Category: Canada

Gender equality, as defined by Dictionary.com, is the state in which access to rights or opportunities is unaffected by gender. Women makeup about half of the population, which makes gender equality such a crucial topic to discuss (Worldbank.org). Many countries have their own beliefs and traditions that may conflict with a new set of laws being introduced. Despite this animosity, the question is still up to debate as to whether or not a universal body of laws should be created to achieve gender equality, or if countries should simply be allowed to create gender equality laws that coincide with their beliefs.

Inequalities between men and women have been occurring around the world since the beginning of time. Despite this being a major issue, gender equality did not become a global topic of discussion until the group, United Nations, was formed in the mid-1940s. The establishment of the UN helped the feminist movement gain momentum, and in the 1970s led to the general assembly of the UN pronouncing an International Women’s Year as well as holding the first World Conference on Women in 1975. Following this trend of increasing gender equality, in 1979, the United Nations enacted the CEDAW, which is the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. The CEDAW played a major part in constructing the International Women’s Bill of Rights which formulates a plan to eliminate discrimination (UN.org). The assembling of these new policies and groups helped lessen the number of gender discrepancies, however, gender inequality is still prevalent in the present day. The UN is aware of these continuous gender disparities and has continued to make progress towards gaining full gender equality around the world. There is now an entire division of the UN solely designated to achieving both gender equality and women’s empowerment. Gender equality is also recognized as one of the United Nations’ 17 sustainable development goals (DESA, UN.org).

The main reason this crucial problem is being discussed a lot more now than in the past is because of the new issues women are facing. The COVID-19 pandemic has been around for over one year now and is continuing to cause gender-related issues. According to the United Nations, the economic crises caused by the pandemic are affecting women significantly more than men. This is because women tend to earn less money, have fewer savings, make up a majority of single-parent households, etc. There is also the issue of job loss. A majority of the jobs being lost are those in which women make up a majority of the workforce. For example, domestic jobs, which are retail, entertainment, and food service jobs, are made up of about 80 percent of women. This is taking a harmful toll on women because around 72 percent of those workers have lost their jobs (UNwomen.org). Therefore, an introduction to a global set of laws that focus on pushing for gender equality may be a way to lessen this substantial difference between the way women and men are affected by global events that occur.

There are many different reasons as to why universal laws addressing gender equality should not be put into place. Two main reasons are traditional societal expectations, as well as religious beliefs that have been passed on throughout history.

“Wives, submit to your husbands as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of the church, his body, of which he is the Saviour. Now as the church submits to Christ, so also wives should submit to their husbands in everything.” (Ephesians 5:22-24). This is an example of how religion can go against modern beliefs. People have taken part in religion throughout history, meaning that their scriptures and beliefs have been passed down through many generations. For this reason, several people believe that their religion should continue to be practiced identically to how it was in the past. The age-old scriptures may contain principles that go against modern gender norms; but does that give lawmakers the right to ignore the well-established traditions and force people of faith into complying with laws that do not correspond with that of their scriptures?

Societal roles are another justification commonly given for why a universal set of laws should not be set in stone. Many countries around the world have a traditional set of social expectations that can force women and men to follow unfair gender expectations. These roles can include beliefs such as the men having to be “protectors,” the women having to always be appealing to their husbands, and many other ideals. One place where this is the case is Yemen. In Yemen, any straying from the strict societal norms can put you in harm’s way. Societal roles have been around for about 13 years meaning that people are very accustomed to them (Amnesty.org). Instituting a universal set of gender equality laws that may contradict the traditional roles could cause danger to men and women, and even more danger to those in places with extremely strict gender roles. Many women and men also may be against the need to stray from the social rules that they have always been taught. These laws will introduce foreign ideas and likely lead to violence and neglect to follow the laws put in place altogether.

There are also valid reasons given for why a set of laws should be installed globally. The main reason is that women make up half of the population, and therefore should be treated equally to their male counterparts. It is also proven that the laws being put into place are working to achieve equality between the genders. Places such as Canada and Belgium, have introduced gender equality laws and seen favorable results. The UN also developed a document called the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The document is a list of goals that countries should be striving to reach because the UN is trying to attain what is in everyone’s best interest. The goals focus on equality across all races and genders, and many countries are making laws similar to this declaration to achieve what is best for everyone.

Canada has been instating gender equality laws throughout the 1900s. This plays a main factor in why Canada is one of the countries rated 100.0 on the 2021 Women, Business, and Law Index (Wbl.worldbank.org). This index is one of seven studies that measure the laws and regulations about women’s economic opportunity across 190 countries as well as helping to identify drawbacks in women’s economic presence and advocating for revisions of discriminatory laws (Ibis). Many gender equality laws have been passed by the Canadian government, with one of the earliest being the Married Women’s Property Act. This act was established as early as 1884 in some provinces, with the last act being passed in 1900 by Manitoba (International.gc.ca). This law granted women the access to enter legal agreements and own property which men already had the right to do. This act led to many other gender equality procedures evolving; many of them being derived from the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Sections 15 and 28 are two of the main sections that came from this charter. Section 15 ensures that equal protection and benefits of the law are upheld with no discrimination. Section 28 includes the Canadian Human Rights Act of 1977 which states that all Canadians have the right to equality, an equal amount of opportunity, fair treatment, and a discrimination-free environment (Ibis). Every four years, for Canada to further help the advancement of women’s rights, they submit a report to the UN about things they have done regarding gender equality. This report aids in reaching the goal for women to be treated the same as the other 50 percent of the population.

The United Nations is one of the major international groups that is actively trying to plan out solutions to settle the issue of gender equality. One step they have taken to encourage equality between genders is the formulation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This Declaration is made up of 30 articles all of which bring up equality and use inclusive language such as “everyone” and “men and women” (UN.org). The UN created this document to advocate for the making of a universal set of laws and intended for readers of the document to interpret it as a list of laws that everyone should be making an effort to introduce and enforce. The world needs to take action when advised by the United Nations because the UN does what is best for the greater good and therefore the world will become a better and more peaceful place to live in than what it is currently (70, UN.org).

