice on what society expects to accomplish in practice, what their friends expect and what each is expected of. In addition, it is necessary for the public to be notified of the code-specific duty code for the profession.

A two-party international computer association, one that is approved by CS and ACM, is a guide for members of ICT professionals. This code was created by a multinational task force with additional inputs from industry, government positions, military installations and other professionals from professionals in the profession.

In the only spirit that creates ethics, the IEEE Computer Society and ACM’s IT professionalism and salutation will help this code make the code a more effective tool. Publishing studies in these cases, the adoption of a supplementary census, the development of curriculum, working workshops and collaboration with licensing agencies and trade unions.

Problems with information technology

The importance of IT is important to our lives and is confronted with serious ethical challenges and is confronted with the challenges of IT specialists and IT users. With the advent of the emerging market in emerging IT systems, many IT professionals and users are not aware of the challenges posed by these technologies. They face major challenges, such as information technology, privacy, security, copyright violations and computer crime. Many criminals are very keen on the development of loopholes in technology. Cybercrime has become a profession that has become increasingly advanced since IT has been greatly assisted in the speed, flow and accessibility of information technology. Many businesses and organizations are at risk of becoming a cybercaster every day. Most, all businesses did not have digital networking

Security: With the tools of the Internet, any computer or system has become hacked as long as they connect to the Internet. Hackers can access to users’ computers and use hackers to collect data on for their own sake (Internet addressing) address. Also, whenever we use the internet, there are a wide range of cookies using the Internet, and information providers have been exposed to fraudulent and conflicting situations. Many large companies decide to determine these products or services that we can promote. When connected to the online banking, money can be transferred, hackers can easily suspend it, and all the money is transferred to their desired accounts that affect the bank using their banking technology using banking.

Privacy Issues: We have been able to share information and communicate information over the Internet. It even exploits our privacy. There are many ways in which we exploit our personality

Using the Web Web Cam, experienced computer users can cast any website of any online computer and they will give access to your personal life, most popular people are victims of these online stalkers. (A good example is that Dawn Raviva spied out of a room of a student at Rutgers University.)

Using social networks, the main concept of these networks is sharing your life with them new and old friends, however, piercing this window means photos when you take your photo during your lifetime, they Like to send it out to their friends who do not like you, you can expose yourself to the wrong intentions to use your data, and the skin Credits have been published to spy on their social networks.

Conclusion

This report on the IEEE Code of Professional Code of Ethics is also proud of how IEEE members should follow professional policy ethics.

At the end of this report, the Code of Conduct will enlighten on ethics and will help to understand the moral theory by understanding the importance of the IT business and the understanding of moral principles. Following the morality and the correctness As IT experts as well as the moral issues in this report have been recorded as IT features, a way must be found to prevent such a moral shortcoming. In addition to this report on the IEEE Code of Professional Values and the manner in which individuals in the RSS should follow the moral dilemmas,

Code Of Ethics: Ethical Framework Or Process For Resolving Dilemmas

Section one: Describing and Defining

The development of a code of ethics in an organization or country is based on the premise that ethical behavior is at the core of every profession. The Canadian Association of Social Workers (CASW) adopted a new code of Ethics on National Social Work Week 2005. Therefore, the Code of Ethics sets forth values and principles to guide social workers’ professional conduct but cannot guarantee because ethical behavior stems from a social worker’s commitment to engage in ethical practices. However, as much as it cannot ensure professional conduct, it is used to evaluate professional conduct among employees or social workers in organizations (Azzopardi & McNeill, 2016). Therefore, in Canada, each territory and province is responsible for the regulation of the ethical code of conduct among the social workers and ensures the protection of the public. Every social worker is therefore required to conduct any relevant regulatory body and establish if they conform to any code of ethics.

