Category: Cheating

Introduction

Many people do not know what it means to cheat, whether it is in a relationship, classwork, homework, on a quiz etc. There are many definitions for the term cheating, it can be implemented in almost anything. There are many consequences now for cheating, in the past decades there were not many repercussions. Technology has change drastically, did you know that now there are websites where teachers can copy and paste your essay and know how much of your text is plagiarized?

The dictionary definition of “Cheating” is the act of dishonesty or unfairly in order to gain an advantage, especially in a game or examination. Cheating can also mean betraying someone’s trust this can fall into the relationship category. Cheating means any dishonest action by a person to complete an assignment (exam, PowerPoint, homework, classwork etc.) without actually having to complete it in their own words or by themselves.

Many people think it is okay to cheat just because they are not learning or understanding a topic. Cheating can be very easy to do; all you have to do is lean over and peak at someone else’s work or exam. Some other common forms of cheating are using other materials or content without permission, copying someone’s homework, looking over at someone’s test, writing down the answers or the formulas on the desk, copy and pasting something from Wikipedia or other online sources etc.

The first rules variety of teachers may have on their syllabus or somewhere in their room “No Cheating”, but little do they know most students will attempt to cheat. According to The Josephson Institute Center of Youth Ethics (surveyed 43,000 high school students in public and private schools) sixty to seventy of high school students admitted that they have cheated, and ninety percent of students admit they have copied another classmate’s homework. This shows that more than half of the students in both public and private schools cheat their way out of high school.

Why is cheating very common? Or perhaps, why would a student cheat in the first place? Well, there are many reasons why students would do such a thing. Students would be cheating to succeed, no time to study, peer pressure, lack of sleep, to prove a point, being lazy etc. My opinion, I don’t believe every student should be penalize for cheating, the teachers should know the reason behind every student’s reason for cheating.

Cheating to succeed can be very common. For example, a student who is trying to maintain a high GPA or to pass a class can fall into this category. Imagine failing a test or exam that is worth almost 50% of your class grade, the test/ exam can determine your final grade for the semester. Students would try to cheat in order to not fail.

Many students do not have the ability to study once they get home from school, due to extra-curriculum activities such as: football, volleyball, track, basketball, police-explorers etc. Imagine going home from school doing your homework (teachers assign a lot of homework knowing that we have other classes and homework to do from other teachers), then after doing homework you have to get ready to go to practice, by the time you get home from school you are going to be worn off and will most-likely eat and shower to go to sleep. You go to class the next day and fail the exam because you got caught cheating, plus you did not study. The first thing a student will try to attempt in this scenario is try writing down the answers or looking over to a friend’s test.

This one is very common in high school students, the lack of sleep. Let’s say you were put in a scenario where you had a normal school day, go to practice or you go to work, and then get home late and you eat and take a shower, then you stay up all night doing your 10 page essay for your AP English class, then you go ahead and do your math homework. You then take a glance at the time and its 4:00 in the morning, one an hour away from your alarm and you forgot to study for your Anatomy Class. The final exam determines whether you pass or fail the class, now you’re in the predicament where your GPA can drop. And you’re in the bridge of applying to colleges and scholarships. You go to class with only one hour of sleep, your first intention is to cheat on the test. There is a research by Dr. Jonathan Pletcher that students are getting the least amount of sleep. According to Jonathan a lack of sleep can increase depression, negative physical health like headaches, poor school performance, school absenteeism and drowsy driving. Also, did you know a high amount of high school students suffer from sleep deprivation? Lack of sleep can play a huge role in student’s academic performance in school.

Others may disagree, but cheating can be unfair. Looking over to someone else paper or assignment, that put in effort and time to complete is wrong. Some students may be confused and think it is okay to look over at another’s assignment for confirmation that the answer they put is correct. This can be bad because they can result the student to think that he/ she does not have to study or do work. You would not want a student always getting the grade they never deserved. One way a teacher or a faculty sponsor can stop a student from cheating, is probably passing out different types of worksheets around or maybe having every student worksheet have all the same answers and have the answers shuffled for every student taking the test. Most of the time students just read the questions, not the answers. A teacher can also have either two versions of the test, for example have the person sitting next and behind a student all different test version, so they would be cheating. Most teachers have students’ seat in Alphabetical order, to refrain cheating or copying.

Using restricted material can also be another form of cheating. For examples, electronic devices, calculators, lanyards, water bottles, sticky notes. Believe or not, but students can fin a way to sneak in answers or information. Especially, in math class you can just store your notes in the back of your calculator or maybe even the inside of a calculator. It is easy to manipulate a teacher, by having them think you cannot cheat because you have no materials physically present on your desk while taking the exam. All you have to do is write it down on your electronic watch. This is why math teacher should not allow calculators in their classroom

As stated, before there are different types of Discipline for cheating. The consequence can depend on the teacher or the type of cheating that you did. For example, if you were caught cheating asking your friend for one question you did not know or did not do on your homework assignment, your teacher may want to start off by warning you. The second time may be a lower grade, or maybe even a detention. If the cheating continues the teacher can give you a Saturday school, a referral, or maybe even considering on having you get kicked out of the school.

Students tend not to report a cheater out, some people may call this “snitching”. Students may fear that they will get in trouble for snitching out a student’s cheating or may not want to be head accountable for snitching. Some students may even get bullied for snitching on other student. A good way to report a cheater is reporting them anonymously. Instead of feeling like your throwing someone under the bus, your saving yourself from a lot of consequences. Getting a referral for someone that cheated on you, is very disappointed. People that are not cheating do not have the same advantage as the ones that are, they did not do all the hard work you did. Usually, a teacher may disqualify both of the assignments because the teacher may think that you were helping them cheat or maybe that you allowed them to cheat of you.

Cheating can stop colleges and university from accepting your admission to their campus. So, the next time you consider in cheating on someone’s work or assignment think about the outcomes that come behind it. Getting to cheat on your record can even stop your high school teachers from writing you a letter of recommendation letter only because they already know that you cheated on a assignment or were caught cheating.

It is easy to refrain from cheating; all you have to do is study and do what you have to do to not cheat. Make sure that you take advantage of your time, so you can have time to study and do homework. For example, someone may have hobbies or a job outside a school that may stop them from doing their homework, but this should not be an excuse. College is not like high school, it is more intense. Professors do not care about your mental health, nor about your life outside of school. You should not have an excuse on why you did not study, because if you fail an exam it goes on your record, and some career’s may disqualify you from working with them, so all that time you had studying your major for your future career. Now, because you cheated and didn’t do what you had to do you don’t get the dream job you wanted. Recently, the teachers have become stricter and the students have become lazier. Cheating is the only way for lazy students to pass difficult exams. The definition of cheating is to pass any exams dishonestly.

Lastly, no matter what the reason a person has for cheating, it should not be acceptable. If students do their work, study, budget their time, and pay attention in class, then there should not be a reason why to cheat. You would not want to ruin your future because of a mistake you did cheating.

Plagiarizing is not the same thing as cheating, the dictionary definition of Plagiarism is the practice of taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them off as one’s own. Plagiarism can come within music, story’s, essay, project’s etc.

There are many types of common Plagiarism such as: self-plagiarism, direct plagiarism, mosaic plagiarism, and accidental plagiarism. All different types of plagiarism are all serious violations of academic honesty. I will explain the difference of each type of plagiarism and why is it a problem.

First of, what do you think direct plagiarism mean to you? Well, Direct Plagiarism is when you use word for word of a section of someone else’s work, without summarizing nor using quotation. For example, let’s say you have a reflection letter due about the different types of birds. You search up an article about a specific bird and use the same words another people use without giving that person any type of credit is called plagiarism. You should never use someone else work without giving that person credit or using quotations.

