Category: Brave New World

In Aldus Huxley’s Brave New World, Huxley’s use of character descriptions and dialogue emphasizes his foiling of Lenina to Linda. He does this foiling not only to show differences between the characters but also to give insight into the society outside of New London.

Other than coming from the same society, Linda and Lenina also correspond in their similar ways of thinking and in how they emotionally deal with stress. Lenina is seen as a quintessence, a perfect example of how women in the New London society should act because she is always repeating the hypnopaedic sayings that were drilled into her head since she was made. For example, during a conversation with Henry about the Epsilons, she states, “I suppose Epsilons don’t mind being Epsilons…” and then after Henry gives his explanation, “…“Yes, everybody’s happy now,” (Huxley). This shows that Lenina continuously uses her hypnopædic training as the foundation for most of her thought processes. Another example is Leninas and Linda’s use of Soma or Mescal, both try to use it as a way to escape reality and become numb to any misfortunes. Lenina’s use of soma indicates that she suppresses feelings of embarrassment and depression, she would repeatedly use the phrase, “A gram is better than a damn,” (Huxley). This is a common and repeating phrase used by Lenina which suggests that it is better to take soma than feel other emotions such as sadness and anger. Linda uses Mascal as a substitute for the soma, except it has a nasty side effect something close to a hangover, and results in her having to face reality, she states, “I was so ashamed. Just think of it: me, a Beta-having a baby” (Huxley). This shows that Linda uses the mescal as a way to cope with being a mother something that was not part of her conditioning. On the other hand, unlike Lenina who had the luxuries of an advanced and civilized world, Linda wasn’t so fortunate and had to adapt to a world that went against much of her programming. Due to the lifestyle that was inside of the reservation, she had no choice but to adapt to it, even though trying hard to live through the rules of the new world as if they applied to the reservation. While Linda is talking to Lenina about when she first arrived at the Reservation she brings up, “But of course they didn’t understand. How should they? And in the end, I suppose I got used to it,” (121). This quote shows some grey areas in the conditioning process that if given the chance a person from the New society can escape from its brainwashing and live by their thinking even if suffering from remnants of the New Society Linda was a living example of this process.

Good morning, senior students and teachers, I hope you are all doing well today. It is a pleasure to be educating you today about how literature is a vital tool for social critique and transformation. I would love to be here with you all day discussing how many different themes Huxley has decided to put into his novel Brave New World. However, alas, I do not have enough time to cover all that is investigated; I will be presenting how the concept of eugenics is securing the world. Brave New World by Aldous Huxley is a novel that explores how the world is slowly morphing into another life. Society is beginning to become more, more populated, and more scientifically based. In society, everyone has begun to accept the reality that a radical change is on its way.

In the first chapter of Brave New World, Huxley goes on to discuss how the hatchery is the place on earth where the workers control the babies’ outcomes. Your child could be classified on a scale of alpha to epsilon into five different classes based on intelligence.

Both dystopian novels; Brave New World and 1984 (by George Orwell) explore the concept of eugenics and how they are accelerating their way out of the depths of our society. At the time when Huxley wrote, his novel Brave New World in 1931 there had already been years of eugenics testing on humans that he had witnessed first-hand. Huxley had felt the need to bring up the most significant era of eugenics that the world had ever faced; he saw what was happening around him at the time and decided that it was only going to get worse with time. Huxley had decided that it was time to go out of his way and imagine an idea of a hatchery, a place where no child is who it was meant to be but instead who they are made to be.

In today’s society, you can now choose the gender of your baby and even the eye color if you want to interfere with natural genetics like that. Eugenics is now day’s society is getting so far out of hand that soon enough you are even going to be able to choose intellectualness. Is it going too far with all of this though? Huxley is slowly predicting the future, soon enough it will not be a roll of the dice to predict your baby’s genetics, and it will be all predetermined.

The dystopian book Brave New World interprets the idea of freedom and social control in a society where the government shows freedom to people but when in reality controls their rights without their acknowledgment. Bernard Marx, who is an Alpha male, fails to fit in with his society because of his test-tube mistake which causes him to be short in height and different from the other alpha males. Due to this reason, because Bernard Marx is an outcast, he can see the flaws of society and question them.

Brave New World presents a stunning view of the future which on the surface appears almost amusing. However, humor was not the aim of Aldous Huxley when he established the book in the mid-1930s. In reality, Huxley’s genuine message is surprisingly dark. His thought that in hundreds of years to come, a one-world government will ascend to control, stripping individuals of freedom, isn’t new. There are hosts of books devoted to this subject. What makes Huxley’s explanation distinctive is the way that his informal society lives in this dictatorial government, as well as grasps it like careless robots.

Huxley reveals a lot about the society of the World State through Bernard Marx. He (Bernard Marx) feels very isolated from the rest of society. Many people diligently joke and say that as a fetus Bernard must have been poisoned with alcohol to make him so dazed. The fetuses of the lowest-ranking Epsilons and Deltas are poisoned with alcohol, so this is leveled as an insult to Bernard for not only being short but not belonging as an Alpha. Even in a society obsessed with providing happiness, society can still cause pain. Ladies laugh at him when he makes propels towards them, and to finish everything off, he’s been having some genuine erosion at work with this supervisor. Since he doesn’t fit in, he’s always searching for something to make him unique or special. Then, it is those remarkable viewpoints about him that keep on separating him from society. He wonders “What would it be like if I could, if I were free – not enslaved by my conditioning” (6.1.27-32). This manifests that Bernard Marx is not happy with how the system of the society works, due to this reason Bernard decides to leave the World State and tries to go to a far isolated island that has a different society.