The thinking for the development of the code of ethics in Canada was due to the recognition of individual and professional diversity. This event is because there are reasonable differences of opinion which exist among social workers in which values and principles should be given priority in a particular situation. Lack of professional code of ethics, employees might end up engaging in conflicts because of behaviors that might affect the others, whether knowingly or unknowingly. These codes of ethics were therefore developed to ensure that social workers are aware of any conflicts between personal and professional values and on how to deal with them responsibly (Edwards & Addae, 2015). Second, the code of ethics was developed because ethical behavior requires due consideration of issues and judgment. It is possible to have conflict social and employee issues and therefore to respond to these issues appropriately there is a need a set of ethical code of conduct which will serve as the standards for analyzing the issues and finding solutions.

I believe these codes of ethics will help promote ethical behavior at work. In as much as they do not guarantee social worker’s ethical behavior, they provide a framework through which employee behavior can be regulated. Hey, serve as the principal code of conduct in which any behavior outside the established code of ethics is considered to be unethical and subject to an established organization or legal rules (Reamer, 2015). Currently, we have witnessed an incidence where employees have been misused in their organization, these code of ethics it will enable the management to treat all employees as equal and think from their perspective as well.

Section Two: Ethical Framework or process for resolving Dilemmas

The efficiency through which ethical dilemmas are resolved depends on the framework adopted by the organization or the party resolving the conflict, there, the regulatory authority or the labor union. A useful framework involves identifying the problems and parties involved in implementing the course of action and monitoring its progress. Different ethical frameworks have been developed to help in resolving dilemmas involving social workers in their code of conduct. Such frameworks include the ICAEW Ethical Framework and CASW Ethical Framework.

The ICAEW Ethical Framework/model

This ethical framework has been developed to govern the behavior of accountants in England and Wales. ICAEW stands for the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales. Therefore, based on the provisions of the code of ethics for the accountants, all ICAEW members are expected to demonstrate the highest standards of professional conduct and to provide for the public interest (Stockall & Dennis, 2015). Their ethical behavior plays a vital role in ensuring public trust in financial reporting and business practices and upholding the reputation of the accountancy profession. For any ethical dilemma, this framework can be effectively be used to solve social workers’ ethical dilemmas in the code of conduct. The framework involves seven essential steps to resolving ethical dilemmas.

The first step involves gathering the relevant facts and identifying the problems. It is impossible to resolve an ethical dilemma without the right information and facts with the issues (Mullaly, 2006). This event helps in reducing common assumptions about ethical behavior. Once the relevant facts have been obtained, then the next step is to identify the affected parties and how much have they been affected. The third step in the framework is to identify the ethical issues in the dilemma being resolved, and this event is achieved by reviewing the code of ethics, which in our case, would refer to the new CASW code of ethics. The analysis of the issues rests on organizational, professional, and personal perspectives to the point. The analysis also seeks to establish if the issues are likely to affect the reputation of the organization and the social work profession and whether they affect or have the potential to affect the public interest (Eaton, 2019). The fourth step involves identification of the basic principles that are affected, such as integrity, professional competence, professional behavior, advocacy, among others. Once these have been established, the next step would be to employ the internal organization procedures of dealing with the issue with the established organization policies. The six steps would be to consider any alternative course of action such as applicable laws and regulations and finally implementing the course of action and monitoring the progress.

The advantage of this framework is that it offers the managers an efficient way of resolving dilemmas in the assessment of the issues from an in-depth analysis and hence enabling them to address the problems from a broad perspective. However, the primary demerit is that the steps may take too long before the issues have been resolved, given the analysis of the ethical issue.

CASW Ethical Framework

This framework has been developed by the National Association of Social Workers to address the ethical dilemma’s involving social workers (Catacutan & De Guzman, 2015). This event is most applicable ethical framework for resolving difficulties among social workers in Canada but can also be applicable in other professions and countries. The framework includes six steps for enabling managers to effectively resolve ethical dilemmas among involving social workers.