Next, the other type of plagiarism is Self-plagiarism. Self-plagiarism is usually when a student submits his or her own previous work, without permission from all professors involved. For example, let’s say yu had to do a PowerPoint about the responsibility as a dispatcher in the 9th grade and you have it saved on your google documents. And then in your senior year you have a different teacher assign you the same type of topic and you reuse the same PowerPoint you submitted in your 9th grade, this is called self-plagiarism. Self-plagiarism also applies to submitting the same piece of work for assignments in different classes without previous permission from both professors.

Furthermore, another type of plagiarism is Mosaic Plagiarism. Mosaic-Plagiarism is when a student borrows phrases from a source without using quotation marks or finds synonyms for the author’s language while keeping to the same general structure meaning of the original. Many students tend to do this, they think it is okay to use phrases from a source without cited where they got it from. This happens a lot in the ELA writing test, many students fail this test because of plagiarism. You should always cite where you got the phrase from and from who. For example, “Money and success don’t change people; they merely amplify what is already there” – Will Smith. You see that I use quotation when I used a quote that was not mine and gave credit to the person that created it.

Lastly, the last type of plagiarism is called Accidental Plagiarism is when a person neglets to cite their source, or misquotes their source, or accidently paraphrase a source by using similar words, group of words, and/ or sentence structure without attribution. So, this is very common for students now in days. They mistakenly forget to cite their sources and take careful and accurate notes when doing research.

In Conclusion, Plagiarism is very common in students now in days. Student’s should always give credit to the person that wrote or created the text or the source. Student’s should always use quotation when using information that are not theirs. Students should never resubmit an assignment or a project they did before without asking permission. Many people believe that cheating and plagiarism are the same thing, but in reality, they are very different.

Everyone has cheated or plagiarize on something or at some point in their life, whether it is in a game, on a test, or in a relationship, everyone at some point in their life have done it. School has come back to be one of the most popular place people cheat. Next time you plan on looking over someone else exam, without permission. Remember everything you are putting yourself into. Make sure you cite anything and nearly everything you get from social media. Always give credit, especially if you were not the one to write or come on with you. Trust me, you don’t want to be stuck working at a fast food, exhausted and mad because you were reported as a cheater on your college transcript and your future/ dream job does not want to hire you because they lost trust in you. Are you willing to mess up your future for cheating or plagiarism? I do not think so, so think the next time you become lazy and think of doing either one of these.

Lying is to speak falsely with intent to deceive. Many people have a bad habit of lying, whether it is something small or big. I believe that someone at some point in their life have lied, either to a teacher, a family member, a friend, or a parent. Everyone lies, no matter how honesty they may seem. When a person lies, they believe that the truth is worse to say. The truth may hurt another’s future, reputation, or even worse, their life. Why do people think it is okay to lie? Many people may find it a reliever to lie instead of saying the truth because they do not have to live with the guilt. Many people say the truth sooner or later because the guiltiness is eating them inside. I believe it is always good to say the truth because it can get you out of a lot of trouble. I must admit some of us are good at lying, while others are not.

Law Enforcement should always have integrity; especially, them having a badge on their chest. They are a role model to many people, may kids and people look up to them. We should have trust in our officers because their responsibility is to keep us and the community safe. But how would you feel if a Police Officers fails to tell truth? Wouldn’t you feel some type of way. Police Officers should always tell the truth no matter what the circumstances is. They should always be loyal to their community as well as their team. But sadly, not ever police officer is a good cop, most of them should not be wearing a badge. Why do you think a police officer or anyone in law enforcement may lie? Well, I believe they should because they do not want to admit the truth or they ae afraid of the outcome results. Maybe getting fired? Or losing trust from your captain? Maybe even your community? What are you without trust? Your community is supposed to believe in you and trust you because you are the one with power. You’re the one with a weapon in yon your waist so you should always have integrity and always tell the truth no matter what. Some police officers any have tunnel vision and mistakenly do something they did not mean to, which is okay, we are all human we all do mistakes, but lying is not a mistake. If you admit to what you did, then you would not get yourself in huge trouble.

There in now a Brady law for police officers, which is Police officers who have been dishonest are sometimes referred to as “Brady cops”. Brady law was adopted in 1993, that imposed an interim five-day waiting period for the purchase of handgun until 1998, when federally licensed dealers would be required to use a federal National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) to conduct background checks on individuals purchasing any firearm (According to google). Because of the Brady ruling, prosecutors are required to notify defendants and their attorneys whenever a law enforcement official involved in their case has a sustained record for knowingly lying in an official capacity.

The case history on Officers lying in the law enforcement result in being discharged from the department, could even be charged for lying. Some officers when they go to court to testify or speak, still get out without concrescences. The Times’ article features the regular lies about police affirm, including: saying they saw a firearm in someone’s hand or belt when it was in reality out of view; saying they saw a capture when they were not really present; guaranteeing they watched a medication bargain happen, just to later be demonstrated to have lied.

Many officers think it is okay to lie since they will not be caught. They may think this because the victim may have been to jail already and does not stand a chance on getting free again. They also may lie to get promoted or keep the police officers active for their career; to succeed. For example, the Brady disclosure on police officers. In 1963, the Supreme Court of the United States held on account of Brady v. Maryland1 that the prosecution in a criminal trial has an obligation to reveal to the resistance, on-demand, material data that is important of the respondent. The Court announced in Brady that the evidence by the charge of proof great to a blamed abuses fair treatment where the proof is material either to blame or to discipline ‘independent of the great confidence or dishonesty of the arraignment.’

In spite of the fact that the Brady case is unique to the obligation of the arraignment to true proof falling under the standard, under consequent cases that have spilled out of Brady, law authorization organizations are required to educate the exposition caution of any proof known to them that could meet the standard. This places an overwhelming weight on officials and their specialties because of the hazard that a criminal conviction will be expelled or turned around if a Brady infringement by the police is found. There is likewise the danger of common obligation related with an inability to reveal, also the trouble in figuring out what must be uncovered.

Termination has been utilized not just in situations where the Brady rule has been conjured yet additionally as a rule where, even without Brady disclosure issues, occurrences of untrustworthiness or untruthfulness by an official have gone to the consideration of the division. Many legal disputes have emerged because of end dependent on occurrences of official untrustworthiness, untruthfulness, or other unfortunate behavior.

Similarly, as with a worker’s unfortunate behavior, different types of control might be conjured, for example, suspension, demotion, or related activities. In any case, these measures don’t resolve the essential issue presented by Brady–that the official’s an incentive to the division and without a doubt, to general society, as a cop might be for all time harmed once the official’s unfortunate behave or gets known to guard lawyers.

In this day there are more students consider cheating and not just on tests, it can be many ways such as plagiarism, fabrication, facilitating academic dishonesty…etc. Of course, it is highly undesirable for students to cheat. However, to treat a cheating student as a bad person, does the school just remember to give it a clear score and give it zero points? Teachers and adults have seriously thought about why students risk cheating or cheating? When everyone is asking why these students cheat, maybe people can change their thinking about ‘why not cheat?’

In addition to overly abstract reasons such as moral character, what more specific reasons can make students feel that they should not cheat? In particular, these students have watched adults cheat and grow up stealing from a young age (look at all kinds of unscrupulous goods, unscrupulous politicians, and office workers who are full of society … these are all cheating). How can they establish a moral judgment that cheating is wrong? It is easy to blame the low morality of these cheating students, and it is easy to ask the erring students to take responsibility, but these do not help.