Freedom is a major theme examined in this book, Mustapha Mond, the Resident World Controller of Western Europe, one of just ten World Controllers, trains his people to take no notice of the difficult exercises of history and to overlook the past to concentrate on future advancement. He says that society ignores history supposing that individuals understand what preceded it, they probably won’t trust science and it’s encouraging. History is ‘bunk,’ as Mond says it turns around human feelings and weakness, for example, anger, love, enticement, and retaliation. These things are never again part of the human life experience and, as indicated by Mond, have no place in the general public society created around expanding happiness. As mentioned in the book Brave New World “You all remember, I suppose, that beautiful and inspired saying of Our Ford’s: History is bunk'(pg. 34).

To expand on this idea, Mustapha Mond also talks about this in reply to what John (the savage) asks him. To let people know about the past (history) and not hide the truth, he says that he should play Shakespearean plays to people instead of other boring and meaningless plays so people could enjoy them. Mustapha Mond then explains how the reason this type of literacy is forbidden is because great literature tends to last, and people continue to like it even after a long time has gone by. The World State is not for the old past but rather it needs people that want new things. Mustapha also claims that Shakespearean plays would not be good for this society due to their lack of understanding of the play because the stories and plays written by Shakespeare are based on passions and experiences which does not exist in the World State. Lots of sacrifices including struggles and overpowering emotions have been made in favor of social stability. They have been replaced by what Mond calls “happiness,” by which he means the infantile fulfillment of appetites.

The main issue with what Mustapha Mond says is that he is not giving people their decision, their right to know the past and how different their lives could be, instead, he is making the decision for them behind their backs. In this book it talks about how people are brainwashed when they are born, meaning they take certain emotions out of them and separate people into different castes. Depending on their castes they have a different intelligence level and other characteristics, going from Alphas (most intelligent) to Epsilons (least intelligent). What this shows is that there is no equalism in society, some people are given better lifestyles than others. Even though it may seem normal for the people in society. This dictatorship government is just required to decide the right number of Alphas, Betas, and so forth, right down the command hierarchy. There is no class fighting since greed, the fundamental element of capitalism, has been wiped out. Indeed, even Deltas and Epsilons are substances to do their physical work. This happiness emerges both from the hereditary designing and the broad work every individual experiences in adolescence. This is unfair and wrong because people don’t get a choice of who they want to be and are forced to be happy with how they are created.

The practice of self-medication is a relevant topic and prevailing theme in Brave New World. In Brave New World people/citizens are encouraged to take drug pills called “Soma” which causes them to get hallucinations which helps them stay happy relaxed and away from depression and sadness. Soma is a big part of the culture of the citizens of the World State and is used so often that it is considered unnatural if not consumed to get throughout the day. Soma is considered important and even mandatory on many occasions. However, the issue with soma is that even though it makes you feel relaxed and free from tension, it can have negative impacts on you as it is a drug and is consumed very often in the World State, it can make you sick or even destroy your body. Huxley strongly believed that the breed of ignorance and social control would be set up by those in power by a broad machinery of manufactured needs, identifications, and desires. For him, persecution took the form of open slavery produced by an extent of technologies, pure forms of propaganda, and vast forms of manipulation and seduction.

The drugs would control society and in late modernity, social planning was to be found in the society where you would be offered drugs that would give you immediate relaxation, sensation, and pleasure. This form of persuasion would seduce people into going after products, and spoil them into the large production of easily digestible entertainment, huge re-formation, and a politics of distraction that irrigated, if not destroyed, the very possibility of thinking itself. For Huxley, the subject had lost his or her feeling of organization and had turned into the result of a logically and foundationally made type of folly and similarity.

The Brave New World society is based on a caste system. There are five castes, Alphas, Betas, Gammas, Deltas, and Epsilons. Each caste is assigned different tasks or jobs, which they have to perform to uphold the stability of the supposedly perfect society. The Alpha caste is the most powerful and influential one, while the Epsilon caste which is the least powerful, can be compared to slaves. Even before birth, the produced children are destined to belong to one of the castes, each bred and conditioned with different characteristics. Before birth, human embryos are provided with different amounts of oxygen depending on which social caste the individual is going to belong to. This shows how there are no equal rights as each individual in the World State has a different position, some more smarter or powerful than others, which is unfair and wrong.

Huxley shows how people are brought to life in the World State by creating them in labs and raising them in odd ways to control them and make them into different castes. This conveys that people are not naturally born but instead made like robots because of how they change people’s brains and other characteristics. People aren’t free to be normal and choose who they want to be or what they wish to do, the decision of what they will be and what their jobs are going to be is determined by the rulers. What this means is that society might seem stable and happy but in reality, it’s being controlled without people’s wishes.

John, the son of Linda and the Director, who is the only major character to have grown up outside the World State is greatly unhappy after he visits the World State and is unable to fit in. Before John visits the World State he hears a lot about how the World State is such a good place and how people have such good lives but after he goes to the World State he finds out how bad it is and rejects it. John makes plans to go as far as possible from the World State to live his own life alone. He goes to live in a lighthouse outside London and undergoes purification for “eating civilization.” Wiping himself, vomiting, and fasting. John attempts to expel the guilt he feels for Linda’s death and his horror of sexual contact with Lenina. Reporters, film crews, and then crowds invade his privacy. When Lenina herself approaches him, heartbroken and love-struck, John attacks her with a whip. An uproar breaks out and turns into a sexual carouse. John awakens the next day, dazed from the soma, and realizes what has occured. Filled with distress and self-hatred, he commits suicide. This shows a point of view of society from a human being that is born naturally and not created through a lab and brainwashed.

In Conclusion, Brave New World interprets a society in the future where people are created through labs and are controlled by a dictatorial government in the belief of having a stress-free society where everyone is happy. The author, Aldous Huxley, shows how society functions and what issues arise through Bernard Marx who is an Alpha male in the World State. Huxley reveals how wrong and unfair society is by using the hierarchy system which has different classes of people that are created with different intelligence levels, characteristics, and power. There is no freedom and unique techniques, such as the drug soma, are used to control society.

