Parents and society at large must ensure that children of all ages are protected from fire and related accidents. Childrens safety is an important feature of family wellbeing. Therefore equipment that exposes children to risks of fire like loaded matchboxes which are accessible to them or openly burning fires like those used to burn litter and garbage increase the chances of starting a fire and hence putting children at risk. Such things therefore should be handled carefully and put away from young children. Open fires like those of burning garbage should have adult supervision or be put out so that children can not find and play with them.
Body
At residential places, children can play with electrical plugs, matches as well as naked flames. The Government Firework Code should act as a guide to parents as they endeavor to keep homes and schools a safe place for young children. Educative resources on fire safety for children at school and residential places include worksheets, interviews, interactive actions, and pictures to paint for small children.
A larger section of Houston is found on the coastal plains of the gulf which favors forests and grasslands of temperate vegetation. The city is mainly flat and this is an explanation for frequent floods that affect the city during rainy seasons. Before the city was built, the area the city seats on used to be occupied by quagmires, forest land, marshland, and pampas. The city has an altitude of fifteen meters above the level of the sea and depends on lakes; Houston, Livingstone, and Conroe as the main sources of water.
Although Houston is the main city and capital of Texas, most of its fire safety measures are basic and mainly focus on business premises and general commercial buildings like banks, companies, hotels, and so on. Few entrepreneurs have ventured into fire safety for children because the returns from this venture are not as lucrative as those of related businesses (Gotham, 2004).
Houston is a metropolitan city and people from all backgrounds of the world live together. Its economy greatly relies on the numerous academic institutions which exist in the city, powerful manufacturing industries, and the port. A big percentage of Houstonians are young people with children and hence the focus of this project. The 2010 census report indicated that Houston had a population of 2,099,451 people living in an area of about seventeen hundred kilometers square. The majority of its citizens are of the middle class with an estimated income of dollars; thirty-seven thousand and forty thousand for household and family respectively.
More men than women are in business and employment and the disparity between the incomes of the two genders is five thousand dollars. A smaller segment (about nineteen percent) is reported to be living below the poverty line according to the USA census bureau. Reports by percentage indicate that the whites are the majority being 51 percent of the total population of Houston. Other races make up 26 percent, 24 percent, and 0.7 percent for non-Hispanic whites, blacks (African American), and American Indians respectively. Houston has attracted numerous immigrants who are estimated to be about four hundred thousand. Many of them have come to work in various economic sectors of Houston while a bigger percentage is there to learn in numerous academic institutions present in the city.
Ethnically, almost all the races of the world are represented in Houston. Whites, black Americans, Indians, Vietnamese, Chinese, Indians, Pakistani, Filipino, Korean, Japanese, and so on life together. However, a large percentage (about 44%) have their origin from Latino, about 32 % originate from Mexico among other numerous groups with diverse origin.
The population is made up of mainly middle-class people mostly working in the main industries of Houston (financial, service, and manufacturing industries); others work in numerous academic institutions that are present in the city.
The above demographic report indicates that most families in Houston have young children whose safety is a concern to both their parents and the federal government. Most of the time, these children are with their teachers at school or with their parents at home. Protective measures should therefore be implemented at school and home. The main focus of the project is therefore to carry out a lot of awareness on child protection against fire-related accidents as well as publicize available organizations which are involved in child protection.
The first protective measure is to prevent the fire from occurring. At home, it is a little bit easier to keep children from fire-related accidents especially if there is a responsible adult who stays with them. Basic preventative measures include putting off unused flames as well as ensuring that children are kept away from burning flames. The risk of getting burnt however is higher in toddlers and infants around the age of two years who are at an explorative stage of their childhood. It is also important to put out fires outside the house especially in places where children can reach them (Johnston, 1991).
Schools are riskier than homes and therefore utmost attention should be given to ensure that children in school especially those boarding do not fall victims to a fire outbreak. Schools should always have fire fighting equipment and teachers, subordinate/support staff and parents should be taught how to use this equipment and other fire fighting skills. Older children should be taught how to escape whenever a fire breaks out both at school and home.
Fundamentally, parents and teachers should know potentially hazardous places both at school and home and should put measures in place to prevent fire from erupting in such places. In addition, it is recommended to confirm that homes/ schools electrical connections, electrical appliances and cords are in good condition. Do not overuse extension cords and always use correct voltage bulbs. Repairs and replacements of electrical devices should be done by an expert especially those that are overheated, produce abnormal smells as well as those that remove sparks (Bernard, 2007).
Children should be supervised while completing assignments that require the application of electricity and those intending to use pieces of equipment in the kitchen. It is also important to ensure that lamps and bulbs do not reach drapes, bed covers, and other fabrics in sleeping rooms.
Conclusion
Conclusively, parents, teachers, and guardians should be educated on how to protect children from fire-related accidents both at home and school. They should also be taught basic fire management skills so that whenever an instance of fire outbreak occurs they should know how to appropriately respond to it as emergency firefighters are called to rescue and mitigate the effects of a fire outbreak.
Reference list
Bernard, K. (2007). Structural Fighting: Strategies and Tactics. New York City: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
Gotham, E.T. (2004). Sabine Pass: the Confederacys Thermopylelae. Austin, Texas: University Of Texas Press.
Johnston, M. (1991). Houston, the Unknown City, 1836-1946. Texas: Texas University Press.
Protecting children is the polices responsibility.
Preparing a pre-inspection project.
Identifying potential risk areas.
Determining the methods of communication with stakeholders.
Assessing the principles of inspection.
Preparing a work breakdown structure and Gantt chart.
To prepare the Abu-Dhabi police for inspection, a preliminary inspection project should be organized. Potential risks will be reviewed to determine the key areas of work. Identifying stakeholders and how to interact with them will help create a clear communication framework. Inspection principles will be identified, and a work breakdown structure and Gantt chart will be compiled.
Identifying Risks
Vulnerable children are identified.
Behavioral patterns are compared ( National Child Protection Inspection Programme, 2020a).
Different boards are engaged.
Data about alleged offenses are collected ( National Child Protection Inspection Programme, 2020b).
Local statistics and reports are utilized.
Timely risk identification is imperative for the full protection of children by the police. Specific cases need to be identified based on local reports and statistical assessments. The real data of alleged offenses are to be compiled by utilizing various services. Based on this information, the characteristic behavioral patterns of abuse should be emphasized.