In my case, I didn’t understand the test regulations at first, and I saw some of my classmates were using cheat sheets so I decided to use the cheat sheet in my cellphone. Because of this, I am sorry for the injustice of my classmates and their distress, and I learned what cheating is and how it affects others in this Academic Integrity Seminar. I have learned a lot from participating in this Seminar. With this lesson and what I have learned, I will never cheat anymore, because cheating equals not being responsible for myself and someone I work with in the future. Such behavior is not recognized, and it is very serious. Because a student cheats at school today, if that student does not improve when that student become an engineer or scientist in the future. His behavior will have serious consequences. If he builds the plane but the process is cheating, it will be very dangerous.

Overall, cheating is that you cheat for your own personal gain. The more cheating, the more you limit your development. I still hope that we can have a fair environment, and that everyone can compete fairly according to the rules. Perhaps this is the ideal we are fighting for and this is why I think students should not cheat.

What is academic honesty? Is it switching around a few words from another source and claiming it your own? Can it be sharing assignment answers when a fellow student needs help? Some people even think that it is okay to leave uncited sources if they are not obligated to by a teacher or a co-worker. None of these definitions suit the term academic honesty. Academic honesty is holding yourself responsible for every word you write, every thought you have and every piece of information you attain, whether it is a school project or a slideshow at work.

There are so many misconceptions when it comes to what academic honesty entails, some examples stated above; simply interchanging a few words to claim someone else’s work as yours, copying answers, and not giving credit to others’ work. However, submitting papers that were purchased online is also considered plagiarism. Simply because a student owns something does not automatically make it alright for them to take credit for the piece. Would you claim credit for creating the Mona Lisa solely because you owned it? No, you would not, because it is well-known that Leonardo Da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa centuries ago. Similarly, simply because a student owns someone else’s work does not give them the right to claim it as their own.

Having academic honesty is of the utmost importance when having an education. Being academically honest helps students maintain mental health. When a student submits honest work, they do not have to bother about getting detected cheating or plagiarizing, ultimately reducing stress after the assignment is submitted. The student will understand that they are making the right choice and will get credit for their hard work. Academic honesty also helps establish integrity in the workplace, learning how to solve problems independently. When a student copies answers from their peers and gets away with it, they learn that deceit and stealing is the way to go. However, in the real world, adults respect honesty and trustworthiness, two traits that cannot fully be earned by trickery and exploiting people. Our president’s involvement in politics, after all, is a good example of what happens when you get to the top this way. Most people will learn to hate you, and the minority that does trust you will live in fear.

The consequences of plagiarism and cheating can be dire. Both may result in a failing of the assignment. If done repeatedly, it may result in failure of the course taken or permanent expulsion from the school. There will also be a permanent mark on the student’s record if caught.

From cheating early kids are learning to coast off of other people’s accomplishments. Some kids can go through school without doing any work for themselves, growing up without achieving basic English, math and science skills needed in everyday life.

Leading experts have said that cheating has become too easy as teachers don’t punish students harsh enough. Punishments need to be put in place early so kids understand it’s wrong. Otherwise they will finish school and need to seek education to learn necessary skills needed to get a job.

Teachers need to start clamping down on cheating. When I graduated school I saw the ‘cheaters’ realize that they had wasted their time at school, they quickly realized they didn’t have any skills required to land a job. By being stricter with the younger kids they will grow up already having the required knowledge to pass tests as well as a hard working attitude prepared to study. This will give future students the ability to do whatever they want and become whoever they wish to.

It used to just be struggling students cheating to survive, but now capable students are cheating because they aren’t prepared to put in the work. This is where the issue lies, intelligent students cheating because they can’t be bothered doing the extra work required to get a good mark. If teachers were stricter on cheating this wouldn’t be the case; as they would find themselves worried about the consequences of cheating.

The lack of consequences allow students to grow up thinking that they can get away with the wrong thing. The best example I can think of is in sports. When athletic students go through school being the best, they often can’t cope when they’re not. Typically they go back to their old habits and cheat to edge their opponents. Performance enhancing drugs are a massive issue in sports and studies have shown that majority of athletes caught with such drugs, grew up cheating in school.

This again falls on teachers heads, by allowing students get away with cheating they help them develop bad habits that they struggle to get out of.

Stronger punishments need to be dealt so that students realize that there are consequences for their actions. Hopefully this will teach them to learn the content themselves instead of relying on others to do the hard work for them.

According to Ober, (2012) “Plagiarism is a form of scientific misconduct defined as authoring ideas or words produced by someone else or from one’s own previous publication and attempting to publish such work without properly citing to the original author and publications.” Plagiarism policies are for all students, researchers, writers, scientists, philosophers, teachers, and for anyone who publishes the writings. Education authorities are very strict about plagiarism. In this essay I will discuss some causes and effects of plagiarism and at the same time I will discuss some ways how to avoid plagiarism and all these things will be discussed in subsequent paragraphs.

On the one hand, Policy 5006 (2012) from University Canada West explains that “academic integrity is integral to learning and it is basic foe academic inquiry and instructional excellence.” It is a student’s responsibility to do their studies honestly and without cheating. Plagiarism is a type of cheating which is doing by many lazy people to steal the ideas of others for completion of the work. For example, many students plagiarize because they do not want to do research by their own and they think that it is a wastage of time to doing many researches for one topic. Apart from this many students are not confident about their thoughts or research. They just want to do exams or assignments in easy way. These things will affects the future of students such as they will have less experience than others who do the work honestly. Less experience may reduce their job opportunities which can lead to low standard of life. Moreover, having any unauthorized materials or equipment in an examination or test is also included in plagiarism using technologies such as cellphones to pass the exams. If any student cheats the universities will suspend them. This will directly affect their studies.

Furthermore, According to Pettigew (2010) the main cause of plagiarism is that language difference which means individuals are from different countries and from different culture are not familiar with plagiarism. They even do not know about what is plagiarism? or How people can avoid it? These questions may confuse them. For example, people who are learning English as a second language may face difficulty to adopt different style learning or writing. Sometimes many researchers or writers do it by mistake, because they are not familiar with this method. However it effects the whole life of a person who do it by mistake and sometimes it spoils their career which is an integral part of life for everyone in this highly competitive world and also sometimes one can suffer from health problems such as depression, heart attack, because they loose all the things whatever they do from many years.

On the other hand, As Ober.et.al(2012) suggests some possible ways to avoid plagiarism. Firstly do not copy from others work, do your own research about the topic with lots of hard work, which will help to gain general knowledge also. Secondly, the best way to avoid plagiarism is that write things in your own words, this is called paraphrasing with citing that writer in a proper way. Finally, people are not allowed to recycle images, figures, tables, or text from others published papers or publications without giving credit to the writer or in simple words without citing the writer or publication.

In Conclusion, Education is a third eye of a person and it is very important to do hard work for being successful person in life. Copying and pasting is not acceptable in any kind of work. That’s why universities introduce some rules and plagiarism policy, and this policy seems very successful. In future if people use this policy then definitely they will succeed in life in a good way without any cheating case.