Many works of literature include a character with unusual origins to provide contrast to societal norms and to introduce complex relationships involving clashing morals and values. In his novel, Brave New World, Aldous Huxley depicts John the Savage as an outsider because of his unusual upbringing and his headstrong morals in both the Savage Reservation and the World State society. Huxley does this to warn us against the potential abuse of technology to control people by rising dictators in the increasingly totalitarian world in which he lived.

Huxley first introduces John the Savage when Bernard and Lenina visit the New Mexico Savage Reservation while on vacation. John is excited to see Bernard and Lenina because they are from the civilized society of which his mother Linda had spoken so fondly. John has never truly fit in the Malpais society because he is white and both of his parents are foreigners (from London). His mother tried to raise him as if they were still living in the World State and she acts like she is still living there too. This upbringing, along with his mother’s immoral actions humiliated John and caused him to be hated by the other boys. No matter how hard John tried to be accepted by the Malpais society, he never felt a true connection. Despite all this, John still adopted many of the values and beliefs of the Malpais society. However, he also mixes those behaviors with what he learns from reading. John finds security and comfort in the works of William Shakespeare, which he reads from a book given to him by the Pope. Through Shakespeare’s words, John can express his feelings and emotions to others. John’s Shakespearean world he creates reinforces Huxley’s depiction of him as an outsider. When John is allowed to go to the “brave new world’ he jumps at the opportunity because he is tired of being lonely on the Reservation. He is not accepted in the Malpais society because of his skin color and ancestry but he thinks he could maybe find companionship in “civilization’ because he thinks he would look more like everyone else. When John comes to London with Bernard, it is not what he imagined. Society is void of all emotions, morals, and values which are ingrained in his very character. He sees firsthand the stark contrast between the Reservation and the World State. Once again, John is an outsider, and being an outsider in both worlds, he can make objective opinions about both. He sees the corruption in the World State society, where human emotions are traded for bland happiness and stability. The world controllers abused technology to such an extent that they control every aspect of human life through it. The dependency of the citizens on this technology made them slaves to their society and the idea of being an individual was eradicated. Everyone is made in a factory like products on an assembly line, so John’s unusual birth and upbringing provide an extreme contrast to such a controlled environment.

As John learns more about how society runs in the World State, the more he begins to loathe civilization. He is very stubborn about his core values and beliefs which he acquired from the Reservation and Shakespearean works. In the World State, monogamy is banned and sex is viewed as a form of entertainment, not as a means of procreation. The World State controls all reproduction. Most women are kept sterile so that all creation of humans is done in factories so that they can be efficiently separated into their predetermined castes. Real relationships no longer exist and instead, everyone devotes themselves to society and the betterment of it. This use of technology to create a “perfect” society has stripped society of all humanity and loving relationships between people. John is shocked that the World State is void of all the morals that were instilled in him when he was very young. The acceptance that John was hoping for in the “brave new world’ does not seem possible. When he first meets Lenina, John is amazed by her beauty and he feels like she is Juliet and he is Romeo. John gets most of his ideas about love from Shakespeare and the ideals around marriage in the Reservation so he is very conservative in his ideas about sex. John falls in love with Lenina but does not want to have sex with her but Lenina feels the opposite. She has been raised in a society where love and sex are not interconnected and love has been replaced with drug-induced superficial happiness. The only emotion allowed is scientifically made in a factory which is exactly what Huxley feels will happen if humanity allows technology to run their lives. The replacement of normal moral aspirations of society—family, love, success—were replaced with industry, economy, and technological growth. John’s unusual upbringing makes him stubborn in his belief that truth and human emotions are much better than stability and technological “progress’. The World Controllers’ emphasis on stability through technological control over everything else dehumanized the world so much that humans are just parts of one huge machine in the factory of society.

Huxley’s warning in his novel about the direction he feels society is headed with all the technological progress occurring in the 1930s is exemplified through the character of John the Savage. Huxley wants his readers to stand firm in their morals and values that come from their origins and upbringings and not succumb to false happiness. People should be aware of how much technology is an influential factor in their lives and should consider dialing it back if it hinders their relationships with others especially those that they love.

Narratives can be used as powerful tools to encourage an audience to question the cultural beliefs and practices of their world and to inspire action among them. Aldous Huxley’s speculative fiction ‘Brave New World’ (1932) and James McTeigue’s film ‘V for Vendetta’ (2006) use the dystopic conventions present in their context to comment on the negative concerns of society which may be exacerbated in the future if disregarded by an audience. Both composers explore the extremities of technological advancements and the failure of a submissive society to question powerful authority through their dystopic worlds to evoke emotion and create a lasting impact on its audience.

Composers develop and expose dystopic worlds through their speculative narratives as metaphors for the fears of their predictions surrounding developed issues in their context. During Huxley’s 1958 interview he revealed his concerns for the continuing advancements of technology and the complete dominance of scientific processes in his context. In the first chapter of the novel, we are exposed to the mass production of children. The hyperbolic statistic, “I’m working on a wonderful Delta-Minus ovary at this moment… Over twelve thousand seven hundred children already”, forces the audience to question the inhumane desire for mass-produced perfection. A terrifying reality is exposed to the audience as the appearing utopic world is revealed to be dystopic. The exposure to scientific reliance in the World State allows the audience to acknowledge concealed dystopic parallels in their own world. For example, the scientific involvement during conception in ‘Brave New World’ made apparent through scientific language can be compared in our society to the rising use of IVF and other fertilization methods of conceiving. The differing growth processes used in the hatchery, ultimately resulting in divided castes among society is comparable to the increasing involvement of genetic modification among the upbringing of different species in order to achieve humanities desired perfection in the organism. “There is always soma, delicious soma” uses repetition to highlight the total dependence of these dominant technological advancements in the World State as society’s individuals are reliant on this drug to find contentment in their lives. A familiar reality is revealed to the audience as they are encouraged to question their own societies drug abuse. Through Huxley’s imagined world, the audience is subjected to the harsh realities of the dystopic future they are predicted to encounter.