Before my research, I strongly sided with the opinion that a universal set of laws should be put into place, however, the more research I did on the opposing side, the more I understood why a global set of laws may hurt traditions and beliefs. Many people are very attached to their traditions because it connects them with their family and ancestors. Despite this newly found insight into other people’s perspectives, I still think that a universal set of gender equality laws needs to be put into place. I feel that women and men are equal in everything they do. Women also make up around 50 percent of the population, meaning they should be given the same opportunities as every other person who inhabits this planet (Data.worldbank.org). The amount of rights a woman can receive should not be dependent on where they live. All opportunities should be equalized globally so that a person’s amount of freedom does not depend on where they were born. A person born in Yemen should have the same amount of freedom as someone born in Canada or Belgium. By instating a universal set of laws that pertain to gender equality it would ensure that both women and men have the same amount of freedoms throughout the world. Societal expectations and religious beliefs should not be allowed to influence how many rights a human being is allowed to have.

Society should continue to look into the different justifications for why a universal set of laws should be put into place and also why there should not. This topic is still widely debated around the world and many people will continue to push their side of the argument to be carried out, whether it is the establishment of gender equality laws, or not. Both arguments’ pros and cons should be compared with each other and action should be taken upon the argument whose benefits outweigh the contrary. Both debates give valid reasons as to why their ideas should be instated, it is just dependent on what argument has the best interest in mind for the greater good. I suspect that a universal set of laws about gender equality will eventually be introduced to the world because of the constant advances that are being made toward achieving equality.

The culture of Canada has a lot of elements such as artistic, literary, humor, musical, political, and social that represent Canada and Canadians. Throughout Canada’s history, Canada’s culture has been influenced by many cultures such as European culture British culture, French culture, and its own baronial culture. Many elements of the cultures of Canada’s immigrant countries have been put into Canadian history to make a bigger Canadian culture. Why I chose Canadian culture because I wanted to learn more about the culture and I thought it was an interesting topic.

The group of seven was a group founded in 1920 as an organization of landscape painters. Franklin Carmichael, Lawren Harris, A.Y Jackson, Frank Johnston, J.E.H Macdonald, and Frederick Varley were the most important Canadian artists in the first decade of the twenty century. They had a major influence on many artists such as Jack Bush, a group of eleven, Peter Doig, and many more. In the beginning, the group of seven was not only landscape painters they would do other types of painting. Their first exhibition in the Art Gallery of Toronto in 1920 was major for them because landscape painting wasn’t in art galleries in Canada and this was the first time. After that, they staring identify themselves as a landscape painting school. The group of seven started becoming frustrated with the conservation quality of Canadian art. So they started speaking out about it and started to claim themselves as Canada’s school for painters and the artistic establishment didn’t like that. The problems for the group of seven really began when Eric Brown, The director of the National Gallery began to support the group of seven and buy their paintings. He also made sure that their paintings were shown all over the Wembley exhibition. This got many people in the royal canadian academy Mad because they thought that the group of seven had an unfair advantage with Eric Brown’s support. They started to be biased in the British reports and started to make the Group of Seven started to feel vindicated. This later got resolved and Eric and The group of seven continued to make history with their paintings.

This is a picture of the Group of seven having a meeting about their painting.

This was at a restaurant in Ontario in 1920. This relates to my theme because this is an iconic moment in Canadian culture because all of the members were in a local restaurant in Ontario talking about their paintings and their fans got to see them.

On May 22, 1971, Ontario Place opened. it was first opened as a theme park in Ontario this was big for Canada because this was the first theme park with family attractions in Canadain History. it was originally designed to promote exhibits and entertainment in Ontario but over time they decided to change it and make a water park with kids areas and amusement rides. but in 2012 they shocked everyone by closing it for redevelopment. The new Ontario was not like before now it had a movie theater, a marine, and a concert stage that opens during the summertime. when they finished redeveloping it a lot of people were furious because a lot of the old attractions were gone this causes a lot of problems for them and for business. a lot of people stop going just because of the renewal of Ontario Place. How They can solve these problems by just bringing back the old Ontario place and a lot of people that were angry will come back. Sadly that can not happen because the future of Ontario Place is coming to an end because Doug Ford has announced that he will be destroying Ontario Place to build a casino. This is very sad because Ontario place has played a huge part in Canadian culture and history and has brought so many good memories for people.

This is a picture of Canadians celebrating the opening of the Ontario Place. This relates to my theme because this was the first time a theme park ever opened in Canadian history.

Overall Canadian history has many elements that have influenced the Canadian culture. Canadian culture is always changing and it’s gonna keep changing in the future with more and more immigrants coming to Canada and bringing their culture with them the future of Canadian culture will be unpredictable.

Freedom of speech, our right to say what we please without the fear of being censored or persecuted, one of the most essential conditions of any free society. Protected by laws, constitutions, and in Canada by our Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the freedom of speech is considered an integral concept of modern liberal democracies. As the years have progressed our freedom of speech has seen limitations put on it by bodies of power, using these restrictions for personal gain rather than for the betterment of our nation(s).

True freedom of speech does not exist in today’s world, simply because the parties that control our nation(s) have put restrictions upon it in the name of “national security”, “national interest” and “civilian safety”. Freedom of speech mustn’t be restricted in any way unless their speech exposes themselves or others to harm. The government often limits freedom of speech to silence domestic protest groups such as environmental and social activists for financial gain. Silencing domestic protest groups not only is a violation of our freedom of speech, but it goes against everything a modern liberal democracy should stand for. These violations have mostly gone unnoticed by the greater population as they have not been directly affected by these actions. Until recently, when the government decided that it would veto previous a treaty agreement with a First Nations group and build the Trans Mountain pipeline that would cross through the land previously promised to the First Nations people. This is when the greater population took notice as protesters were being beaten for standing up for what is rightfully theirs. Soon enough the situation was being broadcasted worldwide as more and more people witnessed the government attempt to silence the voice of innocent people. As the situation continued more people from around the nation began to protest in solidarity with the people of the First Nations group and to stand against the government for its wrongdoings. This was the moment when the true colours of the governments were shown as people began to see what the government was willing to do in order to make a financial gain. However, sometimes freedom must be limited in order to allow for the existence of a functioning, chaos-free society.