The first step involves the determination or company of whether there is an ethical issue or dilemma. Such an issue may arise from a conflict of rights and values or even professional misconduct. Once the problems have been established, the manager would then identify the fundamental values and principles or violated. Mullaly (2006) indicates such key values may include no upholding confidentiality when accessing organization information. The third step according to the framework, is to rank the values, or the principles identified according to the manager’s professional judgment. Then, the manager, after ranking the values and beliefs, will then develop an action plan which corresponds to the ethical priorities that have been determined as central to the dilemma. He will then later proceed with the implementation plan by utilizing most appropriate practical skills and competencies. Lastly, the manager would reflect on the outcome of the ethical decision-making process by evaluating the consequences of the process to the involved parties.

The more strength of this framework is that it can single out the ethical issues causing dilemmas and focusing on it without necessarily focusing on other issues outside the moral dilemma. Thus, it provides the manager with the ability to resolve the dilemma within the shortest time possible. However, its primary weakness is that it overlooks other social issues that might be related to the dilemma, and hence, it is possible to resolve the issue partly.

Section Three: Self Awareness about my Work Ethics

As part of social work, working with children who are abused and facing domestic violence cases is challenging, as I believe, would pose a big ethical dilemma. In a situation where I am requested to make a report about child abuse, and I have concerns over releasing information is a case of a moral dilemma. There, I would be faced with the tension to release the report, and the desire to respect confidentiality. However, there, by applying the NASW code of ethics, there is a provision which requires social workers to acknowledge our obligation to follow legal requirement and to protect the vulnerable then in this case it would be justifiable and ethically correct to provide the statutory report on child abuse irrespective of the confidentiality concerns.

The second ethical dilemma situation is when I am operating as a social worker in healthcare facilities by assisting the physician in handling counseling services. However, I am confronted by a patient missing the physician who requires immediate treatment and in this case, out of my level of competence of the profession. There is an ethical dilemma that this patient may not receiving any clinical attention and help if I do not intervene due to not the physician or any other healthcare professional such as a nurse. However, it is against the social work code of ethics to engage in a practice that is above, my competence level. In this case, I would only be of help to the patient up to the limit of my professional competence and not anything outside that framework.

Section Four: Working through it

After the analysis above, I believe that the second ethical dilemma situation is critical. Typically, we are presented with a job that is beyond our scope of competence. However, given the severity of the condition and the likely consequences to the party concerned, we may end in an ethical dilemma between observing the legal requirements and breaking the code due to other ethical concerns. In a situation where I am working in a clinical health care facility as a social worker offering counseling services to patients, by my professional competence and legal requirement, I am only required to undertake duties as per the limits of my professional expertise.

However, there, a patient visits the community healthcare facility where I am working as a social worker and does not find any nurse or physician available to attend to her. The distance between this community healthcare building and the next facility would worsen the patient situation. I’m faced with the ethical dilemma of helping the patient by prescribing any form of treatment, which could help remedy the situation as I contact the healthcare professions in further directions. By doing so, I would be going against the CASW code of ethics, which requires social workers to offer their services as limited to there are or competence. It is also against the nursing code of ethics for any other professional other than the nurses, and the physicians to administer treatment or any form of assessment outside their scope to the patients. The best services I would have offered would be counseling services deemed to understand the source of the patient’s problems and providing mental health services through counseling but not to offer any treatment help to the patient. It is against the code of ethics for a social work practitioners to engage in services which are outside the scope of our professional competence. However, the desire to help the patient given her condition is quite overwhelming as there is an urgency to help. The ethical dilemma there, therefore, requires an effective model or framework for resolving the dilemma and ensuring the best possible solution or course of action takes place.

After solving the ethical dilemma, I would apply the CASW ethical framework for resolving an ethical dilemma. This framework has been developed by the National Association of Social Workers to address the ethical dilemma’s involving social workers (Catacutan & De Guzman, 2015). This event is most applicable ethical framework for resolving difficulties among social workers in Canada but can also be applicable in other professions and countries. The framework includes six steps for enabling managers to effectively resolve ethical dilemmas among involving social workers.