A representation of the abuse of technology and violation of power to create a submissive society exemplifies McTeigue’s concerns to allow his audience to question technology and provoke fearful emotions. ‘V for Vendetta’ effectively exposes the government’s corrupt authority through the dominant use of surveillance to monitor and control the city. “Once you had the freedom to object, to think and speak as you saw fit, you now have sensors and systems of surveillance causing your conformity”. This dialogue highlights the government’s complete power through technology over the population as they remove a person’s ability to obtain individual opinions causing submission. In the film, James McTeigue stories, the devastating outbreak of the St. Mary’s virus at Three Waters to expose the politically introduced false flag event as a mean for gaining power. The fascist party, Norsefire, are evidenced using this biological attack and abuse of science in order to gain power, which can be contextually compared to the dystopic reality of the political strategy involved with Nuclear War. Audiences of modern contexts are encouraged to acknowledge the huge impact of technology such as the media and its involvement in a government’s communication provoking them to question their ultimate motifs and challenge their success. Through his film McTeigue exposes his audience to dystopic practices of his context encouraging them to form opinions on these beliefs and practices in their own society.

Composers expose dystopic worlds through their stories to highlight consequences of unchallenged power and evoke a passion in the audience to fight for a change in their society. In the World State submission is achieved by the government through medical conditioning at the Hatchery and conditioning center during growth. “That is the secret of happiness and virtue-liking what you’ve got to do. All conditioning aims at that: making people like their inescapable social destiny” challenges the reader to question the meaning of happiness without freedom. The audience may be conflicted by idealized happiness and the consequent loss of freedom. Due to default emotions individuals in the World State have little abilities in forming their own values and opinions and therefore challenging power. John the savage is used by Huxley as a direct voice for his concerns regarding his context. Due to John’s upbringing in the reservation and his genetic background he has avoided the medical conditioning of the society he is exposed to and is therefore physically unable to live cohesively among them. As John voices his dissatisfaction with the World State through adjectival choice in “Well, I’d rather be unhappy than have the sort of false, lying happiness you were having here”, Huxley’s similar distain for morals and beliefs in his society are exposed. However, as John voices his opinions, the intense level of conditioning among individuals restricts them from being able to acknowledge their flaws and attempt to achieve change. Through exposing the consequences of dystopic worlds and unchallenged power within them Huxley is able to encourage his audience to seek change and form individual opinions.

Comparingly, ‘V for Vendetta’ represents the influence of corrupt authority in achieving submission among society as created by conditioning through fear. “He promised you order, he promised you peace, and all he demanded was your silent obedient consent”. The irony in V’s dialogue describes the exploitation of basic human rights in order to sustain compliance. The government can be evidenced using fear and persecution to take of advantage of the society ensuring their submission. The scene of Gordon’s death uses dark lighting and camera angles to evoke feelings of fear in the audience. The high angle shot of Gordon show his helplessness against authority as low camera angles of Creedy display his dominance and power. Society’s suppressive reaction to power can be evidenced through Evey’s position in this scene as she hides herself out of fear of authority. McTeigue utilizes historical context in order to create links between this government and other historical regimes such as the Holocaust and the dominant use of red and black as a central emblem is utilized to create a direct parallel to the Nazi swastika. This is resultant to an audience remaining politically active and opinionated to ensure consequences such as the ones being exposed through this dystopic world never occur in their own societies.

To conclude stories, have immense abilities in positioning an audience to question societal concerns and evoke power for change. As explored through the speculative fiction ‘Brave New World’ and the dystopic film ‘V for Vendetta’ the exposure of technology abuse and unchallenged power gives readers the opportunity to question their own contextualized beliefs and practices and be inspired to seek for change.

First of all, one of the main themes of Brave New World is personal identity. Personal identity is a set of characteristics that make a person unique. However, in this world, people have lost their identity. Thus, the lower class is cloned by the Bokanovsky process. ‘One egg, one embryo, one adult-normality. But a bokanovskified egg will bud, will proliferate, will divide. From eight to ninety-six buds, and every bud will grow into a perfectly formed embryo, and every embryo into a full-sized adult. Making ninety-six human beings grow where only one grew before. Progress.’ So, on the one hand, they are genetically identical, but they are also trained to perform the same task and they have the same color of clothes. Thus, personal identity has disappeared since ‘everyone belongs to everyone’. Each one behaves like the other. This could be a way that Huxley uses to demonstrate that personal identity is essential, and very important in a society. This sentence demonstrates that they are taught to be against individualism.

Another major theme is consumerism. Thus, according to me, Huxley makes a satire of the society of consumption. Indeed, the goods are never mended, so other goods will be required to substitute them, as it is written ‘ending is better than mending’. Consumption and production keep society stable. The more stitches, the less riches; the more stitches-Thus, the more a person repairs, the less she will have to buy, thus reducing the inflow of money into the socio-economic system. In addition, to maintain the stability of the society, work is very important in this state. It keeps people busy and focused only on what they need to do. However, this does not lead individuals to think for themselves. Thus, without being forced to, they do exactly what is expected of them: they produce and consume. Since their childhood, they are taught to consume. Henry Ford was a famous designer of Ford cars. Therefore, Fordism is a method of over-production, especially the production of the Ford T. Huxley was inspired by this method of mass production in Brave New World.