Section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms permits government interference and restriction upon the freedom of speech of citizens through the policies of the Reasonable Limitations Act. Such policies allow for the government to enact definite, legal constraint upon the freedom. For example, it is prohibited to claim “fire” in a crowded theatre, or any public place for that matter; this limitation is set to ensure the safety of civilians, as such an exclamation may create a panic ensuing in the injury and/or death of citizens. Another example of an acceptable governmental limitation is speech containing racial slurs or discriminatory language may be considered hate speech and is punishable by law. Such conditions upon the freedom are legally reasonable and justified, as the government has used Section 1 of the Charter to implement reasonable limitations for a more secure and stable society, Freedom of speech means an individual has the right to express their opinion without censorship or the risk of persecution. In recent years, the government has applied what may be considered an unjust restriction upon the freedoms of speech and assembly of the First Nations people protesting the Trans Mountain Pipeline, as the government enacted the illiberal Emergencies Act; the Emergencies Act was the policy created in replacement of the War Measures Act, allowing Parliament to authorize the use of special temporary measures to ensure safety and security during national emergencies, such measures include but are not limited to the use of military force. Such — are infringements upon the rights and freedoms promised to Canadian citizens, and — unacceptable limitation of their rights guaranteed through the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, articles 1,19, and 20, which state all human beings as equals, the rights of speech, expression, and freedom of opinion, and the right to the freedom of peaceful assembly and association, respectively. However, sometimes, restrictions applied upon freedom are necessary and just, as limitations enacted under the Reasonable Limitations Act of Section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms are placed in the interests of civilian safety, national interest, and national security. As in any aspect of life, balance is key; certain limitations upon the freedom of speech are necessary and just, such as those governing hate speech and speech endangering the lives of citizens, they ground civilians to a humane extent and allow for the — of a functioning, democratic state in which all are free to speak and to be protected of vile speech, through a system of accountability.

In the article of theoretical debates on violence against women in Canada, a set of theoretical perspectives are presented to give a better understanding for diverse views on violence. I will be unpacking the important concepts in this article to analyze how they apply and work in our daily lives on an individual and societal level. Violence is a multi-faceted complex problem that cannot be linked to single factor. The individual and societal aspects of violence are interconnected which is a reason for the range of theories presented. The theories I will be covering on the individual level will be psychological process theories, developmental attachment, and feminist theory on the societal, which will be focusing on explaining broader structural influences.

There is much debate on the theory of violence as many sociologists work on breaking down what leads to what is perceived as violence in society. The article describes different types of violence, one being between partners. Often times partner violence is described to be committed by young males who may be unemployed or have a low economic status that may abuse alcohol or drugs. Their emotional abuse on their female partners is understood to be a result of their family or community values and ideologies that equate masculinity with desirable values such as dominance, toughness and honour. Heise (1998) developed this ecological framework by four concentric circles; 1. personal history, 2. Microsystem, 3. Exosystem, and 4. Macrosystem. The four factors help understand an individual’s life in different aspects where they may have witnessed violence, drug or alcohol abuse, low SES, and or masculinity linked to aggression and dominance due to gender roles. By using this framework, the article digs into the individual level theories sociologists have discovered to conceptualize the problems resulting from these factors. The article poses three major individual level theories; social learning theory, gender role theory, and developmental attachment theory. Firstly, social learning theory at a deeper glance attempts to explain the elements of violence through the influence of observation in an individual’s experience through rewards and reinforcements. Social learning theory is observed to have intergenerational transmissions of violence, meaning the influential people who have demonstrated violence in an individual’s primary social ties has a significant impact on that individual carrying on violent behavior onto the next generation. Sociologists’ Galles and Straus reinforce this idea, arguing that the structure of a “family” is the ideal grounds for violence to occur and learned through the social learning theory. However, this can be challenged because it does not take gender, or agency into account and generalizes that all men will become violent if they witness violence.

Along with this, gender role theory has a been used to explain behavior dating back to the 1960s and 1970s, where feminist concerns about sex and gender were sources of inequality. Due to the perception that sex and gender are seen as binary, gender roles have reflected male dominated ideologies and understandings for behavior. Both men and women have understandings of appropriate behavior for their genders making stereotypes valid. Feminists challenged this by arguing that if fathers participated in child rearing roles and society increased opportunities for women to enter male dominated professions it would result in equality. However, has not been the case. The gender role theory explains rape to be considered as a logical outcome of power differentials stemming from male and female socialization. Rather than rape being perceived as deviant, it is stated to be “a function of overconforming to socially proscribed gender roles” (Russell,1984:117). I believe this idea has been argued to be inevitable and natural which can be related to Durkheim’s structural functionalist perspective on socialization. Holding victims accountable for their own rape experiences because they have no agency. They attempt to argue that if they gain agency becoming free to participate equally in societal aspects, inequalities of gender violence will be eliminated. Yet, this is seen as being socially deterministic and exaggerating of differences among men and women. Connell and Newton criticize It for completely ignores class differences, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, and culture playing a factor in the outcome of rape (Connell, 2002:77; Newton, 2002:185).

The deepest individual level theory that I believe is experienced every day is the Developmental Theory. This theory is so critical in that it applies to the modern day more than those before it. The influence of media, internet, and messages sent across to children during early socialization is what endorses violence and the degrading of women. The global population is exposed to a culture that glorifies violent behavior and distorted perceptions of male and female gender roles. On the individual level it sees two types of people, the victim, and the victimizer. Those who are victims are often maltreated, exposed to violence at home, and eventually accept and expect violence or abuse eventually leading to characteristics of sensitivity towards interpersonal relationships, sexists and violent expectations, and rigid beliefs on gender roles in their adult life (Johnson and Dawson, 2011). Creating a perpetuating cycle for the next generation. Feminist theory on the other hand, opposes such outcomes on a societal level. They also concur with developmental theories influencing factors of violence except they add the intersections of race, class, and gender hierarchies that have been manifested in broad structural forms. The reason I agree with this theory the most is that it argues the term “essentialized” femininity and masculinity, a concept used to explain that certain attributes are ascribed to men and women both. In other words, these influences of violence should be looked at across all genders because they have an impact on all individuals. They also include concepts of critical race theory being simultaneously central to violence as other theories are.