Risk Areas
Children at risk of harm.
Domestic abuse ( National Child Protection Inspections, 2018).
Child sexual exploitation ( National Child Protection Inspections, 2018).
The risks of parental neglect.
Involvement in criminal activities.
Guardianship issues ( National Child Protection Inspection Programme, 2020b).
A number of risk areas deserve attention in the planned inspection project. Different categories of threats need to be considered, including domestic abuse, parental neglect, sexual exploitation, criminal involvement, and guardianship issues. Identifying risk situations is imperative to provide comprehensive assistance to the target audience and eliminate threats to the child population of the UAE.
Steps to Manage Risks
Engaging different stakeholders.
Allocating the necessary resources.
Creating individual police units ( National Child Protection Inspections, 2018).
Building appropriate work algorithms.
Maintaining collaboration with health and social services.
Creating a stable reporting system.
Timely responses to offenses.
A vertical control system.
Disseminating the information among communities.
The systematization of the collected data.
Multi-agency risk assessment conferences ( National Child Protection Inspections, 2018, p. 10).
Determining the steps to effectively manage the aforementioned risks areas requires a variety of resources and adequate interventions. In addition to multiple stakeholders, such as health and social services, reasonable resource allocation, including control over the workforce, is needed. Individual police units should be created to carry out targeted work, and a stable reporting system should be maintained.
Risk management includes not only stakeholder engagement but also internal initiatives to apply in the Abu-Dhabi police departments. Special conferences and a vertical reporting system can help disseminate the information about childrens issues, and community education is a valuable initiative. The data collected during teamwork need to be systematized to get a comprehensive picture and have a rational background for making relevant steps.
Importance of Communication with Stakeholders
Communication is a crucial measure.
Different stakeholders provide distinctive data.
Interpreters, intermediaries, trusted mental health professionals ( National Child Protection Inspection Programme, 2020a, para. 15).
Various areas are involved.
Childrens safety is a collective task.
Communication with different stakeholders is an important aspect of the pre-inspection project under consideration. Interested parties from different fields have distinctive data that can provide a wide range of valuable knowledge. Moreover, ensuring the safety of children is not only the task of police units but also of other social services, including healthcare, education, and child legislation.
Methods of Communication with Stakeholders
Providing children at risk with survey checklists (Featherstone et al., 2018).
Organizing community meetings.
Creating online communities on social media.
Direct contact with social services.
Request for statistical reports.
Holding meetings with dysfunctional families.
To interact with various stakeholders, different methods can be used. Communication with vulnerable children and dysfunctional families can take place both individually and at community meetings. The dissemination of the necessary information on online sites, for instance, social media, is a potentially powerful mechanism. Interaction with social services through business correspondence and statistical data requests is a mandatory procedure to follow.
Evaluating/Auditing the Current Child Protection Standards
Reviewing the current legislative framework.
Checking officers theoretical preparedness.
Analyzing the availability of the resource base.
Control over the activities of ADP departments heads.
The assessment of the results of targeted work over the past year.
A preliminary audit involves several important steps to be taken. Firstly, this is crucial to assess the preparedness of the officers and heads of ADP units and their knowledge of the legislative basis. The evaluation of the resource base should be carried out to identify potential gaps or deficiencies. To determine specific outcomes, the results of targeted work with the child population are to be analyzed over the past year, and specific indicators should be emphasized to be corrected in the future.
Work Breakdown Structure
The presented work breakdown structure (WBS) is a scheme reflecting all the necessary procedures to perform within the scope of the planned pre-inspection project. The three main activities (testing theoretical preparedness, checking the resource base availability, and control over ADP heads) are complemented by the accompanying tasks and the variables to assess.
Gantt Chart
The presented Gantt chart reflects the schedule of the key goals to be realized within the framework of the pre-inspection project under consideration. The aforementioned three main activities will be completed within six months prior to the start of the official inspection. To begin with, the theoretical training of the officers involved needs to be tested, and appropriate assessments will be performed at intervals of one month. In the second month, the analysis of the resource base needs to start, and this stage will last three months and will end with the inspection itself in the sixth month. Finally, control over the activities of ADP heads will take three months of due diligence in the middle of the entire period to train chief officers comprehensively.
Project Overview
The planned project is the pre-inspection audit in ADP.
The main goals include testing the units preparedness to working in the child protection area.
Among the risks, one should identify domestic abuse, sexual exploitation, parental neglect, and some other threats.
Engaging relevant stakeholders is a critical task to check the readiness to help the target population and join forces.
Social services, healthcare boards, legislators, policymakers, and some other stakeholders may be engaged.
Various methods of communication with interested parties may be applied, including real-time meetings and remote interaction.
The main tasks to perform are testing officers theoretical preparedness, checking the resource base, and monitoring ADP heads activities.
A work breakdown structure (WBS) and Gantt chart are convenient mechanisms to describe the stages of work and timeline.
Over 100 million children around the world work in hazardous conditions in agriculture, mining, domestic labor, and other sectors (Human Rights Watch). At those workplaces, they are often exposed to adverse environmental influences including pesticides and extreme heat. Moreover, they are frequently abused and have excess workloads which can undermine their health and hinder sound psycho-emotional and social development. For these reasons, UNICEF considers that child labor violates the basic human rights because it is considered to deprive young individuals of childhood and good education and, in this way, condemns them to a life of poverty and want.
Conflict of Interests
Child labor as such is against the interests of children especially if their work is not voluntary. However, without sending their children to work, some families simply cannot survive. In many developing countries where the level of poverty is high, without work, children may have even fewer opportunities for good life. They likely may end up begging or perhaps engage in crime. Thus, it is important to remember that while in the countries with the advanced economies, it may seem like a big problem, in developing regions, it is not necessarily the case.
Possible Solutions
In the situation when there is no chance to get a high-quality education, sometimes a work may help children to acquire skills necessary to succeed in the future. Some theorists also suggest that if companies hiring young individuals would provide them with educational opportunities along with reasonable salaries and safe work conditions, the ethical dilemma and the conflicts of interests linked to it could be resolved to some extent (Mojonnier). Overall, there is still no clear-cut answer to all ethical issues associated with child labor so far. However, it is possible to say that each particular case should be approached individually.