The first step would, therefore, be to determine whether there is a moral issue or difficulty where, there, indeed, there is a professional, ethical issue. Once I have identified the problems, I would then determine the fundamental values and principles or violated. There, I would look at the violation of scope of practice while denying seeing the patient then would be potentially in conflict with our commitment to promote the well-being of clients. The third step according to the framework, is to rank the values, or the principles identified according to the manager’s professional judgment. There, I would rate the need to promote a professional code of conduct as the number one principle and value and the need to help the patient as the second value based on the impact on the parties or the public interest. This step would enable me to identify the most affected party and the code of ethics or principles and values violated and develop an appropriate actions. Based on the rankings, I would then develop an action plan which corresponds to the ethical priorities that have been determined as central to the dilemma and later proceed with the implementation plan by utilizing the most appropriate practical skills and competencies. Lastly, I would reflect on the outcome of the ethical decision-making process by evaluating the consequences of the process to the involved parties.

Section Five: Discussion

As a future social worker, I would be committed to observing the professional code of conduct in my bid to advocate for the oppressed, the voiceless, and others who are unable to advocate for themselves. However, to achieve this, I could express adherence to the social work values or promoting service, social justice, dignity, and worth of a person, the importance of human relationships, integrity, and competence. My strengths are, therefore, in the ability to uphold the values of social work in my practice. However, my more weaknesses in dealing with any legal situation which conflicts with the benefits of social work as prescribed or any situation which presents an ethical dilemma. However, I intend to improve on my strengths by focusing on how to effectively integrate ethical behavior to my social work practice, by doing so I could analyze the situation and areas which require the application of the various codes of ethics as established by CASW.

References

1. Azzopardi, C., & McNeill, T. (2016). From cultural competency to cultural consciousness: Transitioning to a critical approach to working across differences in social work. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 25(4), 282-299.
2. Catacutan, M. R. G., & De Guzman, A. B. (2015). Ethical decision-making in academic administration: A qualitative study of college deans’ ethical frameworks. The Australian Educational Researcher, 42(4), 483-514.
3. Eaton, C. (2019). Ethical Dilemmas with Older Adults in Health and Human Services.
4. Edwards, B., & Addae, R. (2015). Ethical decision-making models in resolving ethical dilemmas in rural practice: Implications for social work practice and education. Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics, 12(1), 88-92.
5. Mullaly, B. (2006). Forward to the past: The 2005 CASW Code of Ethics. Canadian Social Work Review/Revue Canadienne De service social, 23(1/2), 145-150.
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Position Paper: Importance of the Code of Ethics for Engineers

Introduction:

The Professional Engineers of Ontario (PEO) value accountability, respect, integrity, professionalism and teamwork [1] and hold their members to a high standard as they represent the field of engineering in their work. The Professional Engineers Act of Ontario regulates the standards and engineering practices for the province and includes a statutory mandate to protect the public interest where engineering is concerned [1]. The Act was created in 1922 and is tasked with maintaining a Code of Ethics that as future Professional Engineers we will be required to follow. Section 77.2.i of the code, states that “A practitioner shall regard the practitioner’s duty to public welfare as paramount” [2]. For all disciplines of engineering, the work we do affects the public and their safety, either directly or indirectly, and we are therefore required to put their health and wellness first.

Before new engineers are eligible to apply for Professional Engineering status they graduate from their undergraduate degree with a ring ceremony. This ceremony, referred to as the Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer, directs newly qualified engineers toward the consciousness of their profession and its social significance [3]. The iron ring, worn on the little finger of their working hand, signifies pride in your profession while reminding the wearer of their humility. The ring serves as a reminder to live by a high standard of professional conduct [3] and as it rests on the page when signing off on professional documents, its significance should not be taken lightly.