“Cheaters are cowards that are tempted to chase the fantasy of what could be instead of courageously addressing their own self-destructive behavior and civilization what is”. This is a quote by “Doctor Steve Maraboli”. Cheating refers to the way of achieving a goal. Also, cheating is a reward given to be dishonest. Cheating has worsened in past years for many reasons. Why do people cheat in today’s world? Is a hidden reason for cheating, which is not seen in the reality and not shown in the reality? Cheating is happening due to numerous issues such as seeking self-discovery, bored, uncontrolled, and selfishness. These reasons can further divide into internal and external reasons. These are some major causes of answers to the question of why people cheat. Some people are selfish for no reason. This gives the meaning that selfishness does not have to be something it is just a feeling, which causes people to pick them for what they are becoming selfish. School cheating gives the power to selfishness and further selfishness can divide into many subcategories such as copying. Moreover, uncontrollable gives the meaning that the partners are driven through high sex addiction revenge or anger, and drug addiction, which can cause cheating in a relationship. Cheating can be done to make someone happy, which is also known as self-satisfaction this is rising the power to teachers cheat. Uninterested or bored can be clarified by linking to cyber cheating since to feel less bored people use online chatting as an addictive relaxation.

“Cheating is a choice, not a mistake,” this quote explains why school cheating is trendy in the world. In the United States, it states that twenty percent of students have started to cheat from the first grade. In Germany, seventy-five percent of students have been caught cheating plagiarism. In schools students are cheating in different ways, for example, by writing in palms, writing on papers, and passing the invigilator is looking in a different direction, whispering. These are some popular ways of cheating in schools. A nationwide survey of thirty-six thousand has found that sixty percent of cheating on the examination and assignments (The education forum, 2017). Besides, Students are less likely to impart the winning prospect to other students, which shows that today’s education is challenging.

In addition, the disparity between the old system education system and the new system education system is that new technology has created a great chance for students to cheat which is an external factor. In addition, the Internet entree has opened the gates for students to find, analyze and copy information through Google, and Safari because there are billions of websites that students can assess and create their own answers. This is particularly bad for home-take assignments because the students can duplicate the information without getting caught in plagiarism. David M.Wazsieleski has found that college students have been given access to complete the assignments, which is more likely to help them to copy. For instant, recently Devdiscourse website publish an article stating that 12 medical students in Muzaffarnagar medical college, Begrajpur caught cheating in the examination hall by using electronic devices. The students have been caught hiding the electronic devices under their clothes and under their hair wigs. Moreover, one of the electronic devices has been found in the college washroom. The main reason behind this cheating is the completion because passing a medical is not easy, which requires lots of uphill struggle and knowledge.

Furthermore, schoolchildren are more likely to cheat when they do not have enough knowledge of the subject, which is an internal factor since it is developed on its own. Lots of students in the new generation study only the facts that they think that is important to the exam but the professors or teachers do not give what students expect as a result the students must have the ability to answer whatever the question examiner asks them to do. However, a lot of students lack mega cognitive skills, which is the skill to think beyond what professors and lecturers expect from them. Also, the speediness of the students should not be lacking because when they cannot finish the exam paper on time, then the particular student who is doing the exam paper gets pressured. As a result, this will cause the student to grab opportunities such as cheating, which can lead to the meaning to copy someone.

Cheating in relationships is getting worse in today’s society. The main reasons that will appear in cheating in a relationship are lack of love, sexual desire, anger, addiction and etc. Finland, the United Kingdom, Spain, Belgium, Norway, France, Germany, Italy, Denmark Thailand are the famous countries, which has the uppermost rate of relationship cheating. Finland is the most legendary country, which has a higher rate of relationship cheaters. In Finland, married couples have many other affairs during their marriages. Finland is having around thirty-seven percent statistic of cheaters.

Men are more likely to cheat than women since the method that men direct their love in a more physical way this can gives the meaning that sex is an important footpath than a real relationship or marriage life this is also known as sexual desire. Some researchers state that the divorce rate is higher than the marriage rate since cheating happens in relationships. According to Boston College economist, Donald cox states, ” poorer women are more likely to cheat than wealthy women”. Women cheat in a way different than men. The tool that women choose to cheat men is emotional hollowness. In other words, women try to discount their partners and also seek help from others to stop the current relationship such as in marriages; this is an external factor, which can cause cheating. For example, in today’s world, some facts have found that women get help from someone before doing any particular act. As a result, this act might be either effect positive or negative, however, when it comes to cheating the women take the negative act as guidance, and this cause the relationship to end with a misunderstanding caused by someone stopping the relationship. Also, partners might feel less interest in the relationship so this will cause the inspiration to move on to another relationship such cause can create the opportunity to cheat the partners.

“The motivation is the revenge,” said Silverman. Revenge or anger is a feeling, which leads to suspicion of the partner. This is like a motivation energetic by someone, who is trying or wants to see an end of a relationship of some particular couple. Moreover, addiction to drugs and alcohol is another way of cheating. When a person is sober he or she may cross the line, which is a misunderstanding that a particular partner might dubious as a result the partner will feel that he or she is cheating. Sexual addiction is a major cheating way, when one partner is enthusiastic to have sex with someone other than the married partner or the partner in an affair then that is known as cheating. This is also known as a certain physical attraction that the partner in an affair or partner in a marriage does not have but the other girl or boy’s attraction

“There is no better feeling than the movement of life inside you” is a quote, which gives the meaning that pregnancy is the greatest gift of mothers. Cheating on their partners is a mysterious fact that ten percent of men cheat on their partners during pregnancy. Researchers suggest that 1 in 10 men cheat on their women, who are pregnant. Doctor Farhat, states some reasons why men cheat on women during pregnancy such as stress, lack of attraction, and lack of intimacy. During the time of pregnancy, it is really a stressful period for both the mother and father to be but if the father-to-be is not showing more attention towards the baby to be born then this situation simply gives the reaction that the father-to-be is likely to accept the baby, as a result, this will cause betrayal.

In addition, when the figure shape of the woman transforms and when men find the women who are pregnant unsightly then this increase the chance to attract other women. The main reason for this act is sexual and mental. A woman goes through lots of body changes plus other problems but men who are addicted to sexual desire do not care about women becoming pregnant. Kylee Cochran is a famous celebrity with the know-how of cheating on her husband, who is Seth Petersen. She was the only parent for her children because her husband wilds her two kids when Kylee was pregnant during her 7 months. She wanted her husband to justify the accountabilities for his wild children.

Moreover, Lecturers’ cheating is an interesting fact that most people have not heard or seen. Hundreds and thousands of teachers have been caught cheating because of their own self-career. This is an internal factor since this cheating is done to increase own earnings from the career. Teachers have been caught committing cheating in marking papers. In return teachers frequently commit cheating. For example, a teacher might commit cheating if some parent of a student gives a bribe or some gifts to the teacher in return that teacher might do some cheating in marking exam papers. For an instant, the teacher will increase some definite amount of marks on the paper while marking, In other words, this is known as favoritism.

There is an argument saying that cheating is getting worse and can be declined such as by decreasing the exam pressure. When the exam pressures of children are less then the students will work generally and this will also reduce the stress of the students. Lowering the grading of the exams can reduce the pressure on students when doing the exams. For example, in today’s world lots of colleges are giving varieties of grades such as A-, B+, B-, C+, and C-. Moreover, schools and colleges can provide some workshops regarding what is really important rather than competing with other children for marks because the competition only lies for some time. For example, a student in a college or a school may have a competition with a college student or a school student so if that particular child learns what really means by competition then this can help to decrease cheating. In addition, the professors or lecturers must give a certain fair grading, especially for home take assignments since the students can copy from online, which is popular cheating. Then this can help to decrease the cheating rate in the assignments. For example, if the total percentage of home take assignments is fifty percent then the percentage can be decreased to a fair percentage. As a result, this gives an opportunity to the people who are not cheating in the exams and as well as to decrease the chance of cheating in the exam.