However, it is not cars but humans that are produced in this state, making ‘the principles of mass production finally applied to biology.’ By running the Bokanovsky process on an assembly line, an egg can be turned into eighty to ninety-six embryos’. Huxley warns us of the dangers of over-consumption. Moreover, religion has been substituted by consumerism. This ensures the happiness of everyone.

In this way, by keeping people busy, the state controls and influences people’s thinking. ‘Every man, woman, and child [is] obliged to consume so much per year’ only in the interest of the industry.

The debate among English teachers in Bataan Peninsula State University-Balanga Campus whether it is the standard to use literary theory to teach the literature for undergraduate with the specialization of English. In a mandated curriculum for undergraduate English majors there are typical textbooks for literature class. Those different textbook have almost the same structure, bibliographical information about the author, brief introduction and explanations of language work. Most of the time, language teacher uses approach that is not linked to any literary theory but they focus on the author’s background information, words and expression and also the structure. Literature courses offered to all universities and colleges. Attitudes of the students in studying literary for those who had serious struggle in literary study. Reading literatures in all categories have their doubt in somehow to ‘hidden meaning’ of the text. It resists analytical thinking for not to loss the focus in reading that believe in such thinking needs.

Literary criticism refers to analyzing, critiquing and reviewing literary piece. It performed the perspective of the reader in critical thought. The purpose it to analyze the quality and relevance from reader’s viewpoint. Literary criticism addresses different manner and it can be taught individually. However, there is associated underlying skills with all literary criticism that will help to understand the text. It focused on literary interpretation or what may call second-level literary criticism. We have first-and-second level criticism and their difference which is similar between like or dislike of the text.

Examination that made to the students from Northern Ireland and England, responses to the literature presents poetry “unseen”, inviting consistency of close reading with the orientation-to-text with Practical Criticism and New Criticism. Approach survive in United Kingdom. They promote cultural literacy as premise for learning. In this article explore the troubled relationship in curricula, pedagogy and assessment for studying literature and interactions in classroom discussion in Northern Ireland and England where the senior high school students (16-17 years old) of English Literature contemplate Yeats poem “Easter, 1916”. With the use of method, the teacher holds contextual information as they obtain students’ responses, the vary responses of each students seem to arise from vary access to background knowledge base to local British culture.

In the Philippines, there’s some issues about the writers. The New criticism did not come unopposed. “Analytical approach” was met within Silliman itself. From Edilberto Tiempo (Filipino writer): “The literary magazine from one University assume the beat for us. For a year, we are branded as faddist, propagators, freaks… In the Philippines, it took 15 years before New Criticism achieved foothold. A dozen or other writers and scholars had gone to Universities in America and returned to the Philippines and added impulse to the reproduction of New Criticism.”

It promotes the Literary Criticism in College curriculum in English Language class. With this subject, undergraduate English major see every piece of the literature, at the same time the deep interpretation of one literature will develop. Allow themselves to be involved in conversation in social, psychological, gender queer and analyzing the figurative languages. As studying English literature, engaging in Author’s background, self-reflection from the piece are relevance in criticizing piece. Criticism is important component in studying and learning literature. It appears obvious that literary criticism demands sharper analysis and focuses. The literary criticism in curriculum should reflect reasoning that found in current literary theory.

The study aimed to measure the different Perception of 3rd year ELLA (English Language and Literature Advocates) with the literary piece: Interpretation and views using Deconstructive Criticism

The knowledge of interpreting literature in English class leads the reader’s critical thinking and deep understanding. Readers understand the literary piece in the broad judgement of the literary theory. The critics have their own interpretation, negative and positive views. With the Deconstructive Criticism, the readers created their own meaning during reading and it is inevitable to give way more meanings from the piece. It can be difficult thing when taking criticism. It is dependent on opinions and reviews. The reader role to be like a detective, authenticating and editing the manuscript, it is widely from examining books.

Specifically, seek the answer to the following questions:

1. How the undergraduate English major expand their perception in literary criticism?

2. What difficulties that may encounter of English major students in criticizing literature with the use of deconstructive criticism?

3. How did they cope with the changes and problems that brought by literary criticism?

4. What are the distinct experience of interpreting text in literary criticism?

Significance of the study

This study will take up to integrate literary criticism in English curriculum and also to expand the learning in literary of English advocates in Bataan Peninsula State University.

They are the direct recipients of the output of this study. Any improvement of undergraduate English major in interpreting literary piece can produce the better learning and understanding of literature in literacy class.

This is very beneficial to the faculty member of English, specially to those newly hired teacher or the newbie in teaching profession. In this research, the teacher will find the new concept of understanding literature and share the relevance to the students.

It supports the teachers and the department in planning the curriculum in students’ success that define intended learning outcomes, content, assessments and pedagogic requirements. Help the students develop their skills in analyzing and their comprehension.

The researcher may acquire information and ideas in this study. It may use as a guide or support to their future research paper and to their problem.

This qualitative research focus on how to measure the process of the students in interpreting and criticizing the literature and to expand the knowledge in literary criticism of the undergraduate English major in Bataan Peninsula State University-Balanga Campus. This study describes the uniqueness of understanding and individual judgements on the text.

There is limitation of all literary criticism. Many literatures talk about issues, including social status, gender preferences, mental health, poverty, race and so on. There’s approach that only interpret in the text itself. The way of thinking will become inclusive.

Atmospheric carbon dioxide is an integral part of the carbon cycle; however, it is also a potent greenhouse gas, absorbing and radiating heat and as a result warms the planet we live on. If the percentage of carbon in the atmosphere is at its natural level these impacts are not a problem, however in our present-day modern world the percentage of carbon is at a much higher percentage and does not show any signs of decreasing; therefore, the negative impacts of CO2 in the atmosphere are an increasing problem.