Children spend most of their time in different learning institutions. Educators should therefore be aware of the major issues and problems affecting these children. Many parents and guardians believe that their children are safe whenever they are in school (Scholes, Jones, Stieler-Hunt, & Pozzebon, 2012). However, statistics show that more children and adolescents face numerous challenges that affect their lives (Quennerstedt, 2010). The National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) indicates that around 8 out of 1,000 children suffer neglect in different learning institutions (Scholes et al., 2013, p. 104).
Physical, emotional, sexual, and psychological abuses have increased within the past twenty years (Crosson-Tower, 2003). As well, most of the mistreatments are never reported thus affecting the future outcomes of more children. These statistics therefore explain why there is need to address every case of child abuse in school. The purpose of this project is to identify new programs that can deal with abuse in different learning institutions. The move will play a positive role towards supporting the rights of more children.
Projected Goals and Outcomes
The study will analyze the nature of child abuse in different educational settings.
The study will examine the current gaps and obstacles affecting the welfare of many children in different schools.
The final report will present powerful programs and suggestions that can be used to deal with child abuse in every school.
Project Activities
Several activities will be executed in order to get the best studies. To begin with, a detailed literature review will be conducted in order to understand the nature of this problem. Evidence-based findings will be consulted in an attempt to identify the major programs used to deal with child abuse in different learning institutions (Scholes et al., 2012). Different educationists and communities will be consulted during the study period. Such stakeholders will present powerful suggestions that can be used to support the rights of more children. The gathered information will be used to develop a powerful model for safeguarding the rights of children in every school.
Rights-Based Approach to the Project
Children are usually immature, young, naive, and delicate (Shannon, 2012, p. 3). Such children are also abused by individuals such as parents, relatives, educators, and community members (Shannon, 2012, p. 11). Crosson-Tower (2003) argues that many children are abused by individuals who are expected to take care of them (p. 4). This situation explains why it has been impossible for many communities and institutions to tackle the problem of child abuse. Many children are also unable to achieve their potentials because their rights are ignored by the society (Scholes et al., 2012).
Many children suffer different forms of abuse in their respective learning institutions. Many activists have observed that some teachers and older students abuse these children (Scholes et al., 2012, p. 124). Many small children have continued to endure inhumane conditions. Their dignities are usually assaulted thus making it impossible for them to realize their potentials (Crosson-Tower, 2003). These challenges encourage more activists and social workers to identify new measures that can tackle the issue of child abuse.
Arts (2014) observed that many forms of abuse such as rape and psychological mistreatments were never reported. The affected individuals have continued to face numerous problems. Some of them have become disoriented. Some have been forced to quit school and engage in various criminal behaviors (Crosson-Tower, 2003). These occurrences have made it impossible for many children to become responsible adults.
It is agreeable that adolescents and children spend a lot of time in their schools (Arts, 2014). That being the case, educators should use various measures to promote the safety of these children. The term educator is should include different players such as school counsellors, nurses, teachers, administrators, and social workers (Shannon, 2012, p. 6). Experts have explained why such educators should be equipped with new competencies in order to identify every kind of abuse. They should also interact and monitor these children frequently. This practice will make it easier for them to support every abused child.
Most of the existing programs have focused on the role of teachers towards dealing with different forms of abuse. However, such models have failed to produce positive results. The goal of every society is to ensure the rights of children are taken seriously. This is the case because children are defenceless and young (Quennerstedt, 2010). Many children have faced numerous threats such as forced labor, mistreatment, and abuse (Shannon, 2012, p. 7). Most of the abused children do no report such mistreatments. It has therefore been necessary to identify different measures and programs that can support the needs of these children.
The important goal is to ensure the rights of these children are safeguarded. The proposed study will present a powerful evidence-based program that can support the needs of more children (Shannon, 2012). The proposed model will bring together different players such as educators, parents, and communities in order to protect every child.
Reference List
Arts, K. (2014). Twenty-five years of the United Nations convention on the rights of the child: achievements and challenges. NILR, 1(1), 267-303.
Crosson-Tower, C. (2003). The Role of Educators in Preventing and Responding to Child Abuse and Neglect. Web.
Quennerstedt, A. (2010). Children, But Not Really Humans? Critical Reflections on the Hampering Effect of the 3 Ps . International Journal of Childrens Rights, 18(1), 619-635.
Scholes, L., Jones, C., Stieler-Hunt, C., & Pozzebon, K. (2012). The Teachers Role in Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs: Implications for Teacher Education. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 37(11), 103-131.
Shannon, L. (2012). Best Practices for Parent Education Programs Seeking to Prevent Child Abuse. Web.
Parents and society at large must ensure that children of all ages are protected from fire and related accidents. Children’s safety is an important feature of family wellbeing. Therefore equipment that exposes children to risks of fire like loaded matchboxes which are accessible to them or openly burning fires like those used to burn litter and garbage increase the chances of starting a fire and hence putting children at risk. Such things therefore should be handled carefully and put away from young children. Open fires like those of burning garbage should have adult supervision or be put out so that children can not find and play with them.
Body
At residential places, children can play with electrical plugs, matches as well as naked flames. The Government Firework Code should act as a guide to parents as they endeavor to keep homes and schools a safe place for young children. Educative resources on fire safety for children at school and residential places include worksheets, interviews, interactive actions, and pictures to paint for small children.
A larger section of Houston is found on the coastal plains of the gulf which favors forests and grasslands of temperate vegetation. The city is mainly flat and this is an explanation for frequent floods that affect the city during rainy seasons. Before the city was built, the area the city seats on used to be occupied by quagmires, forest land, marshland, and pampas. The city has an altitude of fifteen meters above the level of the sea and depends on lakes; Houston, Livingstone, and Conroe as the main sources of water.
Although Houston is the main city and capital of Texas, most of its fire safety measures are basic and mainly focus on business premises and general commercial buildings like banks, companies, hotels, and so on. Few entrepreneurs have ventured into fire safety for children because the returns from this venture are not as lucrative as those of related businesses (Gotham, 2004).
Houston is a metropolitan city and people from all backgrounds of the world live together. Its economy greatly relies on the numerous academic institutions which exist in the city, powerful manufacturing industries, and the port. A big percentage of Houstonians are young people with children and hence the focus of this project. The 2010 census report indicated that Houston had a population of 2,099,451 people living in an area of about seventeen hundred kilometers square. The majority of its citizens are of the middle class with an estimated income of dollars; thirty-seven thousand and forty thousand for household and family respectively.