I believe this article has presented strong points in conceptualizing violence in different settings and levels. The authors have provided a range of theories that can be used to better understand domestic abuse and violence in various ways. The major theories I pulled from this article have all resonated with me the most, yet they still feel outdated in contemporary society. Many of the scenarios and ideas expressed in Johnson and Dawson’s article are what we previously have seen in history and still see today, however in recent years there has been recognition of cultural and religious influences on violence between partners. Johnson and Dawson’s article is presented strongly when it takes into account the waves of new ideas flooding into society from foreign regions holding different cultural or religious beliefs that use what we may perceive as violent to discipline. However, it lacks information on new technological advances of the 21st century having a vital role in violence demonstrated online among men and women. The rising use of social media and the internet has become increasingly popular with new concepts of cyberbullying which are also acts of violence. Times have changed and so has the law; new legislation will allow the “right to ask” and the “right to know” with Bill 17 in Alberta. Victims or potential victims can now have “Clare’s law” to be able to ask for and know about an individual’s past history of domestic abuse for their own protection. (Bill 17, 2019). I believe this can have significant impacts in increasing recidivism and becoming another reason for male individuals to accept their role or identity associated with violent behavior. At the same time, it can be useful in preventing potential victims as it is indented to do and can become a statement for other men in society to keep a clean record.

References

1. Johnson, H. and Dawson, M. (2011). Theoretical Debates. Violence Against Women in Canada: Research and Policy Perspectives (pp. 13-36),
2. Bill 17, Disclosure to Protect Against Domestic Violence (Clare’s Law) Act, 1st Sess, 30th Legislature (2019).

The Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) has highlighted an impending shortage of nurses who have the skills and knowledge to meet the healthcare needs of the Canadian population, a lack, according to the CNA, that has been unequaled in past decades (McDonald, C. and McIntyre, M., 2019, p.317). Economic analysts and political analysts have voiced a lot of views and opinions on the reasons for this issue. From a financial perspective, the shortage is mostly driven more by the supply. McIntyre and McDonald (2010) write that “the global nursing shortage has been termed a ‘global crisis’” (p.307). This state of shortage affects both developed and developing countries around the world. In this essay, the current issue I will be focusing on is the shortage of nurses. I will use three types of media to examine and explore different options on this issue.

The health in both short- and long-term care systems in Canada depends heavily on the services provided by nurses. Nurses make up the most significant proportion of health workers in Canada. I believe these days nurses are under so much pressure at work because of the current experience of shortages. Several factors have been supposed to come into play: an aging workforce that is fast approaching retirement, job dissatisfaction, fewer applicants, and new graduates (McIntyre and McDonald, 2010, p.309). According to the CNA, the average age of a registered nurse employed in 2009 was 45 years old. The effect has been a large ratio of nurses to the population. The Canadian Nurses Association indicated that the rate to the community in 2009 was 1:127. I think this is an enormous number that only leads to an overworked and overstressed nursing workforce.

The first media form is an online version of Maclean’s magazine, posted on May 14, 2008. The article, entitled ‘Overworked Nurses Mess Up Patient’s Meds: A Nurse Responds to Stats Can Report’, was written by Kate Lunau. Kate is an assistant editor at Maclean’s magazine, where she covers a range of topics that include health, science, and justice. Her credentials are that she has studied journalism. She writes the article as an observer of the current nursing shortage situation. In the article, Kate brings awareness to the current shortages of nursing and its implications. She writes: “Increased over time, inadequate resources, lack of support from co-workers, and low security – all hallmarks of a nurse’s shortage” (para. 3). She goes on to mention the average age of nurses and the inadequacy of recruits. Kate writes: “Today the average nurse in Canada is 45 years old, with scores of them set to retire and a lack of young recruits” (para. 6). In the article, Kate discusses what the data she was presenting was coming from statistics Canada, although she does not cite precisely where she found the information. I think it is hard to support claims when readers cannot visit the primary source of information. I agree with the author’s claim about the nursing shortage. Although the author does not explore and explain the background of the deficiencies, she manages to state the implications of the situation. Kate writes about a few of the common causes of the shortages but fails to mention a social or cultural analysis of the reasons. As a journalist, I think she should have written on the impact of how media affects the shortages, that is, how people perceive the profession and how media can help make the job look more desirable. I think it is not as simple as how she states it. The author does not have a history or experience in the field of health or nursing. I believe this, in a way, discredits her article.

The second article is from a nursing website called allnurses.com. It is a website where people can voice and post their opinions while the rest of the audience is discussing the topics. The article was written on May 5, 2007. It was written by an individual who goes by the name ‘Sheri257′. The article’s title is ‘Proof There Are No Nursing Shortages: Show RNs the Money’. The author’s credentials are not stated, although I believe she writes from a nurse’s point of view, as she indicates that she was looking for a nursing job. In the article, the author tries to put on a case to show that the nursing shortage is just a myth. Sheri257 writes: “The shortage, for the most part, disappears. The real solution to the nursing shortage is paying RNs more money” (para 1). Sheri257 believes that if you pay more money to the nurses, they are willing to work more, lowering the vacancy rate. In the article, she gives examples of two California facilities that were facing shortages, but when they increased their pay grades, they saw a 3000 application forms waiting list. Sheri257 supports her claims through the experience she has had in trying to land a job. Although Sheri257 provides examples of two hospitals that managed to be well-staffed and even have nurses on the waiting list, I do not agree with her opinion. I think that ultimately people are going to be swayed to places where there are better pay and better benefits. With this incentive, you will see nurses moving from one location to another because of the pay increase, not because nurses became more all of a sudden. This shift of nurses to areas that pay better will only cause a severe shortage in other areas that cannot afford to spend as much and that are less desirable.

The third article is a scholarly paper written by Nevidjon. B and Erickson J. I. The paper is entitled ‘The Nursing Shortage: Solutions for the Short and Long Term’. Brenda Nevidjon is a registered nurse who also possesses a master’s degree. She serves on different local and national boards. She has published two books and numerous book chapters and articles. Jeanette Ives Erickson is also a registered nurse who serves as the vice president for patient care and chief nurse at Massachusetts General Hospital. Jeanette Ives Erickson has also authored several articles and book chapters and is involved in several community boards. In the paper, the authors discuss the history, current situation, and future of the issue of nursing shortages. They support their writing by using numerous different sources that include journals, books, and websites. The paper describes the implications of the scarcity and also suggests short- and long-term solutions. The authors write: “Bonuses relocation coverage or new premium packages will have a limited and temporary effect because they simply redistribute the supply of nurses, not increase it”. I agree with the two authors on their stance on the shortage of nurses. I also agree that the problem is not only a matter of adding incentives but also a matter of increasing the amount of staff. The Canadian Nurses Association reported that in 2007 Canada was short 11,000 full-time nurses. The association also goes on to mention that if the health care needs mount following the past trend, Canada will be short 60,000 full-time registered nurses by 2022. Nevidjon and Erickson (2001) suggest multiple solutions for resolving the situation, which include changing the public image of what people generally think of nurses, recruiting students, retention of nurses adjusting models of care, and also making changes in the regulatory and policy issues. The authors manage to write different perspectives on how shortages happen at different levels in the health system. They explore and exhaust some of the ways that can help tackle some of the nurse’s deficiencies.