The reason the amount of CO2 has increase so much since monitoring began in 1958, conducted by Charles David Keeling, is most definitely not a natural occurrence. Naturally, there would be balance between the atmospheric carbon store and the other stores of carbon with biological CO2 being produced from decomposing organic matter, respiration, forest fires and various other land use changes. However due to the introduction of anthropogenic carbon emissions carbon emissions associated with human activities into the carbon cycle this balance has been disrupted resulted in this exponential increase of CO2 within the atmosphere. There are hundreds of different human activities around today that result in the emission of carbon however one of the most prominent is the Chemical Manufacturing Industry in fact in this present day it accounts for around 23% of emissions within the US the most carbon emitting country on the planet; chemical manufacturing is second only to energyelectricity production. This shows the scale of how the industry is impacting the atmospheric balance of carbon, and with this much CO2 being pumped into our aerosphere it is no wonder we are experiencing such detrimental events of global warming and climate change, events that are damaging our planet, our home. Such impacts cannot be ignored, they may not be incredibly noticeable in everyday life in HICs like the UK, but they are there, they are happening, and they are affecting everyone. What all starts with the commercial need for cosmetics or fuel or other petrochemicals, ends with the carbon emissions created from the manufacturing process causing damaging climate change.

Be that as it may we are not entirely doomed, whilst our world may be changing for the worse currently this change is not irreversible and through the same science that created these problems, solutions have also been created. Sustainable ones that could save our world from the doomsday path it is currently on; the one I wish to focus throughout this project is Carbon Capture Technology. This technology is based on the natural or anthropogenic process of carbon sequestration, this is the process of securing CO2 to prevent it from entering the Earth’s atmosphere; there are three main types geological, biological and technological. Carbon Capture technology is part of technological sequestration and overlaps slightly with the geological side. Geological sequestration is simply the process of storing CO2 as it is captured into the geology for example deep ocean sediment or old oil wells or other fossil fuel mines. Technological sequestration is similar as it is where scientists have explored and are constantly exploring new ways to remove and store carbon from the atmosphere, so it no longer causes problems as a greenhouse gas. However technological sequestration does not just stop at storage of carbon, scientists look beyond simple removal and into how CO2 can be used as a resource in a way to make the world more efficient and sustainable with carbon. In short Carbon Capture technology is an incredibly innovative solution to climate crisis that is currently being created through world’s unsustainability, and in particular the chemical manufacturing industries unsustainability. I believe Carbon Capture technology to be an incredibly effective and useful tool that can be used to solve the industry’s carbon problems in a way that means it doesn’t need to find brand new processes and elements to use to achieve net zero carbon emissions; meeting the world’s targets on lower carbon emissions set during various climate summits like the most recent Paris Climate Summit and therefore avoiding fines and contributing to a better and more sustainable future for our planet.

And a sustainable future is exactly what is going to give us any future at all; sustainability and in particular scientific sustainability is something I am incredibly passionate about I was taught from a young age to care for the earth, this home that we all share.

but the climate crisis that is being caused by all these carbon emissions from capitalist industries is threatening the peace and health of our world. Therefore, I wanted to research about solutions, certain strategies that can help reverse this calamity we are facing and create a more sustainable world. I also want to study chemistry at university, and I feel that physical and sustainable chemistry are key components within the future of the chemical industry as a whole and therefore key components within my future career in the industry. By researching just how polluting and unsustainable the manufacturing in the industry is, sustainable chemistry in the future is even more necessary to ensure the industry’s (as well as the whole world’s ) survival.

I first came across the idea of CC technology in geography class and learning about its effectiveness and incredible potential as a solution to reduce anthropogenic carbon emissions inspired me to research further into it. Despite this technology already being around for just over 50 years, it is constantly being developed to contribute undeniably to the fight against global warming. I believe that it has the potential to be utilised in the chemical manufacturing industry in a way that would not only have a massive mitigation impact on the problems the industry created during the industrial revolution and continues to create today, but also creating a far more sustainable industry. Sustainability will allow the chemical industry to develop and grow that will benefit humanity, create careers like the one I hope to have as well as preserving the wellbeing of our planet and every living thing impacted by climate change.

In today’s world, cloning technology is growing at a fast rate, but is it morally correct to perform? In Aldous Huxley’s novel, Brave New World, the concept of cloning is covered. Cloning can be performed on humans and animals, but in our society, there is usually controversy associated with cloning for several reasons. The use of cloning in society today has its benefits, but they have its flaws as well. In Brave New World, cloning was implemented to make more workers work in factories and later split into several social classes. Cloning can then contribute to an issue in society which is overpopulation, which is happening in our world to this day.

In Brave New World, cloning can be best defined with Bokanovsky’s Process. The director explains Bokanovsky’s Process stating, “One egg, one embryo, one adult… egg will bud, will proliferate, will divide. From eight to ninety-six buds, and every bud will grow into a perfectly formed embryo” (Huxley 6). The Bokanovsky’s Process involves one egg, one embryo, and one adult. Being without these requirements to start the process means that they cannot perform the cloning to fix the problem the director stated. The Director says the process is a “major instrument of social stability” because according to him a whole problem can be solved. The Director states, “If we could bokanovskify indefinitely the whole problem would be solved” (Huxley 7). The people produced from this process later are put in social classes such as Gammas, Epsilons, and Deltas. They are later manipulated with methods such as classical conditioning to make them hate flowers and books. This is so that they will stay in the city and avoid the countryside. With books, it is because reading something can decondition one of their reflexes. This would be something conflicting because it can make them have different beliefs that are different from their social class, which is why people are conditioned to hate books.