Cheating can be decreased in the future. There is an argument saying that cheating is getting worse and can be decreased to some extent such as by decreasing the exam pressure. When the exam pressures of children are less then the students will work commonly and this will also reduce the stress of the students. Lowering the grading of the exams can reduce the pressure on students when doing the exams. For example, in today’s world lots of colleges are giving varieties of grades such as A-, B+, B-, C+, and C-. Moreover, schools and colleges can provide some workshops concerning what is really important rather than competing with other children for marks because the competition only lies for one time. For example, a student in a college or a school may have a competition with a college student or a school student so if that particular child learns what really means by competition then this can help to decrease cheating. In addition, the professors or lecturers must give a certain fair grading, especially for home take assignments since the students can copy from online, which is popular cheating. Then this can help to drop the cheating rate in the assignments. For example, if the total percentage of home take assignments is fifty percent then the percentage can be decreased to a fair percentage. As a result, this gives an opportunity to the people who are not cheating in the exams and as well as to decrease the chance of cheating in the exam.

“A real man or woman will be honest no matter how painful the truth is. A coward hides behind lies and deceit”. This is a quote, which explains best for betraying in online chatting. Online chatting is causing unknown cheating, which is also known as cyber cheating. This is happening with a female and males or other genders people other than the spouse or the partner. When a particular partner is bored those people will try on different methods such a method is known as online chatting, which they find they will become less bored such as Instagram, Facebook, and other social media. Further, online conversations will lead to online relationships where there is no physical contact or emotional intimacy. No physical contact can lead to betrayal, which is also known as cheating since the meeting place of the people includes only computers, mobile phones, and other technological devices. This is a disadvantage of sophisticated technology, which increases the chance of doing sexual activities not in real but through conversations. For example, when someone is flirting with a sexual conversation then that means that the person has taken control over the emotional and physical attention to the partner but this is not always lead to real relationships since there is no physical contact. The more information the particular person shares with the opposite person leads to feeling closer. This is the emotional intimacy in cyber cheating.

Cheating can be done by anyone because it is a choice; people usually grab the choices without thinking about the circumstances. So when it comes to relationships couples do catch cheating. Therefore if he or she is caught cheating then the opposite partner must persuade the partner not to cheat the next time. This can be done in many ways such as by asking the partner to take full responsibility that he or she cheated this will help the partner to be honest and it will help to make the behavior good. Besides, there is a quote, which gives advice that a relationship without trust is like a car without gas. If the partner is getting angry for small reasons then the opposite partner should take advice from a professional person other than a friend because in today’s world friends are unknown, and it is hard to find the intention of the friend or else the enemy, who is acting as a friend. The couples can engage in couple’s therapy, which is a therapy done by a professor to help build trust and to reduce the problems of the relationship or marriage life. This can also help to remove unwanted friends who are trying to involved in the marriage life or relationship because most of the time revenge or anger is a motivation done by a third wheel.

In conclusion, many pieces of evidence are on for side that cheating is getting worse. Cheating is a major problem for many people such as teachers, parents, wives, husbands, and fiancé. These people are the people who experience major cheating. The most famous cheating is exam paper cheating as the detailed information above. This school cheating is done to increase pride or to take attention from people because of the scholars. School students cheat in exams to make someone happy and that someone is mostly the parent and to get attention from friends. The cowards who cheat during women’s pregnancy time period are because of sexual desire. Besides, there are teachers, who do not care about the children since some teachers’ main aim is to improve their own career with many opportunities. Online cheating is a major problem in the world, which has increased over the past years. Online cheaters are way more different than other cheaters because they cheat without meeting and taking control over someone’s emotions. The best advice that the person who is trying to experience cheating is not to take advice from a third wheel which is a friend who comes into their life as enemies. Cheating can be decreased if people change their behavior and mindset with the help of professionals. When there is no cheating there is no betrayal. Only cheaters can change the evidence that cheating getting worse.

References

1. (Meighan, 2014, celebrity breakup) Retrieved from- https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.celebdirtylaundry.com/2014/burn-notice-seth-petersen-kylee-cochran-divorce-pregnant-split-breakup-cheating-separate-0106/amp/
2. (Mukhtar, 2018, Real life) Retrieved from- https://www.journalpost.co.uk/real-life/why-mean-cheat-during-pregnancy/
3. (Stieg. 2017, cheating in a relationship infidelity statistic) Retrieved from- https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2017/03/145438/cheating-in-a-relationship-emotional-infidelity-statistics

The Psychology of Human Relationships: Why do women cheat?

Sexual relationships are common among human beings and other animals in the world. The relationships between human beings are influenced by a broad range of factors beyond sex. Nonetheless, sexual roles play a huge part in the survival or dissolution of a relationship. Cheating is particularly a significant factor in the termination of many marriages and other sexuality-based unions, and any party in both homosexual and heterosexual relationships might be the culprit. Despite cheating being a common phenomenon in relationships, the reasons why either party cheats may vary across genders. This implies that the reasons for cheating among men might be different from those that compel women into cheating. These reasons may be further categorized into social, mental, and psychological among other groupings. Factors that lead to cheating may interact with each other to give a more accurate image and an overall reason as to why spouses may end up cheating. In this paper, cheating among women will be reviewed from two perspectives including genetics, as discussed by Gangestad et al. (2007), and mate switching by Buss et al. (2017). The mate-switching theory stands out as a more accurate explanation for cheating among women, pointing to selection as it applies in reproduction as the primary purpose for women desiring a different mate in what turns out to be an evolutionary advantage.

The rate of breakups in marriages leading to divorces continues to rise in the USA. According to Buss, Goetz, Duntley, Asao, & Conroy-Beam (2017) infidelity rate among men is higher compared to that of women at 50% and 26%, respectively. Buss and Co. add that cheating amongst women, which in their discussion passes as mate-switching, is evolutionary whereby a different mate brings with them survival advantages. Selection is a common phenomenon in both evolution and genetics where the best male is selected to sire children that have the most suitable traits for survival. As such, Buss et al. denounce the moral dimension from which cheating has over time been viewed, purporting that cheating is (or results from) an instinct among women. Despite this behavior is natural to humans, Buss et al. concede that there are benefits that individuals take into consideration before choosing one mate over another, evading the general cost of their partner being one of these benefits.

Contrary to the evolutionary viewpoint, cheating amongst women has been attributed to genetics by Gangestad, Garver-Apgar, Simpson, & Cousins (2007). According to Gangestad et al. (2017), during their fertile periods, women have a preference for men with more defined masculine features as opposed to other aspects, such as wealth. The good genes sexual selection theory appeals to the nature of women preferring to have dominant genes characterized by masculine traits passed to their offspring. According to this theory, it is through exploring the right mating partners that women can pass their favored male characters down to their progeny. Going by this theory and the knowledge about women’s ovulation cycles, it is deductible that women who chose to marry their current spouses during their days of ovulation are more likely to cheat on them than those who married during their fertile periods. This observation is derived from the fact that their most desired genetic traits may not have been naturally considered, and identifying a male in possession of these traits during their fertile periods may lead to cheating in marriage.

The mate-switching theory presents several adaptations that women have over time developed to assess the feasibility of their relationships. The overall cost of any given relationship is evaluated using these adaptations that Buss et al. outline, and if the costs outweigh the benefits, women will look for a less costly alternative. This observation has been reverberated by Danel, Siennicka, Glińska, Fedurek, et al. (2017) with the Mate Value Discrepancy theory that acknowledges the tendency of women to assess the value of potential mates against that of their partners and making a choice based on the outcomes of this comparison. The MVD theory explains a broad range of reasons that are known to cause cheating among women including seeking sexual, physical, or emotional satisfaction (Ziv, Lubin, & Asher, 2018).