The shortage of nurses is a dynamic issue that cannot be resolved overnight, and that needs much attention. I believe nurses who do not enjoy their job are the main contributors to shortages. When people do not enjoy their careers, they only spread to other people about how dissatisfied they are, and eventually through word of mouth, making the profession an undesirable one. According to a survey conducted by the American Nurses Association, 54.8 percent of registered and licensed practical nurses would not recommend the nursing profession as a career for their children. A recent Federation of Nurses and Health Professionals (FNHP) survey found that half of the currently employed registered nurses who were surveyed had considered leaving the patient care field. Twenty-eight percent of registered nurses responding to a 1999 survey by the Nursing Executive Center described themselves as being somewhat or very dissatisfied with their jobs, and about fifty-one percent were less satisfied with their jobs than they were the previous two years. Where I currently work, we still face staffing shortages; there is a case where some employees have to work double shifts because of the deficiency.

Regarding Sheri257, even if there was a pay increase, we could be well-staffed, but this would be just a shift of staff from one area to the next and would not increase staff. McIntyre and McDonald (2010) write: “Do not mention the effects of hospitals taking advantage of nurses’ presumed versatility on nursing practice” (p.306). They go on to mention that it is unheard of to hear pharmacists and physicians assume other roles that are assigned to others.

Health care has been identified as Canadian’s number one public priority, and nurses play a central role in delivering health care. However, there has been mounting evidence that suggests an increasing shortage in the health industry. I believe different approaches have to be done to tackle this tissue. The issue of nursing shortages is a dynamic one that cannot be viewed simply as a problem of numbers, but also as a problem of working conditions and work satisfaction.

References

1. American Nurses Association. (2001). Analysis of the American Nurses Association Staffing Survey. Warwick, R.I
2. Canadian Nurses Association. (2009). Retrieved on October 10, 2011, at http://www.cna-aiic.ca/CNA/documents/pdf/publications/RN_Highlights_e.pdf
3. Federation of Nurses and Health Professionals. (2001). The Nurses Shortage: Perspectives from Current Direct Care Nurses and Former Direct Care Nurses. Washington, DC.
4. http://allnurses.com/general-nursing-discussion/proof-there-s-222317.html
5. McDonald, C. & McIntyre, M. (2019). Realities of Canadian Nursing: Professional, Practice and Power Issues. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.
6. McIntyre, M & McDonald, C. (2010). Realities of Canadian Nursing: Professional, Practice and Power Issues. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
7. Nevidjon, B., Erickson, J. (2001). ‘The Nursing Shortage: Solutions for the Short and Long Term’. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Vol. 6 No. 1, Manuscript 4.
8. The Nursing Executive Center. (2000). Retrieved from http://www.scribd.com/doc/7812171/The-Nurse-Perspective-Drivers-of-Nurse-Job-Satisfaction-and-Turnover-2000

The future of work in Canada will see intensified debates between business and workers, pitting Canada’s growing small business and corporate class against the working class. Even at a time when more Canadians are entrepreneurs, independent contractors, working from home, and working on more favorable, convenient terms, one can still see every day Canadians having difficulty achieving fair wages and fair conditions as the business class does not want to provide benefits, does not want to provide increased wages, and does not want to provide employees anything beyond what is minimally expected. The future of work will unquestionably be in favor of corporations and the business class, exposing Canadians to reduced benefits and increasingly unfavorable work conditions.

Inequality, Insecurity, and the Health Impact of Work

There is a real insecurity to work in Canada right now as workers are being negatively impacted by the wages offered to them, loyalty to an employer is not necessarily what it once was decades ago, and there is an impact being felt predominantly on mental health which is something that the business class rarely discusses. The media refuses to really delve into such issues, particularly in television and film and entertainment-related media, where consumption and popular culture is more likely to be focused on rather than uncovering the dynamics of workers trying to make sense of a system where they are perpetually in equal (Foster, 1998). For example, assuming one chooses to work a custodian’s job which is not skilled work. This person is never going to see their income rise or get a promotion however what they will receive is steady work and steady pay. Some Canadians accept this because it gives them and their families stability (Sennett, 1998). Unfortunately, as the work environment changes, people in these types of positions can lose their positions and not have any path forward on obtaining employment.

There is also the technology dynamic which has the potential to revolutionize work by creating new jobs or potentially taking away jobs through automation and AI. It is unclear the full extent of tech’s impact on work in Canada however what’s being seen today is technology creating a ‘ball and chain’ effect on some workers, which keeps them attached to the workplace through their cell phones, emails, and laptops. Unless one unplugs completely from the Internet, anything linked has the potential to keep a person connected – resulting in exacerbated stress and feelings of being overworked (Fraser, 2001). Workers in Canada are likely to continue tolerating this sort of connection as they do not know what the alternative is. This is precisely what the future of work in Canada looks like. Employees and workers do not know what equality in the workplace looks like nor how to achieve it.

Organization of Work and the Question of ‘Post-Industrialism’

In post-industrialism and the organization of work, one is seeing a clear difference between unskilled work and work requiring an educational background component. If one goes to university or college to achieve a degree in a trade or field, they are usually able to achieve higher wages and more favorable terms in employment than Canadians who have not gone to school. For Canadians who have not pursued post-secondary – either due to lack of interest, lack of funds, or lack of opportunity – it is going to be tremendously difficult for them to find meaningful work. This is nothing new, however. Byerman (2000) spoke of Loretta, a 45-year-old woman who wanted to be an archaeologist but who did not have the education to pursue this work as her personal circumstances did not provide her the time, financial backing, or support she needed to move forward. Unless there are more upward mobility programs, job programs, and ways in which Canadians can obtain post-secondary education, such circumstances are going to continue to be duplicated over and over again, thereby creating second tier citizens.