Reason for Including in the Act:

The Professional Engineers Act, the Code of Ethics, and the iron ring all serve to protect the public by creating performance guidelines and standards and reminding working engineers of the importance of their attention to detail. In my opinion, section 77.2.i of the code is one of the most important as it can be easy to get distracted by other aspects of the job such as deadlines, costs, and pressures and what needs to come first is public safety. If a building is constructed, an electric circuit is implemented, a code is written for an autonomous system, or a chemical compound is created, any of which will be used by the public, it is our responsibility to ensure that every possible precaution has been taken to avoid any injuries or deaths to those exposed. Engineering in general is a precise science and the highest safety standards must always be adhered to. There have been many noteworthy engineering disasters in the past and it is our duty to learn from those mistakes, consign the events to history, and continue to make things safer and prevent more accidents in the future.

One of the most disastrous engineering failures in history is Chernobyl. The nuclear plant exploded in 1986 after plant operators violated technical specifications during an experiment to test a new reactor cooling procedure to be used in an emergency [4]. The operators ran the plant at very low power, without taking extra precautions, making the reactors very unstable. This test was pushed forward by the Deputy Chief Engineer who went against protocol regardless of objections by operators on staff that night. The reactors were not appropriately cooled, and the power output accelerated. This led to an uncontrollable power surge destroying one of the reactors, shattered fuel tubes and caused a steam explosion [4]. The reactor’s core was exposed to the environment and deadly radioactive material escaped, contaminating up to 17 million people. This disaster could have been avoided if the proper process controls were in place and the operators had received adequate training [4]. It is catastrophic errors like this that we need to learn from and feel the weight of in order to take our profession seriously. When there are human lives involved, even the smallest tasks can make a difference.

Importance in Overall Strategy:

The Code of Ethics, and ‘ethics’ more generally, is a set of moral principles to be followed, an outline of what is right and wrong. Most sections of the code seem like common sense to most, as they are thoughts and actions that most people would deem immoral without obligation and would not consider doing. However, they are written in the code specifically so that there can be no question as to what is expected of an engineer in practice. For section 77.2.i, when it brings the welfare of the public into the code, this should be a very obvious statement for anyone reading it. Morally, none of us should be doing anything at any time that we know could be harmful to another. Even though this seems apparent in everyday life, for it to be enforceable in the workplace it must be in the code. Therefore, if your profession expects that you meet the public’s needs and provides you with the authority to make decisions on the building of structures, delivery of power or operation of a machine, for example, a statement imposing the protection of public health and safety is necessary.

Enforceability:

Professional engineers generate products that create wealth and overall economic benefit to society, but also have the potential to cause harm to the public if incorrect decisions are made [5]. The PEO is the regulatory body in the province for the Professional Engineers Act and therefore the Code of Ethics. The governing members are trained individuals who together, after a formal hearing, decide if there has been professional misconduct. It is the obligation of the PEO to not only define the regulations and ethics which the engineers must follow, but also to ensure that their members are held to those defined standards. Section 72.2.g of the Act states that “Professional misconduct means a breach of the Act or regulations, other than an action that is solely a breach of the code of ethics [1]. Persons or companies found to have failed to comply with sections of the Act are disciplined appropriately. However, the Code of Ethics is not enforceable on its own as moral are subject to opinion and there is no clear lines of right vs wrong. Section 77.2.i regarding public welfare is covered by other sections of the Act, such as 72.2.c, 78.1, 33.1.4 and 52.3.e, all of which are considered professional misconduct, and is therefore reprimandable. The enforceability of the Act ensures that members who fail to maintain the expected standards of practice are subject to an objective disciplinary process that will determine whether there has been a failure to meet the prescribed standards [5].