In an article, a definition of cloning is stated. Cloning is the “production of one or more individual plants or animals that are genetically identical to an original individual” (Dinç 239). There are two types of human cloning which are reproductive and therapeutic. The article then makes a statement about the objective of reproductive cloning stating, “The objective of human reproductive cloning is to produce a child who would be genetically identical to another individual” (Dinç 239). This not only defines the term cloning but also states the objectives behind the two types of cloning in humans. In our society, people have received replacements of tissues or organs to continue living with their lives. This shows that cloning does have its uses in the medical field, and the article mentions that advances in genetics and biotechnology can create many unforeseen possibilities in our world. The article states, “Cloning children…it is not only a possibility but also a reality now” (Dinç 238). The article explains that cloning can have an impact on our world today, and how there are methods of cloning that can help many people.

When it comes to cloning in animals there are many benefits, such as obtaining something such as proteins to make a particular substance that can help people medically. There are benefits involving the cloning of both animals and humans. Cloning animals would serve many purposes and be a major focus in the biotechnology industry (Robertson). The article then states an example of how animal cloning can be implemented stating, “attention is now focused on altering the genes of cows or sheep so that they will produce large amounts of pharmaceutically important proteins in their milk” (Robertson 1376). This shows readers that there are applications in which cloning in animals can be useful, such as altering genes to make proteins in the milk of cows that can be helpful to those who are ill. It also explains how animals “can be used for drug testing to test new drugs so that a treatment to a particular disease such as cancer to be developed”. The research will be beneficial because it can give more of an understanding of how cells divide grow, divide, and specialize. The article states, “This research will provide basic knowledge of how cells grow, divide, and specialize” (Robertson 1378). This quote also shows that there is another benefit involving the cloning of animals because it can give a basic understanding of cells.

The benefits of cloning in humans are mentioned. Some of the benefits of human cloning include treating infertility and replacing any organs and tissues. When the article mentioned the objectives of reproductive and therapeutic cloning, it then later explained the benefits of both types. The article states, “Reproductive cloning can be used to help sterile individuals who cannot naturally have children, and therapeutic cloning promises significant benefits because organ supply for transplantation is limited” (Dinç 239). This quote shows that there are uses for cloning that can be beneficial for many people, either for transplants or helping couples who cannot have children naturally. It then explains the potential of cloning technology such as how the cells of people can be used to produce stem cells that can become replacement tissues or organs, which is the effect of therapeutic cloning. It says that with such potential and combining gene therapy, diseases involved with aging could be prevented. The article also states, “Aging could be delayed, and rejuvenation and/or an extended human life could become possible” (Dinç 246). This quote shows the potential of cloning technology, and it does make an appearance in Brave New World. When Lenina sees the old man at the Savage Reservation the novel states, “Lenina was still sobbing…Oh I wish I had my soma” (Huxley 116). This quote demonstrates how in a futuristic world some people don’t age, but when they see people who do age, they are very shocked because there is no aging in the World State. Lenina then wishes that she had her soma because the sight of her seeing a man who showed signs of aging ended up shocking her. In Brave New World, it is proven that the potential of cloning technology that the article mentioned does come true.

Cloning wasn’t just a thing of today, but rather it started in the 19th century with Wilhelm Roux. In an 1888 experiment, he killed one cell of a two-cell amphibian embryo and found a half-embryo developed. This shows that some genes are lost during cell replication. In 1892, Hans Driesch discovered that if the blastomeres of a two-cell sea urchin were separated physically, entire embryos would form on each blastomere. In 1894, Jacque Loeb observed that fertilized sea urchin eggs sometimes rupture when exposed to hypotonic solutions. The extruded portion of the egg was bereft of a nucleus and remained uncleaved. This information shows the history of cloning throughout the 18th century and how it has progressed throughout the years.

In the 20th century, cloning started with Hans Spemann. He experimented identical to Loeb’s but on an amphibian egg, in which he constricted a zygote with a noose made of baby hair, causing the egg to have the shape of a dumbbell. In 1943, Briggs wanted to determine whether the genome of older somatic nuclei remains equivalent to the zygote nucleus throughout development. Later in 1949, he began searching for a research companion to develop a nuclear transplantation procedure for the North American leopard frog, Rana pipiens.

There are issues when it comes to cloning in today’s society. Several years after the publication of Brave New World, Huxley wrote Brave New World Revisited in 1958. Huxley mentioned that the prophecies he made in 1931 were becoming too true sooner than he thought they would. Huxley then states, “On the first Christmas Day the population of our planet was about two hundred and fifty million—less than half the population of modern China”. This statement shows how the population was much smaller than it is today, but then he later stated how the population stood at just under two billion in 1931, which was when the publication of Brave New World took place. Huxley said that it took sixteen centuries for the population of the earth to double.

Eventually with overpopulation, there will be more restrictions and less freedom. Aldous Huxley predicted in 1958 that democracy is threatened due to overpopulation and could give rise to totalitarian-style governments and it turns out he was right. Huxley states, “It will create conditions in which individual freedom and the social decencies of the democratic way of life will become impossible, almost unthinkable”. The drastic solution in Brave New World is for the government to control the population directly: natural reproduction is abolished and the government controls exactly how many people there are in each social class by manufacturing them in factories explicitly reminiscent of Henry Ford’s assembly lines.

Another cloning issue is that if it falls into the wrong hands, it can be used for horrible actions such as creating an army or social class like in Brave New World. An article states, “Those with media name recognition or commercial appeal could license or sell their DNA to others, turning children into commodities rather than persons to be loved and nurtured for themselves” (Robertson 1384). This shows that cloning can be used for the wrong purposes if it falls into the wrong hands, and this can be also seen in Brave New World. The Director states, “If we could bokanovskify indefinitely the whole problem would be solved” (Huxley 7). The people produced from this process later are put in social classes such as Gammas, Epsilons, and Deltas. They are later manipulated with methods such as classical conditioning using electrical shocks or loud sirens to make them hate flowers and books. This is so that they will stay in the city and avoid the countryside. With books, it is because reading something can decondition one of their reflexes. This would be something conflicting because it can make them have different beliefs that are different from their social class, which is why people are conditioned to hate books.