Globalization of Work

Canada is having to compete with other nations as it pertains to things like technological developments, the installation of manufacturing facilities, importing and exporting dynamics, and more. In addition to competing with other nations, the other side of globalization is that some Canadians are leaving Canada to find work elsewhere in addition to workers from all over the world filtering into Canada for work. Mobility between countries and the movement of global communications, supported by the ever-expanding Internet, is certainly resulting in more connections worldwide between individuals, companies, corporations, and countries. While this has created a more global feel to work, it has increased the competition for jobs in every sense of the word – between prospective employees, on prospective contracts, and more.

The speed of globalization development has also meant every component of Canadian society focusing on turning out as many workers as it can as fast as possible, deriving the most profit at the expense of the population if need be. Education institutions are being subject to external auditing that threatens these institutions with negative financial consequences if they do not turn out enough skilled graduates with efficiency and effectiveness, in its simplest form described as a ‘McDonaldization of society’ (Hartley 1995). The high level of competition has put pressure on everyone to product. Although worker support groups have called for international unions as a means of defense against multi-national corporations exploiting regions, this request has largely fallen on deaf ears and will prove to be no doubt incredibly difficult to organize (‘Chapter 7: Unions, Industrial Relations, and Strikes’, 2011). Instead, globalization has allowed corporations to shop around their facilities and work to the most vulnerable, political weak, and deregulated countries where they can pay out the lowest wages possible and avoid having to give more as they would be required to do so in Europe and North America (2008). Although globalization could have positive consequences, at this time, the effects are primarily negative and this paper predicts that will not change anytime soon.

Work and the Environment

A positive to the future of work in Canada is environmental resources. It is a country with a lot of natural resources which can be exploited in a number of ways. It is also better protected than other countries as it pertains to climate change.

The Impact of Unions on Work and Workers

It is unclear on what the future of unions will be in Canada. In the past century, unions have continually fallen by the wayside and in some cases, are negatively depicted in media through contract disputes, refusals to work, and more. By the business class, unions are generally seen as getting in the way of productivity and negatively impacting industry. Considering Canada arguably values its business class more than its working class, the interests of business come first which, if believed, would mean unions are unlikely to populate any more than they already have. Just looking at attempts to unionize at some of North America’s larger employers – such as Walmart – these efforts have not been allowed to proceed as the corporation has not cooperated. Although a Windsor, Ontario location was able to successfully negotiate a union at their Walmart in 1997, they gave up bargaining rights and the ability to negotiate a first collective agreement, and subsequently any other attempts at unionization in North America has even resulted in stores being shut down (‘Introduction’, 2011). Anything which threatens a business model with a reliance on low labor costs, such as the Walmart example, is unlikely to lead to anything favorable in the employees’ favor (Adams, 2005). Therefore, the corporations win.

There are also plenty of workplaces and employment situations which are able to get around the presence of unions and any sort of regulation. Independent contractors struggle with this. Trucking is as another example, an industry which has continually pushed its workers beyond the point of what one might consider ‘healthy’ in the name of efficiency and without any sort balance in favor of the truckers (Belzer, 2000). In the face of more industries deregulating and looking for ways to increase efficiency while minimizing what they need to provide to workers, organizations are encouraging core labor standards and human rights in the workplace something which unsurprisingly needs to define in a world so focused on turning a profit (International Institute for Environment and Development, 2001). Again, the corporations win.

Conclusion

Each of the issues analyzed in this paper boils down to the dynamic of the business class versus the working class. Although there are more workers than there are business owners, corporations hold more power politically, socially, and economically. The ones who hold power are those who rule and get to choose what sort of regulations or policies they follow. Until Canadians come together, in a union or non-unionized format, nothing’s going to change. It remains to be seen if that sort of ‘coming together’ is even possible in today’s fragmented society.

References

1. Adams, R. J. (2005). Organizing Wal-Mart: The Canadian Campaign. Just Labour.
2. Belzer, M. H. (2000). What if the Rest of the World Looked Like Trucking? Winners and Losers in Trucking Deregulation (pp. 158-174). Toronto: Oxford University Press.
3. Byerman, A. (2000). Loretta: Overwhelmed and Undertrained at the Insurance Company.
4. Women in the Office: Transitions in a Global Economy (pp. 52-58). Toronto: Sumach Press.
5. Chapter 7: Unions, Industrial Relations, and Strikes (2011).
6. Foster, J. B. (1998). Introduction to the New Edition. Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century. New York: Monthly Review Press.
7. Fraser, J. A. (2001). White-Collar Sweatshop: The Deterioration of Work and Its Rewards in Corporate America (pp. 75-96). New York: W. W. Norton and Company.
8. Hartley, D. (1995). The ‘McDonaldization’ of Higher Education: Food for Thought. Oxford Review of Education, 21(4), 409-423.
9. International Institute for Environment and Development. (2001). Core Labour Standards and Human Rights in the Workplace. International Institute for Environment and Development.
10. Introduction. (2011). Unions, Industrial Relations, and Strikes: Introduction.
11. Sennett, R. (1998). The Corrosion of Character: The Personal Consequences of Work in the New Capitalism. W. W. Norton & Company, inc.
12. Spilerman, S. (2009). How Globalization has Impacted Labour: A Review Essay. European Sociological Review, 25(1), 73-86.

Canada is a very diverse country, full of people of many different ethnicities, languages, cultures, and backgrounds. How can we unite our country? If I were elected, I would work on solutions to problems that are crucial and deeply affecting Canadians. Statistics show that millions of people avoid going to the dentist because of the cost, and many young people cannot afford to go at all. Growing up in a very busy and expensive town, I know that people struggle to find affordable houses for themselves and their families. In 2017, a survey showed that 9.5% of Canada’s population lived under the poverty line, that’s 3.4 million Canadians! As Prime Minister, I would reduce the amount Canadians spend annually on dental and health care and provide affordable housing to improve the lives of many.