The following is a summary of an example of a P.Eng. facing consequences due to professional misconduct which put public safety at risk. The accused member, Waldemar M Widla (Widla) was a professional engineer holding a certificate of authorization working for Fulton Engineered Specialties Inc (FESI) completing structural engineering tasks. FESI worked together with other engineering firms to install a solar panel array on the roof of a building partly owned by Widla. Under the agreement, FESI was responsible for providing and installing the attachment plates for pull-out force that were supposed to be in accordance with the structural design completed by another company. The building was sold in the middle of the project and Widla was notified that the building permit was still outstanding. A letter was required by a professional engineer confirming that the solar panel work required to be done was in accordance with the structural drawings. Widla signed and sealed a letter from FESI stating that all work completed followed the issued drawings. In fact, Widla had not inspected the work nor did he inspect the drawings. After the building sold it was discovered that Widla’s statements had been false and despite being advised that the work was not completed as required he took no steps to correct or amend the work or the letter. Widla and FESI were found guilty of professional misconduct for signing and sealing a letter to a building official that failed to make reasonable provisions for the safeguarding of life, health or property of a person who may be affected by the work. Widla’s licence and FESI’s certificate of authorization were suspended as a result.

Conforming to this Code:

I find this section of the code an easy one to conform to as it fits in-line with my personal morals and standards. My past work experiences have also been in line with the ethics outlined in the Act and have therefore been positive work environments to be a part of. I spent 5 years working as a Health and Safety Specialist for JAtech Services, owned and operated by Jay Armstrong. Jay is an engineering technologist specializing in machinery vibration and diagnostic testing. He believes that “going home safely at the end of the day is the most important aspect of any job”. As a company completing non-invasive mechanical testing on equipment the work is not considered high risk in comparison with the industry standard, however there is always room for human error. Jay believes that “as much as work safety can be pushed on the job site and during training, it comes down to how safe each individual plans to work each day”. It is easy to be distracted on the job, but it is just as easy to focus on what you are doing in a critical situation and make smart choices. As a future engineer I believe these statements hold true whether someone works with their hands or spends their work days in an office. Each and every time a decision or calculation is made health and safety concerns must come first. Mark Baird, P.Eng. believes “A professional engineer seeks to apply their sound moral reasoning, technical competency, communication ability, and ethical behavior to all situations they are faced with, both on and off the clock. I will know that I am truly a professional engineer when other people see me as someone who possesses those traits”. Mark works in the manufacturing industry and considers himself lucky to be part of an organization that holds its members accountable for their actions.

I completed two co-operative summer student positions with London Hydro and was very interested to lean how large a role public welfare played in this profession. Of course, in regards to potential contact with live circuits public safety was the number one priority. However, even smaller tasks such as removing a retired hydro pole involved numerous safety standards in place to not only protect the workers but also the public. Standards on how to place traffic cones around a stopped vehicle depending on the work and type of road, standards on the height and amount of fencing required around a hole that would be left open between work hours, etc. There was always consideration for how long people would be without power during a scheduled or incidental outage as summer and winter conditions can put people without power at risk.

Ethical behaviour is crucial in the workplace as an engineer. Safety is closely related to ethical behaviour, and part of our duty as an engineer is to ensure the safety of civilians with everything we do and create. Safety is the number one priority at almost any workplace, so it should take priority over anything. I personally think that this is one of the most important part of our code, mainly that people should not be afraid to stick up for what they think is right. It is part of our humanity to feel guilty when we notice something does not abide by our standards or morals, and we will feel guilty if we do not do what it is right. As hard as it may be to go against what others are saying, it is so important to make sure that everything with my signature on it is something I am proud of and something that I know will not jeopardize society. The main thing that must be kept up in my career is that remaining ethical is not a static issue. It requires review and evaluation. Companies need to periodically review their priorities and make necessary adjustments. Otherwise, their standards and training become obsolete.

References:

1. Professional Engineers Ontario. 2018. PEO. Accessed February 6, 2019. http://www.peo.on.ca
2. 77.2.i, Code of Ethics. 1990. “Regulation 941. General.” Professional Engineers Act, R.S.O. P.28
3. The Corporation of the Seven Wardens Inc. 1922. The Calling of an Engineer. Accessed February 6, 2019. http://www.ironring.ca.
4. Mackay, Caroline. 2017. “Engineering Failures: Chernobyl Disaster.” Engineering Institute of Technology.
5. Sal Guerriero, P.Eng. 2003. “Code of Ethics – a misnomer?” Engineering Dimensions.