More men than women are in business and employment and the disparity between the incomes of the two genders is five thousand dollars. A smaller segment (about nineteen percent) is reported to be living below the poverty line according to the USA census bureau. Reports by percentage indicate that the whites are the majority being 51 percent of the total population of Houston. Other races make up 26 percent, 24 percent, and 0.7 percent for non-Hispanic whites, blacks (African American), and American Indians respectively. Houston has attracted numerous immigrants who are estimated to be about four hundred thousand. Many of them have come to work in various economic sectors of Houston while a bigger percentage is there to learn in numerous academic institutions present in the city.
Ethnically, almost all the races of the world are represented in Houston. Whites, black Americans, Indians, Vietnamese, Chinese, Indians, Pakistani, Filipino, Korean, Japanese, and so on life together. However, a large percentage (about 44%) have their origin from Latino, about 32 % originate from Mexico among other numerous groups with diverse origin.
The population is made up of mainly middle-class people mostly working in the main industries of Houston (financial, service, and manufacturing industries); others work in numerous academic institutions that are present in the city.
The above demographic report indicates that most families in Houston have young children whose safety is a concern to both their parents and the federal government. Most of the time, these children are with their teachers at school or with their parents at home. Protective measures should therefore be implemented at school and home. The main focus of the project is therefore to carry out a lot of awareness on child protection against fire-related accidents as well as publicize available organizations which are involved in child protection.
The first protective measure is to prevent the fire from occurring. At home, it is a little bit easier to keep children from fire-related accidents especially if there is a responsible adult who stays with them. Basic preventative measures include putting off unused flames as well as ensuring that children are kept away from burning flames. The risk of getting burnt however is higher in toddlers and infants around the age of two years who are at an explorative stage of their childhood. It is also important to put out fires outside the house especially in places where children can reach them (Johnston, 1991).
Schools are riskier than homes and therefore utmost attention should be given to ensure that children in school especially those boarding do not fall victims to a fire outbreak. Schools should always have fire fighting equipment and teachers, subordinate/support staff and parents should be taught how to use this equipment and other fire fighting skills. Older children should be taught how to escape whenever a fire breaks out both at school and home.
Fundamentally, parents and teachers should know potentially hazardous places both at school and home and should put measures in place to prevent fire from erupting in such places. In addition, it is recommended to confirm that home’s/ school’s electrical connections, electrical appliances and cords are in good condition. Do not overuse extension cords and always use correct voltage bulbs. Repairs and replacements of electrical devices should be done by an expert especially those that are overheated, produce abnormal smells as well as those that remove sparks (Bernard, 2007).
Children should be supervised while completing assignments that require the application of electricity and those intending to use pieces of equipment in the kitchen. It is also important to ensure that lamps and bulbs do not reach drapes, bed covers, and other fabrics in sleeping rooms.
Conclusion
Conclusively, parents, teachers, and guardians should be educated on how to protect children from fire-related accidents both at home and school. They should also be taught basic fire management skills so that whenever an instance of fire outbreak occurs they should know how to appropriately respond to it as emergency firefighters are called to rescue and mitigate the effects of a fire outbreak.
Reference list
Bernard, K. (2007). Structural Fighting: Strategies and Tactics. New York City: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
Gotham, E.T. (2004). Sabine Pass: the Confederacy’s Thermopylelae. Austin, Texas: University Of Texas Press.
Johnston, M. (1991). Houston, the Unknown City, 1836-1946. Texas: Texas University Press.
The question of the cruel treatment of children has been increasingly discussed in society, but this is barely associated with the problem of corporal punishment of children in the family. Children’s rights that are protected by the Australian Constitution and the Code of Ethics are assigned the paramount importance and to be achieved via “social development, social and systemic change, advocacy, and ethical conduct research” (Code of Ethics 2008, p. 10).
Considering the mentioned issue from the stance of social work, it is necessary to emphasize that children’s rights in the view of physical punishment are not protected by the law since it is legal in case if “reasonable”. In spite of the mentioned fact, Australian children still have the right to report about the cases of cruel treatment, and the subsequent investigation is to be provided. According to the Australian Children’s Commissioners and Guardians (ACCG) group, all children have the right to be protected from any form of violence.
It is critical to collaborate with psychologists, educators, counselors, and other interested parties while attempting to address the problem. It is expected to provide an in-depth analysis of the selected social issue with the focus on Australia based on the thorough literature review with the aim of contributing to theory and practice in the field.
Issue Context
Corporate Punishment (CP) refers to the concept of a disciplinary strategy used by parents in order to enhance the behaviors of their children. Kish and Newcombe (2015, p. 121) define it as “the use of physical force with the intention of causing a child to experience bodily pain or discomfort so as to correct or punish the child’s behavior”. As noted by the United Nations (UN) Convention, CP may be expressed in smacking, slapping, kicking, burning, spanking, pinching, bruising, etc.
The problem of CP presents a serious threat to both the physical and psychological health of children. During the two-year period of 2015 and 2016, 45,714 substantiated reports of childhood maltreatment and harm were received by the Child Family Community Australia (CFCA), of which physical abuse composes 18 percent (Child abuse and neglect statistics 2017, par. 14). However, the recent studies reveal some controversy, since some scholars regard it as “an effective means of discipline and a way of controlling undesired behavior”, while others highlight its anti-social impacts (Kish & Newcombe 2015, p. 122).
In Australia, where the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) is not accepted, CP remains legal in case it is “reasonable”. However, only New South Wales defined what belongs to “reasonable” – force in relation to a child that exceeds “short periods”, as stated in the Crimes Amendment (Child Protection-Physical Mistreatment) Act 2001 (NSW).
Literature Review
Prevalence of the Issue
To begin with, it is essential to specify the prevalence of CP in Australia. According to the official website of CFCA, child protection statistics is the most relevant indicator that reflects the number of abused and neglected children. Even though there is no nationwide methodological basis to measure the mentioned prevalence, several recent studies offer significant insights concerning the topic. In particular, the research based on the systematic review by Moore et al. (2015) indicates that 8,9 percent (6,7 percent of females and 9,9 percent of males) of Australian children aged between 15 and 18 years have to encounter physical punishment annually.
Another study that utilizes interviews with respondents suggests that among children from zero to 17, six percent are physically abused and neglected (Chu et al. 2013). As a rule, CP occurs in difficult settings such as disobedience, a child’s behavior that does not meet parents’ expectations, stress, etc.