From a genetic perspective, attraction toward persons presumed to have dominant male characteristics such as facial hair, deep voice, etcetera undermines the fact that these traits may not be passed on to female offspring. According to Clot, Grolleau, & Ibanez (2014), high executive control among individuals is imperative to their resistance against the urge to cheat. This finding points to the fact that choices by different women to cheat or to stick by their partners regardless of both internal and external factors that may otherwise compel them to cheat are personal. According to Stone, Goetz, & Shackelford (2005), 50% of the 90% of men and women who marry end up cheating, meaning that the women in the 50% population are in the largest part of their lives (fertile periods) attracted to males but their partners. It also implies that these women remain emotionally attached to other persons for more than 20 days of every month for the rest of their lives from the time they start a relationship to the point at which it ends.

Cheating amongst women has been attributed to the availability of an opportunity by Fincham & May (2017). This proposition adds to the mate-switching theory that is primarily based on the perceived value of another mate. According to Rhodes, Simmons, & Peters (2005), cheating comes at costs such as potential violence, contracting STIs, marriage breakups, prospects of single parenthood, and loss of financial and other forms of support from partners. It is thus accurate to state that women are more likely to avoid cheating based on these costs, but if pushed by the factors earlier discussed they may find a way to create an opportunity to cheat without being caught. The theory of impulsive cheating that results from the physical attributes of the desired males disregards modern technology that may help identify the paternity of the offspring leading to the losses (or costs) that result from cheating. It also goes against the desire by women to reproduce with males that will be available to offer paternal care to the children at an age where research shows that these children have higher rates of survival compared to their counterparts.

It is scientifically factual that sexually reproducing organisms may opt to recreate with others that are perceived as genetically healthier. However, Schmitt (2015) observes that physical attributes are secondary to other traits such as intelligence, mental, social, and psychological when women are choosing a mate. The scientific proof for good genes aside, any woman is unlikely to leave their partner for a mate in possession of the traits that Gangestad et al. (2017) describe but mentally retarded. Failing to appreciate the importance of all traits and emphasizing the physical attributes thus dwindles the gene selection theory.

Conclusion

There are many reasons why females may choose to mate with another person that is not their life partner. The mate-switching hypothesis presents a solid argument compared to the preferred gene hypothesis. Superficial reasons, such as sexual satisfaction and other material benefits of cheating back the mate-switching theory, making a better-applicable explanation in the day-to-day experiences of partners. Also, looking at factors that discourage women from cheating points to the reasons that may encourage women not to switch their mates, but these factors cannot deter women from being attracted to males with better or distinct masculine features. As such, with the weighed strengths of the mate-switching hypothesis against the preferred genes, it is clear that women are more likely to cheat as a result of adaptation that guarantees them value and eradicate costly relationships.

The world is in a transition period where the economy is bigger and thriving more than ever. Each economy has had hits throughout its time. Economies are systems where money is accumulated by businesses and services. Under a magnifying glass, businesses and services are not anything without the people. People who have a role in a business have different morals and obligations to their organizations. The situations and results of what people do in their organizations are important because spectators view these situations through different lenses.

Business Ethics is important to the world. It offers different lenses in the business world to understand why businesses go into the negative or how they ran successfully. Each person is seen through the lenses of what motivates them and how they operate in the business. There is a broken culture of cheating in getting ahead. People cheat to get ahead and to be successful. Though there are people with ideas to restore balance in the capitalistic society that needs some sort of equality or justice. Business Ethics is significant because no matter how advanced the world becomes businesses will have the same motivational factors. Business Ethics provides theories and formulas for the dilemmas that happen in a business where it benefits all people in learning what issues can be avoided.

The understanding of Business Ethics is defined by authors, John Isbister and David Callahan. Both authors’ texts go hand-and-hand with the idea of trying to restore the economy and business. Isbister talks about the capitalistic society and challenges the readers how to creatively achieve social equality amongst all people. The correlation with Business Ethics is how the systems implemented by governments are trying to regulate and distribute money to everyone. Though the systems are getting beaten by everyone and trying to make and determine their own piece of the ‘pie’. Business Ethics is aligned with economics that in which everyone is taking what they deserve. In relation to the ‘Cheating Culture’ by David Callahan who talks about Americans wanting to be a part of the Winning Class —— the richest people who make up the top one percent and make more money than ninety percent of the population. The Cheating Culture is a serious matter and epidemic. The Winning Class cheats and faces barely any or not any repercussions for any wrongdoings. So the lower social class views these situations as a formula to become part of the social class. Both authors have based and written their books on why the essentials to live in society are hard to obtain. People cheat because in the capitalistic society to afford or maintain a way of living. Greed lies in some people’s morality because they want to think they earned it.

The dilemmas explained in John Isbister’s, Capitalism and Justice are questioned with the government’s system in the way it works. Isbister starts the book with the analogy of animals and what should everyone should get if they were put in the work. The face of the dilemma starts off, in reality, it is about capitalism. The true problem is that capitalism is broken along with its characteristics. According to Isbister, he states “In the United States, governments at all levels are responsible for almost one-third of the country’s output, and the government regulations influence the way in which the remaining two-thirds,” (Capitalism and Justice, Page 39). The government is the problem because they are supposed to regulate the market but have a laissez-faire of sorts. Business Ethics, from the perspective of libertarianism, believes that the government should imply contracts and have military protection. Libertarians want to hold people accountable for their role in the economy. Plus the government only provides protection to citizens from the military. The point of view of Libertarians would not solely work. Their view is slightly hard because the government lets its people have private ownership and business and not regulating the government would make the market go haywire. The current way the government is set up now could work or from the utilitarian perspective would work much more. Utilitarianism theorists believe that everything should be for the greater good of the majority. The leaders in the government believe that system works because most people get what they deserve. In agreeance, Isbister believes utilitarianism would work more than anything because he talks about Russia transitioning from an economy that was communist to capitalist. He condemns the libertarianism view with the results of what happened in Russia: high crime and mob-crime groups. Libertarianism theorists would not work because the world would not be any better. The market is ridiculously unorganized because the government would not have any interference. In addition, contracts would not really hold them liable for their business. The morality of some people would take over resulting in greed and taking more than can because there is not any constant restorative justice. Business Ethics is important because it revolves around what is best for society, and people with the use of historical situations that heavily failed. As society advances the idea of business is the same no matter how much the market grosses. The principles of Business Ethics are significant because it theorizes what could be the catalyst for productivity and efficiency for an individual or an entire economy.