Firstly, over 3 million people are living in poverty. I would raise the income tax for middle-class, childless workers that make over $60,000 a year. With this money, we could create more job opportunities for unemployed Canadians. Investing in better childcare and earlier and better education could open up many more job opportunities for our newer generations. Secondly, I would invest in new low-income housing for families and people that have lower incomes. Did you know that an average 1 bedroom apartment located on the outskirts of Toronto costs about $1,270 a month? That doesn’t leave a lot of money left for other necessities Canadians need. The LIHTC would fund these new housing units. Lastly, I know that lots of Canadians avoid the dentist because of the cost. If it were included in public health insurance, I believe that more Canadians would go to the dentist and less would be suffering from oral diseases. Public health insurance is something that you can apply for when you are a Canadian citizen or a permanent resident and you don’t have to pay for most basic healthcare. Overall, I would like to reduce the percentage of Canadians in poverty, decrease the amount Canadians personally spend on dental and healthcare, and increase the amount of affordable housing.

As Prime Minister of Canada, I would work with the citizens to establish solutions for poverty, affordable housing, and dental care. My role as their leader is to fix problems that are crucial to their well-being and livelihood. These 3 issues are affecting Canadians greatly and it is my responsibility to help our citizens. Solving these issues will reduce the percentage of Canadians in poverty and who are homeless, and have a positive impact on their overall health and lives.

According to “Coping with the coronavirus” by Sarah Dobson (2020), the novel coronavirus, which began in China and several Canadians were infected with it currently. The Public Service Alliance of Canada promotes diverse guidelines to prevent the effects of the illness in the workplace and employers should follow due diligence. Appropriate training on how to protect employees should be provided by employers. Besides, legal attentions for employees who cannot work as a result of the coronavirus include obligations under employment standards, human rights, occupational health, and safety. For high-risk sectors, managers should already have effective strategies in place for general work and engineering control will be offered.

From “Coronavirus Closes China to the World, Straining Global Economy” by James T. Areddy (2020), Chen Long, from Beijing-based research firm Plenum, calls for growth to plunge to 2% in the current three months, which is one of the more bearish forecasts on China. This was based on an estimated forty percent drop in Lunar New Year spending from last year. Holiday-related train and plane ridership was down forty percent from the previous year, according to official data. As a Chinese, I am worried about whether the coronavirus will have an impact in the Canadian workplace as China and curious about differences between Chinese approaches and Canadian avoidance plans on the virus. From the news, I can find efficient strategies on preventions to the virus’s spread, policies on how employers can protect their workers and suggestions to ensure a healthy and safe operational environment.

Based on Human Resources Management in Canada (Dessler & Chhinzer, 2018), there are certain human resources implications related to this article. First, in legal considerations section of the news, directors should review their policies, such as the Occupational Health and Safety legislation Law which intended to protect the health and safety of workers by minimizing work-related accidents and illnesses, and the principle of joint responsibility which is an implicit and explicit expectation that both workers and employers must maintain a hazard-free work environment and enhance the health and safety in the workplace (p. 273). For one thing, in the article, encouraging good hygiene, including handwashing, ensuring the cleanliness of surfaces where the virus may reside and maintaining good ventilation are important methods to keep a healthy environment. All of these actions are parts of due diligence requirements which is the employer’s responsibility regarding taking every reasonable precaution to ensure the health and safety of their workers (p. 273). For another, firms may need to access not only staffing needs but also lost-time injury rates if the virus extremely affects the Canadian workplace to evaluate the loss and establish policies to reduce it (p. 272).

What’s more, the novel coronavirus may cause unintentional discrimination to Chinese workers in Canada as a result of the fear of infection with this virus. Companies need to notice the signal whether Chinese employees are isolated by others and avoid this situation. Besides, launching a system for employees to report their status during a pandemic, involving what materials they are required to communicate (and how) to the manager and when they are expected to not report to work is one of the recommendations from the article (Dobson, 2020). Suitable training about protections for staff should be offered by using the learning management system (LMS). However, if staffs have this virus unfortunately, it is important to set reasonable accommodation for them. Having up-to-date sick or leave policies that are clearly communicated to staff and allowing for employees to work at home or in staggered shifts are recommended in the practice due diligence section in the news.

After reading this news and connecting with the textbook, it is significant to ensure health and safety for employers and employees by considering related laws and policies, certifying an eligible work environment and establish a system and accommodations for staff.

References

1. Areddy, J. T. (2020, February 3). Coronavirus Closes China to the World, Straining Global Economy. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/coronavirus-closes-china-to-the-world-straining-global-economy-11580689793: www.wsj.com
2. Dessler, G., & Chhinzer, N. (2018). Human Resources Management in Canada. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing.
3. Dobson, S. (2020, February 04). Coping with the coronavirus. Retrieved from www.hrreporter.com: https://www.hrreporter.com/employment-law/news/coping-with-the-coronavirus/325805

Imagine you’re a cancer patient in Wisconsin. You’re terminally ill, in the last stages of your lung cancer, in great pain, and the only drugs available to you are highly addictive painkillers. A natural painkiller is illegal in your state, and if you want this drug, you are forced to buy it on the black market where it could be potentially dangerous. Marijuana, a drug that could save you is completely locked away simply because someone- a politician, or a healthy, unaware individual- may consider it immoral or dangerous, and you consider it a break from the immense pain you will feel over the next two months before you die. Unfortunately, many people out there fall victim to a society that views marijuana usage as taboo, as well as dangerous to everyone—even if the person is using this in the friendly confines of their home. The use of marijuana should be legalized both medically and recreationally, so long as it is highly regulated and taxed reasonably. Unfolding in the United States right now is a compelling case for Marijuana Legalization. There is drug violence in Mexico that is attributed to this; in fact, since the US gets anywhere from 80-90% of its illegal drugs from Mexico, a good portion of that is Marijuana since it is the most used drug in the US. Only time will tell who wins this fight to get a basic human right, the right to good health, and the right to privacy. Much debate has been conducted regarding the legalization of marijuana, with an unusual amount of contradicting research. There are many perspectives to take into account, and they always seem to come down to the personal motives of the debater. Whether it is being argued from a medical, political, or economic perspective, it continually comes down to whether the Federal Government should be our dictators or we should be responsible for our actions.

Drugs have a stigma in America, mainly due to a lack of education or being misled by the government. As a result, most people see drug users as a danger to society. When, in fact, drug abuse, for the most part, is a victimless crime only affecting the user and the user’s body and therefore should be the user’s choice. It’s quite easy to see how anti-drug laws eliminate personal responsibility and free choice, which is one example of how the government is infringing on individual rights. This war on drugs is taking away our civil liberties, but, even worse, wasting our tax money at a rate of about 18 billion dollars per year. The war on drugs is a war within our homes, a war between our friends and family.