How does Corporal Punishment Affect Children?
Several myths, representations of a significant part of the population that do not correspond to or do not fully match the reality yet affect behaviors of people, exist around the issue of children’s physical punishment. In their empirical study, Kish and Newcombe (2015) investigate CP myths and conclude that they are likely to anticipate disciplining behaviors, thus presenting a powerful tool for social work to prevent physical punishment.
The scholars develop a Corporate Punishment Myths Scale (CPMS) and assess 337 Australian participants with the median age of 19,55. The quantitative method of research selected by the authors is appropriate for this study since it aligns well with the purpose stated. From the given study, a reader comprehends that traditionally parents use the two types of myths: harmless and effective ones. For instance, arguing that it is the only way that children may understand or that it teaches them to respect adults, parents resort to CP.
Kish and Newcombe (2015) reckon that CP is multidimensional and measurable, thus fulfilling the gap in research associated with defining and evaluating the level of physical punishment in relation to children. Nevertheless, one may note that this study lacks critical qualitative data such as some psychometric indicators, reasons driven by parents, and their intensity.
Speaking of the impacts made by CP on children, it seems important to pinpoint the two sides of the issue. While the majority of studies specify its adverse effects expressed in physical and psychological harm, the opposition believes that some extent of force may merely help to control children. In their study, Gracia and Herrero (2008) focus on the national probability sample of Spain, namely, 2,316 adults over 18 years. Utilizing survey method and multivariate logistic regression, the scholars ascertained that 56.3 percent of respondents consider CP rearing, while the rest of them perceive as frequent. It was also specified that women are more prone to practice the physical punishment of children rather than men.
This study is undoubtedly valuable as it analyses CP in the context of sociodemographics. Speaking more precisely, one may argue that CP should be regarded as a social problem that may depend on gender, family history, experience, education, and other characteristics. For example, children who encountered CP are at a higher risk of applying the same measures towards their own daughters and sons. The only limitation to the research by Gracia and Herrero (2008) is that the authors highlighted no longitudinal effects as this point may significantly affect the results.
Consistent with Gracia and Herrero (2008), the negative impact of physical punishment is stressed by Moore et al. (2015). The authors reckon that in some cases, corporal punishment may cause the child to hate a parent who degrades his or her human dignity or displays cruelty towards him or her, thus violating children’s rights. More to the point, corporal punishment can be a trauma to a child’s psyche and then turn in, for example, sadomasochism that contradicts the right to protection from any violence. Corporal methods of punishment can instill children with fear of parents and thoughtless obedience.
It should also be clarified that there may be some positive outcomes of corporal punishment. Even though they are, as a rule, of the short-term impact, discipline, obedience, and control serve as the key advantages. One more argument in favor of CP is associated with its severity and frequency. Children tend to explore the world around and get some bruises, each of which demonstrates to them the limitations that exist in life. Pain associated with these events teaches them to avoid repeating the same mistakes in the future. Therefore, when one of the parents gives well-deserved slaps in response to intentional disobedience, a child is taught the same lesson (Kish & Newcombe 2015). The mentioned point of view suggests that little pain associated with such deliberate behaviors as disobedience, rudeness, selfishness, incontinence, etc. is designed to prevent them likewise the difficulties experienced in the physical world.
Children’s Views
After identifying the impacts of corporal punishment on children that were evidenced by the literature, it is necessary to reveal views of children on the given issue. The article by Saunders and Goddard (2008) that is based on qualitative study presents children’s voices on how they perceive causes, processes, and consequences of physical punishment. The sample involves 34 parents and grandparents and 31 children who answer such interview questions as to what is the frequency of CP, what are the settings, methods, and parents’ motivation. The given study is rather important as it explains the issue from the perspective of children.
For instance, approximately half of them believe that parents have the right to punish them, and it is appropriate. A similar tendency is pinpointed by Twum-Danso Imoh (2013) who reckons that the majority of children involved in his study reported that they feel ashamed while their parents punish them physically. However, 76 percent of them believe that CP should not be declared illegal, as noted by Twum-Danso Imoh (2013, p. 478). The above fact shows that CP roots from previous generations that neglected children’s rights.
Both studies mentioned earlier provide some insights into children on how their parents may punish them from avoiding CP. For instance, children “prefer advising and taking away privileges” (Twum-Danso Imoh 2013, p. 477). Much of this discussion takes place under the umbrella of children’s reports and interviews. Another potential way to point on their mistakes is an open dialogue and clear explanation of the adverse consequences of the lack of discipline. These studies are based on the qualitative research method that allows providing extensive comments on the collected data in order to understand the issue in an in-depth manner (Hewitt-Taylor 2011).
Rights of Children and Physical Punishment
Every child has an inherent right to a childhood free of corporal punishment and abuse, according to UNCRC that is, however, not yet accepted by Australian states. The preamble to UNCRC reaffirms that in accordance with the principles of the UN, the recognition of the intrinsic dignity along with equal and absolute rights of all members of society is the paramount basis for ensuring freedom, peace, justice, and justice worldwide.
The preamble to the Convention also recalls that the UN proclaimed that children have the right to special care and assistance. The international law considers CP as a “violation of children’s fundamental human rights to respect for human dignity and physical integrity” (Twum-Danso Imoh 2013, p. 475). The study conducted by Twum-Danso Imoh (2013) uses the Nuffield Foundation project to investigate children’s views on CP in Ghana. A series of interviews and 158 questionnaires are conducted with 23 children aged between 10 and 16.
Thus, the majority of children believe that physical punishment is an act of love and that should not be accepted as illegal. The core point to note, however, is that it is of great importance to consult and educate children on their rights. Having no idea of the other life, it should quite difficult to imagine a childhood without CP. Such a situation makes it clear that children’s voices serve as the key indicator of the complexity of the issue.
It goes without saying that various policies and programs are developed and implanted by social work representatives to address the problem of the physical punishment of children. However, according to findings of Twum-Danso Imoh (2013) that go in line with those of Saunders and Goddard (2008), there is a need for confronting the mentioned views to ensure children’s right to life without maltreatment. In this regard, these studies prove the necessity in the further research to help parents and social workers to understand and support the safety and well-being of children on the basis of international and local experience and conceptual apparatus. The limitation of the study by Twum-Danso Imoh (2013) relates to its study design. It would, perhaps, be better if the author uses the mixed-method research to collect, analyze, and interpret quantitative data as well (Hewitt-Taylor 2011).