All in all, cloning is very revolutionary but it can have its advantages and disadvantages. Cloning must be used in the right way for it to go smoothly, but even then just using cloning has controversy among people. Brave New World and many articles on the subject of cloning state the effects of cloning. They also provide examples of how cloning isn’t always beneficial even though to many people it seems very revolutionizing. From the 18th century to the present day, cloning has progressed at a fast rate.

In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley depicts how people sacrifice their relationships, specifically family, to have a feeling of happiness. The people only have a temporary, self-centered, kind of happiness instead of true joy or strong emotions. They do not realize how much they are missing out, because they have never been around anything different; they are only told of the horrors of strong emotions or attachments and they are conditioned to think everyone is happy. Today’s society is similar in the way that people are focused on the here and now, feelings, what makes you feel right, and what you want. Though everyone is conditioned to some extent, you can be glad that you experience love, real joy, pain, or suffering, real emotions, not just temporary ones. You need to choose to decisions that will lead to true happiness. Learning to deal with the hard things in life is what allows you to grow, to experience true joy, love, and relationships. In Brave New World, by Aldous Huxley, characterization and theme lead you to a deeper understanding of a manufactured world where everyone puts on a mask and teaches you to never sacrifice true emotions for artificial ones.

Henry Foster is one of Lenina’s many lovers. “He expects nice girls to sleep around just as he does”. He is a perfectly conventional Alpha male, casually discussing Lenina’s body with his coworkers. His success with Lenina, and his casual attitude about it, infuriate the jealous Bernard. He is loyal to society and reinforces its artificial lifestyle as he “explains how the hatchery functions and how the average citizens are supposed to act”.

Brave New World is full of characters who do everything they can to avoid facing the truth about their situations. The almost universal use of the drug soma is probably the most pervasive example of such willful self-delusion. Soma clouds the realities of the present and replaces them with happy hallucinations, and is thus a tool for promoting social stability. But even Shakespeare can be used to avoid facing the truth, as John demonstrates by his insistence on viewing Lenina through the lens of Shakespeare’s world, first as a Juliet and later as an “impudent strumpet.” According to Mustapha Mond, the World State prioritizes happiness at the expense of truth by design. He believes that people are better off with happiness than with truth. It seems clear enough from Mond’s argument that happiness refers to the immediate gratification of every citizen’s desire for food, sex, drugs, nice clothes, and other consumer items. It is less clear what Mond means by truth, or specifically what truths he sees the World State society as covering up. Everyone “has been conditioned from the time they were embryos to accept unquestioningly all the values and beliefs of the carefully ordered society”. From Mond’s discussion with John, it is possible to identify two main types of truth that the World State seeks to eliminate. First, as Mond’s past indicates, the World State controls and muffles all efforts by citizens to gain any sort of scientific, or empirical truth. Second, the government attempts to destroy all kinds of “human” truths, such as love, friendship, and personal connection. The search for truth then, also seems to involve a great deal of individual effort, of striving and fighting against odds. The very will to search for truth is an individual desire that the World State, based as it is on anonymity and lack of thought, cannot allow to exist. In Brave New World, Huxley warns of the dangers of giving the state control over new and powerful technologies. One illustration of this theme is the rigid control of reproduction through technological and medical intervention, including the surgical removal of ovaries, the Bokanovsky Process, and hypnopaedic conditioning.

Bent over their instruments, three hundred fertilizers were plunged as the director of Hatcheries and Conditioning entered the room, in the scarcely breathing silence, the absent-minded, soliloquizing hum or whistle, of absorbed concentration.

Another is the creation of complicated entertainment machines that generate both harmless leisure and the high levels of consumption and production that are the basis of the World State’s stability. Soma is a third example of the kind of medical, biological, and psychological technologies that Brave New World criticizes. “Adults use soma, a tranquilizer to deaden feelings of pain or passion. Frivolous gadgets and hi-tech entertainment provide distractions”. The state uses science as a means to build technology that can create a seamless, happy, superficial world through things such as the “feelies.” The state censors and limits science, however, since it sees the fundamental basis behind science, the search for truth, as threatening to the State’s control. “Science and technology provide the means for controlling the lives of the citizens”. The State’s focus on happiness and stability means that it uses the results of scientific research, in as much as they contribute to technologies of control, but does not support science itself. At the heart of the World State’s control of its population is its rigid control over sexual mores and reproductive rights. Reproductive rights are controlled through an authoritarian system that sterilizes about two-thirds of women, requires the rest to use contraceptives, and surgically removes ovaries when they need to produce new humans. The act of sex is controlled by a system of social rewards for promiscuity and lack of commitment. “Promiscuity is considered healthy and superior to committed, monogamous relationships”. John is tortured by his desire for Lenina and her inability to return his love as such. The conflict between John’s desire for love and Lenina’s desire for sex illustrates the profound difference in values between the World State and the humanity represented by Shakespeare’s works.

People living in a happy, problem-free world is what most of the world does today. People try to hide their feelings and emotions from the world. They try to put on this “face,” this happy face that they hope fools the world that they are happy and without problems. If they don’t put on a front, they repress their anger, frustration, or bitterness. They put up this defensive wall where their attitude is like “Oh, that doesn’t bother me.” They say it so much that they eventually believe it. You can learn from Huxley’s society and not make the same mistake of only caring for the temporary things in life or fleeting happiness, but rather you should care for eternal things, and long-lasting relationships, cares, and responsibilities.