The dilemmas explained by David Callahan, in ‘The Cheating Culture’ are far more individualized than Isbister’s writings. Callahan writes about notable failed or corrupted businesses and the leaders of these companies in how they conducted business. Callahan theorizes after breaking down all the scenarios how to restore balance to the corruptly run business world. For example, Callahan states, “The IRS goes after less-affluent tax cheats because they are easy prey. Middle-class and lower-income Americans don’t have the resources to put up a lengthy fight against the IRS. But America’s wealthiest taxpayers, backed by top tax lawyers and accountants, are adept at trying IRS investigators up in knots for years,” (The Cheating Culture, Page 157). The dilemma here is that taxation is not fairly based on income but on loopholes. The rich are not taxed as much as the middle class or poor because the rich can afford lawyers to get out by paying out a small chunk of their salary. Callahan’s response to the unjust taxation is that the wealthiest of people is who to point the finger at. The blame goes to the wealthiest people because they shape society’s social economics. They created loopholes and cheat codes for sustaining wealth in America. There is not any way to stop it. Callahan and Isbister’s theories correlate well together because capitalism is not broken equating to everyone wanting to cheat. Another example stated by Callahan is, “Economic insecurity is nothing new to the bottom third of American households. But the downsizing […] meant less job security for professionals who should reside securely within the middle class. Most of those who are downsized find other jobs, but these often pay less and carry few pension or health-care benefits,” (The Cheating Culture, Page 171). Economic insecurity happens and people are out of jobs then affects their life and well-being. People are being laid off and have new jobs where they might not be able to retire comfortably or have the benefits of working. Benefits and pensions matter because it not only ensures the individual working but the household of the worker too. The laying off of workers leaves workers scrambling for jobs and lowers their social class. Callahan’s response to economic insecurity would be to have the government step in to ensure more jobs are secure. The government has to do so because the income becomes vastly bigger. Plus the government has a social contract with its people to sacrifice social freedom for the protection of the country, or in this case, the country’s economy. Such as Isbister believes government participation is key to making the market more stable. Fewer jobs but more money being made would hurt the economy rather than everyone being able to benefit in some way. Business Ethics is significant to government and business because values need to be maintained, questioned, or revised for mankind to be successful or avoid situations.

Dilemmas in the news that affect the world currently. Such as:

The Germany-based luxury car company, Mercedes-Benz, says it will eliminate 9,500 jobs of its 61,000 jobs. The reason for the job-cutting is that the company plans on going on to electric cars, and lack of growth in China due to the trade war. From Isbister’s point of view, he thinks capitalism has to grow but there is an uneven balance as to why it has. If the car company cuts jobs mean fewer workers but more money made an appearance in the market. The owner is making that decision to appeal to the social culture of the car market on how everything is more eco-friendly. Plus Mercedes-Benz wants to have an equal market share as much or more than its competitors. With a lack of brand growth in China, the car company has to still sustain a certain economic value each year. The owner is thinking from a utilitarianism theory because it is all about what is best for the company. Or from a non-consequentialist view, the owner is not thinking about the consequences but more so the action itself. Importance of Business Ethics helps make a business more efficient which will later affect the economy in a good way or bad way.

Another dilemma happened in the United Kingdom where a deal with an advertising company caused debt for small businesses. According to the BBC, the small businesses made a deal with an advertising company and the businesses were going to finance and then be paid out later. The advertising business soon went out of business and could not pay its advertisers. The only way to be slightly compensated would be to sell more ads. Plus the paperwork that was made with the deal was not the best which resulted in them having debt. Some of the advertisers cut their losses. Then some asked the government to step in seeing what they can do to at least get out of debt. If Callahan were to figure out who to blame would be the advertising company. Callahan would think this dilemma would be categorical imperative. The owners acted and tried to get the government involved to make way for those who might have a problem like this in the future. Plus they want to make things right even though they will pay the personal debt from the ad deal. They want to be compensated but also they want other businesses to avoid a future business deal like this. Isbister would argue that capitalism and the way cash is dispensed are unbalanced. It is unbalanced people try to make their own businesses but sometimes go into debt. The debt kills the business and makes working-class individuals lose their spot in a capitalistic society. Plus the gap between the rich and poor opened more than ever due to people who tried to establish themselves in the working class to be in the Winning Class.

The last dilemma would be a Maltese businesses man who was convicted of murder. Morally, murder is wrong. According to ABC News, the young reporter that blogged about Yongen Fenech, a Maltese businessman, was an extreme lobbyist for his company. Fenech sent killers to kill her but soon was charged with her murder. According to David Callahan, Fenech would be an ethical egoist. Fenech cared about himself and his company. He knew that a blog about him would change his company economically so he did what was “right”. Capitalism corrupts the mind in how people strive to be successful.

Business Ethics is important to the world because the goal for everyone is to be successful and obtain astronomical amounts of wealth. The things people do not think of are the dilemmas it comes with them. Either the dilemmas might be with the individual, the business, or the economy. In some way shape or form, it affects a part of you. Business Ethics is important because business becomes more efficient in productivity and fewer problems to be avoided due to learning from past situations. Business Ethics questions morality and always finding out ways to achieve economic justice. Economic justice can be equality for all if sorted by the government or people cheating to gain their own economic justice.

Business Ethics deals with morality and social justice in relation to economics. The end goal is to have productivity in economics but sometimes greed and integrity interfere with seeking that goal. Business Ethics analyzes capitalism and the people involved in it. The significance of Business Ethics defines what business should or should not look like.

I Would Prefer Even to Fail with Honor Than Win by Cheating

The world is becoming so dependent on the ‘human rights concept and is gradually resulting in a morally lazy public. Unlike the human rights perspective, the idea of human responsibility originates from the declaration that all human beings are free and equal in rights and dignity upon birth. It means that every individual is endowed with adequate reasoning and conscience and that people should act toward each other in the spirit of brotherhood. Human rights receive better protection when every person understands their duties to one another, as well as, to the local, national, regional, and global communities. However, steroid use is still a major problem affecting sports around the world. While the concerned authorities are doing their best to contain the problem, it still rests on the individual athletes to take action by reporting their colleagues breaking this policy. On this premise, I believe that despite steroid use being rampant in my sport, it would be cheating if I were to use them too.

The widespread use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) and the associated drug dependency have altered the perception that steroidal use is cheating in sports. Kirkwood argued this point out from the perspective of cheating as an advantage-seeking behavior (485). This argument followed the example of doping, where sportspeople are allowed to use banned substances as long as there is medical verification. On a similar note, AAS addiction has become a problem among sportspeople. This addiction has caused athletes to become dependent on regular doses of steroids to keep them from developing withdrawal symptoms and becoming ineffective in sports. The question then becomes whether steroidal use becomes cheating, now that sportspeople are not seeking an advantage in the game itself but rather a relief from the effects of the drug addiction problem. McGrew also upheld this view in his research, when he propositioned that the medical community has effectively discredited myths revolving around the effects of AAS (234). For instance, steroid users do not exhibit destructive rage as many believe. From this angle, AAS have risks but are safe as long as they are administered properly.

Even though the previous articles view the use of steroids as not cheating, others have differing opinions. Dodge et al. contended that it is all a matter of perspective and demonstrates using two scenarios, i.e., representing the athletic and academic domains (678). On the one hand, an athlete abused steroids to succeed in a sports event while on the other, a student used AAS to pass midterm exams. The participants of the study were asked to select which of the two cheated and compared the responses. The findings revealed that most of the participants believed the athlete to be a cheater and many more believed that the student was justified to use AAS to pass exams. From this angle, the circumstances will define whether people will view drug abuse as cheating or not. One way to explain the percepts in the presented case regarding a student and an athlete is the fact that many would have believed the latter to be a frequent user, which is the characteristic of many sportspeople (Dodge et al. 681). As such, the student was more justified because it was probably the first time to use AAS. Despite taking a different viewpoint from the rest, however, this article only enhances the ambiguity that surrounds the concept of cheating in the context of AAS use in sports.

A moral criterion that will be useful in the evaluation of the action involving steroid use will be team responsibility. In any sport, an individual will have to partake in a team from local to international competition. That means that each person has a role to play in ensuring the success of the team. The premise of a team is shared responsibility, which means that the members of the group commit to the completion of the tasks given to them and aid their colleagues in meeting deadlines (Bonner et al. 1983). For such a goal to be accomplished, trust is an important element. If I were to engage in steroid use to enhance my performance, I place my entire team at risk of being excluded from the competition, as is the nature of shared responsibility. The rationale for this claim is that if my drug use is noticed, I will face expulsion from the competition and all my achievements will be stripped from me as well as my team. Furthermore, risking steroid use will damage not only my reputation but that of other athletes on my team that had probably no idea what was happening.