Corporal Punishment and Child Abuse
The meaning of relationships between children and parents is not in obedience of the former to the latter under fear, but in revealing a child’s identity as a person, helping to reveal his or her best qualities. Fréchette et al. (2015) link child abuse and physical punishment, namely, spanking. The sample includes 370 university students who completed survey questions regarding the experience of physical abuse.
This qualitative study is well-designed research with properly selected and used methods since it reflects all the necessary points to reveal the theme. Specifically, it is stated that people who encountered CP in childhood have higher risks of being involved in it again. In other words, the physical punishment of children creates the risk of child abuse, thus shaping the endless series of violence. Fréchette et al. (2015, p. 137) also stress the fact that the “punishment and abuse are only quantitatively different, varying in terms of severity or degree of physical harm to the child”. This means that spanking, for example, may be regarded as both abuse and punishment, depending on a certain situation. The limitation of this study is that one cannot claim that spanking leads to abuse as there are no longitudinal or prospective studies, yet it creates the continuum of violence.
Causes of the Issue
Traditionally, physical punishment is utilized to discipline “naughty” children by parents who believe in the effectiveness of this method. In many senses, the application of CP depends on parents: they may be ignorant, aggressive, stressed, under drug or alcohol impact, or just copying what their parents utilized in relation to them in their childhood (Fréchette et al. 2015). Another factor, which leads to corporal punishment refers to the formation of similar behavior in children.
Parents spank their children as they are not able to control their behavior in moments of anger. In this case, they lose the moral right to demand control of their actions from children. As a result of frequent punishments, a child becomes convinced in the fact that he or she thus redeems the offense committed. Children cannot develop a healthy sense of guilt, which becomes an internal limiter of pranks. Instead, fear of punishment appears.
Research Question
As this study shows, the issue of corporal punishment and its role in affecting children as well as their future is highly significant and relevant. It is necessary to conduct further research on the physical punishment of children in Australian families. It is also critical to raise the issue of the importance of developing some legislative measures aimed primarily at parents with a view to promoting non-violent ways of disciplining children and corporal punishment prohibition. Thus, the research question is as follows: what are the legislative options that can be implemented to address the social issue of corporal punishment in Australia?
Reference List
Child abuse and neglect statistics 2017. Web.
Chu, DA, Williams, LM, Harris, AWF, Bryant, RA, & Gatt, JM 2013, ‘Early life trauma predicts self-reported levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms in nonclinical community audits: relative contributions of early life stressor types and adult trauma exposure’, Journal of Psychiatric Research, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 23-32.
Code of Ethics 2008. Web.
Fréchette, S, Zoratti, M, & Romano, E 2015, ‘What is the link between corporal punishment and child physical abuse?’, Journal of Family Violence, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 135-148.
Gracia, E & Herrero, J 2008, ‘Beliefs in the necessity of corporal punishment of children and public perceptions of child physical abuse as a social problem’, Child Abuse & Neglect, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 1058-1062.
Hewitt-Taylor, J 2011, Using research in practice, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
Kish, AM & Newcombe, PA 2015, ‘“Smacking never hurt me!”: identifying myths surrounding the use of corporal punishment’, Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 121-129.
Moore, SE, Scott, JG, Ferrari, AJ, Mills, R, Dunne, MP, & Erskine, HE 2015, ‘Burden attributable to child maltreatment in Australia’, Child Abuse and Neglect, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 208-220.
Saunders, BJ & Goddard, C 2008, ‘Some Australian children’s perceptions of physical punishment in childhood’, Children & Society, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 405-417.
Twum-Danso Imoh, A 2013, ‘Children’s perceptions of physical punishment in Ghana and the implications for children’s rights’, Childhood, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 473-486.
In many parts of the world where we have experienced armed conflict, children have been the majority of victims. Whether the conflict is internal, national or international children have suffered the most. Many countries, non governmental organizations and relief agencies have for as long time now been struggling with coming up with a framework that will completely end the demise that comes upon children.
Not only have children been direct victims they have also been indirect victims. There are three main ways that children have been used in armed conflicts. One of the main ways and the major topic of study is the use of children either voluntarily or involuntarily as child soldiers. The second main way is the use of children as supportive instruments of war, either as sex slaves, spies, look outs, porters or even as messengers. The thirds main way is the use of children as human shields.
Thesis Statement
Throughout the history of human civilization and in many cultures around the world children have been extensively used in military campaigns. The problem with this fact is the knowledge that some of these actions have taken place in societies where such use of child soldiers is considered a taboo. In order to evaluate this phenomenon extensively we will take a case study of the east and central Africa region where child soldiers have been extensively deployed in military campaigns. In analyzing this region we shall also look at the effectiveness of measures taken to curb the use of child soldiers.
Analysis
According to article 38 of the 1989, United Nations convention on the rights of the child, stated that state actors were to take all necessary measures to ensure that anybody below the age of 15 years would not be used in active military campaigns. In addition to the above named article, the optional protocol, to the convention on the rights of the child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, that was signed and adopted in 2002 non-state actors like guerrilla movements and liberation movements are barred from recruiting persons under the age of 18 for any purposes. On the other hand state actors are allowed to recruit persons under the age of 18 as long as they do not deploy them into active combat1
A symposium held in cape town in 1997 and sponsored by UNICEF, defined a child soldier as any person male or female under the age of 18 years, that is part of any regular or irregular armed force. As of the year 2007 Africa, especially the east and central African region was estimated to have the largest share of child soldiers in the world. Most of these soldiers are used by guerrilla movements although some of the governments in the region have been purported to also recruit child soldiers.
Burundi, central Africa republic, Uganda, Sudan, Chad and Somalia have been reported to have the greatest concentration of child soldiers.
Why Use Child Soldiers?
There are many reasons why different state and non-state actors use children in armed conflicts. One of the main reasons why children are used as soldiers especially in the east and central Africa region is the fact that they can maneuver their way to potential targets with less suspicion. This belief that children are less likely to be suspected has led to massive kidnapping of children, to participate in military campaigns, especially by the lords resistance army led by Joseph Kony in Uganda.
In addition to this there is also the issue of lack of enough adults to wage war especially against a well trained army. Many child soldiers in Africa have been recruited into guerrilla movements as a result of kidnappings and abductions. This is usually taken as a last result, due to inability of having a massive force to wage the war.