According to the Canadian Police Association, there were 29,562 marijuana-related arrests in 2009, while America had 1,663,582 during the same time. [US Department of Justice]. This shows that an enormous amount of money is needed to keep up with these “crimes,” while it could instead be taxed. Jeffery A. Miron, the professor of economics at the University of Boston, discusses the potential legalization and the implications that it may have on the economy of Massachusetts in his paper “The budgetary implications of marijuana legalization in Massachusetts.” According to the paper, Massachusetts would save $120.6 million annually in government expenditure towards criminal justice enforcement. Similarly, the state would also yield tax revenue of $16.9 million annually. [Miron]

There is a lot of smoke around marijuana (pun intended). There are many myths, but just as many facts to counter it. Myth: Marijuana can be highly cancerous. A UCLA study found that even long-term smoking of Marijuana has minimal lung damage, and thus little chance of lung cancer. In other words, the risk is minuscule. Myth: Marijuana Contains OVER 400 Chemicals. This is no myth, as the average cup of coffee contains well over 1,500, and Rat Poison contains 30. None of the chemicals in Marijuana are identified as seriously dangerous. Myth: Marijuana is a ‘Gateway’ Drug. This is a theory that is pressed and pressed by anti-marijuana advocates to scare people off. In fact, the US Gov’t’s own studies have shown that about 3 in 4 people NEVER go on to use harder drugs, and a majority of those 25% are actively in this climate- for many, Alcohol or Tobacco are those ‘gateway’ drugs even before Marijuana. This is a problem that cannot be ignored, with or without Marijuana legalization. Myth: Marijuana is addicting. Marijuana is not actually PHYSICALLY addicting. Alcohol, Tobacco, and Caffeine have been shown to be more habit-forming than Marijuana, according to the American Medical Association. Myth: Marijuana Usage impairs learning ability/motor skills. A breakthrough study in 1996 in California found that heavy marijuana usage may impair learning ability. Notice the words HEAVY and MAY. Even with heavy usage (which constitutes less than 5% of the population according to the study), impacts were found to be subtle and only temporary. Casual (1 a day or less) users showed little to no impairments whatsoever. That also takes out a substantia

Summary

Mr. Mustapha lawsuit against Culligan of Canada Ltd. was the case captured media attention in 2005. According to Mr. Mustapha, when his wife was opening a new bottle of water which they purchased from Culligan of Canada Ltd., she discovered a dead fly floating in it. After that, the couple claimed they had been vomited and Mr. Mustapha developed into an extreme psychiatric reaction characterized by server depression, anxiety and phobia. The mental illness caused him to lose revenue for his business (GRIDIN, 2008).

Unintentional Tort: Negligence

It is a great example of negligence tort and in order to succeed in a claim based on negligence, Mr Mustapha must prove a wrongful act, causation and quantifiable harm. This case falls into a subcategory of Negligence tort – “product liability” based on the defendant’s liability for harm caused by defective or dangerous products to others. As any subcategory of negligence, the plaintiff must prove all the elements of causation included Culligan owed him a duty of care, Culligan breached the standard of care, this breach caused Mr. Mustapha’s loss and the loss of Mr. Mustapha is foreseeable.

Firstly, the fly was found in the water is the “wrongful act”. Secondly, all the “causation” elements needed to be considered. Mustapha is a customer of Culligan business so Culligan owned him a duty of care. Culligan, as a manufacturer of drinking water, must ensure that the water it supplies is not contaminated by foreign elements so that duty of care was breached by allowing a fly into the bottle during the sealing process. On the findings of trial judge, Mr. Mustapha provided the medical evidences which implicated he developed a major depressive disorder, phobia and anxiety after the incident. This psychiatric illness had a major impact on his life, especially on his business. It was decided by the judge qualifies as a personal injury at law, therefore, Mr. Mustapha has established that he sustained damage. The quantifiable damage was determined by the trial court with $80,000 in general damages, more than $24,000 in special damages and more than two hundred thousand dollars for loss of Mr. Mustapha’s business.

For the last question to answer, was the injury of Mr. Mustapha reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer of the defected water, Culligan Ltd.? In order to establish the tort of negligence, the injury Mr. Mustapha suffered as the result of Culligan’s breach the standard of care cannot be too remote to anticipate. At the trial court, Culligan acknowledged its product cleanliness and purity and made Mr. Mustapha’s psychiatric injury from the incident foreseeable. Even though Mr. Mustapha’s reaction was considered as “objectively bizarre”, Culligan was still found liable for the damages. However, the Court of Appeal overturned the judgment of the trial court of “reasonably foreseeable”. The defendant only found liable if he knows the plaintiff’s greater sensitivity, only then, the plaintiff’s injury is considered as reasonably foreseeable. In this case, Culligan did not know about Mustapha’s personal psychiatric vulnerabilities. As the result, the Court of Appeal did not find objective reasonable foreseeability of this extremely unusual injury in this case and judged that Mr. Mustapha’s injury is “imaginable but not reasonably foreseeable” (Court, 2008).

Conclusion

To conclude, at the trial level, the court awarded Mr. Mustapha more than $300,000 in general damages, special damages and in damages for loss of his business. Culligan appealed the decision, and the court of appeal overturned Mr. Mustapha’s damage award and agreed there should be no compensation paid by Culligan based on the fact that Mr. Mustapha suffered extreme psychiatric reaction by from seeing the fly was too remote to be foreseeable. Noted that neither Mr. Mustapha nor his family actually drank the defected water. Mr. Mustapha appealed further, but the Supreme Court upheld the denial of damages (CBC, 2008).

Bibliography

1. CBC (2008). Top court dismisses fly-in-water. CBC, https://www.lavery.ca/DATA/PUBLICATION/1014_en~v~a-fly-in-the-water-bottle-the-supreme-court-defines-reasonable-foreseeability-in-negligence-actions.pdf
2. Court, S. (2008). Mustapha v. Culligan of Canada Ltd. Retrieved from Supreme Court Judgments: https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/4637/index.do
3. GRIDIN, L. (2008). “Dead fly in water bottle” case to be decided by Supreme Court tomorrow. lawiscool, https://lawiscool.com/2008/05/21/dead-fly-in-water-bottle-case-to-be-decided-by-supreme-court-tomorrow/