Another moral criterion that will be valuable in examining steroid use is accountability, which highlights issues such as answerability, liability, and blameworthiness. Heck et al. define accountability as the assurance that the performance of an organization or individual will be assessed based on that which they are held responsible (44). Within a team, each member is given a role to play to achieve an overall goal that would ensure victory. Success, therefore, depends on the ability of each individual to play his or her part by making certain sacrifices and meeting their obligations. Using steroids to boost my performance only means that I will be prioritizing my personal glory at the expense of my team. If the steroids were to cause unintended consequences, I would place the entire team at risk of failing. Steroids can be damaging to the muscles and can cause faster deterioration of muscle cells, resulting in burnout (Egner et al. 11). Being accountable means that I am responsible for the role I am given on the team and that means taking measures to ensure that I am ready for the competition using proper

Based on team responsibility, it is vital for a person to ensure that he or she behaves in a manner that brings success to the team. The premise is that the consequences of the individual actions of the team members have repercussions for the team. If one of them were to be caught using steroids to boost performance, he or she places the entire team at risk of losing the competition. For instance, most sports operate using a fixed number of players, which forces competing teams to have two teams in place as a precaution. In case one of the most crucial members were to be kicked out due to steroid use, the team will have to resort to a less-qualified player. The outcome will be that the team’s ability to function as it should diminish and so does the prospect of winning the tournament. Conforming to the requirements of shared responsibility means that any member should not take actions that would jeopardize the team.

In the context of accountability, a team player has a responsibility to ensure that he or she performs the role given to the best of one’s capabilities. Being a part of a team implies an unspoken form of a social contract that each member must strive to uphold. Accountability means that each team member does all he or she can win for the team within the requirements of the law. Steroid use entails breaking the anti-doping rules that make up most competitions, meaning that it is not within acceptable parameters. Accountability also means that in case a member discovers the other consuming steroids, corrective action should be taken before the problem graduates into one that could affect the entire team. Ignoring it will only allow the issue to fester and become more devastating once the bubble bursts. In summary, accountability requires that each team member should be liable for his or her actions and be ready to make amends wherever and whenever possible. The willingness to learn is at the center of this concept since it would be more troubling if a member was to repeat the same mistake.

Human responsibility is a much more effective framework for governing individual actions compared to the human rights perspective. Using team responsibility and accountability as moral criteria, it is evident that using steroids is not a responsible thing for an athlete to do. Not only does it place the individual at risk of suffering health damage but also places the entire team in jeopardy of losing its ability to compete. Thus, it would be cheating for me to use steroids to improve my performance in a competition. Despite the rampant use of AAS among sportsmen, I believe that steroidal use is synonymous with cheating in sports. This view stems from the standpoint that sports are motivated by rules, upon which competitors are expected to compete against each other in a fair manner. Literature evidence supports the existence of a conundrum in the perception of AAS usage as cheating because it is more about relieving addiction needs than seeking an advantage in the competition.

Cheating is a dishonest way to get information; 60.8% of college students admit to cheating. The Adventures of the Three students was written in 1904. Students in college cheat in many ways such as getting other students to do the work for them. Cheating has been around for many years and some staff and faculty assist students in cheating. In some cases, colleges cover up the cheating done by students. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle explains in the story of the Adventures of the Three Students the theme that cheating at the collegiate level is still around 140 years later.

Students come up with various ways in order to accomplish cheating. “The man entered and took the papers, sheet by sheet, from the central table. He carried them over to the window table, because from there he could see if you came across the courtyard, and so could affect an escape”(Doyle 3). This quote supports the thesis by describing how Gilchrist skillfully took the papers from the professor’s office. In the book Bannister explained, “he was nearly expelled over a card scandal in his first year” (Doyle 4). The quote relates to the thesis because it proves that Gilchrist previously cheated and continued to cheat throughout his college years. “A new investigation by Brad Wolverton of The Chronicle of Higher Education describes alleged cases of academic misconduct by former members of the Texas Longhorns men’s basketball team, including cheating by a player who ‘allegedly took some pictures of some test questions during a final exam for a remedial math class with his phone and sent them to someone outside his math class looking for answers,’ Wolverton tells NPR’s Arun Rath” (Wolverton 7). The online quote explains exactly how a college athlete cheated and shows how cheating still occurs in today’s times. “Just as higher education is changing…the cheating business is transforming as well, finding new and more insidious ways to undermine academic integrity” (Wolverton 5). The book relates to the thesis because it explains how today, the rate of cheating is continuing to grow.

Besides the increased rate of cheating, there have been various scandals involving cheating at the collegiate level. “When once the law is evoked it cannot stay again, and this is just one of those cases where, for the credit of the college, it is most essential to avoid scandal” (Doyle 1). The quote supports the topic by showing how even years ago, colleges wanted to cover up scandals. Colleges do not want bad news to be attracted to their universities. “Either I must find the man or else the examination must be postponed until fresh papers are prepared, and since this cannot be done without explanation there will ensue a hideous scandal, which will throw a cloud not only on the college but on the University” (Doyle 2). This proves that the administration of universities is prepared to do whatever it takes to not have a scandal in the mists of their students. The issue of scandal does not only happen in stories, it happens in the modern day as well. “More than 50 people have been charged with participating in the college admissions scandal, a scheme involving bribery, money laundering, and document fabrication to unfairly get students admitted to elite colleges” (Wolverton 4). The quote backs up the book by showing that multiple people are involved in scandals related to cheating. “50 college coaches, exam proctors, admissions counselors, and parents—are alleged to have done a lot of things that were clearly legally wrong” (Helling 2). This source proves that adults do things illegally just to help their kids and try to avoid scandal.

Parents, administrators, and coaches can elaborate on a student cheating. For example, when Bannister said, “Wasn’t it natural, sir, that I should save him, and wasn’t it natural also that I should try to speak to him as his dead father would have done, and make him understand that he could not profit by such a deed? Could you blame me, sir?” (Doyle 8). This quote explains that some adults are willing to cover for students no matter what. However, some adults may have guilt. “Bannister was very much upset by the incident. He had nearly fainted when we found that the papers had undoubtedly been tampered with” (Doyle 2). Bannister was trying very hard to make sure Gilchrist did not get caught so he had to lie. Some adults have no guilt in helping other people cheat. “For years, North Carolina gamed the system and cheated athletes. Some were funneled into classes that required little work for high grades. While their education suffered, the athletes entertained Tar Heel fans, minted money for the school, and helped line the pockets of coaches and administrators. And the school got away with it” (Gregory 5). The school purposely helped students cheat in order to gain something. Not only do adults assist students in cheating, but some students believe that they cheat because of their teachers. “People cheat when they have too much to do and too little time to do it. When teachers feel this time pressure, we sometimes blast through the curriculum, modeling for students that they can rush through it, too” (Tovani 3). Some students cannot learn by the way teachers teach, therefore resulting in cheating to be able to pass the course.

There are many factors that relate to students cheating. Adults have a big role in the way students cheat, and how students get away with it. Some students feel as if they are forced to cheat to help them get through their education. Parents, administrators, and coaches even assist people with cheating to cover up scandals. Even 140 years later, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s story of the Adventure of the Three Students still justifies how students in the modern-day deceive the education system. Think before you cheat.