A lack of education compounded by poverty has also led to an increase of child soldiers in the east and central Africa region. The region is one of the poorest regions of the world. As a result of this many children have turned to guns in order to forget the status they are in since they are promised better status once the war is over.
Impacts Of The Use Of Children In Armed Conflicts
Whether we have child soldiers or adult soldiers there are some guaranteed impacts of war. These include; deaths, destruction of property and infrastructure, massive injuries among others. When child soldiers are used there are extra impacts including a massive decline in population growth, an increase of the elderly as compared to children leading to a decline of economic growth.
The Way Out Of This Situation
There are 3 major international conventions that govern how children should be treated especially when they are being recruited in the military. These conventions include the international labor’s organization, convention 182. This convention came into effect in 2000, and it aims at the elimination of the worst forms of child labor. The second convention is the optional protocol to the convention of the rights of the child on the involvement of children in armed conflicts.
This convention took effect in 2002. The third convention is the United Nations convention on the rights of the child that came into effect in 1989. However, these conventions have been unable to combat the escalation of use of child soldiers. In addition to these conventions, international organizations and non-governmental organizations should participate more in trying to eliminate child soldiering. Secondly more protocols and standards should be implemented globally to prevent this vice.
In addition to this the United States, being a global watchdog needs to ratify some international treaties in order to help curb the vice. The United States, Russia and china being major weapons suppliers globally should stop financing guerrilla or state actors that use child soldiers in their military campaigns.
Conclusion
Child soldiering is a crime and a vice that needs to be dealt away with at all costs. It has been one of the major reasons for children’s abuse of drugs. This is mainly as a result of children being forced to take drugs like Marijuana in order for them not to feel guilt when they are committing acts of atrocities.
References
UNICEF: Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Web.
UNICEF, 1997 Cape Town Principles and Best Practices.
Slinger, P. 2005, Children at War. New York: Pantheon Books.
Lean canvas is a relatively new concept in outlining the startup project or any business model on the initial stage. Essentially, the lean canvas is the extension of the more established business model canvas but feature several critical improvements. First, according to the author of the concept, Ash Maurya, the traditional business model canvas do not account for several factors that are crucial for conceiving a startup (Maruya, 2012a).
These can be summed up in two words: risk assessment. For examples, key activities and key resources, while being the essential components in the traditional approach, do not constitute risk mitigation enough to be prioritized on the initial stage. Besides, the key activities, according to Maurya (2012a), should only be determined after the initial minimum viable product has passed the most basic tests and can be validated.
The same can be said about customer relationships, which can be tested on a smaller scale on the initial stage and then identified later. Basically, the lean canvas aims at increasing the efficiency of the starting phase by minimizing the resources and effort required. The author has stated in his blog, that the main reason for the startups to fail is the lack of proper understanding of the intended product, and the subsequent heading in the wrong direction (Maurya, 2012b).
Thus, his version of canvas deals with the problems and solutions. The key metrics eliminate the possibility of directing the optimization process in the wrong direction, and the unfair advantage, the final deviation from the standard, secures the possibility to deal with competitors.
The disciplined entrepreneurship framework, suggested by Bill Aulet, offers a similar approach, but with several differences. Instead of building the business model conceiving the canvas, the framework introduces a step-by-step approach, which covers every aspect of the business planning. The steps are broken down into six categories, which deal with the customer base, the production cycle, the market demand, and the progression after the initial stage is completed.
Some of the steps, like the one dealing with building user profile, can be paralleled by the traditional business model canvas, while others, like “identifying the core”, are usually omitted by the standard procedures. The first and foremost advantage of the 24-step approach is its systematic and structured nature, which allows for effective management for inexperienced SME startups and offers a comprehensive guide that is easy to follow. It also allows for the gradual mastery, as the structure does not require the linear approach and encourages to revisit the steps as the entrepreneurs become familiar with certain aspects of business.
The two approaches are difficult to compare, as they are structured differently: the lean canvas is a planning tool for the startup business while the disciplined entrepreneurship framework is more of a set of instructions. Nevertheless, they intersect at certain points. First, both approaches offer an alternative to the standard business model planning, which was conceived and perfected for the medium to large enterprises.
Even the augmentations that take SME into account often miss the mark, as the recent phenomenon of startup operates on a different scale and uses different principles. Thus, both approaches emphasize the innovation (core in the Aulet’s book and Unfair Advantage in Maurya’s) as central to planning. However, they differ in conceiving the initial stage. While lean canvas rejects some well-established steps, like key resources and customer relationships, the disciplined entrepreneurship framework embraces them, placing them in the middle of the process, which can be viewed as the point that falls outside the canvas because of its secondary nature.
Finally, Aulet specifically emphasizes the fact that determining the “problem” should not be viewed as the inevitable step and that it can be postponed for the next stage (Aulet, 2013), which contradicts the Maurya’s concept, but goes in line with the non-linearity of the 24-step program. As a result, despite the obvious deviations, the two approaches can and should be used together without contradicting each other. The former can be viewed as a suggestion for creating a roadmap for a risk-proof startup while the second can be applied as an instruction set that can be checked whenever the entrepreneurs find that some of the aspects of the business plan are missing.
The camel races are an old tradition in Qatar. The part of the tradition is the use of under-age children as jockeys because their light weight gave the camel an advantage. For the same reason, children were often malnourished to further reduce the weight. This was deemed the violation of children’s rights, so the Swiss company K-team has attempted to address the issue. They’ve done it by introducing the robot jockeys, and thus preserving the tradition while at the same time improving the social status of Sudanese children that are forced to work as young as four years.
However, on the prototype stage, several issues have been discovered with the product. First, it turned out that the design was unusual enough to stress the animals. This was a difficult one to fix, as the religion forbids the human-like depictions on inanimate objects (Lewis, 2005). By circumventing this difficulty, K-team was able to sell the first supply of robots to Qatar. Thus, it was not until both technical and cultural issues were taken care of that this product was able to enter the market.
And even then, the clients were reluctant to buy the robots because they were not effective enough while having a high price. Only later in development, when the company was able to produce a far more lightweight robot and cut down its price at the same time, the robot jockeys became firmly established on the market (Crivellin, 2014).
However, while the human rights are already secured in this area with the introduction of the high-tech devices, the animal rights activists continue to express their concern with the possibly cruel treatment of animals during the races. This issue can also be addressed at least in part by using the Tijwal B System, a device that provides telemetry functions for training the camels (Tijwal B System, n.d.). The Tijwal B System offers all the essential information about the animal: its location, speed, and travelled distance.
This allows to optimize the training process and avoid unnecessary stress for the animal. Additionally, the digital nature of the metrics makes it possible to log store information for later use, as well as run an analysis that makes it easier to detect anomalies and implement changes if such need arises. Finally, pairing the device with map recognition functionality allows triggering the notifications in case the camels enter the restricted areas, or simply leave the training zone. Thus, the Tijwal B System not only allows to eliminate unnecessary stress for the animals but also raises the efficiency of the training process and helps to manage the owner’s time.
References
Aulet, B. (2013). Disciplined entrepreneurship: 24 steps to a successful startup. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Children form a significant part of the population of any given country (Dubowitz & DePanfilis, 2000). Due to the risk factors exposed to children, it is necessary for the community to ensure that they protect the rights and wellbeing of children. However, since past regulations do not apply in the current setting, the adoption of a community-oriented and child-focused approach to child welfare seems to be a suitable solution to this issue.
Such is attributable to the fact that such a strategy would lead to regulations that are more proactive and efficient. However, this approach is likely to have a number of challenges. For this reason, this paper will look into some of the disadvantages of its adoption, along with possible solutions to the drawbacks.
First, it is hard for children’s rights protection institutions to establish the history of all families and thus provides general solutions. Usually, the agencies and other organizations that have the mandate to protect the welfare of children need to analyze the family backgrounds of concerned children (Kodish, 2005). Such is necessary in order to validate any possible disorder effects that would lead to cases of abuse. Some of the disorders include parent neglect and social stigma.
Research establishes that few people are likely to give their family backgrounds, intentionally or otherwise (Dubowitz & DePanfilis, 2000). Due to such scenarios, the community-oriented and child-focused approach might not work effectively. However, the concerned institutions can overcome this challenge through the establishment of projects that ensure families interact with one another freely. As such, it becomes easy to solicit information about a given family from neighbors.
Secondly, the approach relies on nongovernmental institutions for implementation. There has been a shared belief that NGOs ought to address issues touching on the welfare of children and that of the community (Kodish, 2005). For this reason, most of the tasks are unattended with the thought that it is the responsibility of NGOs. Such scenarios have always led to deficits among many NGOs, making issues such as children’s rights.
As such, a need is inevitable for the government in collaboration with other agencies ought to establish a partnership to set ought a roadmap that ensures accommodative environments on child welfare protection. Such a situation is achievable through the extension of duties that child welfare institutions have (Kodish, 2005). This initiative thus should take into consideration appropriate service charter, as well as logical support aimed at addressing the deficits that nongovernmental organizations have been experiencing.
Conclusion
From above, it suffices that for the welfare of children to be adequately addressed, implementation of proactive regulations is inevitable. For this reason, a community-oriented and child-focused approach is a suitable option. Such is attributable to its ability to address current needs that face children within a given community.
In addition, such an approach considers the pursuit of action-based and bold solutions to child welfare (Lawrence, 2004). Further, a community-oriented and a child-focused approach to rights will lead to regulations based on the needs of community efficient and proactive laws that result in the ultimate protection of children.
On the other hand, the proposed approach is likely to be affected by factors such as overreliance on NGOs for service delivery as well as difficulties in accessing information on family backgrounds for validation purposes. However, adopting strategies aimed at ensuring that families intermingle would help to gather any necessary information when need be.
In addition, the community-oriented and child-focused approach can be successful if government partnerships, along with welfare protection institutions, join NGOs in the fight for better child welfare. Evidently, a community-oriented and child-focused approach is a suitable solution to the problem.
References List
Dubowitz, H., & DePanfilis, D. (2000). Handbook for child protection practice. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Kodish, E. (2005). Ethics and research with children. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lawrence, A. (2004). Principles of child protection. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Children’s rights are at massive risk of violation because children lack independence from their parents and parental guardians. Therefore, children cannot fully represent their interests and often do not even acknowledge their rights. Thus, society’s responsibility is to address the violations of the children’s rights and ensure their protection. Especially during the crisis, such as coronavirus pandemic, children have suffered from various negative impacts such as the economic slump, high level of unemployment, and high mortality rate across the globe.
Even though children have less severe symptoms in case of contacting coronavirus than other age groups, they still experience significant adverse impacts of the pandemic. Raman et al. (2020) have developed a strategy of protecting children’s rights during the COVID-19 outbreaks to minimize the short- and long-term devastating effects on children’s lives. They call for visibility of children and young people during the pandemic, universal access to quality healthcare for children of all ages, proactive assessment of their families and communities, and recognition of orphaned children. Therefore, it is essential to provide the needed care to the young population during this challenging time because they cannot advocate for their rights themselves.
Universally, both intended and non-intended harm towards children is punished more severely than towards adults. For example, many countries consider a sexual assault of children, especially by people who have reached the legal age of majority, as a more severe crime than a sexual assault of adults. Moreover, the offender is punished not only from the legal perspective but also is subjected to heavy ostracization from society, whereas, for example, adult victims in certain communities are judged more than the perpetrator of the assault.
Human service workers need to pay extra attention to the young population, and they have to perform patience and empathy while communicating with a child. Children are less skillful than adults in expressing their needs and discomfort; therefore, social workers are responsible for representing children’s rights correctly. For example, the human service worker’s responsibility is to identify a child’s unique conditions, such as health conditions, trauma, and other irregular needs that children cannot declare themselves.
In order to raise awareness for children’s rights, it is crucial to conduct and implement policies aimed to provide the needed support for children. Such policies can be applied to specific conditions such as the COVID-19 crisis or humanitarian disasters, or there also policies that represent children’s interest in general. Governments should devote their resources to developing and updating these policies, depending on their results and received feedback. They also need to provide legal and human assistance to enforce them so that children can be protected in various spheres of life, such as at home, school, or in the courtroom.
In conclusion, children require a proper representation of their interests by adults and governmental institutions, especially during times of crisis. They are the most vulnerable social group because not only do they not have autonomy, they are also easily subjected to negative influence and rarely possess comprehensive knowledge about their rights. Moreover, there are also children from poor social-economic backgrounds who are even less protected. Therefore, specific measures need to be applied to ensure the safety of the young population, with the focus on children with special needs or who suffer from painful conditions.
